解读高考英语书面表达的评分标准
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解读高考英语书面表达的评分标准
《普通高校招生全国统一考试大纲》中英语学科书面表达的“评分标准”，为阅卷老师评判书面表达提供了依据，也为考生了解和把握不同层次的写作要求提供了方向。“评分标准”包含“评分原则”、“内容要点”、“给分范围及要求”、“说明”和“参考范文”五部分。其中“内容要点”以及“词数”、“标点”、“拼写”、“书写”等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时，应该注意的主要内容为：……应用词汇和语法结构的数量……、上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则，“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言用用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求，以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明，相对比较空泛，不容易捉摸。现对涉及到的这些“评分标准”作一些解读。
一、如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”
这里所说的“词汇”，可以从“高级词汇的使用”、“同义词的使用”、“短语的使用”等三方面去理解：
（一）高级词汇的使用
“评分标准”第五档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较高级词汇所致”。这里说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration、awkward、awfully、concern等词，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。俗话说，见微知著。若能适当运用高级词汇，会给评判者留下更加深刻印象。例如：
1. Neil can be expected to come to China around 28th, August
（换作高级词汇：Neil will be available to come to China around 28th, August）
2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her.
（换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.）
3. The question is really difficult to understand.
（换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing.）
4. He had to face all the possible difficulties.
（换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties.）
5. Our school lies in the suburb of the city.
（换作高级词汇：Our school is located in the suburb of the city.）
6. Even if dinner looks a little bit terrible, it doesn’t mean it will taste that way.
（换作高级词汇：Even if dinner looks disgusting, it doesn’t mean it will taste that way.）
7. I can’t find any way to solve the problem.
（换作高级词汇：I can’t find any solutions to the problem.）
8. No matter how much you learn, there is always something you don’t know.
（换作高级词汇：No matter how much you learn, there is always stuff you don’t know.）
9. The way Tina ordered us around really made me a little bit angry.
（换作高级词汇：The way Tina ordered us around really made me annoyed.）
（二）同义词的使用
英语中有些词使用频率十分地高，比如interesting 、good等，所以表达时往往在会先入为主。这些高频词很容易令文章陷入“千人一面”的窘境中。而如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到“别开生面”，给文章带来清新的感觉。例如：
1. It will be very interesting.
（换作同义词：It will be a lot of fun.）
2. I turned the TV on but it went wrong.
（换作同义词：I turned the TV on but it went funny.）
3. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.
（换作同义词：He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.）
4. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents.
（换作同义词：Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.）
5. That is a good idea.
（换作同义词：That is a lovely idea.）
6. He is a kind friend.
（换作同义词：He is a caring friend.）
（三）适当利用短语取代单词
总体而言，利用短语的难度比单词要大一些，因此适当运用短语更能显示最出写作者的功力。例如：
1. Suddenly I had a good idea.
（换作短语：Suddenly I came up with a good idea.）
2.Take a moment to see what is happening around you.
（换作短语：Take a moment to see what is going on around you.）
3. Everyone should do his or her best.
（换作短语：Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.）
4. He is a famous dancer.
（换作短语：He is well-known as a dancer.）
5. To twelve-year-old Hannah, this answer was too difficult to understand.
（换作短语：To twelve-year-old Hannah, this answer didn’t make sense at all.）
6. Generally, our friendship remained within four classroom walls.
（换作短语：For the most part, our friendship remained within four classroom walls.）
7. What you do will be very important.
（换作短语：What you do will make a difference.）
二、如何理解“应用了较多、较复杂的语法结构”
固定句式（如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等）、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的“语法结构”。这些结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。例如：
（一）使用固定句式
1. His purse was stolen but he had no time to call for help.
（使用before one could do sth.结构：His purse was stolen before he could call for help. before 用以连接有先后顺序的两个动作。）
2. Besides intelligence, the courage to believe in yourself can also brings success.
（使用强调句结构：It is not intelligence alone that brings success, but also the courage to believe in yourself.）
3. The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it.
（使用倒装句结构：Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.）
4. I want to have a computer of my own very much.
（使用感叹句式：How I want to have a computer of my own!）
5. All the students should keep quiet in the reading-room.
（使用不定式复合结构：It is good manners for us to keep quiet in the reading-room.）
6. It is difficult to find a job when the population is large.
（使用比较句结构：The larger the population is, the more difficult it is to find a job.）
（二）使用现在分词结构
现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等许多概念的状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使使句子的表达更加简洁、生动，而且也使上下文两个动作的关系更加衔接。例如：
1 Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures.
