名词和冠词
图片预览
文档简介
课件41张PPT。英语语法－词性详解－名词★?? 一、什么是“名词” 及名词的分类 ★??二、可数名词变复数的规则 ★??三、不可数名词 ★? 四、名词所有格★? 五、名词做定语 ★? 六、名词辨析一、名词:表示一类事物名称的词。 个体名词
集体名词二、可数名词1. 规则变化1、一般加-s,如:maps,cars 2、以s ， x ，sh,? ch 结尾的加-es;???如：dish-dishes 3、以辅音字母加y结尾的 ， 先变y为i? ,再加-es ;??如： baby-babies ,family-families4、以f, fe结尾的名词，通常要变f或fe为v,再加-es;如:
a. leaf-leaves, wife---wives, life---lives, thief---thieves
b. 5、以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
加s，如： photo — photos,piano — pianos ,kilo-kilos, radio — radios,zoo — zoos；
b.加es，如：potato — potatoes，tomato—tomatoes,hero — heroes两人两菜
一个黑人英雄吃西红柿和土豆半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去砍狼。
架子后面窜出来，吓得小偷逃命亡。复数变化①改变部分字母： woman-women，man-men，policeman-policemen child-children，mouse-mice，foot-feet,??tooth-teeth ②单、复数同形： people ,Chinese，Japanese, sheep, fish, deer,
buffalo, bison, swine, horsepower③关于“国人”的复数： Chinese，Japanese Englishmen，Englishwomen
Frenchmen,? Frenchwomen
Australians , Canadians，Asians, Greeks2.不规则变化中日友好是近邻，单数复数一个样；
英法联军a变e，其余一律加s。注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans 男女警察a变e， 脚牙oo变ee,
child加上ren, 人民鹿鱼羊不变，
老鼠爬到牛身上，纯属一种怪现象。复合名词的复数1、中心名词加-s或-es
sons-in-law女婿 passers-by过路人
2、无法判断出中心名词，在词尾加-s或-es
go-betweens中间人match-maker
grown-ups成年人 fortune-teller
stay-at-homes成天呆在家的人 lay-offs
3、两个构成部分都要变成复数形式，由woman
man构成的复合名词，平行关系同位关系
men cooks women engineers三、不可数名词不可数名词集锦：（前面不能用a,an等来修饰）到目前为止我们所学的不可数名词有： ①液体类(water)：juice, tea, soup, milk, cola, coffee, rain, snow, oxygen ②肉类(meat)：beef, pork, mutton ③粉末类：bread, coal, cotton, land, rock ④抽象名词类：news, information, money, advice, friendship, work, homework, housework, schoolwork, help, fun, health, price
⑤食物类（food)：broccoli,? rice, porridge, junk food, chocolate, tofu不可数名词计量的表达:①个数单位词：piece （张、片、块、条）
②容器单位词：bottle, bag ,box
③类别单位词：kind( 种、类)
④度量衡单位词：kilo(千克、公斤) 1.以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting book. good goods
sand sands
lesson lessons
water waters
room rooms
glass glasses
arm armstime times
wood woods
work works
cloth clothes
paper papers
age ages名词修饰语①可数名词复数前: (too) many, (a) few, a number of, several
②不可数名词复数前: (too) much, (a) little, a bit of , a great deal of
③(可数、不可数前）都可放的词有：a lot of ,lots of, some，enough, plenty三、名词所有格：
表示“（某人）的”: ①一般在名词后加? ’ s 构成 Jim’s mother ?? My? teacher’s desk ? the dog’s name
②若以S结尾词，则在S后加’?
the? boys’ books
③表示几个人共同的东西，只在最后一个人后加。
Lucy and Lily’s mother ?????
④表示几个人都分别有的东西，则每个都加。Lucy’s? and? Lily’s? mothers
⑤一般用...of...结构来表示无生命的名词所有格：
the door of the room
a map of China
the?photos of my my? sister
⑥双重所有格
a friend of my father’s, a classmate of mine 公式为: a/an/this/that +名词+of +名词性物主代词
四. 名词作定语1. 当名词做定语时，几乎总是用单数形式（即使在意义上是复数）。即使总用做复数的名词（如trousers）情况也是如此。
Eg: shoe repairs pencil boxes tooth brushes book marks
除有些词：sports, goods, clothes, sales 和accounts
如：a sports car clothes shop a sales manager
2. man/woman + n.变复数时，作定语的名词和中心词都要变复数
如：men teachers women doctors
3. 试比较名词作定语与所有格作定语的区别：
woman driver the woman’s driver（那位妇女的司机）
注：若前后两个名词都是物时，一般不用’s所有格形式。如：vegetable garden五.名词辨析1．cause / reason / excuse
cause是造成一种事实或现象的“原因，起因”，后+of；
reason是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”；
excuse意为“借口，辩解”
eg: Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.
