2009年高考英语语法精要讲解
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2009年高考英语语法精要讲解：
名词
1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题
名词的数：单数、复数和不可数;
名词的格：通格和属格 (’s )
名词的限定：特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法，即名词前加冠词或
其它限定词， 例如： some, many , this, my 等
2、名词的数和单位词
1)复型名词 + 复数动词
The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.
备用词： shoes, stockings, glasses, socks
NOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.
2)复型名词 + 单数动词
A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.
备用词：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States
B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
备用词： five pounds, two feet, six weeks
3) 集合名词 + 复数名词
The police have surrounded the building.
Cattle are selling for record price (创记录).
备用词： the enemy, (the) people
NOTICE: 表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用，
但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:
My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.
The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.
4)不可数名词作可数的情况
A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况
a (an) + adj. + n.
It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲)
a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics.
备用词： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education
B.口语特例(特定场合)
A (One) beer, please.
Two teas and four coffees, please.
5)既是可数又是不可数的名词
I broke a glass this morning. (杯子)
Glass is made from sand. (玻璃)
备用词： paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯);
ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)
6) 单位词
A.个数
a piece of information (furniture, advice…)
B. 以形状表示个数
a grain of rice, a flight of stairs
C. 容量
a box of matches, a cup of tea
D. 计量
a metre of cloth, a ton of coal
E.其它
a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)
3、名词的格：
1)’ s 的用法
A . 与时间有关的名词
a night’s sleep ten minutes’ walk
NOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hours’walk
B. 和else 连用
book can this be
A. Who else’s
B. Whose else
C. Who’s else
D. Whose else’s
(A)
C. ‘s 修饰的词，如果前面提到，可省略
This is Jack’s book, not Tom’s.
This book is Jack’s not Tom’s.
D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等， ‘s 后面的名词省略
at the Green’s (house), at the doctor’s (office)
2) OF 结构表示所有关系
A. 无生命的名词用of
the price of the success
B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of
Can’t you look at the book of the boy behind you
3)双重所有格
‘s 与of结构并用，此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that等
Miss Smith is a friend of Mary’s mother’s.
that brother of the girl
4)名词 + 名词 (名词用作形容词)
A. 单数名词+名词 a shoe (flower) shop ticket office
NOTICE: the tailor’s (shop)
B. 复数名词 + 名词
sports meet clothes shop women pilots
数词
1、数词在使用时应注意的问题
易错数词：
年月日及介词
计算用词
和数字相关的词
2、综合
1) 数字表达：
123,856,709
one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine
2) 年月日
in the morning; on the morning of September 1;
in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September)
3、计算
+ Six and five is (are) eleven.
Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty.
- Four from seven is (leaves) three.
Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.
X 16 x 11 = 176
Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six.
÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 3
Nine divided by three equals three.
4、dozen, score
A. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggs
B. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times
5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.
分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.
More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses.
70 percent od the fund(资金) was supplied by the Government.
6、“一个半...”的表达法.
one pound and a half ,one and a half years
冠词
1、冠词应注意的问题
习惯用法
同一名词前不同名词的比较
2、不定冠词
1) 成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)
a knife and fork
2) a most + n. “非常“
This is a most beautiful country.
3) a (an) 与 one 之区别
A. 数字对比用one
It was one coffee we ordered, not two.
B. 对比
A knife is no good. (刀子不行)
One knife is no good. (一把刀子不行)
C. 通用
a (one) million, a (one) quarter
4) a (an) 与every 之比较:
three times a year;
twice every three years
5) 惯用法
A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress !
quite a nice day rather a good idea
such a funny expression
B. too cold a day How lovely a dress!
so strange a person as good a map as
3、定冠词
1)普通名词组成的专有名词 the Great Wall the Summer Palace
2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾 the Pacific (Ocean)
3)the + adj. (-ing; -ed)
A. 指一类人，谓语用复数
The old are being taken good care of.
B. 指一类事，谓语用单数
The beautiful is not always the same as the good.
4)用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体
部位前 He hates the telephone.
5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前
The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,
dressed in blue ) is a student.
4、零冠词
1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等
National Day
Nanjing Road
2)职位充当补语、同位语时
He was elected headmaster of the school.
3)成对出现的成语
arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牵手), face to face,
side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old,
from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end
5、冠词比较
1)go to school (hospital, church); in prison (强调用途)
go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身)
2) I’ll go there next Friday. (以说话时间为准)
In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准)
3) by air (plane, boat…)
in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)
4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)
The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)
5) be at table
be at the table
6) a cup of coffee
Two coffees, please. I like white coffee.
This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Tom’s.
7) Mr. White is waiting to see you.
A Mr. White is waiting to see you.
The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.
8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
9) the best season of the year the best time of year.
人称代词
1、多个人称代词的排列顺序
①you and I
②he and I
③you and he
④you, he and I
⑤you, they and we(情况多)
2、It 的用法
① 代替this, that
That’s a book, isn’t it
② 做某动作的人或婴儿
---Someone is coming. Who can it be
---It may be Jack.
It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl
③表示时间、距离、自然现象
It’s 20 miles to (from) Paris.
3、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况
①肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so:
think, hope, believe, I’m afraid, It seems (appears), etc.
---Is it true that he had a heart attack
---I’m afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so.
②否定答语中用not:
---Has Anne got into university
---I’m afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not.
③协力动词中也可以用not…so:
believe, think, suppose, expect, etc
I don’t believe so. / I don’t think so.
④do代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时，
do后常用so / it:
---Please lay the table.
---I’ve just done so (it).
指示代词
that, one, it的区别
①one 代替可数名词，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可数名词 ，表示特指; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it指前面提到的同一事物。
●There is an old engineer and a young one here.
●His attitude to me is that of a friend.
●I’ve lost my pen. Have you seen it (Have you lend me one )
② the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones
I’ll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one.
③the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句
●The boy in your class is taller than the one in our class.
●The skirt (that) she made herself is more beautiful to wear than
the one (that) she bought last year.
④ one 不能代替前面提到的不可数名词
Don’t use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用 fresh one)
⑤those , ones
● These machines are better than those we made last year.
● ---I’d like a pound of apples.
---Which ones
---The red (ones).
● ---Why don’t we take a little break
---Didn’t we just have (NMET2000)
A. it
B. that
C. one
D. this
(C)
物主代词
1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语，不能作定语
This is my cup. Yours is the one that’s green.
These things are mine. Those are theirs.
2、名词性物主代词与 of 结构连用
That brother of yours looks healthy.
He is an old friend of mine.
3、下列结构用 the 代替物主代词
He pulled Jack by the hair (arm).
He was wounded in the leg.
He was blind in the right eye.
反身代词、
1、加强语气(可前可后)
The headmaster spoke to me himself.
→ The headmaster himself spoke to me.
Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it . (NMET 1996)
A. themselves
B. oneself
C. itself
D. himself
(A)
2、own： 反身代词无所有格形式，用 own 表达
I’d love to have my own room / a room of my own.
不定代词
1、every each
①every指时间: every other day,
every three days = every third day
②each放在复数主谓语之间:
We each have a book.
③each放在句尾:
She gave her children an apple each.
2、some- any- every- no-
①作单数看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor
②不与 of 连用:
不说 someone of; no one of. etc
可说 some one of; none of, etc.
③+ adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on
④+ else: This isn’t mine. It’s someone else’s.
3、some any
①表示请求、建议的问句用some
Would you like some (more) coffee
②some + n.(singl.)
You will realize it some day.
③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)
Any child can answer that.
Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do.
④any (some) of + 限定词 + n.
some of the oil , any of my water
4、both all
①常用于助动词或情感动词后，但在简答中放在前面
● The girls are both ready.
● --- Are you ready --- Yes, we both (all) are.
②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面
He gave some to us all (both).
③all单独用，指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数
●All is lost.
● All are here.
5、either neither
① either…or; neither…nor 作主语，谓语的使用是邻近原则
Neither he nor I am going to London.
②作定语，修饰单数名词
Neither (Either) book is satisfactory.
6、another (the) other (the) others
①another 另外的，另一个的
Please show me another (one).
Do you need another cup
②another + 基数词(few) + n.
I need another three days. (three more days)
③(the) other (+ n.) (the) other
the other six (persons) / the others / the other day
7、(a) few (a) little
① few 的搭配
●We had a good few letter this morning(很多).
●Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少)
● ---How many do you want
---Just a few, please. (不多)
quite a few (相当多)
only a few (只有几个，几乎没有)
② little 的搭配
●There’s only a little soup left.
● ---How much do you want
---Just a little, please.
8、much many
①(much /far) too much far too many
Your son got much (far) too much pocket money.
There are far too many accidents at this crossing.
②much修饰
●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级
●比较级+不可数名词
There’s much / far less water in the river than usual.
many修饰“比较级 + 可数 名词复数”
There are many / far more people than I expected.
9、全部否定与部分否定
①全部否定用词
neither nothing no one nobody none
②not与all, both, every, every- 连用时表示部分否定
Not all his work is successful.
形容词
1、多个形容词得排列顺序
限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+ 基数词 + 描述性形容词 + 大小新旧 + 颜色 + 产地 + 物质(材料、用途)+ 名词
a beautiful new red dress
a little brown box
2、系动词 + adj. ( 除 be 外的其它连系动词)
The cake looks good but it tastes awful.
3、subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)
The man is easy to get along with.
The bed is too small for him to lie on.
4、It is (was) + adj. + of (for) sb. to do sth.
下列形容词后用 of: good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.
其它形容词后用for
5、the more of the two
He is the stronger of the two brothers.
6、倍数
three times as big as
This room is twice bigger than that one.
three times the size of
7、比较级和最高级的被修饰
①比较级可以被下列词修饰：much, far, any, even, still, rather, a little, a lot, a bit, no, by far
It’s no use asking me. I don’t know any more than you.
②最高级可以被下列词修饰：much, the very, by far
This cake ought to be good, because I used the very best butter
副词
1、程度副词 (quite, rather, fairly)
★ quite: 不修饰比较级，但: He is quite better.
●表示程度，和可显示程度的词连用，如：old, interesting, polite, tired, etc.
●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地)，和下列词连用，
如：perfect, impossible, different, etc. 此时，可修饰adj., adv., v.,等.
The job is quite impossible.
That’s not quite what I want.
★rather: 可与比较级及too 连用 rather older, rather too many people
●rather than 表示选择，“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”
I’d prefer to go in August rather than in July.
I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
●or rather 表示“更确切地说“
I’ll meet him, or rather, I’ll ask him to meet me.
★fairly： 不可与比较级连用，与积极意义的词连用
●强弱程度的顺序：
very → rather → quite → fairly → not
This film is very good. (rather good 胜过多数影片;
quite good 值得一看; fairly good 勉强还可以看看)
2、频度副词(often, usually, always, ever, never, seldom, hardly 等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后
He is always making a joke.