（换作现在分词短语：Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different races or cultures.）
2. People worked together on the assembly line. They moved quickly and efficiently.
（换作现在分词短语：People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.）
3. Many teenagers sit at their computers all day long and watch their favorite TV shows.
（换作现在分词短语：Many teenagers sit at their computers all day long, watching their favorite TV shows.）
（三）使用定语从句
定语从句，尤其是非限制性定语从句，向来是语言知识运用的难点，因此定语从句的使用，不仅能使上下文更加流畅，也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如：
1. One morning I went fishing in the river. By the river two women washed clothes.
（使用定语从句：One morning I went fishing in the river, where two women were washing clothes.）
2. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius.
（使用定语从句：My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.）
3. The book took about a year to write. It is pretty fast for her.
（使用定语从句：The book took about a year to write, which is pretty fast for her.）
4. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about The USA.
（使用定语从句：My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about The USA.）
三、如何理解“上下文的连贯性”
“评分标准”指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性，就是指通过连接词（包括并列连词、从属连词和连接性副词）、非谓语动词短语等语法成分，使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达，从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体，连贯流畅。
（一）连接性副词
连接性副词也被称为过渡词。很多连接性副词后边也常常接逗号。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下，能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备，因此整个篇章因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有also, besides, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, a result, therefore, in this way, specifically, basically, apparently, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole, over all等。例如：
1. We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over.
（使用连接性副词：We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.）
2. He is running his own research company and he had another job at the university.
（使用连接性副词：He is running his own research company. In addition, he has another job at the university.）
3.The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work his way through college.
（使用连接性副词：Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.）
（二）使用从属连词
1. You will succeed in your studies. You work hard and never give up.
（使用从属连词：So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.）
2. Last night Lucy had a dream. Lucy was flying in the sky like a bird.
（使用从属连词：Last night Lucy had a dream that she was flying in the sky like a bird.）
3.The boys used to sing. The boys were riding to the countryside.
（使用从属连词：The boys used to sing while they were riding to the countryside.）
4. He tried hard but still could not change her mind.
（使用从属连词：No matter how hard he tried, he could not change her mind.）
四、如何理解“语言的得体性”
“评分标准”要求考生注意“语言的得体性”，就是要求在表达时要根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。
（一）体裁和题材对得体性的要求
不同题材和体裁的文章有不同的用语要求。比如“书面通知”就不好用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention , please ”等句子，这些句子只有用在“口头通知”才算是得体的语句。
2003年高考的书面表达题目，要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信，介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系，所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地，叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性，像“The house is very suitable.”等语句显得相当主观，改为“Do you think it suitable If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。
另外，英语中还有正式语和非正式语、书面语和口头语之分。写作之前，还应该认真分析题目的体裁，根据不同的体裁，确定用语的类别。正式语或书面语句子结构严格遵循语法规则，所采用的单词使用频率不是很高，比如permit、inform、discover、depart等词都属于正式用语；而非正式语或口语则较多地使用短语，所采用的单词使用频率高，也比较短，比如let、tell、find out、leave等等。非正式语也经常使用缩略语或缩略词。
（二）文化和思维内涵对得体性的要求
了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响，才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如：
1. In the 1930’s, he was one of the biggest landlords in China and he was very cruel to tenants.（说明：英美人对landlord的理解首先是“房东”，而汉语中常把landlord理解为“地主”。根据本句提供的情景，应该把landlords改为landowners才比较妥当。）
2. People who live on the farm can hear cocks’ crow every morning! (说明：rooster和cock都译为“公鸡”，但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁，应该把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)
了解西方思维方式，也有助于达成“语言的得体性”。例如：
1. It is my duty.（说明：本句话本来想要表达的意思是“不用谢，（帮助你）是我应该做的。”但英美人并不认为帮助别人是自己的“职责”，相反他们认为这是“善举”，是“快乐的事情”。此句应该改为：It is my pleasure.）
2. Because he was ill, he had to stay at home yesterday．
（说明：本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。”汉语思维中常常是先原因，后结果，而英语中则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill．）
五、如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”
所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”，就是在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。请看2003全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文（节选）：
I am very pleased to learn that you will come to China to study Chinese. I have found an apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a six-storeyed building, which is located on a ①quiet tree-lined street—Fangcao Street. It is only one stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, ②where you are planning to study this summer. The apartment has a bedroom, in which there is a ③comfortable sofa, a desk ④for office and a ⑤single bed. Inside there is a bathroom and a kitchen. The apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters. The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the apartments will meet your expectations.
