暑假新升高一英语衔接辅导教材

目 录
1：导言- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - （2）
2：初中知识衔接过渡内容- - - - - - - - - - （5）
3：高中英语（必修1）部分教学内容- - - - - - （44）
4：附录1：初中交际英语900句- -- - - - - - （60）
5：附录2：初中英语句型汇集- - - - - - - - （89）
导 言
首先，祝贺同学们圆满地完成了初中阶段的学习任务并欢迎同学们参加珠海创思语言培训学校举办的新高一暑期英语培训辅导班。
当你非常高兴地接到某学校的高中入学通知书时，兴奋之余你还想到些什么？你在憧憬紧张而多彩的高中学习生活的同时，是否对即将开始的高中学习还有几分期许，几分困惑 ！你是否也感到担起了一份满载个人理想、父辈厚托、老师希冀的责任？那么，就让我们先来共同了解和讨论几个与此有关的问题。
一．新高一同学们面临的新任务：
从初中升入高中是一个学生人生道路上的一次飞跃，也是中学生学习阶段的一个跨越。从初中向高中过渡这一初始阶段，同学们在学习和生活上都会遇到许多意想不到的困难。如何做好从初中向高中过渡的衔接工作，就直接关系到大家能否尽快顺利地适应高中的学习和生活，甚至影响到高中三年的学习。
高中阶段英语学习的目标任务是什么呢？教育部颁布的高中英语教学大纲给我们做出了明确回答：“高中英语课程的总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。”就是说同学们即将面临学习目的、学习能力、学习策略等三个方面问题的转变。（即由圆满完成中考，顺利升入高中为目的，到努力完成高中学习任务，成功升入理想大学，成为社会栋梁之材为目的的转变；由初中学段以知识低密度率+高复现率+“死记硬背”为主要方法到高中阶段以自主学习，探究式学习为能力，形成有效的、适合个人特点的学习策略的转变，惟此，才能逐步达到培养综合语言应用能力的学习目标。）
二．高一同学们英语学习的趋势分析：
高中英语教学大纲同时也指出：“语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力的基础。” 高一新生一方面学习了初中英语新教材，知识和能力都有了明显的提高，所掌握的词汇量也比学习旧教材有了明显的扩大，但是，无论是在前期知识与能力储备还是学习行为习惯的养成，与新课标、高中新教材的要求都存在着明显的差距，无法直接适应高中阶段的英语学习。要解决好这一问题，一是要夯实基础，搞好衔接，二是要形成正确的学习策略。这里还有一个对高一学习规律的认识问题，实践证明，无论是哪个学习层次的学生，在高一的第一学期都会有一个“U”形的发展过程，唯一的区别是谁的基础打得好，前期准备做得充分，这种“U”形波动幅度就会小一些，过渡就会快一些。
三．新高一英语学习培训的做法、内容和要求：
1、夯实基础，搞好初高中知识衔接。
高一新生一方面学习了初中英语新教材，知识和能力都有了明显的提高，所掌握的词汇量也比学习旧教材有了明显的扩大，但是，无论是在前期知识与能力储备还是学习行为习惯的养成，与新课标、高中新教材的要求都存在着明显的差距，无法直接适应高中阶段的英语学习。我们遵循语言的学习规律和学生的认识规律，编写了适合我校教学实际的一套高一新生英语街接教材，内容涉及时态、语态、不定式、状语从句和定语从句、初高中衔接阶段的重点词汇和短语，以及初中阶段学过的交际用语等。虽然学生在初中已经学过这6大板块的知识，但经过中考后时段性松懈和漫长的假期，遗忘现象比较严重，多数内容都已生疏。况且当时面临的仅仅是中考，对知识的深度、难度相对较低；另一方面，高中所面临的是严峻的高考，教材容量加大，难度加深，而知识的复现率却相对在降低。如果仍停留在初中的起点上，固守以往的学习模式，期待同一知识点老师能三遍、五遍地讲，就会难以适应高中阶段的学习。我们按照高中阶段的要求对上述6大板块的知识进行了梳理和衔接，梳理和衔接的重点定位于梳理、复习为主，衔接为辅，其中包含部分以高一课本为基础的知识练习。同时，通过高一英语（必修一）课本部分内容的学习，使同学们不仅在知识方面弥补了初、高中的断层， 从而达到高、初中知识衔接“软着陆”的目的。
2、加强高一新生英语学习策略的培养，重视学法指导。
由于其年龄和认知特点所决定，高一新生能够在中考中获胜，个人的刻苦、努力是首要因素，但在初中阶段的英语学习大都谈不上什么策略，很大程度上要归功于初三老师的“压迫式”“填鸭式”的突击灌输。进入高中，学习方法、策略的优劣直接影响学生的学习效果。如果没有良好的学习习惯，在学习过程中找不到规律、方法，学生就会产生厌学心理。此外，由于开设的课程多、课业负担加重也给学生造成了心理负担。因此，注意抓好初中与高中学习方法的衔接，即学习策略的培养在高一初始时显得尤为重要，它不但直接影响到学生当时的学习效果，甚至对整个高中阶段的英语学习会产生重要影响。为此，逐步学会探究性学习和任务型学习，做到课前预习，发现疑难和问题，有必要的话，先查阅词典及有关资料，然后带着问题听教师讲课。学习课文时，先通读全文，了解概要，然后再理解每个句子的意思。 听课强调“有意识记忆”，尽量要求自己在课内记住课文或练习中的生词、短语，以及重要的句型和句子，运用略读（skim）和扫读（glance）等方法，快速掌握文章大意。运用审读（scan）和跳读（skip）等技能，快速寻找所需的信息，并争取主动回答问题。采用强化、分散新旧知识联系、综合和归类等科学方法及时和经常地复习英语。
过渡衔接完成后，大多数学生都应该能顺利进入高中英语全新教材结构的学习，从而减轻学生因突然面对高中新教材而产生的紧张与茫然。
编 者 2008.6．
初中知识衔接过渡内容
一．动词的时态和语态讲与练
时态-练习(热身题)
1． Paper money ______ for over a thousand years．