●never, hardly, seldom等放在句首时，用倒装
Never have I seen anything so wonderful as that.
●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前
---He is late again. ---Yes, he always is.
3、too much much too
●too much
① + 不可数名词，意思“太多”
I drank (far much, a lot , a little, rather) too much beer last night.
②作 adv.
You work too much.
③作 pro.
Too much was happening all at once.
●much too + adj. “实在太…”
You are much too kind to me.
4、形近词
● ① deep / deeply deep into the night (the woods, the future)
be deeply moved (hurt, sorry) deeply regret
② late / lately / later / latest arrive (come) late
What have you been doing lately
③ near / nearly go (come, live) near nearly finished (midnight)
④ loud / loudly / aloud
● --adj. --adv.
an early train a fast driver hard work a deep hole
arrive early drive fast work hard drink deep.
介词
1. be + adj. + prep.
be good at, be afraid of, be anxious about (of), be kind to, be fit for, etc.
2. be + v.-ed + prep.
be satisfied with, be worried about, be surprised at, be pleased at (by)
3. v. + prep.
agree with (to / on), apologize for, arrive at (in), believe in, depend on
4. v. + n. + prep.
pay attention to, take part in, make use of, have a word with
5. v. + adv. + prep.
go on with, go in for, go ahead with, keep up with, make up for
6. prep. + n. + prep.
in charge of, in time of, in place of, on top of, at the end (edge) of
7. out of + n.
out of breath, out of control, out of date, out of sight, out of work (order)
8. n. + after + n.
hour after hour, year after year, battle after battle, defeat after defeat
9. n. + by + n.
step by step, side by side, one by one
10. n. + to + n.
face to face, heart to heart
11. n. + in + n.
hand in hand, arm in arm
12. from + n. + to + n.
from side to side, from place to place, from door to door
13. a + n. + of
a bit of, a great deal of, a few of, a drop of, a line of
14. with + n.
with a long history, with satisfaction (care), with pleasure, with one’s help
15. on + n.
on a trip (journey), on a visit (to), on fire, on business, on sale, on watch
on the team, on show, on duty, on foot
16. without + n.
without help, without mercy, without delay
17. in + n.
in silence, in danger (trouble, surprise, fear), in high spirits, in love (return)
18.as + n.
as a matter of fact, as a rule, as a whole
19. by + n.
by now (then), by hand, by mistake, by this means, by chance, by the year
20. at + n.
at sea, at sunset, at Christmas, at the doctor’s, at the station, at a time
21. for + n.
for a moment, for a time, for ever, for example
22. to + n. (… + to )
to one’s delight (joy, surprise), to the east (west), to the right, due to,
thanks to, according to, to this day.
基本句型
英语的五种基本句型结构：
主语 + 不及物动词 (SV)
主语 + 连系动词 (SVC)
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)
主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOD)
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)
1. S + V
He works. He is studying.
① 主语 + 谓语(vi.) + 状语(从句)
The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere
② 主语 + 谓语(vi.) + 名词短语
We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years.
2. S + V + C
He is a student / in yellow / there…
① 主语 + be + 表语 表语由下列词充当：名词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、动词不定式、分词(短语)、动名词、从句等
② 主语 + 其它连系动词 + 表语 这些连系动词包括：appear, continue, feel, go(变成), keep, lie(处于…状态), look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turn
Bob lay sick.
His dream comes true.
3. S + V + O
An idea struck me.
① 主语 + 谓语(v. + prep) + 宾语
It depends on the weather. 备用词：act as, agree on / with / to,
arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to,
prefer to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about
② 主语 + 谓语(v. + adv.) + 宾语
I thought over the plan. I thought it over.
备用词：bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give in
NOTICE: ● v + adv. + prep.
get along with, add up to, do away with,
break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, go through with
● v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of,
take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in
③ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语
The teacher punished him for being late.
Congratulate him on his success.
Compare this with that.
4. S + V + O + D (间接宾语由代词和名词充当)
① 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
Will you lend me your pen, please
She bought him many toys.
② 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 代词或名词
Will you lend your pen to me, please
She bought many toys for him.
备用词：pay, give, hand, sell, pass, offer, explain, sing, leave
5. S + V + O + C 宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种：● 主表关系;
主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当
主表：① I find the book interesting. (主谓宾+形容词)
② I saw him there. (主谓宾+副词)
③ I found the book on the desk. (主谓宾+介词)
④ We elected him monitor. (主谓宾+名词)
主谓：①They saw the thief running away. (主谓宾 + 现在分词)
②Where did you see him knocked down (主谓宾+过分词)
③ What makes you think so (主谓宾+动词不定式)
It句型
1. It + be + adj. + (for sb) to do sth → sth + be + adj. + to do
It is not easy to learn English. (English is not easy to learn.)
备用词：difficult, necessary, important, quick, hard, etc.
2. It + be + adj. + of sb to do sth → sb. + be + adj. + to do sth
It was foolish of Tom to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.
(Tom was foolish to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.)
备用词：wise, clever, bright, kind, nice, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.
3. It takes sb + some time + to do sth → sb spends time in doing sth
It took him two days to find the elephant.
(He spent two days in finding the elephant.)
4. It is no use doing sth.
It is no use regretting your past mistakes.
备用词：no good, useless, etc.
5. It costs sb. + money + to do sth
It cost them 36,000 francs to buy the necklace.
→ The necklace cost them 36,000 francs .
They spent 36,000 franc on the necklace.
They spent 36,000 francs (in) buying the necklace.
They paid 36,000 francs for the necklace.
They bought the necklace for 36,000 francs.
6. It + be + adj. (n.) + that-clause
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
备用词：natural, surprising, true, wonderful, etc.
7.It + be + adj. + that-clause (should do sth)
It is necessary that he (should) be present at the meeting.
备用词：strange, important,impossble
8. It + be + p.p. + that-clause
it is said that he has been ill for years. (He is said to have been…)
备用词：reported, known, believed, decided, announced, etc.
9. It + be + p.p. + that-clause (should do sth.)
It is demanded that the homework (should) be finished at once.
备用词：ordered, suggested, required, requested, etc.
10. It seems + that-clause → sb. + seems + to do sth.
It seems that they are talking. (They seem to be talking.)
备用词：happen
11. It is + some time since-clause → sb. has + p.p. + for time
It is three years since he came here. (He has been here for years.)
12. It is + 被强调部分 + that (who)
It is through struggle that we learn this truth.
13. It + be time + for sth / to do sth. / that-clause
It is time for supper. It is time to have supper.
It is time that we should have supper.
It is time that we had supper.
14. It + be + long(时间段)+ before-clause
It will not be long before we turn our hope into reality.
15. It is (just) like sb. to do sth.
该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满，若用否定式，则表示怀疑。
It’s like him to leave the work to others.
他就是这样的一个人，把工作推给别人。
It isn’t like him to have said anything like that. 他可不是说出那种话的人。
16. It is up to sb. to do sth.
该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。
There Be结构
1、主谓一致：
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
2、反意问句：
There used to be a well there, use(d)n’t / didn’t there
3、各种时态：
There will be a film this afternoon.
There is going to be a lecture tomorrow.
There have been great change in our city since 1988.
4、there be中的非谓语形式：
There are a lot of students waiting outside.
There were eleven people killed in this accident.
There’s someone at the door to see you.
(There being no bus, we had to walk home.)
5、含情态动词：
There must (may, might) be rain tomorrow.
There ought to be no trouble
6、与其它动词连用：
There seems to be a reason for changing their plan.
There are likely to be more difficulties than expected.
There happens to be nobody in the room.
I don’t want there to be any trouble.
7、there + v.
There goes the bell.
On the hill (there) stands a house.
8、There is no denying the fact + that从句(不可否认的......)
例句：不可否认的，我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。
There is no denying the fact that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
主谓一致原则
1、or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接并列主语时，谓语与邻近主语一致
Not only she but also I am going there.
2、as well as, (together) with,,along with连接并列主语时，谓语与前面主语一致
Dr. Smith (together) with his two sons is going Paris.
3、there be 中主语并列时，可随紧挨 be 的词一致或用复数
There is (are) a boy and two girls in the room.
NOTICE: There is a pair of trousers here.
4、both, many, several, few作主语时，谓语用复数
Few are here this morning.
5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语，当整体看，谓语用单数
Two feet isn’t long enough.
6、and连接并列主语的情况
① My father and mother are away on business.
② The worker and writer is from Paris.
③ The worker and the writer are from Paris.
④ Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.
⑤ Every (Each, No) desk and every (each, no) chair is made of wood.
⑥one and a half 后面应接复数名词，但其谓语动词应用单数。
7、the + adj. (-ing, -ed)表示一类人，谓语用复数;表示一类事物，谓语用单数
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer in many countries.
8、Neither (of), Either (of), Each (of)作主语，谓语用单数
Neither of them is a driver.
9、any-, every-, some- no-作主语，谓语用单数
Is everybody here
10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语，谓语用单数
To see is to believe.
What I have done is what I should do.
11. all of, some of, any of, most of, none of, plenty of, percent of, half of 等作主语，根据 of 后的词决定
the houses are on show.
Most of
the work has been done.
the students are girls.
Ninety percent of the money is hers.
12. kind of + n., 由kind 决定
This kind of apples is very good.
→ Apples of this kind are very good.
13. Such (倒装)
Such is what he said. → Such are his words.
14. east, west, south, north的倒装
East of the city is (lies) a lake. (are / lie two lakes)
15. 强调句中 It’s I who am going to Japan.
16. 定语从句中 I, who am a student, will be a doctor.
17.a great deal of ( a large amount of , a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
18.a number of , ( a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数。但the number of +主语，其谓语动词用单数。
19.代词 none, neither 作主语时，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。
20. 一些只有复数形式的词作主语时( clothes , trousers , shoes , ...)，谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有a pair of 修饰时，则用单数。
21. 关系词who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但one of + 复数名词 + that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that 从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。
22. 以what 引起的主语从句 the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语，谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。
时态的综合问题
在说或写一句话时，通常要选择一个中心时态，这个中心时态影响其它时态，即时态要前后一致。
以“现在”为中心：若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”，则常以“现在”为起点，从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况。
Our postman usually delivers our arrival at 7 every morning. It (be) nearly lunchtime and the mail still (not arrive). I (suppose) the mail (come) soon. Perhaps he (be) ill. (is, hasn’t arrived, suppose, will come, is
以“过去”为中心：若着眼于“过去”，则常以“过去某时”为基点，从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况。
We lived in the street. They (build) houses all around us then. We (be) there for 10 years and (imagine) we (stay) there for the rest of our lives. (were building, had been, imagined, would stay)
一般现在时
1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作
--- How often does she visit her parents
--- Twice a month.
2、永恒的真理
Summer follows spring.
3、①在条件或时间状语从句中
I’ll let you know as soon as he gets there.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时
We leave at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50 tomorrow.