除开头和结尾外，本文适当发挥的地方五处（见文中标注），都是稍加扩展又立即收题，而且无一例外都是定语。这些信息的添加，不仅增强了文章的个性化，又使得文章读起来更加丰富。信息的添加不能旁逸斜出或标新立异，否则适得其反，徒然增加错误的机会。
六、评分样例
（一）2003年全国高考英语卷书面表达的范文和评分
假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房的面积为25平方米，月租500元。 （附图略）
例1 （本文属于第五档次，可得25分）
Dear Bob,
It was great to hear from you and I am very glad you will be coming here to study Chinese.
I have done some research for you and found a nice apartment, which is only one bus stop away from your school. It is not that big, only 25 square metres, but I think it is fine for your needs. It consists of a small bathroom, a kitchen and a bedroom. The rent is 500 yuan per month. Is this suitable to your budget If not, please let me know ASAP so I can make further arrangements for you.
Looking forward to meeting you.
Kind Regards,
Li Hua
点评：本文用词107个。文章覆盖了所有内容要点。运用了较多的句子结构和词汇，如If not的省略结构、同位结构、定语从句以及budget、ASAP、king regards、do some research、consist of、make further arrangements、look forward to等词汇，语言变化多姿，错落有致。时态的运用准确、规范，如“It was great…”、“…you will be coming…”等，显示了较强的语言运用能力。文中有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文结构紧凑。语言得体，如“Is this suitable to your budget ”，恰当地表达了征询的语气。文中的“great、fine、one stop away”等词汇，虽然司空见惯，但在平时习作中却用者寥寥。总之，本文个性化色彩浓，雅俗共赏，完全达到了预期的写作目的。
例2 （本文属于第四档次，可得16分）
Dear Bob,
Glad to hear from you, now let me tell you what you want to know. I’ve found a house for you. Take a bus to the Fang Cao street, and you’ll see a building on the right, and your room is on the third floor.
I think it is a suitable room for you, which covers 25 square metres. There are a bed room, a kitchen room and a bath room in it. With a bed and a sofa, the bedroom is really nice. Besides, the bath room and the kitchen are also pretty good. I hope you would like it!
Yours,
Li Hua
点评：本文用词101个。该文基本覆盖文章所有主要内容，但漏掉了一些次重点，如“离学校一站远”等。文章中还是能发现一些错误，如There be结构中be动词的数出现错误。语言的得体性方面有所欠缺，比如首句过于非正式，第三句的祈使句应用不符合本文的文体。第二段的定语从句的使用也比较牵强。但是，本文应用的语法结构和词汇能满足写作任务的要求，语言表达较流畅，能运用简单的语句间的连接成分，如besides等，全文结构较紧凑。个别错误也是属于尝试使用较复杂结构所致。
例3 （本文属于第三档次，可得12分）
Dear Bob,
I’m writing to tell you something about the house, which you will live in when you learn chinese at Jian Xin Chinese School this September. It is in Fang Cao street, near which there is a bus station. It is convenient for you to take the No. 11 bus to the school. The house is very suitable with a bethroom, a kitchen and a bedroom. In the bedroom, stand a bed and a desk with a light.