A．used B．has been used C．has used D．is using
2．Great changes ______ in my hometown and a lot of factories ______．
A．have been taken place； are being set up
B．have taken place； have been set up
C．are taken place； had been set up
D．had taken place； will be set up
3．Come and sit down by the fire．Your hand ______ cold．
A．has been felt B．feels C．is felt D．has felt
4．The fire______ to the fifth floor．______ all the people______？
A．has got；Have；been saved B．has been got；Have；saved
C．has got；Do；save D．has got；Have；saved
5．—We want to sit at the table near the window．
—I’m sorry，but it ______ already．
A．has taken B．took C．was taken D．has been taken
6．Some of the chapters（片段）＿＿＿＿ by many students．
A．have been widely read B．have read widely
C．were wide read D．had been widely read
7．Why don’t you go to the book store to buy some books？Many new books_____
there．
A．have just brought B．have just been brought
C．were just brought D．are just brought
8．Till now，three films ＿＿＿＿ in that small village this month．
A．have shown B．have been shown
C．were shown D．will be shown
9．Do you know the thief ＿＿＿＿ by the police？
A．has caught B．has been catching
C．was caught D．has been caught
10．My sister is working in the power plant that ＿＿＿ for just one year．
A．was used B．has been used C．is used D．has used
Key: 1-5 BBBAD 6-10 ABBDB
动词的时态和语态
A. 动词的时态（1）
1. 一般现在时：
1）基本概念及用法： 指经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态；表示可客观规律、事实或科学真理，而忽略时间概念；谈论时间表、旅程表、籍贯、国籍。
例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.
--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.
A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw
正确选项为C, 说话人此时指目前一个经常性的行为。
例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.
A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t
正确选项为B, 说话人此时强调的不是动作发生的时间，而是东西的性质，即收音机的质量不好。
2）特殊用法: 主句为一般将来时，状语从句要用一般现在时；如强调动作的结果，可用现在完成时。
例： I’ll tell him when（if） he comes back. (主将从现)
We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow. (主将从现)
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. (强调动作结果)
Please tell me as soon as you have finished it. (强调动作结果)
(注意：主句是祈使句时，动作还没有发生，因此看成一般将来时。)
2． 一般将来时：
1） 基本概念及用法：表示将要发生的的动作或存在的状态。
基本形式：
A. will (shall) do B. be going to do
两种形式有时可以互换，但A 更强调意愿或非意愿展现；B更强调计划和安排。
例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.
例句2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.
2）其它可表将来时的形式
（1）表示运动的动词 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的进行时--- 表示计划或安排或马上发生的动作
He’s arriving tomorrow.