4、固定词组如 I see(明白)、I hear(听说)、I think(认为、想)、I feel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况
I see there’s some trouble in London
现在进行时
1、说话时正进行的动作或情况
Someone’s knocking at the door. Can you answer it
2、发展中的或正在改变的情况
The weather is getting better and better.
3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情
I don’t like to be disturbed if I’m working.
You look lovely when you’re smiling.
4、表示将来
①可用下列词：go, come, arrive, leave, start
He’s arriving tomorrow morning.
②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语
What are you doing this evening
5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比
①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况，一般现在时用来表示永久的情况，或经常发生的事情或习惯
He’s not working very hard at the moment. (目前工作不努力)
He doesn’t work very hard. (通常工作不努力)
②讲故事、评论事情、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件发生的事情
Harrison shoots, but the ball hits the post and
Jackson clear.
(哈里森射门，但是球碰倒柱子上，接着杰克逊解了围)
一般将来时
1、用will, shall 表示
①决定：谈及正在作出的一项决定时，常用I’ll----I will，不能用be going to ,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定
---The phone’s ringing. ---I’ll answer it.
---Come to a party. ---OK. I’ll bring my friend.
②威胁和允诺：第一人称用will (‘ll);第二人称用shall
I’ll hit you if you do that again.
He shall have a gift for Christmas.
③提议和请求：用Shall I … /Shall we… 表示提议;
用Will you… 表示请求
Shall I carry your bag Will you give me a hand
④I will/ We will 表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事; 不能用shall
I will stop smoking---I really will.
2、用 be going to 表示
①已经决定要做的事情
We’re going to France next summer.
②现在肯定讲会发生的事情
Look at those clouds---it’s going to rain.
③强烈的决心
I’m going to keep asking her out until she says yes.
3、用be about to do sth 表示最近的将来，“正要”，“马上就要”
I am about to leave when there is a knock at the door.
4、用be to do sth表示预定要做的事情
The French President is to visit Japan next week
5、be going to 与 will / shall 的对比
①都可以表示预言
Do you think the car will start / is going to start
②讲到条件时(即如果一事发生，另一事也就发生)，用will / shall 对将来进行预测，不用be going to ，即使条件没有说出来
If I give you money you’ll only spend it on drink.
---Come out for a drink.
---No, my TV program.
A. I’m going to miss
B. I’ll miss
(B)
现在完成时
1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作，常与下列词连用：for…, since…, recently, lately, so far, all this year, up till now, etc.
I’ve planted 14 trees so far this morning.
---How are you today
---Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.
A. didn’t feel
B. don’t feel
C. wasn’t feeling
D. haven’t felt
(D) (NMET 2000)
2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作，但与现在有某种联系，因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果，常和下列词连用：ever(问句或肯定句)，already(肯定句), never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),before
--- my glasses
---Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see
B. Had you seen
C. Would you see
D. Have you seen
(NMET86) (D)
eg. 1)--Have you passed your test
--Yes.
--When did you pass it
--(I passed it) Last week.
2) —Have you passed your test
--Not yet.
--When will you pass it
-- Next week.
对比：Have you seen this film (曾经经过)
Did you see this film (某特定时间)
3、可表示反复性或习惯性，常与often, three times 等词连用
I’ve watched him on TV several times.
4、终止性动词可用完成时，但不能和for, how long 等时间词连用，此时常用替换词
This film has begun
How long has this film been on
begin borrow come die be on keep be here be dead
join buy leave
be in have be away
5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:just, in (within) the past (last) + 时间段;
对比：He has just fallen downstairs.
He fell downstairs just now.
6、特殊结构
①This is the first (most / only ) + n. + that-clause
This is the best film I have ever seen.
②It’s + 时间段+ since-clause (从句用过去时)
It’s two years since he died.
He has been dead for two years.
He died two years ago.
7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行.
I’ve written an article. (已完成)
I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)
一般现在时
1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作
--- How often does she visit her parents
--- Twice a month.
2、永恒的真理
Summer follows spring.
3、①在条件或时间状语从句中
I’ll let you know as soon as he gets there.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时
We leave at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50 tomorrow.
4、固定词组如 I see(明白)、I hear(听说)、I think(认为、想)、I feel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况
I see there’s some trouble in London
一般过去时
1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情，或在过去重复发生的动作
When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August.
2、used to :表示过去的习惯，现在不存在
I used to smoke, but I don’t any more.
3、用在it’s time, would rather, wish后面的从句中
It’s time you went home.
I wish I had a better memory.
I’d rather you came tomorrow.
4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况
I’m sorry we left Paris. It was such a nice place.
5、could, might, would, should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来
Could you help me for a moment
I think it might rain soon.
Would you come this way, please
Alice should be here soon.
6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较
①现在完成时所用的时间词: since, ever since, for…, recently, lately, so far, yet, all this year, all my life, ever, never, already, before, just, in / during the last /past + 时间段, etc.
②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday, last week, in 1999, when, years ago, then, just now, etc.
过去进行时
1、过去某时正发生的事情
What were you doing yesterday at seven p. m.
2、在一个句子里，过去进行时常与一般过去时连用，此时，进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作，而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情
The phone rang while I was having my bath.
When she arrived, I was telephoning Harry.
When she arrived, I telephoned Harry. (到后做)
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling to west when he saw it.
3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作
While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner.
过去完成时
1、过去发生的两个动作，先发生的用过去完成时
With their help I realized that I had been wrong.
2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况
He hasn’t finished yet.
He didn’t finish yesterday evening.
He hadn’t finished by yesterday evening.
3、常用过去完成时的情况
①No sooner…than…. Hardly…when…
No sooner had he begun his speech than he was interrupted
②expect, hope, think, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时(或一般时)表示想做而未做的事
I had planned to send him a telegram, but I didn’t manage it.
4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性
①句意十分清楚时，可用一般时
After I finished, I went home.
②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作
I got out of the taxi, paid the fare(车费) and managed it.
③有时必须明确，特别是含when时
When I arrived, Ann left.
(同时见到)(见到Ann)
When I arrived, Ann had left.
(先后发生)(没见到)
5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语
by the end of + 过去时间 ; by + 过去时间
by the time + 过去时间; 过去时间 + before
比较：
By the time he was 11, he had learned 3000 words .
By the time he is 11, he will have learned 3000 words.
By the time last week, I had learned 3000 words.
By the time next week, I will have learned 3000 words.
过去将来时
1、从过去的观点来看未来，常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中
Last week he (promise) that (come) today, but he (not arrive) yet.
(promised / would come / hasn’t arrived )
2、过去将来时的其它主要形式
was / were going to
was / were about to
We were just going to ( about to ) leave when Tom fell and hurt his ankle.
语态
1、含有被动意义的主动动词
sell wash write read
The new type (of ) TV receiver sells well.
This book reads interesting.
The pen writes quite smoothly.
This (kind of) cloth washes very well.
This cloth is washed. (洗好了)
2、常用被动结构的动词
be born be married be obliged be hurt
be caught in the rain be covered with
I was caught in the rain on the way back.
3、主动表示被动的情况
①知觉动词 + adj.
The material feels very soft.
The music sounds too loud.
②非谓语动词
A. need want require be worth
Your coat wants mending ( to be mended).
B. Subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)
The chair is comfortable to sit on
★ be to blame (该受责备)
C. There be
There are six letters to write (to be written).
③ prove -vi. (被)证明是
He will prove (to be) the winner.
4、get + p. p.
She got caught in the rain.
From then on, her leg got treated four times a day.
5、(人)+ be + 情感动词-ed
be surprised (astonished, etc. ) at (with ….)
His words astonished everyone in the room.
→ Everyone was astonished at his words.
be delighted at (with); be pleased at (by, with );
be tired of (from); be satisfied with;
be worried about; be interested in;
be frightened ( terrified) at
6、自动和它动
很多动词既可以用vt. 又可以用vi, 但要注意：
The door opened ( by itself). The door was opened.
The village since we last visited it.
A. has changed
B. has been changed (A)
The planned has been changed.
7、被动语态 + by (with) + 行为主体
by 后接人或物做某事
with 后接手段、方式、工具
He was killed by a falling stone
He was killed with a knife.
8、注意下列被动形式
①be being done
② have been done
③ be going to be
The bridge is said to be being built.
The bridge is said to have been built.
情态动词
1、情态动词 + have done sth
这个结构有着特殊意义：用来表示猜测(设想可能发生过什么事情)或
想象(设想可能出现过什么不同的情况)
①should (ought to) have done sth 本来该做而未做
This wall oughtn’t to have been painted blue.
②need have done sth 本来有必要做而未做
You needn’t have told her the news.
③must have done sth 对过去所做动作的肯定推测
---We went to Paris.
---That must have been nice.
④can have done sth 对过去所做动作的否定或疑问推测
I don’t think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can John have put the matches
⑤may (might) have done sth 过去可能发生某事，与could相比，may和 might可能性较小，might 可能性更小;might 也可表示过去可能发生而未发生的事情。
Polly’s very late----she may (might) have missed her etrain.
You were stupid to try climbing there. You might have killed youself
⑥could have done sth
●推测过去”可能“发生某事 (同can, 但can不用肯定句)
She could have gone off with some friends.
●表示过去没有实现的可能性：某事可能发生，但却没有发生
You were stupid to go skiing there----you could have broken your leg.
●表示有能力做而未做(虚拟语气)
You could have helped me !
(You were able to help me, but you didn’t.)
2、can could be able to 表示”能力“
●can 通常表示现在的或”一般的能力“---即你无论什么时候想做就能
做到的能力, 指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。
You can certainly cook, even if you can’t do anything else.
●be able to表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。
will be able to 表示将来的能力
I’ll be able to speak German in another few months.
●could 表达 ”一般的能力“---即你过去想干什么就可以干什么
She could sing like an angel when she was a kid.
但could 不能表达过去某种具体的能力，此时用was able to, managed to 或 succeeded in 等
How many eggs were you able to get
3、can, could, may和might 表示”可能性“
●可用来表示：①理论上的可能性(不涉及是否真发生);②提出建议
(提出解决某个问题的可能办法或者采取的行动);③在问句或否定句中表达现在的可能性)
Anybody who wants to can become a prison visitor.
①---What shall we do
---We can try asking Lucy for help. ②
Who can that be at the door Can it be Polly ③
●may 可用来表达：①将来的可能性;②说话时某事可能是真实的
We may go climbing this summer. ①
You may be right. ②
●could / might 可用来表示： ①说话时某事可能是真实的;②将来
某事有可能发生，但不表示特别可能发生。
You could be right, but I don’t think you are. ①
It could rain later on this evening. ②
4、can, could, may 和might表示“允许”
①请求允许：它们都可以表示请求允许做某事,could 和 might并不是表示过去
Can (May, Could) I borrow your umbrella
②允许：当我们允许某人做某事时，我们用can和may来表达，而不能使用could和might
You may / can watch TV for as long as you like. (不用could, might; mustn’t 有“拒绝”的意思)
---Could I use your phone
---Yes, of course you can /may. (No, you can’t / may not.)