Wish you have a good time. And you will be good at Chinese.
Yours,
Li Hua
点评：本文漏掉一些内容，如“面积”、“月租500元”等”，但基本上完成了试题规定的任务；有一些词汇拼写错误，如chinese, Fang Cao street, bethroom等；也有一些词汇的运用错误，如house和stand分别应该改为 apartment和lie；还有一些结构运用的错误，如Wish you have a good time.等。两个定语从句的使用都比较牵强。最后一个句子也有中国式英语的嫌疑。但总体上这些错误没有影响理解。文章中也能应用像convenient、take the bus、不定式复合结构等简单的语句和词汇及简单的语句；全文结构尚连贯。
（二）2004年浙江省高考英语卷书面表达的范文和评分
假设你是李越,你的加拿大笔友Steve来信说,他和他的一些同学正在学中文,请你推荐两本学中文的词典.根据下表提供的信息,请你给他写一封回信.
英汉/汉英词典 新华字典
收词(字) 18,000(英语) 20,000(汉语) 10,000
价格 52元 11元
特点 大量例子、用法说明,适合初学者 中国最常用的汉语字典
例1 （本文属于第五档次，可得24分）
Dear Steve,
Thank you very much for your last letter which asked me something about how to choose a dictionary for learning Chinese. Here I strongly recommend you the following two which may be useful to you.（本段使用了两个定语从句）
One of them is the English-Chinese/Chinese-English Dictionary (ECCED), which will cost you 52 yuan. It contains some 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. （使用contain和some等词汇）As it has lots of examples showing how to use the words, it will be much valuable for the beginners like you.（本句使用了较复杂的结构，包含了as从句，现在分词短语how to结构）
The other one, Xinhua Dictionary (XD), which charges you only 11 yuan and has a collection of 10,000 Chinese words. （本句使用了非限制性定语从句以及同位结构，并正确使用了charge和a collection of等词汇）It is the most commonly used one in China.
If you need my help with your Chinese please write to me.
例2 （本文属于第四档次，可得19分）
Dear Steve,
I’ve received your letter and know that you want me to recommend two dictionaries to you and your classmates who are learning Chinese now. （句子从语法上讲是正确的，但比较拖沓） I think the English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary which cost 52yuan is useful to learners who has already began to learn. （同一个句子使用两次定语从句，不够简洁）It includes 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. It offers you examples of how to use these words（正确使用动词offer）. Another dictionary called Xinhua is also very good. It contains 10,000characters, which used most frequently in China, （used应该改为被动语态；此错为尝试较复杂结构而产生）so you can find the usual meaning in XD easily. And it is cheaper. You spend only 11 yuan to get one. （正确使用了比较结构和不定式结构）
I hope those two dictionaries can help you with your Chinese study and wish you make progress in your studying!（wish结构使用错误）
例3 （本文属于第二档次，可得9分）
Very glad to see your letter.（中国式英语）
I heard you are learning Chinese. I very glad to hear that. There are two dictionary to recommend you.（本段出现时态不协调、谓语缺失、忽视名词的数等语法错误）
The first one, the English-Chinese dictionary Chinese English Dictionary（不成句子）. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese that cost only 52 yuan, （误用从句） there are lots of examples and how do you used it, that first learn used it very well. （句子不平衡，影响了理解）The other one is Xinhua Dictionary. It has 10,000 words, only coast 11 yuan, there are usually uses Chinese dictionary it’s very wonderful. （句式单调，没有层次，没有“句子”的概念）
So, I hope you are learning well. （中国式英语）I will listen to your goodlider. （不知所云，信息未能传达）
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解读高考英语书面表达的评分标准
《普通高校招生全国统一考试大纲》中英语学科书面表达的“评分标准”，为阅卷老师评判书面表达提供了依据，也为考生了解和把握不同层次的写作要求提供了方向。“评分标准”包含“评分原则”、“内容要点”、“给分范围及要求”、“说明”和“参考范文”五部分。其中“内容要点”以及“词数”、“标点”、“拼写”、“书写”等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时，应该注意的主要内容为：……应用词汇和语法结构的数量……、上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则，“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言用用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求，以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明，相对比较空泛，不容易捉摸。现对涉及到的这些“评分标准”作一些解读。
一、如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”
这里所说的“词汇”，可以从“高级词汇的使用”、“同义词的使用”、“短语的使用”等三方面去理解：
（一）高级词汇的使用
“评分标准”第五档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较高级词汇所致”。这里说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration、awkward、awfully、concern等词，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。俗话说，见微知著。若能适当运用高级词汇，会给评判者留下更加深刻印象。例如：
1. Neil can be expected to come to China around 28th, August
（换作高级词汇：Neil will be available to come to China around 28th, August）
2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her.