Look! The bus is coming.
（2）be to do --- 表计划或安排
We are to meet at the station at six tonight.
（3）be about to do … --- “… 马上就要…”
The train is about to leave.
（4） be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”
He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句为过去将来时。)
2. 一般过去时和现在完成时的比较
以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论？1. Who put forward the suggestion
2. When did he leave
3. She often came to help us. （他过去常来帮我们。）
4．I didn’t know you were so busy. （我没想到你这么忙。）
以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。
5. How many pages have you covered today
6. I haven’t seen him for many days.
7. I’ve always walked to work.
8. The students have already left.
9. The city has taken on a new look.
10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.
以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去（说话以前），但它强调的是：
1）动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻（例5---7）
2）过去的动作对现状有某种影响（例8---10），说话人强调的是现在如何。
注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for…; since…短语（从句）
如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.
此时（主句）谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如：
* He has left home for many years.（错误）
He has been away from home for many years. (正确)
* He has died since 1990. （错误）
He has been dead since 1990.(正确)
两种时态的比较练习:
1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book I can’t see it anywhere.
--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put
2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are
C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
Key:
1. B 前者强调的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用现在完成时;后者强调的是I put it right here(just now).
2. C 说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
3. D didn’t know 强调见面前原不知道.
4. C 全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在).
5. D 为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知.
6. B 注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况.
4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.
现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在,而且目前还在进行。
这里需要注意两点：
1）有少数动词（如：work, study, live, teach等）用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思是无大的区别的， 如：
They have lived / have been living here all their lives.
She has worked / has been working here for eight years.
在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多些, 如：
2）大多数动词现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，
I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)
I’ve written an article. (已完成)
练习：
1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
2. --- Have you had any letters from him
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from
C. had heard from D. hears
Key: 1. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果)
2. B ( 非强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。)
动词的时态和语态(2) 动词的时态
5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作。
1） I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.
A. just helpout; comes B. have just helped out; will come
C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come
(正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词
需用一般现在时.)
2） --- When shall we leave
--- As soon as I ______ what I _______.
A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do
(正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果
用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.)
3）At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working
D. would work
(正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.)
4The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office.
A. were working; had left B. worked; left
C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave
(正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.)
5） --- Hey, look where you are going!
--- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.
A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed.
D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice.
(正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.)
6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子：
I wrote a letter yesterday. （信写完了）
I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在写信，但不一定写完了）
I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写)
从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时
1）强调动作在某一时刻正在发生
2）动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如：
He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.
A. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished
C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish
(正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。)
Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed
C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed
正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell
C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell
正确选项为B(道理同上)。
The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
正确选项为D(道理同上)。
7. 过去完成时 基本概念:
A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为
She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如：
The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital.
A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died
正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为；died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错（过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来）。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways.
A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned
正确选项为A(道理同上)。B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算
I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science.
A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become
C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become
正确选项为B。
I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped . hoped
正确选项为C。
8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表示过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为（过去的将来）。
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正确选项为B。
She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。
9. 将来完成时
基本概念:
在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1）表结果 2）表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时；时间移到过去就是过去完成时；时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时
A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为
By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.
We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为
I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
B. 动词的被动语态
1．上面我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。被动语态是由be+过去分词构成，它的各种时态变化都是通过be 的变化表现出来的。见下表
主（被）动的各种时态变化对照表
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 动词原形（单三人称形式） am/is/are+动词过去分词
现在进行时 be+动词-ing am/is/are being+动词过去分词
一般将来时 will/be going to+动词原形 will/be going to be+动词过去分词
一般过去时 动词过去式 was/were+动词过去分词
过去进行时 was/were+动词-ing was/were+ being+动词过去分词
现在完成时 have/has +动词过去分词 have/has been+动词过去分词
现在完成进行时 have/has been+动词-ing have/has been+ being+动词过去分词
过去将来时 would/was(were)going to+动词原形 would/was(were)going to be+过去分词
过去完成时 had +动词过去分词 had been+动词过去分词
情态动词 情态动词+动词原形 情态动词+be+动词过去分词
动词不定式 be+动词原形 to be+动词过去分词
2 .一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才可能有动作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词或副词构成的短语，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如：
They have put up a notice on the wall.
→ A notice has been put up on the wall.