5、can和could表示提议和请求
它们常用来提议为某人做某事或请求别人做某事，could更客气，更
含尊敬的成分，这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中
①提议：
Can I carry your bag
I could / can do the shopping for you, if you’re tired.
②请求和命令：
Could / Can you help me with this letter
You can / could start by cleaning the car.
6、情态动词will
①预测未来(第一人称用shall)，或发布命令
---There’s someone coming up the stairs.
---That’ll be Mary.
You’ll start work at six o’clock.
②自愿与意向
●I will (不用 I shall) 表示自愿做某事，或主动提出做某事，或表达坚定的意图
---Can somebody help me
--- I will.
I’ll break your neck.
●will you常用来提出要求或下命令，或提出请求
Will you come this way, please
Will you have some more wine
●用won’t表示拒绝
No, I won’t !
She won’t open the door.
7、shall
用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。
用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
8、常用情态动词的回答
①---Must we hand in our plan
---Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
②---Need I come
---Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
③---May I smoke here
---Yes, please. (Certainly. / Yes, you may. )
(No, you mustn’t. / may not. / Please don’t.)
④---Could / Can I offer you some coffee (提议)
(---Will / Would you have some coffee )
---Yes, please. / Yes, I’d like some ,please. (不用Yes, you can.)
(No, thank you.) (不用No, you can’t.)
⑤---Could / Can / Would / Will you (please) open the door (请求)
---Yes, of course (I will). (No, I’m afraid I can’t.)
特殊疑问句
WHAT
● what…like ①人或事物的外观特征;②天气
What’s your brother like (长相或人品)
What’s t the weather like today
How do you like the film
What do you like
● what time / date / year …
--What’s the date today
-- (It’s) October 15.
--What date will he arrive
-- (He’ll arrive) on October 15.
● what…for = why
--What’s it for
--(it’s for) cutting grass.
--What did you do that for
-- Because I wanted to save time.
( To save time.)
●what kind(s) / sort(s) of…
What kind of picture(s) do you like best
●what size
--What size shoes do you take
-- (Size) 41.
●what height / length / depth / age
→how high / long / deep / old
What’s the height of that mountain
What height is that mountain
How high is that mountain
WHICH
●which day /month / year… (比when更具体)
-- Don’t forget his birthday
-- I won’t. Which /What day is it
●which / what /who 比较
which 更具体，或用which one
Which book are you going to buy (哪本书)
What book are you going to buy (哪种书)
Who do you like best
Which one do you like best, Tom or Jack
WHY
●Why not (don’t you) buy a new coat
●--Let s set out tonight.
--Yes, why not.
HOW
●How is your mother
How is your mother getting along
●How is the weather there
What’s the weather like today
●How do you find the film
How do you like the film
How / What about the film
What do you think of the film
●--How often do you go to the zoo
--Once every two months.
●--How soon will you be ready to start
-- In two days .
●How far is it from here to the airport
综合问题
①简答中介词跟在疑问词之后
-- I want to leave this parcel.
--Who for ( leave sth for sb)
②else跟在疑问词后 (which 和whose 除外)
Where else did you go
③用do 作简略回答
--Who wants a lift (搭便车)
-- I do.
--How many students understood this
--They all did.
④用ever, on earth 或 in the world 放在疑问词后强调
Where on earth / in the world / ever did you pick that up
反意疑问句
1、陈述句主语是-one, -body 时，疑问部分主语用they
Nobody says a word, do they
2、陈述句主语是-thing, this, that 时，疑问部分主语用it
Everything seems all right, doesn’t it
3、陈述句主语是从句、动词不定式、动名词时，疑问部分用it
Swimming is great fun, isn’t it
4、感叹句的反意疑问句 (感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。)
What fine weather, isn’t it
5、祈使句的反意疑问句
Do that, will you (won’t you )
6、Let’s… , Let us…
Let’s go, shall we Let us go, will you
7、I’m
I’m interested in English, aren’t I
8、I wish…
I wish I were you, may I
9、含had better, would rather, would like to do
You’d better come early, hadn’t you
You’d rather work than play, wouldn’t you
10、陈述句部分含下列否定词时，疑问部分用肯定
few, little, hardly, never, no one, no
There is little ink in your pen, is there
11、加前后缀构成的否定，疑问部分仍然用否定
It’s unfair, isn’t it
12、陈述部分有must
①must be 对现在情况进行推测
He must be very tired, isn’t he
②must have done (对过去推测) 有过去时间状语
He must have come yesterday, didn’t he
③must have done (由过去延续到现在)
He must have lived here at least 10 years , hasn’t he
④must + v. 一定要， 必须
You must renew the book, needn’t you
13、当陈述部分是一个(带that引导宾语从句的)主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是，当陈述部分的主语是：I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。
14、当陈述部分是I’m sure that,;we are sure;I’m afraid that;We are sure that;I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。
15、当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。
16、在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。
如： Oh, he is a writer, is he
You’ll not go, won’t you
否定句
1. not…and; not…or; not…nor, neither…nor
It’s not tall and wide. (部分否定)
It’s not tall or wide. (全部否定)
Not a flower nor a grass will grow in this area. (全部否定)
2. no; not
● no - adv. -adj. = not a , not any
Sorry, there’s no time to talk.
● not -adv.
Ask him, not his wife.
I can see you tomorrow, but not on Tuesday or Friday.
He failed not because he isn’t clever but because
he didn’t work hard.
3. no more (not …any more);
no longer (not any longer)
Time lost will return no more. (动作的重复次数)
He doesn’t work here any longer.(动作的延续)
4. no; none; no one :
no 是一个限定词，用在单数(可数或不可数)名词和复数名词前面，也就是说一个名词前面没有冠词、物主代词或者代词的时候，才可以用它; 而在the , my, your, this, these, that等词前面，应该使用none of, none, 可指人或物，而no one指人
There were no letters for you this morning, I’m afraid.
None of my friends live near here.
I stayed in all evening waiting, but no one came.
☆ A little money is better than at all. (none)
I wanted two tickets, but there was left. (none)
There is telling when he will be back. (no)
--Who is in the room
-- . (No one)
5.否定转移： 下列词后接从句，如果否定，否定词前移，但hope 例外， think, believe, expect, suppose
I don’t think that he will come.
I hope that it won’t rain.
6.避免否定误用
He asked me a second question before
I answer the first one. A. could B. couldn’t
7.Nothing is + 比较级+ than to + V. Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V.
例句：没有比接受教育更重要的事了。
Nothing is more important than to receive education.
8. 。。。cannot emphasize the importance of 。。。 too much.
(再怎么强调... ...的重要性也不为过。)
例句：我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
倒装句
◇ 全部倒装
1.由here, there引起，谓语通常用 be, come, go
Look ! Here comes your sister. There goes the bell.
2. 由介词短语引起，谓语通常用be, stand, lie, live, live, sit, come, go, rise
Along the wall stand four big chairs.
At the top of the hill lay the dying soldiers.
3. 由up, down, on, in, off, away, out, back引起，谓语通常用come, go, run, rush, fly
Out rushed the boy.
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
4.以上情况主语如果是代词，主谓不倒装
Here’s your watch. (Here it is.)
Up it went.
5.由个别副词引起，谓语通常是be, lie
North of the city lies (is) a railway.
6. 由such引起， 谓语通常用be
Such is what he said. Such are his words.
◇部分倒装
指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装，通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前
1. 由never, hardly, seldom, little, not until引起
Seldom did he make any mistakes.
Not until yesterday did I receive his letter.
2. not only…but also连接两个单句时，前面的倒装
Not only was she working hard, but also she was very polite.
3. neither…nor连接两个单句时，两个句子都倒装
Neither is he studying, nor is he working.
4. no sooner…than, hardly (scarcely)…when
No sooner had we got into the room than the telephone rang.
5. 由only + 状语， so + adj. (adv.) 引起
Only then (Only at the age of 18) did he realize the importance of the problem.
6. 由as引起
Child as he is, he can work out the problem.
7. 虚拟语气的倒装
Were I you, I would work harder.
Had you come yesterday, you would have known that.
Should it rain tomorrow, you wouldn’t leave.
◇ so (neither, nor) + be (do, have, 情态动词，助动词)+ 主语
You should work harder and so should I.
She hasn’t been to Berlin and nor have I.
--I went to the zoo yesterday.
--So you did.
--She is a tailor.
--So is she. / So she is.
祈使句
1. do强调祈使句
Do have another cup of coffee.
2. And可连接两个祈使句
Wait and see.
Come and see this goldfish.
Try and (to) see his point of view.
3. 祈使句 + and (or) + 简单句
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
(If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.)
Use your head, and you’ll find a good way.
(If you use your head, you’ll find a good way.)
4.对祈使句的回答
-- Drive carefully!
-- (Yes,) I will.
-- Don’t take any risk.
-- (No,) I won’t.
叹句、省略与替代
1. How
adj. (Subj. + be ) How lovely !
adv. (Subj. + v.) How well you sing !
subj. +v. How you work !
adj. + a (an) + n. How good a map it is!
2.What
a (an) (+ adj.) + n. What a rude man !
(+ adj.) + n. (可数名词复数) What lovely flowers !
( + adj.) + n. (不可数名词) What fine weather !
高考英语语法精要讲解三十五：省略与替代
Ⅰ、动词不定式中的省略
1.在下列动词see ，watch ，notice ， observe ， look at ， make ， have ，let ， hear ， listen to ， feel等后的不定式做宾补，要省略不定式符号。
2.在...do nothing but / except do ...的结构中，在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。
3.在would rather和had better后不定式符号要省略。
4.在几个不定式并列时，第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。
5.在expect ，forget ， like ，want ， wish ， try ， have ， need ， used ， ought ， be able ， be going 等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中，不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。
Ⅱ、从句中的省略
1.在if ， as if ，while ， when ， where ， although ， unless ， what ， whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。
Mistakes， if any ，should be corrected .( = if there are any mistakes)
Please come again ，if possible.(= if it possible for you to come)
Fill in the proper articles where necessary.(= where they are necessary)
He won’t come ，unless invited .(= unless he is invited)
He opened his lips as if to say something .(= as if he were going to say something)
2. 在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时，省略if。
Were I you, I would not do it.
Had we known your telephone number, I would have given you a phone call.
3. We have finished our homework, so have they. (= and they have finished their homework , too)
If you don’t go to the concert, neither shall I. (= I shall not go to the concert either)
4.宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which，whom等
在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that。
Ⅲ、介词的省略
prevent sb (from) doing sth.
stop sb (from) doing sth.
have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.
spend time / money (in) doing sth.
be busy (in) doing sth.
Ⅳ、替代
省略与代替的作用是什么
1.so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句). 与so 连用的常用动词有：hope , believe, think , be afraid , expect , surprise, imagine等.
2.用not代替so的情况.
3.用不定式符号代替不定式.