（换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.）
3. The question is really difficult to understand.
（换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing.）
4. He had to face all the possible difficulties.
（换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties.）
5. Our school lies in the suburb of the city.
（换作高级词汇：Our school is located in the suburb of the city.）
6. Even if dinner looks a little bit terrible, it doesn’t mean it will taste that way.
（换作高级词汇：Even if dinner looks disgusting, it doesn’t mean it will taste that way.）
7. I can’t find any way to solve the problem.
（换作高级词汇：I can’t find any solutions to the problem.）
8. No matter how much you learn, there is always something you don’t know.
（换作高级词汇：No matter how much you learn, there is always stuff you don’t know.）
9. The way Tina ordered us around really made me a little bit angry.
（换作高级词汇：The way Tina ordered us around really made me annoyed.）
（二）同义词的使用
英语中有些词使用频率十分地高，比如interesting 、good等，所以表达时往往在会先入为主。这些高频词很容易令文章陷入“千人一面”的窘境中。而如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到“别开生面”，给文章带来清新的感觉。例如：
1. It will be very interesting.
（换作同义词：It will be a lot of fun.）
2. I turned the TV on but it went wrong.
（换作同义词：I turned the TV on but it went funny.）
3. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.
（换作同义词：He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.）
4. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents.
（换作同义词：Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.）
5. That is a good idea.
（换作同义词：That is a lovely idea.）
6. He is a kind friend.
（换作同义词：He is a caring friend.）
（三）适当利用短语取代单词
总体而言，利用短语的难度比单词要大一些，因此适当运用短语更能显示最出写作者的功力。例如：
1. Suddenly I had a good idea.
（换作短语：Suddenly I came up with a good idea.）
2.Take a moment to see what is happening around you.
（换作短语：Take a moment to see what is going on around you.）
3. Everyone should do his or her best.
（换作短语：Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.）
4. He is a famous dancer.
（换作短语：He is well-known as a dancer.）
5. To twelve-year-old Hannah, this answer was too difficult to understand.
（换作短语：To twelve-year-old Hannah, this answer didn’t make sense at all.）
6. Generally, our friendship remained within four classroom walls.
（换作短语：For the most part, our friendship remained within four classroom walls.）
7. What you do will be very important.
（换作短语：What you do will make a difference.）
二、如何理解“应用了较多、较复杂的语法结构”
固定句式（如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等）、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的“语法结构”。这些结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。例如：
（一）使用固定句式
1. His purse was stolen but he had no time to call for help.
（使用before one could do sth.结构：His purse was stolen before he could call for help. before 用以连接有先后顺序的两个动作。）
2. Besides intelligence, the courage to believe in yourself can also brings success.
（使用强调句结构：It is not intelligence alone that brings success, but also the courage to believe in yourself.）
3. The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it.
（使用倒装句结构：Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.）
4. I want to have a computer of my own very much.
（使用感叹句式：How I want to have a computer of my own!）
5. All the students should keep quiet in the reading-room.
（使用不定式复合结构：It is good manners for us to keep quiet in the reading-room.）
6. It is difficult to find a job when the population is large.
（使用比较句结构：The larger the population is, the more difficult it is to find a job.）
（二）使用现在分词结构
现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等许多概念的状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使使句子的表达更加简洁、生动，而且也使上下文两个动作的关系更加衔接。例如：
1 Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures.