The chair has been looked after in the museum by the assistant.
3. 被动语态的某些特殊用法（主动结构表示被动意义）
1) sell, open, shut, read, lock, write, clean, cut, wash, born, drive, cook, wear等及物动词在用作不及物动词时，他们的主语为物，可用主动语态表达被动意义。
This kind of computers sell well.
This kind of cloth washes well.
The old car drives well.
2) end, do, print, copy, work out, build的现在进行时态表示被动意义。
Our new teaching building is building.
The meeting is ending.
3) look, taste, smell, seem, sound, feel 等系动词的主动形式表示被动意义。
The soup tastes good.
It sounds a good idea.
4) want, need, require表示需要时，后面常接动词-ing形式表示被动意义。相当于to be done。
The bike wants repairing.= The bike needs to be repaired.
The dirty shirt needs washing.
5) be worth doing sth.结构中，doing为主动形式表被动意义。
The topic is worth talking about.
The film is worth seeing.
1、动词的时态和语态检测题
1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had 2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving 3. We all know that ice ______.
A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold
3. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.
--- OK. I’ll take it.
A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted
C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting
5. ---Is this raincoat yours
--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung
6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
7. It _____ every day so far this week.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
8. In ancient days （古代）the earth ______ to be flat.
A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed
9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight
--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.
A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished
10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer
--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
11. However much _____, it will be worth it
A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch
C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs
12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.
A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won
13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.
A. finish what I did B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing
14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried
15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going
18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will
20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
21. --- Have you moved into the house
--- Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to
23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told
24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.
A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring
C. has just stared D. had just stared
26. --- _______ my glasses
--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen
C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw
27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper
--- ______ I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow
--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)
A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared
32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.
A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held
33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai
--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider
C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost
35. --- Have you heard about the new school
--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided
36. --- Sorry, I’m late.
--- That’s OK. I _____ long.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.
--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.
A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat
38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.
A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy
39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking
C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked
40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.
A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come
C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come
41. --- Why did you come by taxi
--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.
A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have
42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down
44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August
--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.
A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned
45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.
A. since B. still C. yet D. then
46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete
C. had been completed D. have been completed
47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
48. --- How are you today
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.
--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.
A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having
二．主谓一致讲与练
一．概念：主谓一致，顾名思义，指的是主语与谓语的一致。那么，哪些方面主语和谓语应保持一致呢？归纳起来，有三种情况，即语法形式上、语词意义上和就近关系三方面。
二. 用法：主语和谓语在语法形式上一致这种情况下，句中作主语的词若是单数形式，谓语动词则用单数形式；若主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
1. 主语用单（复）数形式，谓语动词也用单（复）数形式。例：
The results of the exam show that you have all made good progress.
The content of his book is very good.
We all like football.
2. 主语中有and 连接词时，谓语动词多用复数。但如果主语表示抽象整体概念或表示一个单一的概念时，谓语动词则要用单数。例如：
The singer and the dancer have come to the meeting.
The singer and dancer has come to the meeting.
When and where to build a new school is not decided. （where /where表抽象概念）
2. 若主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, no less than, including, like, but, except 等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。例如：
An expert together with two assistants was sent to the factory.
Mary, like Lily, was late.
主语是动名词、不定式或从句时作单数看待，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Smoking is harmful to your health.
To grow vegetables needs constant watering.
What he said sounds reasonable.
4. 主语是each, neither, either, 或由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词时看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如：
Each of us has a new bike.
Is everybody here
Nobody knows who he is.
归纳：主语和谓语在语词意义上一致此时的主谓一致指的是，谓语动词用单数还是用复数不是由主语的形式决定，而是由主语表达的意义决定。
5．any，all，most，more，none，what，who，which等代词作主语时，可以表示单数，也可以表示复数，主要由意思确定：
Which is your book 　
Which are your books
Here is some more. （指不可数的东西）
Here are some more. （指可数的东西）
None of the books are easy enough for me.
None of us has got a car.
6. 主语是people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽)等集体名词时，其形式是单数，但意义上表示复数，谓语动词应用复数。例如：
The police are looking for him.
Cattle feed on grass.
7. 有些集体名词，如：public, family, audience, class, population, company, group, government等词，作主语时既可表示单数意，又可表复数意。若其强调一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若强调整体中的个体，则谓语动词用复数。例如：
My family is a large one.