4.用do在句子中代替其它动词.
名词
1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题
名词的数：单数、复数和不可数;
名词的格：通格和属格 (’s )
名词的限定：特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法，即名词前加冠词或
其它限定词， 例如： some, many , this, my 等
2、名词的数和单位词
1)复型名词 + 复数动词
The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.
备用词： shoes, stockings, glasses, socks
NOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.
2)复型名词 + 单数动词
A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.
备用词：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States
B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
备用词： five pounds, two feet, six weeks
3) 集合名词 + 复数名词
The police have surrounded the building.
Cattle are selling for record price (创记录).
备用词： the enemy, (the) people
NOTICE: 表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用，
但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:
My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.
The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.
4)不可数名词作可数的情况
A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况
a (an) + adj. + n.
It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲)
a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics.
备用词： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education
B.口语特例(特定场合)
A (One) beer, please.
Two teas and four coffees, please.
5)既是可数又是不可数的名词
I broke a glass this morning. (杯子)
Glass is made from sand. (玻璃)
备用词： paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯);
ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)
6) 单位词
A.个数
a piece of information (furniture, advice…)
B. 以形状表示个数
a grain of rice, a flight of stairs
C. 容量
a box of matches, a cup of tea
D. 计量
a metre of cloth, a ton of coal
E.其它
a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)
3、名词的格：
1)’ s 的用法
A . 与时间有关的名词
a night’s sleep ten minutes’ walk
NOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hours’walk
B. 和else 连用
book can this be
A. Who else’s
B. Whose else
C. Who’s else
D. Whose else’s
(A)
C. ‘s 修饰的词，如果前面提到，可省略
This is Jack’s book, not Tom’s.
This book is Jack’s not Tom’s.
D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等， ‘s 后面的名词省略
at the Green’s (house), at the doctor’s (office)
2) OF 结构表示所有关系
A. 无生命的名词用of
the price of the success
B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of
Can’t you look at the book of the boy behind you
3)双重所有格
‘s 与of结构并用，此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that等
Miss Smith is a friend of Mary’s mother’s.
that brother of the girl
4)名词 + 名词 (名词用作形容词)
A. 单数名词+名词 a shoe (flower) shop ticket office
NOTICE: the tailor’s (shop)
B. 复数名词 + 名词
sports meet clothes shop women pilots
数词
1、数词在使用时应注意的问题
易错数词：
年月日及介词
计算用词
和数字相关的词
2、综合
1) 数字表达：
123,856,709
one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine
2) 年月日
in the morning; on the morning of September 1;
in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September)
3、计算
+ Six and five is (are) eleven.
Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty.
- Four from seven is (leaves) three.
Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.
X 16 x 11 = 176
Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six.
÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 3
Nine divided by three equals three.
4、dozen, score
A. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggs
B. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times
5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.
分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.
More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses.
70 percent od the fund(资金) was supplied by the Government.
6、“一个半...”的表达法.
one pound and a half ,one and a half years
冠词
1、冠词应注意的问题
习惯用法
同一名词前不同名词的比较
2、不定冠词
1) 成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)
a knife and fork
2) a most + n. “非常“
This is a most beautiful country.
3) a (an) 与 one 之区别
A. 数字对比用one
It was one coffee we ordered, not two.
B. 对比
A knife is no good. (刀子不行)
One knife is no good. (一把刀子不行)
C. 通用
a (one) million, a (one) quarter
4) a (an) 与every 之比较:
three times a year;
twice every three years
5) 惯用法
A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress !
quite a nice day rather a good idea
such a funny expression
B. too cold a day How lovely a dress!
so strange a person as good a map as
3、定冠词
1)普通名词组成的专有名词 the Great Wall the Summer Palace
2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾 the Pacific (Ocean)
3)the + adj. (-ing; -ed)
A. 指一类人，谓语用复数
The old are being taken good care of.
B. 指一类事，谓语用单数
The beautiful is not always the same as the good.
4)用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体
部位前 He hates the telephone.
5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前
The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,
dressed in blue ) is a student.
4、零冠词
1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等
National Day
Nanjing Road
2)职位充当补语、同位语时
He was elected headmaster of the school.
3)成对出现的成语
arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牵手), face to face,
side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old,
from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end
5、冠词比较
1)go to school (hospital, church); in prison (强调用途)
go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身)
2) I’ll go there next Friday. (以说话时间为准)
In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准)
3) by air (plane, boat…)
in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)
4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)
The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)
5) be at table
be at the table
6) a cup of coffee
Two coffees, please. I like white coffee.
This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Tom’s.
7) Mr. White is waiting to see you.
A Mr. White is waiting to see you.
The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.
8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
9) the best season of the year the best time of year.
人称代词
1、多个人称代词的排列顺序
①you and I
②he and I
③you and he
④you, he and I
⑤you, they and we(情况多)
2、It 的用法
① 代替this, that
That’s a book, isn’t it
② 做某动作的人或婴儿
---Someone is coming. Who can it be
---It may be Jack.
It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl
③表示时间、距离、自然现象
It’s 20 miles to (from) Paris.
3、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况
①肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so:
think, hope, believe, I’m afraid, It seems (appears), etc.
---Is it true that he had a heart attack
---I’m afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so.
②否定答语中用not:
---Has Anne got into university
---I’m afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not.
③协力动词中也可以用not…so:
believe, think, suppose, expect, etc
I don’t believe so. / I don’t think so.
④do代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时，
do后常用so / it:
---Please lay the table.
---I’ve just done so (it).
指示代词
that, one, it的区别
①one 代替可数名词，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可数名词 ，表示特指; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it指前面提到的同一事物。
●There is an old engineer and a young one here.
●His attitude to me is that of a friend.
●I’ve lost my pen. Have you seen it (Have you lend me one )
② the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones
I’ll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one.
③the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句
●The boy in your class is taller than the one in our class.
●The skirt (that) she made herself is more beautiful to wear than
the one (that) she bought last year.
④ one 不能代替前面提到的不可数名词
Don’t use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用 fresh one)
⑤those , ones
● These machines are better than those we made last year.
● ---I’d like a pound of apples.
---Which ones
---The red (ones).
● ---Why don’t we take a little break
---Didn’t we just have (NMET2000)
A. it
B. that
C. one
D. this
(C)
物主代词
1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语，不能作定语
This is my cup. Yours is the one that’s green.
These things are mine. Those are theirs.
2、名词性物主代词与 of 结构连用
That brother of yours looks healthy.
He is an old friend of mine.
3、下列结构用 the 代替物主代词
He pulled Jack by the hair (arm).
He was wounded in the leg.
He was blind in the right eye.
反身代词、
1、加强语气(可前可后)
The headmaster spoke to me himself.
→ The headmaster himself spoke to me.
Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it . (NMET 1996)
A. themselves
B. oneself
C. itself
D. himself
(A)
2、own： 反身代词无所有格形式，用 own 表达
I’d love to have my own room / a room of my own.
不定代词
1、every each
①every指时间: every other day,
every three days = every third day
②each放在复数主谓语之间:
We each have a book.
③each放在句尾:
She gave her children an apple each.
2、some- any- every- no-
①作单数看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor
②不与 of 连用:
不说 someone of; no one of. etc
可说 some one of; none of, etc.
③+ adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on
④+ else: This isn’t mine. It’s someone else’s.
3、some any
①表示请求、建议的问句用some
Would you like some (more) coffee
②some + n.(singl.)
You will realize it some day.
③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)
Any child can answer that.
Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do.
④any (some) of + 限定词 + n.
some of the oil , any of my water
4、both all
①常用于助动词或情感动词后，但在简答中放在前面
● The girls are both ready.
● --- Are you ready --- Yes, we both (all) are.
②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面
He gave some to us all (both).
③all单独用，指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数
●All is lost.
● All are here.
5、either neither
① either…or; neither…nor 作主语，谓语的使用是邻近原则
Neither he nor I am going to London.
②作定语，修饰单数名词
Neither (Either) book is satisfactory.
6、another (the) other (the) others
①another 另外的，另一个的
Please show me another (one).
Do you need another cup
②another + 基数词(few) + n.
I need another three days. (three more days)
③(the) other (+ n.) (the) other
the other six (persons) / the others / the other day
7、(a) few (a) little
① few 的搭配
●We had a good few letter this morning(很多).
●Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少)
● ---How many do you want
---Just a few, please. (不多)
quite a few (相当多)
only a few (只有几个，几乎没有)
② little 的搭配
●There’s only a little soup left.
● ---How much do you want
---Just a little, please.
8、much many
①(much /far) too much far too many
Your son got much (far) too much pocket money.
There are far too many accidents at this crossing.
②much修饰
●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级
●比较级+不可数名词
There’s much / far less water in the river than usual.
many修饰“比较级 + 可数 名词复数”
There are many / far more people than I expected.
9、全部否定与部分否定
①全部否定用词
neither nothing no one nobody none
②not与all, both, every, every- 连用时表示部分否定
Not all his work is successful.
形容词
1、多个形容词得排列顺序
限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+ 基数词 + 描述性形容词 + 大小新旧 + 颜色 + 产地 + 物质(材料、用途)+ 名词
a beautiful new red dress
a little brown box
2、系动词 + adj. ( 除 be 外的其它连系动词)
The cake looks good but it tastes awful.
3、subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)
The man is easy to get along with.
The bed is too small for him to lie on.
4、It is (was) + adj. + of (for) sb. to do sth.
下列形容词后用 of: good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.
其它形容词后用for
5、the more of the two
He is the stronger of the two brothers.
6、倍数
three times as big as
This room is twice bigger than that one.
three times the size of
7、比较级和最高级的被修饰
①比较级可以被下列词修饰：much, far, any, even, still, rather, a little, a lot, a bit, no, by far
It’s no use asking me. I don’t know any more than you.
②最高级可以被下列词修饰：much, the very, by far
This cake ought to be good, because I used the very best butter
副词
1、程度副词 (quite, rather, fairly)
★ quite: 不修饰比较级，但: He is quite better.
●表示程度，和可显示程度的词连用，如：old, interesting, polite, tired, etc.
●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地)，和下列词连用，
如：perfect, impossible, different, etc. 此时，可修饰adj., adv., v.,等.
The job is quite impossible.
That’s not quite what I want.
★rather: 可与比较级及too 连用 rather older, rather too many people
●rather than 表示选择，“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”
I’d prefer to go in August rather than in July.
I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
●or rather 表示“更确切地说“
I’ll meet him, or rather, I’ll ask him to meet me.
★fairly： 不可与比较级连用，与积极意义的词连用
●强弱程度的顺序：
very → rather → quite → fairly → not
This film is very good. (rather good 胜过多数影片;
quite good 值得一看; fairly good 勉强还可以看看)
2、频度副词(often, usually, always, ever, never, seldom, hardly 等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后
He is always making a joke.
●never, hardly, seldom等放在句首时，用倒装
Never have I seen anything so wonderful as that.