（换作现在分词短语：Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different races or cultures.）
2. People worked together on the assembly line. They moved quickly and efficiently.
（换作现在分词短语：People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.）
3. Many teenagers sit at their computers all day long and watch their favorite TV shows.
（换作现在分词短语：Many teenagers sit at their computers all day long, watching their favorite TV shows.）
（三）使用定语从句
定语从句，尤其是非限制性定语从句，向来是语言知识运用的难点，因此定语从句的使用，不仅能使上下文更加流畅，也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如：
1. One morning I went fishing in the river. By the river two women washed clothes.
（使用定语从句：One morning I went fishing in the river, where two women were washing clothes.）
2. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius.
（使用定语从句：My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.）
3. The book took about a year to write. It is pretty fast for her.
（使用定语从句：The book took about a year to write, which is pretty fast for her.）
4. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about The USA.
（使用定语从句：My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about The USA.）
三、如何理解“上下文的连贯性”
“评分标准”指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性，就是指通过连接词（包括并列连词、从属连词和连接性副词）、非谓语动词短语等语法成分，使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达，从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体，连贯流畅。
（一）连接性副词
连接性副词也被称为过渡词。很多连接性副词后边也常常接逗号。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下，能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备，因此整个篇章因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有also, besides, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, a result, therefore, in this way, specifically, basically, apparently, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole, over all等。例如：
1. We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over.
（使用连接性副词：We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.）
2. He is running his own research company and he had another job at the university.
（使用连接性副词：He is running his own research company. In addition, he has another job at the university.）
3.The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work his way through college.
（使用连接性副词：Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.）
（二）使用从属连词
1. You will succeed in your studies. You work hard and never give up.
（使用从属连词：So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.）
2. Last night Lucy had a dream. Lucy was flying in the sky like a bird.
（使用从属连词：Last night Lucy had a dream that she was flying in the sky like a bird.）
3.The boys used to sing. The boys were riding to the countryside.
（使用从属连词：The boys used to sing while they were riding to the countryside.）
4. He tried hard but still could not change her mind.
（使用从属连词：No matter how hard he tried, he could not change her mind.）
四、如何理解“语言的得体性”
“评分标准”要求考生注意“语言的得体性”，就是要求在表达时要根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。
（一）体裁和题材对得体性的要求
不同题材和体裁的文章有不同的用语要求。比如“书面通知”就不好用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention , please ”等句子，这些句子只有用在“口头通知”才算是得体的语句。
2003年高考的书面表达题目，要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信，介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系，所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地，叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性，像“The house is very suitable.”等语句显得相当主观，改为“Do you think it suitable If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。
另外，英语中还有正式语和非正式语、书面语和口头语之分。写作之前，还应该认真分析题目的体裁，根据不同的体裁，确定用语的类别。正式语或书面语句子结构严格遵循语法规则，所采用的单词使用频率不是很高，比如permit、inform、discover、depart等词都属于正式用语；而非正式语或口语则较多地使用短语，所采用的单词使用频率高，也比较短，比如let、tell、find out、leave等等。非正式语也经常使用缩略语或缩略词。
（二）文化和思维内涵对得体性的要求
了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响，才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如：
1. In the 1930’s, he was one of the biggest landlords in China and he was very cruel to tenants.（说明：英美人对landlord的理解首先是“房东”，而汉语中常把landlord理解为“地主”。根据本句提供的情景，应该把landlords改为landowners才比较妥当。）
2. People who live on the farm can hear cocks’ crow every morning! (说明：rooster和cock都译为“公鸡”，但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁，应该把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)
了解西方思维方式，也有助于达成“语言的得体性”。例如：
1. It is my duty.（说明：本句话本来想要表达的意思是“不用谢，（帮助你）是我应该做的。”但英美人并不认为帮助别人是自己的“职责”，相反他们认为这是“善举”，是“快乐的事情”。此句应该改为：It is my pleasure.）
2. Because he was ill, he had to stay at home yesterday．
（说明：本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。”汉语思维中常常是先原因，后结果，而英语中则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill．）
五、如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”
所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”，就是在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。请看2003全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文（节选）：
I am very pleased to learn that you will come to China to study Chinese. I have found an apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a six-storeyed building, which is located on a ①quiet tree-lined street—Fangcao Street. It is only one stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, ②where you are planning to study this summer. The apartment has a bedroom, in which there is a ③comfortable sofa, a desk ④for office and a ⑤single bed. Inside there is a bathroom and a kitchen. The apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters. The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the apartments will meet your expectations.