My family are all music lovers.
8. 主语是单复数同形的名词时，如works, sheep, means, deer 等，谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据意思决定。但news只作单数用。例如：
Each possible means has been tried. 每一种可能的方法都试过。
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的方法都试过。
Good news goes on crutches, bad news files apace.好事不出门，坏事传千里。
9. 表示数量、重量、度量、时间、距离、价格的复数名词作主语时，一般作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Two weeks is allowed for you to prepare.
Ten kilometers is not a long distance.
有些形容词与the连用表复数意义，谓语动词用复数，例如：
The Chinese are brave and diligent.
The rich always look down upon the poor.
10. 有些国名、人名、书刊名、学科名、组织名称等专有名词虽然是复数形式，但其做主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。例如：
The United Nations was found in 1945.
Physics is a very interesting subject.
11. 不可数名词做主语时，如果前面有表示数量的可数名词，谓语动词用复数。
例如： Three million tons of coal were exported that year.
三、谓语和就近的主语一致句子中有两个或两个以上主语时，谓语的单复数形式由与之邻近的主语决定。主语由or, either…or, not only…but also, 或neither...nor 连接时，谓语动词与其邻近的主语的数保持一致。例如：
Either you or he is to do the work.
She or her children are coming to help you.
Neither you nor I am able to persuade her.
在由there 或 here 引起的倒装句中，谓语动词通常也和最邻近的主语保持数的一致。例如：
Here is a pen, two envelopes and some paper for you.
There are four chairs, a table and a bed in the room.
注：生活中，这种受邻近词影响的情况越来越常见了。例如：
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away
Is your sister and her husband coming to join us
课堂练一练：
1. All but one ______ here just now.
A、are B、was C、were D、is
2.The number of people invited _____ fifty, but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.
A、were, was B、was, was C、was, were D、were, were
3.All that can be done __________.
A、has been done B、have been done C、was done D、were done
4.Two fifths of land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
A、are B、is C、has D、have
5.They each ________ a new dictionary.
A、have B、are C、is D、has
6.The wounded _______ by the hospital.
A、has been taken in B、have taken in
C、has taken D、have been taken in
（Key: 1---6 CCABDD）
2、主谓一致专项练习
一．单项填空：
1．The following _____ some newly-published popular magazines.
A. is B. are C. was D. appears
2. -----How did your students express their 1 thanks to you on Teachers' day
-----A gift, together with many flowers, _____ I sent to me by my students.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. -----What's your favorite spare time activity, Jack
-----Writing stories and articles _____ what I enjoy most.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
4. Widening roads _____ not the right solution to tackle road congestion.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
5. To win the Nobel Prize _____ a great honor 1 for a scientist.
A. are B. is C. has D. be
6. The weak and poor _____ paid more attention to in a harmonious society.
A. is B. are C. be D. has
7. The trouble with such resources as coal, oil and gas_____ that they are not renewable.
A. has been B. are C. have been D. is
8. My sister, as well as her classmates who_____ late for class, _____ criticized by Mr. Hunt.
A. were; was B. was; were C. was; was D. were; were
9. Many people say they have seen Unidentified Flying Objects, which they believe_____ spaceships.
A. are B. is C. have D. has
10. We've been told the good news, but when and where to go for the exciting on-salary vacation _____ yet.
A. are not been discussed B. have not been discussed
C. is not been discussed D. has not been discussed
11. The farm as well as its neighboring hills we once spent so much time _____on a new look as recently as this year.
A. has taken B. on having taken C. on has taken D. having taken
12. It is I _____ my parents who _____ to blame for the accident.
A. other than; are B. rather than; am
C. more than; are D. than; is
13. No one in the department hut Tom and I _____ that the director is going to resign.
A. know B. am to know C. knows D. have known
14. Do you think three weeks _____ enough to make the necessary preparations If so, please set to it.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
15. Sheep, like any warm-blooded animal in the world, _____ an active life in water.
A. lives B. lived C. is living D. live
16. Half of the students _____ made the same mistake.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
17. _____ either he or you going with me when the play _____ put on here
A. Is; is . B. Is; are C. Are; is D. Are; are
18. Following the mother _____ two daughters.
A. is B. were C. was D. have been
19. The writer and professor _____ to give us a lecture on Henry's short stories _____ next month.
A. is going; sometimes B. are going; some times
C. is going; sometime 1 D. are going; sometime
20. Three fourths of the bread _____ eaten by Bob, and the rest of the bread left on the table.
A. was; were B. were; was C. were; were D. was; was
21. Most of what has been said about the Browns _____ also true of the Dickson.
A. are B. is C. being D. toke
22. The village seemed deserted. The only sign i life some trees waving in the howling wind.
A. were B. are C. was D. to be
23. How close parents are to their Children _____ a strong influence on the character of the children.
A. have B. has C. is having D. will be having
24. -----Have you finished your essay
-----Half _____ when you come back.