●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前
---He is late again. ---Yes, he always is.
3、too much much too
●too much
① + 不可数名词，意思“太多”
I drank (far much, a lot , a little, rather) too much beer last night.
②作 adv.
You work too much.
③作 pro.
Too much was happening all at once.
●much too + adj. “实在太…”
You are much too kind to me.
4、形近词
● ① deep / deeply deep into the night (the woods, the future)
be deeply moved (hurt, sorry) deeply regret
② late / lately / later / latest arrive (come) late
What have you been doing lately
③ near / nearly go (come, live) near nearly finished (midnight)
④ loud / loudly / aloud
● --adj. --adv.
an early train a fast driver hard work a deep hole
arrive early drive fast work hard drink deep.
介词
1. be + adj. + prep.
be good at, be afraid of, be anxious about (of), be kind to, be fit for, etc.
2. be + v.-ed + prep.
be satisfied with, be worried about, be surprised at, be pleased at (by)
3. v. + prep.
agree with (to / on), apologize for, arrive at (in), believe in, depend on
4. v. + n. + prep.
pay attention to, take part in, make use of, have a word with
5. v. + adv. + prep.
go on with, go in for, go ahead with, keep up with, make up for
6. prep. + n. + prep.
in charge of, in time of, in place of, on top of, at the end (edge) of
7. out of + n.
out of breath, out of control, out of date, out of sight, out of work (order)
8. n. + after + n.
hour after hour, year after year, battle after battle, defeat after defeat
9. n. + by + n.
step by step, side by side, one by one
10. n. + to + n.
face to face, heart to heart
11. n. + in + n.
hand in hand, arm in arm
12. from + n. + to + n.
from side to side, from place to place, from door to door
13. a + n. + of
a bit of, a great deal of, a few of, a drop of, a line of
14. with + n.
with a long history, with satisfaction (care), with pleasure, with one’s help
15. on + n.
on a trip (journey), on a visit (to), on fire, on business, on sale, on watch
on the team, on show, on duty, on foot
16. without + n.
without help, without mercy, without delay
17. in + n.
in silence, in danger (trouble, surprise, fear), in high spirits, in love (return)
18.as + n.
as a matter of fact, as a rule, as a whole
19. by + n.
by now (then), by hand, by mistake, by this means, by chance, by the year
20. at + n.
at sea, at sunset, at Christmas, at the doctor’s, at the station, at a time
21. for + n.
for a moment, for a time, for ever, for example
22. to + n. (… + to )
to one’s delight (joy, surprise), to the east (west), to the right, due to,
thanks to, according to, to this day.
基本句型
英语的五种基本句型结构：
主语 + 不及物动词 (SV)
主语 + 连系动词 (SVC)
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)
主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOD)
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)
1. S + V
He works. He is studying.
① 主语 + 谓语(vi.) + 状语(从句)
The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere
② 主语 + 谓语(vi.) + 名词短语
We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years.
2. S + V + C
He is a student / in yellow / there…
① 主语 + be + 表语 表语由下列词充当：名词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、动词不定式、分词(短语)、动名词、从句等
② 主语 + 其它连系动词 + 表语 这些连系动词包括：appear, continue, feel, go(变成), keep, lie(处于…状态), look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turn
Bob lay sick.
His dream comes true.
3. S + V + O
An idea struck me.
① 主语 + 谓语(v. + prep) + 宾语
It depends on the weather. 备用词：act as, agree on / with / to,
arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to,
prefer to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about
② 主语 + 谓语(v. + adv.) + 宾语
I thought over the plan. I thought it over.
备用词：bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give in
NOTICE: ● v + adv. + prep.
get along with, add up to, do away with,
break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, go through with
● v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of,
take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in
③ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语
The teacher punished him for being late.
Congratulate him on his success.
Compare this with that.
4. S + V + O + D (间接宾语由代词和名词充当)
① 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
Will you lend me your pen, please
She bought him many toys.
② 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 代词或名词
Will you lend your pen to me, please
She bought many toys for him.
备用词：pay, give, hand, sell, pass, offer, explain, sing, leave
5. S + V + O + C 宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种：● 主表关系;
主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当
主表：① I find the book interesting. (主谓宾+形容词)
② I saw him there. (主谓宾+副词)
③ I found the book on the desk. (主谓宾+介词)
④ We elected him monitor. (主谓宾+名词)
主谓：①They saw the thief running away. (主谓宾 + 现在分词)
②Where did you see him knocked down (主谓宾+过分词)
③ What makes you think so (主谓宾+动词不定式)
It句型
1. It + be + adj. + (for sb) to do sth → sth + be + adj. + to do
It is not easy to learn English. (English is not easy to learn.)
备用词：difficult, necessary, important, quick, hard, etc.
2. It + be + adj. + of sb to do sth → sb. + be + adj. + to do sth
It was foolish of Tom to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.
(Tom was foolish to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.)
备用词：wise, clever, bright, kind, nice, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.
3. It takes sb + some time + to do sth → sb spends time in doing sth
It took him two days to find the elephant.
(He spent two days in finding the elephant.)
4. It is no use doing sth.
It is no use regretting your past mistakes.
备用词：no good, useless, etc.
5. It costs sb. + money + to do sth
It cost them 36,000 francs to buy the necklace.
→ The necklace cost them 36,000 francs .
They spent 36,000 franc on the necklace.
They spent 36,000 francs (in) buying the necklace.
They paid 36,000 francs for the necklace.
They bought the necklace for 36,000 francs.
6. It + be + adj. (n.) + that-clause
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
备用词：natural, surprising, true, wonderful, etc.
7.It + be + adj. + that-clause (should do sth)
It is necessary that he (should) be present at the meeting.
备用词：strange, important,impossble
8. It + be + p.p. + that-clause
it is said that he has been ill for years. (He is said to have been…)
备用词：reported, known, believed, decided, announced, etc.
9. It + be + p.p. + that-clause (should do sth.)
It is demanded that the homework (should) be finished at once.
备用词：ordered, suggested, required, requested, etc.
10. It seems + that-clause → sb. + seems + to do sth.
It seems that they are talking. (They seem to be talking.)
备用词：happen
11. It is + some time since-clause → sb. has + p.p. + for time
It is three years since he came here. (He has been here for years.)
12. It is + 被强调部分 + that (who)
It is through struggle that we learn this truth.
13. It + be time + for sth / to do sth. / that-clause
It is time for supper. It is time to have supper.
It is time that we should have supper.
It is time that we had supper.
14. It + be + long(时间段)+ before-clause
It will not be long before we turn our hope into reality.
15. It is (just) like sb. to do sth.
该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满，若用否定式，则表示怀疑。
It’s like him to leave the work to others.
他就是这样的一个人，把工作推给别人。
It isn’t like him to have said anything like that. 他可不是说出那种话的人。
16. It is up to sb. to do sth.
该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。
There Be结构
1、主谓一致：
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
2、反意问句：
There used to be a well there, use(d)n’t / didn’t there
3、各种时态：
There will be a film this afternoon.
There is going to be a lecture tomorrow.
There have been great change in our city since 1988.
4、there be中的非谓语形式：
There are a lot of students waiting outside.
There were eleven people killed in this accident.
There’s someone at the door to see you.
(There being no bus, we had to walk home.)
5、含情态动词：
There must (may, might) be rain tomorrow.
There ought to be no trouble
6、与其它动词连用：
There seems to be a reason for changing their plan.
There are likely to be more difficulties than expected.
There happens to be nobody in the room.
I don’t want there to be any trouble.
7、there + v.
There goes the bell.
On the hill (there) stands a house.
8、There is no denying the fact + that从句(不可否认的......)
例句：不可否认的，我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。
There is no denying the fact that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
主谓一致原则
1、or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接并列主语时，谓语与邻近主语一致
Not only she but also I am going there.
2、as well as, (together) with,,along with连接并列主语时，谓语与前面主语一致
Dr. Smith (together) with his two sons is going Paris.
3、there be 中主语并列时，可随紧挨 be 的词一致或用复数
There is (are) a boy and two girls in the room.
NOTICE: There is a pair of trousers here.
4、both, many, several, few作主语时，谓语用复数
Few are here this morning.
5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语，当整体看，谓语用单数
Two feet isn’t long enough.
6、and连接并列主语的情况
① My father and mother are away on business.
② The worker and writer is from Paris.
③ The worker and the writer are from Paris.
④ Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.
⑤ Every (Each, No) desk and every (each, no) chair is made of wood.
⑥one and a half 后面应接复数名词，但其谓语动词应用单数。
7、the + adj. (-ing, -ed)表示一类人，谓语用复数;表示一类事物，谓语用单数
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer in many countries.
8、Neither (of), Either (of), Each (of)作主语，谓语用单数
Neither of them is a driver.
9、any-, every-, some- no-作主语，谓语用单数
Is everybody here
10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语，谓语用单数
To see is to believe.
What I have done is what I should do.
11. all of, some of, any of, most of, none of, plenty of, percent of, half of 等作主语，根据 of 后的词决定
the houses are on show.
Most of
the work has been done.
the students are girls.
Ninety percent of the money is hers.
12. kind of + n., 由kind 决定
This kind of apples is very good.
→ Apples of this kind are very good.
13. Such (倒装)
Such is what he said. → Such are his words.
14. east, west, south, north的倒装
East of the city is (lies) a lake. (are / lie two lakes)
15. 强调句中 It’s I who am going to Japan.
16. 定语从句中 I, who am a student, will be a doctor.
17.a great deal of ( a large amount of , a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
18.a number of , ( a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数。但the number of +主语，其谓语动词用单数。
19.代词 none, neither 作主语时，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。
20. 一些只有复数形式的词作主语时( clothes , trousers , shoes , ...)，谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有a pair of 修饰时，则用单数。
21. 关系词who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但one of + 复数名词 + that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that 从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。
22. 以what 引起的主语从句 the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语，谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。
时态的综合问题
在说或写一句话时，通常要选择一个中心时态，这个中心时态影响其它时态，即时态要前后一致。
以“现在”为中心：若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”，则常以“现在”为起点，从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况。
Our postman usually delivers our arrival at 7 every morning. It (be) nearly lunchtime and the mail still (not arrive). I (suppose) the mail (come) soon. Perhaps he (be) ill. (is, hasn’t arrived, suppose, will come, is
以“过去”为中心：若着眼于“过去”，则常以“过去某时”为基点，从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况。
We lived in the street. They (build) houses all around us then. We (be) there for 10 years and (imagine) we (stay) there for the rest of our lives. (were building, had been, imagined, would stay)
一般现在时
1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作
--- How often does she visit her parents
--- Twice a month.
2、永恒的真理
Summer follows spring.
3、①在条件或时间状语从句中
I’ll let you know as soon as he gets there.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时
We leave at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50 tomorrow.