You must tell me the reason why you won’t accept the present.
Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?2. mistake /error / fault
三个词都有“错误，过错”的意思，但mistake几乎等于error，但error更正式，更常用于书面语。error强调“道德方面的过失”；fault强调（性格上的）小缺点。这三个词在一些固定搭配中不能混：
an error of judgment (判断错误)
by mistake(错误地)
find fault with……(找茬儿、挑剔)
It’s one’s fault……(是某人的过错)
3. journey / trip / travel / voyage
journey可指陆海空的旅行，常指距离较远的旅行；trip泛指短时间距离的旅行，与journey可以互换，常与其搭配的动词有：make,take,go on等；travel泛指旅行，前面一般不用冠词，travels多指旅行经历或到国外旅行，前面不能用many和其它数词修饰；通常journey 和trip强调往返性，而travel不侧重往返性，可以是单程旅行。 Voyage指海上旅行或航海。
It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.
When I give up work I shall make a long voyage at sea.
Have a good journey/ trip!
It’s only three hours trip from here.4. habit / custom / customs
指一个人在长时间内逐渐养成的，一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗，习惯”；customs,复数形式，“关税，进口税”，当首字母大写并和the连用的时表示“海关”的意思。
Eg: He has formed the habit of saving money. 他养成了存钱的习惯。
Social customs vary greatly from country to country.各国的风俗习惯很不一样。
The officials in the Customs at Beijing Airport are very polite.北京机场的海关官员很有礼貌。
(2007浙江卷12．)Of the seven days in the a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular ____ for a wedding in some countries.
A．way B．situation C．event D．choice
【答案】D
【解析】句意：据说在某些国家，为举办婚礼而选择日期时，星期六时是一周七天内最受欢迎的。choice“选择”。在七天中选择星期六，D正确。(2007安徽卷32) The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common ______ in many parts of the city.
A．look B．sign C．sight D．appearance
【答案】C
【解析】句意：在大街上挂衣服在城市里许多地方很常见。look “表情，样子”sign “迹象” sight “景象” appearance “外表”
(2007湖北卷23) Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A．point B．idea C．attitude D．sight
【答案】B
【解析】句意：尽管对食物的态度（或看法）有如此大的差别，无疑，西方人认为中国食品是很特别的。破解此题的关键点是toward这个词，在四个选项中，只有attitude和toward和to搭配使用，故选C。
（2007陕西12） He and his wife are of the same ________,they both want their son to go to college.
A soul B spirit C heart D mind
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他和他的妻子有共同的想法；他们都希望儿子考入大学。soul灵魂,心灵； spirit精神； heart心；而mind----thoughts; a person’s way of thinking。故选D项为正确答案。
(2007天津卷12)One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living_____.
A．bills B．expenses
C．prices D．charges
【答案】B
【解析】句意：每月一千美元不是很大一笔钱，但却会帮助我支付生活费用。bills(帐单)常与pay连用，表支付应还的钱；expenses(支出花销)常用来指日常开销；prices(价格)；charges(收费)；本句中与living搭配，表生活开销。故选B。
冠词定冠词
the英语语法－词性详解－冠词零冠词
/不定冠词
a, an一、定冠词的用法 06全国II 19
I know you don’t like _______ music very much. But what do you think of _______ music in the film we saw yesterday?
A. /; / B. the; the C. the; / D. /; the
06陕西15
According to ______ World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent _____ spread of AIDS.
A. the;不填 B. the; the C. a; a D.不填;the
a / an区别二、不定冠词的用法 07 福建22
—How about _____ Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was _____ success.
A. a; a B. the; a
C. a;不填 D. the; 不填
07江苏21
We have every reason to believe that ______ 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be ______ success.
A．/ … a B．the … / C．the … a D．a … a
（2008辽宁卷24） My neighbor asked me to go for ______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy.