A. has been done B. have been done C. is done D are done
25. He kept a little notebook, in which _____ the names and addresses of his friends. A. wrote B. writing C. was written D. were written
26. _____ the right decisions _____ the future is probably the most important thing we'll ever do in our lives.
A. Making; concerned B. Make; concerning
C. To make; concerned D. Making; concerning
27. I, who _____ your close friend will share your joys and sorrows.
A. was B. are C. is D. am
13. All but _____ going to spend the vacation in the country.
A. him and I are B. I and he is C. him and me am D. he and I are
14. The excellent service of the waiters _____ highly praised. That's why the restaurant is always full of people.
A. were B. are C. a D. is
15. Every possible means _____ used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is B. are C. has been D. had been
二．单句改错：
1. Not only I but also Jane and Mary am tired of having one exam after another.
2. The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them was absent for different reasons.
3. One third of the Chinese in the United States lives in California. 　　　
4. Two hundred miles are really a long distance for a girl to cover in three days.
5. The government was discussing the proposal at that time. ,
6. Hope of finding the children disappear rapidly. .
7. There were much furniture and many passengers on the board.
8. Studying foreign languages seem to be a global trend these days.
9. We are going to the airport to see off the couple who is leaving for New York.
10. The director as well as other managers have learned to drive a car. .
三．用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1．Interest in pursing international careers _____ ( soar) in recent years.
2. In almost every case of job hunting, just stating the title of your degree _____ (be) not an adequate description.
3．Many a student _____ (chat) on line, and played computer gasses.
4. The rest of the trees _____ ( use) as fire wood.
5. The situation described in those reports _____ (sound) terrible, but it may not happen.
6. A series of books _____ (translate) into English.
7. It seems that a great many middle-aged works _____ (be) out of jobs now.
8．I feel it is the parents rather than his grandma that _____ ( blame ) for the spoiled child.
9. I have finished a large part of the book. The rest of it _____ (be) very difficult.
10. The singer and the dancer _____ (be) to come to the party.
三．状语从句讲与练
一．状语从句的定义 状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，修饰主句中 的谓语动词、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作。根据意义上的不同，状语从句可分为：时间状语从句 地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句等。
二．状语从句的种类 各种状语从句及引导各种状语从句的从属连词 见下表：
状语从句的分类
类别 引导词 例句
时间状语从句 as, when, before, after till(until)，since, as soon as ,while, whenever等 It was raining when we went home.I went home after the film was over.She did not leave until I came back.
条件状语从句 if, unless等 You will miss the train if you do not start out right now.
原因状语从句 because，as, since等 Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
让步状语从句 though, although, even though等 There is air around us though we cannot see it.
方式状语从句 as, as if, as though等 Always do to the others as you would be done.
目的状语从句 so that, in order that等 Say it louder so that everybody can hear you.
结果状语从句 that, so that, so…that, such…that The boy is so young that he cannot go to school.
比较状语从句 as…as, than, not as(so)…as The earth is bigger than the moon.His book is as new as mine.
1. 时间状语从句
a，时间状语从句一般不用将来时态，如果主句为一般将来时、祈使句或含有将来的意味，由when，as soon as, till / until，before 引导的时间状语从句用一般， 现在时代替一般将来时。例如：
She won’t leave until you agree with her.
My father was reading newspaper when I got home yesterday.
b，when, as, while都意为“当……的时候”，但when引导的时间状语从句和主句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以是先后发生，when既可表示时间点；，也可表示一段时间; 用as，while时则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生; while只能表示一段时间，从句须用延续性动词。
注意：1)当主从句的动作均发生在过去时，when和while引导的时间状语从句的主从句时态一致性的确定方法为：主从复合句中，主句谓语动词动作在从句谓语动词动作之前发生，且进行的时间较长时，主句用过去进行时，从句用一般过去时。例如：
The teacher was telling us a story when the headmaster came in.