4、固定词组如 I see(明白)、I hear(听说)、I think(认为、想)、I feel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况
I see there’s some trouble in London
现在进行时
1、说话时正进行的动作或情况
Someone’s knocking at the door. Can you answer it
2、发展中的或正在改变的情况
The weather is getting better and better.
3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情
I don’t like to be disturbed if I’m working.
You look lovely when you’re smiling.
4、表示将来
①可用下列词：go, come, arrive, leave, start
He’s arriving tomorrow morning.
②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语
What are you doing this evening
5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比
①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况，一般现在时用来表示永久的情况，或经常发生的事情或习惯
He’s not working very hard at the moment. (目前工作不努力)
He doesn’t work very hard. (通常工作不努力)
②讲故事、评论事情、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件发生的事情
Harrison shoots, but the ball hits the post and
Jackson clear.
(哈里森射门，但是球碰倒柱子上，接着杰克逊解了围)
一般将来时
1、用will, shall 表示
①决定：谈及正在作出的一项决定时，常用I’ll----I will，不能用be going to ,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定
---The phone’s ringing. ---I’ll answer it.
---Come to a party. ---OK. I’ll bring my friend.
②威胁和允诺：第一人称用will (‘ll);第二人称用shall
I’ll hit you if you do that again.
He shall have a gift for Christmas.
③提议和请求：用Shall I … /Shall we… 表示提议;
用Will you… 表示请求
Shall I carry your bag Will you give me a hand
④I will/ We will 表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事; 不能用shall
I will stop smoking---I really will.
2、用 be going to 表示
①已经决定要做的事情
We’re going to France next summer.
②现在肯定讲会发生的事情
Look at those clouds---it’s going to rain.
③强烈的决心
I’m going to keep asking her out until she says yes.
3、用be about to do sth 表示最近的将来，“正要”，“马上就要”
I am about to leave when there is a knock at the door.
4、用be to do sth表示预定要做的事情
The French President is to visit Japan next week
5、be going to 与 will / shall 的对比
①都可以表示预言
Do you think the car will start / is going to start
②讲到条件时(即如果一事发生，另一事也就发生)，用will / shall 对将来进行预测，不用be going to ，即使条件没有说出来
If I give you money you’ll only spend it on drink.
---Come out for a drink.
---No, my TV program.
A. I’m going to miss
B. I’ll miss
(B)
现在完成时
1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作，常与下列词连用：for…, since…, recently, lately, so far, all this year, up till now, etc.
I’ve planted 14 trees so far this morning.
---How are you today
---Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.
A. didn’t feel
B. don’t feel
C. wasn’t feeling
D. haven’t felt
(D) (NMET 2000)
2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作，但与现在有某种联系，因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果，常和下列词连用：ever(问句或肯定句)，already(肯定句), never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),before
--- my glasses
---Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see
B. Had you seen
C. Would you see
D. Have you seen
(NMET86) (D)
eg. 1)--Have you passed your test
--Yes.
--When did you pass it
--(I passed it) Last week.
2) —Have you passed your test
--Not yet.
--When will you pass it
-- Next week.
对比：Have you seen this film (曾经经过)
Did you see this film (某特定时间)
3、可表示反复性或习惯性，常与often, three times 等词连用
I’ve watched him on TV several times.
4、终止性动词可用完成时，但不能和for, how long 等时间词连用，此时常用替换词
This film has begun
How long has this film been on
begin borrow come die be on keep be here be dead
join buy leave
be in have be away
5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:just, in (within) the past (last) + 时间段;
对比：He has just fallen downstairs.
He fell downstairs just now.
6、特殊结构
①This is the first (most / only ) + n. + that-clause
This is the best film I have ever seen.
②It’s + 时间段+ since-clause (从句用过去时)
It’s two years since he died.
He has been dead for two years.
He died two years ago.
7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行.
I’ve written an article. (已完成)
I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)
一般现在时
1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作
--- How often does she visit her parents
--- Twice a month.
2、永恒的真理
Summer follows spring.
3、①在条件或时间状语从句中
I’ll let you know as soon as he gets there.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时
We leave at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50 tomorrow.
4、固定词组如 I see(明白)、I hear(听说)、I think(认为、想)、I feel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况
I see there’s some trouble in London
一般过去时
1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情，或在过去重复发生的动作
When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August.
2、used to :表示过去的习惯，现在不存在
I used to smoke, but I don’t any more.
3、用在it’s time, would rather, wish后面的从句中
It’s time you went home.
I wish I had a better memory.
I’d rather you came tomorrow.
4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况
I’m sorry we left Paris. It was such a nice place.
5、could, might, would, should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来
Could you help me for a moment
I think it might rain soon.
Would you come this way, please
Alice should be here soon.
6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较
①现在完成时所用的时间词: since, ever since, for…, recently, lately, so far, yet, all this year, all my life, ever, never, already, before, just, in / during the last /past + 时间段, etc.
②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday, last week, in 1999, when, years ago, then, just now, etc.
过去进行时
1、过去某时正发生的事情
What were you doing yesterday at seven p. m.
2、在一个句子里，过去进行时常与一般过去时连用，此时，进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作，而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情
The phone rang while I was having my bath.
When she arrived, I was telephoning Harry.
When she arrived, I telephoned Harry. (到后做)
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling to west when he saw it.
3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作
While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner.
过去完成时
1、过去发生的两个动作，先发生的用过去完成时
With their help I realized that I had been wrong.
2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况
He hasn’t finished yet.
He didn’t finish yesterday evening.
He hadn’t finished by yesterday evening.
3、常用过去完成时的情况
①No sooner…than…. Hardly…when…
No sooner had he begun his speech than he was interrupted
②expect, hope, think, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时(或一般时)表示想做而未做的事
I had planned to send him a telegram, but I didn’t manage it.
4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性
①句意十分清楚时，可用一般时
After I finished, I went home.
②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作
I got out of the taxi, paid the fare(车费) and managed it.
③有时必须明确，特别是含when时
When I arrived, Ann left.
(同时见到)(见到Ann)
When I arrived, Ann had left.
(先后发生)(没见到)
5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语
by the end of + 过去时间 ; by + 过去时间
by the time + 过去时间; 过去时间 + before
比较：
By the time he was 11, he had learned 3000 words .
By the time he is 11, he will have learned 3000 words.
By the time last week, I had learned 3000 words.
By the time next week, I will have learned 3000 words.
过去将来时
1、从过去的观点来看未来，常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中
Last week he (promise) that (come) today, but he (not arrive) yet.
(promised / would come / hasn’t arrived )
2、过去将来时的其它主要形式
was / were going to
was / were about to
We were just going to ( about to ) leave when Tom fell and hurt his ankle.
语态
1、含有被动意义的主动动词
sell wash write read
The new type (of ) TV receiver sells well.
This book reads interesting.
The pen writes quite smoothly.
This (kind of) cloth washes very well.
This cloth is washed. (洗好了)
2、常用被动结构的动词
be born be married be obliged be hurt
be caught in the rain be covered with
I was caught in the rain on the way back.
3、主动表示被动的情况
①知觉动词 + adj.
The material feels very soft.
The music sounds too loud.
②非谓语动词
A. need want require be worth
Your coat wants mending ( to be mended).
B. Subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)
The chair is comfortable to sit on
★ be to blame (该受责备)
C. There be
There are six letters to write (to be written).
③ prove -vi. (被)证明是
He will prove (to be) the winner.
4、get + p. p.
She got caught in the rain.
From then on, her leg got treated four times a day.
5、(人)+ be + 情感动词-ed
be surprised (astonished, etc. ) at (with ….)
His words astonished everyone in the room.
→ Everyone was astonished at his words.
be delighted at (with); be pleased at (by, with );
be tired of (from); be satisfied with;
be worried about; be interested in;
be frightened ( terrified) at
6、自动和它动
很多动词既可以用vt. 又可以用vi, 但要注意：
The door opened ( by itself). The door was opened.
The village since we last visited it.
A. has changed
B. has been changed (A)
The planned has been changed.
7、被动语态 + by (with) + 行为主体
by 后接人或物做某事
with 后接手段、方式、工具
He was killed by a falling stone
He was killed with a knife.
8、注意下列被动形式
①be being done
② have been done
③ be going to be
The bridge is said to be being built.
The bridge is said to have been built.
情态动词
1、情态动词 + have done sth
这个结构有着特殊意义：用来表示猜测(设想可能发生过什么事情)或
想象(设想可能出现过什么不同的情况)
①should (ought to) have done sth 本来该做而未做
This wall oughtn’t to have been painted blue.
②need have done sth 本来有必要做而未做
You needn’t have told her the news.
③must have done sth 对过去所做动作的肯定推测
---We went to Paris.
---That must have been nice.
④can have done sth 对过去所做动作的否定或疑问推测
I don’t think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can John have put the matches
⑤may (might) have done sth 过去可能发生某事，与could相比，may和 might可能性较小，might 可能性更小;might 也可表示过去可能发生而未发生的事情。
Polly’s very late----she may (might) have missed her etrain.
You were stupid to try climbing there. You might have killed youself
⑥could have done sth
●推测过去”可能“发生某事 (同can, 但can不用肯定句)
She could have gone off with some friends.
●表示过去没有实现的可能性：某事可能发生，但却没有发生
You were stupid to go skiing there----you could have broken your leg.
●表示有能力做而未做(虚拟语气)
You could have helped me !
(You were able to help me, but you didn’t.)
2、can could be able to 表示”能力“
●can 通常表示现在的或”一般的能力“---即你无论什么时候想做就能
做到的能力, 指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。
You can certainly cook, even if you can’t do anything else.
●be able to表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。
will be able to 表示将来的能力
I’ll be able to speak German in another few months.
●could 表达 ”一般的能力“---即你过去想干什么就可以干什么
She could sing like an angel when she was a kid.
但could 不能表达过去某种具体的能力，此时用was able to, managed to 或 succeeded in 等
How many eggs were you able to get
3、can, could, may和might 表示”可能性“
●可用来表示：①理论上的可能性(不涉及是否真发生);②提出建议
(提出解决某个问题的可能办法或者采取的行动);③在问句或否定句中表达现在的可能性)
Anybody who wants to can become a prison visitor.
①---What shall we do
---We can try asking Lucy for help. ②
Who can that be at the door Can it be Polly ③
●may 可用来表达：①将来的可能性;②说话时某事可能是真实的
We may go climbing this summer. ①
You may be right. ②
●could / might 可用来表示： ①说话时某事可能是真实的;②将来
某事有可能发生，但不表示特别可能发生。
You could be right, but I don’t think you are. ①
It could rain later on this evening. ②
4、can, could, may 和might表示“允许”
①请求允许：它们都可以表示请求允许做某事,could 和 might并不是表示过去
Can (May, Could) I borrow your umbrella
②允许：当我们允许某人做某事时，我们用can和may来表达，而不能使用could和might
You may / can watch TV for as long as you like. (不用could, might; mustn’t 有“拒绝”的意思)
---Could I use your phone
---Yes, of course you can /may. (No, you can’t / may not.)