除开头和结尾外，本文适当发挥的地方五处（见文中标注），都是稍加扩展又立即收题，而且无一例外都是定语。这些信息的添加，不仅增强了文章的个性化，又使得文章读起来更加丰富。信息的添加不能旁逸斜出或标新立异，否则适得其反，徒然增加错误的机会。
六、评分样例
（一）2003年全国高考英语卷书面表达的范文和评分
假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房的面积为25平方米，月租500元。 （附图略）
例1 （本文属于第五档次，可得25分）
Dear Bob,
It was great to hear from you and I am very glad you will be coming here to study Chinese.
I have done some research for you and found a nice apartment, which is only one bus stop away from your school. It is not that big, only 25 square metres, but I think it is fine for your needs. It consists of a small bathroom, a kitchen and a bedroom. The rent is 500 yuan per month. Is this suitable to your budget If not, please let me know ASAP so I can make further arrangements for you.
Looking forward to meeting you.
Kind Regards,
Li Hua
点评：本文用词107个。文章覆盖了所有内容要点。运用了较多的句子结构和词汇，如If not的省略结构、同位结构、定语从句以及budget、ASAP、king regards、do some research、consist of、make further arrangements、look forward to等词汇，语言变化多姿，错落有致。时态的运用准确、规范，如“It was great…”、“…you will be coming…”等，显示了较强的语言运用能力。文中有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文结构紧凑。语言得体，如“Is this suitable to your budget ”，恰当地表达了征询的语气。文中的“great、fine、one stop away”等词汇，虽然司空见惯，但在平时习作中却用者寥寥。总之，本文个性化色彩浓，雅俗共赏，完全达到了预期的写作目的。
例2 （本文属于第四档次，可得16分）
Dear Bob,
Glad to hear from you, now let me tell you what you want to know. I’ve found a house for you. Take a bus to the Fang Cao street, and you’ll see a building on the right, and your room is on the third floor.
I think it is a suitable room for you, which covers 25 square metres. There are a bed room, a kitchen room and a bath room in it. With a bed and a sofa, the bedroom is really nice. Besides, the bath room and the kitchen are also pretty good. I hope you would like it!
Yours,
Li Hua
点评：本文用词101个。该文基本覆盖文章所有主要内容，但漏掉了一些次重点，如“离学校一站远”等。文章中还是能发现一些错误，如There be结构中be动词的数出现错误。语言的得体性方面有所欠缺，比如首句过于非正式，第三句的祈使句应用不符合本文的文体。第二段的定语从句的使用也比较牵强。但是，本文应用的语法结构和词汇能满足写作任务的要求，语言表达较流畅，能运用简单的语句间的连接成分，如besides等，全文结构较紧凑。个别错误也是属于尝试使用较复杂结构所致。
例3 （本文属于第三档次，可得12分）
Dear Bob,
I’m writing to tell you something about the house, which you will live in when you learn chinese at Jian Xin Chinese School this September. It is in Fang Cao street, near which there is a bus station. It is convenient for you to take the No. 11 bus to the school. The house is very suitable with a bethroom, a kitchen and a bedroom. In the bedroom, stand a bed and a desk with a light.