A. a; 不填 B. the; the
C. 不填；the D. a; the
（2008山东卷21）Students should be encouraged to use ___ Internet as ____ resource.
A. 不填；a B. 不填；the
C. the; the D. the; a06全国I 30
--Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
-- Sorry, wrong number. There isn't____ Mr. Smith here.
不填 B. a C. the D. one
07全国II 19
— Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don' t have _____ Johnson here in the village.
A. the; the B. the; a C不填; the D. the; 不填
07四川22How about taking ______ short break?
I want to make _______ call.
A．the；a B．a；the
C．the；the D．a；a
三、零冠词的用法1）不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
They are teachers.
2）国名，人名前：England，Mary
3）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表
示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
4）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。The guards took the American to General Lee. 5）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名词前
have breakfast，play chess
6）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时
by bus，by train
7）不用冠词的序数词
a. 序数词前有物主代词时。
b. 序数词作副词。He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中，at first, first of all
8）固定搭配和习语
in danger/trouble under consideration
under discussion under treatment
by mistake on business
9）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school, prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。
in class 在课堂 in the class 在班级
at church 做礼拜 at the church 在教堂
at table 就餐 at the table 在桌子旁
in front of in the front of
go to hospital go to the hospital
in prison in the prison
with child with the child
on earth on the earth07重庆24
George couldn't remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was ___ Sunday because everybody was at___ church.
A./; the B. the; / C. a; / D./; a 08湖南22
Have you heard news? The price of petrol is going up again！
A. the, the B. 不填，the
C. the, 不填 D. 不填，不填
07江西26
Many people have come to realize that they should go on _____ balanced diet and make____ room in their day for exercise.
A．a；/ B．the；a
C．the；the D．/；a最高级中不同冠词的比较：
This is the most expensive dress in the store.
This is a most expensive dress. (=one)
比较级中不同冠词的比较：
There are two gifts, the smaller one is yours. (两者中较…)
I don’t like this gift, please show me a better one.（更/再…）
序数词前不同冠次的比较：
Linda is first in her class.(序数词单独做表语，不用冠词)
Linda failed once. Then he tried a second time.
(突出在原基础上的又一次)
It is the second time that Linda has won the prize.
(仅表示“第二次”)06辽宁21
Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was most important one.
A. the; a B.不填；a
C.不填;the D. the; the
集体名词二、可数名词1. 规则变化1、一般加-s,如:maps,cars 2、以s ， x ，sh,? ch 结尾的加-es;???如：dish-dishes 3、以辅音字母加y结尾的 ， 先变y为i? ,再加-es ;??如： baby-babies ,family-families4、以f, fe结尾的名词，通常要变f或fe为v,再加-es;如:
a. leaf-leaves, wife---wives, life---lives, thief---thieves
b. 5、以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
加s，如： photo — photos,piano — pianos ,kilo-kilos, radio — radios,zoo — zoos；
b.加es，如：potato — potatoes，tomato—tomatoes,hero — heroes两人两菜
一个黑人英雄吃西红柿和土豆半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去砍狼。
架子后面窜出来，吓得小偷逃命亡。复数变化①改变部分字母： woman-women，man-men，policeman-policemen child-children，mouse-mice，foot-feet,??tooth-teeth ②单、复数同形： people ,Chinese，Japanese, sheep, fish, deer,
buffalo, bison, swine, horsepower③关于“国人”的复数： Chinese，Japanese Englishmen，Englishwomen
Frenchmen,? Frenchwomen
Australians , Canadians，Asians, Greeks2.不规则变化中日友好是近邻，单数复数一个样；
英法联军a变e，其余一律加s。注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans 男女警察a变e， 脚牙oo变ee,
child加上ren, 人民鹿鱼羊不变，
老鼠爬到牛身上，纯属一种怪现象。复合名词的复数1、中心名词加-s或-es
sons-in-law女婿 passers-by过路人
2、无法判断出中心名词，在词尾加-s或-es
go-betweens中间人match-maker
grown-ups成年人 fortune-teller
stay-at-homes成天呆在家的人 lay-offs
3、两个构成部分都要变成复数形式，由woman
man构成的复合名词，平行关系同位关系
men cooks women engineers三、不可数名词不可数名词集锦：（前面不能用a,an等来修饰）到目前为止我们所学的不可数名词有： ①液体类(water)：juice, tea, soup, milk, cola, coffee, rain, snow, oxygen ②肉类(meat)：beef, pork, mutton ③粉末类：bread, coal, cotton, land, rock ④抽象名词类：news, information, money, advice, friendship, work, homework, housework, schoolwork, help, fun, health, price
⑤食物类（food)：broccoli,? rice, porridge, junk food, chocolate, tofu不可数名词计量的表达:①个数单位词：piece （张、片、块、条）
②容器单位词：bottle, bag ,box
③类别单位词：kind( 种、类)
④度量衡单位词：kilo(千克、公斤) 1.以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting book. good goods
sand sands
lesson lessons
water waters
room rooms
glass glasses
arm armstime times
wood woods
work works
cloth clothes
paper papers
age ages名词修饰语①可数名词复数前: (too) many, (a) few, a number of, several
②不可数名词复数前: (too) much, (a) little, a bit of , a great deal of
③(可数、不可数前）都可放的词有：a lot of ,lots of, some，enough, plenty三、名词所有格：
表示“（某人）的”: ①一般在名词后加? ’ s 构成 Jim’s mother ?? My? teacher’s desk ? the dog’s name
②若以S结尾词，则在S后加’?