5、can和could表示提议和请求
它们常用来提议为某人做某事或请求别人做某事，could更客气，更
含尊敬的成分，这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中
①提议：
Can I carry your bag
I could / can do the shopping for you, if you’re tired.
②请求和命令：
Could / Can you help me with this letter
You can / could start by cleaning the car.
6、情态动词will
①预测未来(第一人称用shall)，或发布命令
---There’s someone coming up the stairs.
---That’ll be Mary.
You’ll start work at six o’clock.
②自愿与意向
●I will (不用 I shall) 表示自愿做某事，或主动提出做某事，或表达坚定的意图
---Can somebody help me
--- I will.
I’ll break your neck.
●will you常用来提出要求或下命令，或提出请求
Will you come this way, please
Will you have some more wine
●用won’t表示拒绝
No, I won’t !
She won’t open the door.
7、shall
用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。
用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
8、常用情态动词的回答
①---Must we hand in our plan
---Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
②---Need I come
---Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
③---May I smoke here
---Yes, please. (Certainly. / Yes, you may. )
(No, you mustn’t. / may not. / Please don’t.)
④---Could / Can I offer you some coffee (提议)
(---Will / Would you have some coffee )
---Yes, please. / Yes, I’d like some ,please. (不用Yes, you can.)
(No, thank you.) (不用No, you can’t.)
⑤---Could / Can / Would / Will you (please) open the door (请求)
---Yes, of course (I will). (No, I’m afraid I can’t.)
特殊疑问句
WHAT
● what…like ①人或事物的外观特征;②天气
What’s your brother like (长相或人品)
What’s t the weather like today
How do you like the film
What do you like
● what time / date / year …
--What’s the date today
-- (It’s) October 15.
--What date will he arrive
-- (He’ll arrive) on October 15.
● what…for = why
--What’s it for
--(it’s for) cutting grass.
--What did you do that for
-- Because I wanted to save time.
( To save time.)
●what kind(s) / sort(s) of…
What kind of picture(s) do you like best
●what size
--What size shoes do you take
-- (Size) 41.
●what height / length / depth / age
→how high / long / deep / old
What’s the height of that mountain
What height is that mountain
How high is that mountain
WHICH
●which day /month / year… (比when更具体)
-- Don’t forget his birthday
-- I won’t. Which /What day is it
●which / what /who 比较
which 更具体，或用which one
Which book are you going to buy (哪本书)
What book are you going to buy (哪种书)
Who do you like best
Which one do you like best, Tom or Jack
WHY
●Why not (don’t you) buy a new coat
●--Let s set out tonight.
--Yes, why not.
HOW
●How is your mother
How is your mother getting along
●How is the weather there
What’s the weather like today
●How do you find the film
How do you like the film
How / What about the film
What do you think of the film
●--How often do you go to the zoo
--Once every two months.
●--How soon will you be ready to start
-- In two days .
●How far is it from here to the airport
综合问题
①简答中介词跟在疑问词之后
-- I want to leave this parcel.
--Who for ( leave sth for sb)
②else跟在疑问词后 (which 和whose 除外)
Where else did you go
③用do 作简略回答
--Who wants a lift (搭便车)
-- I do.
--How many students understood this
--They all did.
④用ever, on earth 或 in the world 放在疑问词后强调
Where on earth / in the world / ever did you pick that up
反意疑问句
1、陈述句主语是-one, -body 时，疑问部分主语用they
Nobody says a word, do they
2、陈述句主语是-thing, this, that 时，疑问部分主语用it
Everything seems all right, doesn’t it
3、陈述句主语是从句、动词不定式、动名词时，疑问部分用it
Swimming is great fun, isn’t it
4、感叹句的反意疑问句 (感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。)
What fine weather, isn’t it
5、祈使句的反意疑问句
Do that, will you (won’t you )
6、Let’s… , Let us…
Let’s go, shall we Let us go, will you
7、I’m
I’m interested in English, aren’t I
8、I wish…
I wish I were you, may I
9、含had better, would rather, would like to do
You’d better come early, hadn’t you
You’d rather work than play, wouldn’t you
10、陈述句部分含下列否定词时，疑问部分用肯定
few, little, hardly, never, no one, no
There is little ink in your pen, is there
11、加前后缀构成的否定，疑问部分仍然用否定
It’s unfair, isn’t it
12、陈述部分有must
①must be 对现在情况进行推测
He must be very tired, isn’t he
②must have done (对过去推测) 有过去时间状语
He must have come yesterday, didn’t he
③must have done (由过去延续到现在)
He must have lived here at least 10 years , hasn’t he
④must + v. 一定要， 必须
You must renew the book, needn’t you
13、当陈述部分是一个(带that引导宾语从句的)主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是，当陈述部分的主语是：I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。
14、当陈述部分是I’m sure that,;we are sure;I’m afraid that;We are sure that;I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。
15、当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。
16、在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。
如： Oh, he is a writer, is he
You’ll not go, won’t you
否定句
1. not…and; not…or; not…nor, neither…nor
It’s not tall and wide. (部分否定)
It’s not tall or wide. (全部否定)
Not a flower nor a grass will grow in this area. (全部否定)
2. no; not
● no - adv. -adj. = not a , not any
Sorry, there’s no time to talk.
● not -adv.
Ask him, not his wife.
I can see you tomorrow, but not on Tuesday or Friday.
He failed not because he isn’t clever but because
he didn’t work hard.
3. no more (not …any more);
no longer (not any longer)
Time lost will return no more. (动作的重复次数)
He doesn’t work here any longer.(动作的延续)
4. no; none; no one :
no 是一个限定词，用在单数(可数或不可数)名词和复数名词前面，也就是说一个名词前面没有冠词、物主代词或者代词的时候，才可以用它; 而在the , my, your, this, these, that等词前面，应该使用none of, none, 可指人或物，而no one指人
There were no letters for you this morning, I’m afraid.
None of my friends live near here.
I stayed in all evening waiting, but no one came.
☆ A little money is better than at all. (none)
I wanted two tickets, but there was left. (none)
There is telling when he will be back. (no)
--Who is in the room
-- . (No one)
5.否定转移： 下列词后接从句，如果否定，否定词前移，但hope 例外， think, believe, expect, suppose
I don’t think that he will come.
I hope that it won’t rain.
6.避免否定误用
He asked me a second question before
I answer the first one. A. could B. couldn’t
7.Nothing is + 比较级+ than to + V. Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V.
例句：没有比接受教育更重要的事了。
Nothing is more important than to receive education.
8. 。。。cannot emphasize the importance of 。。。 too much.
(再怎么强调... ...的重要性也不为过。)
例句：我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
倒装句
◇ 全部倒装
1.由here, there引起，谓语通常用 be, come, go
Look ! Here comes your sister. There goes the bell.
2. 由介词短语引起，谓语通常用be, stand, lie, live, live, sit, come, go, rise
Along the wall stand four big chairs.
At the top of the hill lay the dying soldiers.
3. 由up, down, on, in, off, away, out, back引起，谓语通常用come, go, run, rush, fly
Out rushed the boy.
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
4.以上情况主语如果是代词，主谓不倒装
Here’s your watch. (Here it is.)
Up it went.
5.由个别副词引起，谓语通常是be, lie
North of the city lies (is) a railway.
6. 由such引起， 谓语通常用be
Such is what he said. Such are his words.
◇部分倒装
指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装，通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前
1. 由never, hardly, seldom, little, not until引起
Seldom did he make any mistakes.
Not until yesterday did I receive his letter.
2. not only…but also连接两个单句时，前面的倒装
Not only was she working hard, but also she was very polite.
3. neither…nor连接两个单句时，两个句子都倒装
Neither is he studying, nor is he working.
4. no sooner…than, hardly (scarcely)…when
No sooner had we got into the room than the telephone rang.
5. 由only + 状语， so + adj. (adv.) 引起
Only then (Only at the age of 18) did he realize the importance of the problem.
6. 由as引起
Child as he is, he can work out the problem.
7. 虚拟语气的倒装
Were I you, I would work harder.
Had you come yesterday, you would have known that.
Should it rain tomorrow, you wouldn’t leave.
◇ so (neither, nor) + be (do, have, 情态动词，助动词)+ 主语
You should work harder and so should I.
She hasn’t been to Berlin and nor have I.
--I went to the zoo yesterday.
--So you did.
--She is a tailor.
--So is she. / So she is.
祈使句
1. do强调祈使句
Do have another cup of coffee.
2. And可连接两个祈使句
Wait and see.
Come and see this goldfish.
Try and (to) see his point of view.
3. 祈使句 + and (or) + 简单句
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
(If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.)
Use your head, and you’ll find a good way.
(If you use your head, you’ll find a good way.)
4.对祈使句的回答
-- Drive carefully!
-- (Yes,) I will.
-- Don’t take any risk.
-- (No,) I won’t.
叹句、省略与替代
1. How
adj. (Subj. + be ) How lovely !
adv. (Subj. + v.) How well you sing !
subj. +v. How you work !
adj. + a (an) + n. How good a map it is!
2.What
a (an) (+ adj.) + n. What a rude man !
(+ adj.) + n. (可数名词复数) What lovely flowers !
( + adj.) + n. (不可数名词) What fine weather !
高考英语语法精要讲解三十五：省略与替代
Ⅰ、动词不定式中的省略
1.在下列动词see ，watch ，notice ， observe ， look at ， make ， have ，let ， hear ， listen to ， feel等后的不定式做宾补，要省略不定式符号。
2.在...do nothing but / except do ...的结构中，在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。
3.在would rather和had better后不定式符号要省略。
4.在几个不定式并列时，第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。
5.在expect ，forget ， like ，want ， wish ， try ， have ， need ， used ， ought ， be able ， be going 等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中，不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。
Ⅱ、从句中的省略
1.在if ， as if ，while ， when ， where ， although ， unless ， what ， whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。
Mistakes， if any ，should be corrected .( = if there are any mistakes)
Please come again ，if possible.(= if it possible for you to come)
Fill in the proper articles where necessary.(= where they are necessary)
He won’t come ，unless invited .(= unless he is invited)
He opened his lips as if to say something .(= as if he were going to say something)
2. 在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时，省略if。
Were I you, I would not do it.
Had we known your telephone number, I would have given you a phone call.
3. We have finished our homework, so have they. (= and they have finished their homework , too)
If you don’t go to the concert, neither shall I. (= I shall not go to the concert either)
4.宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which，whom等
在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that。
Ⅲ、介词的省略
prevent sb (from) doing sth.
stop sb (from) doing sth.
have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.
spend time / money (in) doing sth.
be busy (in) doing sth.
Ⅳ、替代
省略与代替的作用是什么
1.so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句). 与so 连用的常用动词有：hope , believe, think , be afraid , expect , surprise, imagine等.
2.用not代替so的情况.
3.用不定式符号代替不定式.
4.用do在句子中代替其它动词.