Wish you have a good time. And you will be good at Chinese.
Yours,
Li Hua
点评：本文漏掉一些内容，如“面积”、“月租500元”等”，但基本上完成了试题规定的任务；有一些词汇拼写错误，如chinese, Fang Cao street, bethroom等；也有一些词汇的运用错误，如house和stand分别应该改为 apartment和lie；还有一些结构运用的错误，如Wish you have a good time.等。两个定语从句的使用都比较牵强。最后一个句子也有中国式英语的嫌疑。但总体上这些错误没有影响理解。文章中也能应用像convenient、take the bus、不定式复合结构等简单的语句和词汇及简单的语句；全文结构尚连贯。
（二）2004年浙江省高考英语卷书面表达的范文和评分
假设你是李越,你的加拿大笔友Steve来信说,他和他的一些同学正在学中文,请你推荐两本学中文的词典.根据下表提供的信息,请你给他写一封回信.
英汉/汉英词典 新华字典
收词(字) 18,000(英语) 20,000(汉语) 10,000
价格 52元 11元
特点 大量例子、用法说明,适合初学者 中国最常用的汉语字典
例1 （本文属于第五档次，可得24分）
Dear Steve,
Thank you very much for your last letter which asked me something about how to choose a dictionary for learning Chinese. Here I strongly recommend you the following two which may be useful to you.（本段使用了两个定语从句）
One of them is the English-Chinese/Chinese-English Dictionary (ECCED), which will cost you 52 yuan. It contains some 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. （使用contain和some等词汇）As it has lots of examples showing how to use the words, it will be much valuable for the beginners like you.（本句使用了较复杂的结构，包含了as从句，现在分词短语how to结构）
The other one, Xinhua Dictionary (XD), which charges you only 11 yuan and has a collection of 10,000 Chinese words. （本句使用了非限制性定语从句以及同位结构，并正确使用了charge和a collection of等词汇）It is the most commonly used one in China.
If you need my help with your Chinese please write to me.
例2 （本文属于第四档次，可得19分）
Dear Steve,
I’ve received your letter and know that you want me to recommend two dictionaries to you and your classmates who are learning Chinese now. （句子从语法上讲是正确的，但比较拖沓） I think the English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary which cost 52yuan is useful to learners who has already began to learn. （同一个句子使用两次定语从句，不够简洁）It includes 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. It offers you examples of how to use these words（正确使用动词offer）. Another dictionary called Xinhua is also very good. It contains 10,000characters, which used most frequently in China, （used应该改为被动语态；此错为尝试较复杂结构而产生）so you can find the usual meaning in XD easily. And it is cheaper. You spend only 11 yuan to get one. （正确使用了比较结构和不定式结构）
I hope those two dictionaries can help you with your Chinese study and wish you make progress in your studying!（wish结构使用错误）
例3 （本文属于第二档次，可得9分）
Very glad to see your letter.（中国式英语）
I heard you are learning Chinese. I very glad to hear that. There are two dictionary to recommend you.（本段出现时态不协调、谓语缺失、忽视名词的数等语法错误）
The first one, the English-Chinese dictionary Chinese English Dictionary（不成句子）. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese that cost only 52 yuan, （误用从句） there are lots of examples and how do you used it, that first learn used it very well. （句子不平衡，影响了理解）The other one is Xinhua Dictionary. It has 10,000 words, only coast 11 yuan, there are usually uses Chinese dictionary it’s very wonderful. （句式单调，没有层次，没有“句子”的概念）
So, I hope you are learning well. （中国式英语）I will listen to your goodlider. （不知所云，信息未能传达）
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