the? boys’ books
③表示几个人共同的东西，只在最后一个人后加。
Lucy and Lily’s mother ?????
④表示几个人都分别有的东西，则每个都加。Lucy’s? and? Lily’s? mothers
⑤一般用...of...结构来表示无生命的名词所有格：
the door of the room
a map of China
the?photos of my my? sister
⑥双重所有格
a friend of my father’s, a classmate of mine 公式为: a/an/this/that +名词+of +名词性物主代词
四. 名词作定语1. 当名词做定语时，几乎总是用单数形式（即使在意义上是复数）。即使总用做复数的名词（如trousers）情况也是如此。
Eg: shoe repairs pencil boxes tooth brushes book marks
除有些词：sports, goods, clothes, sales 和accounts
如：a sports car clothes shop a sales manager
2. man/woman + n.变复数时，作定语的名词和中心词都要变复数
如：men teachers women doctors
3. 试比较名词作定语与所有格作定语的区别：
woman driver the woman’s driver（那位妇女的司机）
注：若前后两个名词都是物时，一般不用’s所有格形式。如：vegetable garden五.名词辨析1．cause / reason / excuse
cause是造成一种事实或现象的“原因，起因”，后+of；
reason是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”；
excuse意为“借口，辩解”
eg: Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.
You must tell me the reason why you won’t accept the present.
Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?2. mistake /error / fault
三个词都有“错误，过错”的意思，但mistake几乎等于error，但error更正式，更常用于书面语。error强调“道德方面的过失”；fault强调（性格上的）小缺点。这三个词在一些固定搭配中不能混：
an error of judgment (判断错误)
by mistake(错误地)
find fault with……(找茬儿、挑剔)
It’s one’s fault……(是某人的过错)
3. journey / trip / travel / voyage
journey可指陆海空的旅行，常指距离较远的旅行；trip泛指短时间距离的旅行，与journey可以互换，常与其搭配的动词有：make,take,go on等；travel泛指旅行，前面一般不用冠词，travels多指旅行经历或到国外旅行，前面不能用many和其它数词修饰；通常journey 和trip强调往返性，而travel不侧重往返性，可以是单程旅行。 Voyage指海上旅行或航海。
It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.
When I give up work I shall make a long voyage at sea.
Have a good journey/ trip!
It’s only three hours trip from here.4. habit / custom / customs
指一个人在长时间内逐渐养成的，一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗，习惯”；customs,复数形式，“关税，进口税”，当首字母大写并和the连用的时表示“海关”的意思。
Eg: He has formed the habit of saving money. 他养成了存钱的习惯。
Social customs vary greatly from country to country.各国的风俗习惯很不一样。
The officials in the Customs at Beijing Airport are very polite.北京机场的海关官员很有礼貌。
(2007浙江卷12．)Of the seven days in the a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular ____ for a wedding in some countries.
A．way B．situation C．event D．choice
【答案】D
【解析】句意：据说在某些国家，为举办婚礼而选择日期时，星期六时是一周七天内最受欢迎的。choice“选择”。在七天中选择星期六，D正确。(2007安徽卷32) The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common ______ in many parts of the city.
A．look B．sign C．sight D．appearance
【答案】C
【解析】句意：在大街上挂衣服在城市里许多地方很常见。look “表情，样子”sign “迹象” sight “景象” appearance “外表”
(2007湖北卷23) Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A．point B．idea C．attitude D．sight
【答案】B
【解析】句意：尽管对食物的态度（或看法）有如此大的差别，无疑，西方人认为中国食品是很特别的。破解此题的关键点是toward这个词，在四个选项中，只有attitude和toward和to搭配使用，故选C。
（2007陕西12） He and his wife are of the same ________,they both want their son to go to college.
A soul B spirit C heart D mind
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他和他的妻子有共同的想法；他们都希望儿子考入大学。soul灵魂,心灵； spirit精神； heart心；而mind----thoughts; a person’s way of thinking。故选D项为正确答案。
(2007天津卷12)One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living_____.
A．bills B．expenses
C．prices D．charges
【答案】B
【解析】句意：每月一千美元不是很大一笔钱，但却会帮助我支付生活费用。bills(帐单)常与pay连用，表支付应还的钱；expenses(支出花销)常用来指日常开销；prices(价格)；charges(收费)；本句中与living搭配，表生活开销。故选B。
冠词定冠词
the英语语法－词性详解－冠词零冠词
/不定冠词
a, an一、定冠词的用法 06全国II 19
I know you don’t like _______ music very much. But what do you think of _______ music in the film we saw yesterday?
A. /; / B. the; the C. the; / D. /; the
06陕西15
According to ______ World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent _____ spread of AIDS.
A. the;不填 B. the; the C. a; a D.不填;the
a / an区别二、不定冠词的用法 07 福建22
—How about _____ Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was _____ success.
A. a; a B. the; a
C. a;不填 D. the; 不填
07江苏21
We have every reason to believe that ______ 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be ______ success.
A．/ … a B．the … / C．the … a D．a … a
（2008辽宁卷24） My neighbor asked me to go for ______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy.
A. a; 不填 B. the; the
C. 不填；the D. a; the
（2008山东卷21）Students should be encouraged to use ___ Internet as ____ resource.
A. 不填；a B. 不填；the
C. the; the D. the; a06全国I 30
--Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
-- Sorry, wrong number. There isn't____ Mr. Smith here.
不填 B. a C. the D. one
07全国II 19
— Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don' t have _____ Johnson here in the village.
A. the; the B. the; a C不填; the D. the; 不填
07四川22How about taking ______ short break?
I want to make _______ call.
A．the；a B．a；the
C．the；the D．a；a
三、零冠词的用法1）不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
They are teachers.
2）国名，人名前：England，Mary
3）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表
示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
4）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。The guards took the American to General Lee. 5）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名词前
have breakfast，play chess
6）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时
by bus，by train
7）不用冠词的序数词
a. 序数词前有物主代词时。
b. 序数词作副词。He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中，at first, first of all
8）固定搭配和习语
in danger/trouble under consideration
under discussion under treatment
by mistake on business
9）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school, prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。
in class 在课堂 in the class 在班级
at church 做礼拜 at the church 在教堂
at table 就餐 at the table 在桌子旁
in front of in the front of
go to hospital go to the hospital
in prison in the prison
with child with the child
on earth on the earth07重庆24
George couldn't remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was ___ Sunday because everybody was at___ church.
A./; the B. the; / C. a; / D./; a 08湖南22
Have you heard news? The price of petrol is going up again！
A. the, the B. 不填，the
C. the, 不填 D. 不填，不填
07江西26
Many people have come to realize that they should go on _____ balanced diet and make____ room in their day for exercise.
A．a；/ B．the；a
C．the；the D．/；a最高级中不同冠词的比较：
This is the most expensive dress in the store.
This is a most expensive dress. (=one)
比较级中不同冠词的比较：
There are two gifts, the smaller one is yours. (两者中较…)
I don’t like this gift, please show me a better one.（更/再…）
序数词前不同冠次的比较：
Linda is first in her class.(序数词单独做表语，不用冠词)
Linda failed once. Then he tried a second time.
(突出在原基础上的又一次)
It is the second time that Linda has won the prize.
(仅表示“第二次”)06辽宁21
Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was most important one.
A. the; a B.不填；a
C.不填;the D. the; the