2)从句中谓语动词动作先于主句中谓语动词动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，从句用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时。例如：
When the students were having a meeting the teacher came in.
3)若主从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系(即同时发生)或无所谓先后时，主从句可同时使用过去进行时。例如：
While I was sweeping the floor John was carrying water.
4)主句动作和从句动作都已完成，则先发生的动作可用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。例如：
When he had finished his homework he went to play football.
c. till和until都意为“直到……为止”，主句用延续性动词，主句和从句都用肯定式；表示“直到。。。才。。。时”，主句用终止性动词，从句用肯定式，主句用否定式。until比till正式，until引导的时间状语从句可以放在句首。例如：
They didn’t stop until they finished the work.
d. since引导的时间状语从句一般用一般过去时，被其修饰的主句则用现在完成时;“it has been…+从句的结构中，主句也可用一般现在时，即“It is… since十从句”结构。例如：
Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened in 1975.
It / has been ten years since we leave that city.
2. 原因状语从句 原因状语从句由because (因为)，as (由于) since (既然；由于)，now that (既然)等引导。
a. because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因。回答why提出的问题。
She didn’t go to school, because he was ill.
b. as或since所引导的从句表示的是已知事实的理由和一种间接或附带的原因，其从句一般位于主句之前。例如：
Since it is raining you’d better take an umbrella with you.
As he has no money he can’t buy a bike.
注意：because (因为)不能和so (所以)用在同 一个句子中。
3．条件状语从句 条件状语从句由if (如果) 和 as long as (只要)等引。如果主句为将来时态，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。as long as常引导状语从句，其动词为延续性动词，其中的第一个as也可用so来代替。例如：
You can borrow my money again, as long as you can return it to me.
4．结果状语从句 结果状语从句一般由so…that…(如此……以致……), such…that…(如此……以致……)等引导。
a. so…that…短语中的so为副词，修饰形容词或副词，that引导结果状语从句，与so相呼应，修饰前面的形容词或副词。，从句中一般不含情态动词。例如：
It was so cold that we wear think clothes.
b, such…that…用于引导结果状语从句。其中 such为形容词，主要用于修饰名词，后接复数可数名词。若修饰单数可数名词时，a / an要放在such后。例如：
You made such a mistake that nobody could forgive you.
c. so…that…与such…that…的区别：so 为副词，主要用于修饰形容词或副词；such后接名词，若形容词后有修饰的单数可数名词时，a/ an要放在形容词前。例如：
He is such a clever boy that we all like him.
d. so…that…引导的状语从句如果是否定意义，可以变为too…to…结构的简单句。例如：
The girl is so young that she can’t go to school.= The girl is too young to go to school.
5. 目的状语从句 目的状语从句常由so that (为了；以便)，in order that等引导，放在主句之后，从句中常用can，could，may, might等情态动词。in order that 引导的从句可放在主句前。So…that…引导的目的状语从句可转换成动词不定式短语。例如：
He got up erly in order that he could catch up with the early bus.
We study hard so that he can go to college.
6．让步状语从句 让步状语从句一般用though（虽然), although（虽然), even though(即使)引导。例如:
Though（although) he tried hard, he was not successful.
He went on working though it was very late.
注意：汉语中的“虽然……但是……”在英语中用连词though就可以了，或单独用but也可以。但不能在一个句子中同时用这两个连词。例如：
Though she like the baby very much, he doesn’t let her do it.
She likes the baby very much, but he doesn’t let her do it.
Cf: Though it was cold, yet he went out without coat.(该句中yet为副词，故可和though 连用)
拓展：考点清单
一．时间状语从句注意事项
1．时间状语从句一般不用将来时。在时间状语从句中通常用一般现在于时表示一般将来时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
2．表示“一……就……”的引导词除了as soon as外，还有no sooner…than, hardly…when等。他们在引导时间状语从句时，表示主、从句的动作发生的时间间隔不长。
注意： 在no sooner. . . than，hardly…when结构中，主句中的谓语动词常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；主句通常用倒装结构，即把助动词had提到主语之前。
3．在since引导的时间状语从句中，若从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词，往往理解为某一个动 ÷或状态的终止；若从句中的谓语动词是终止 性动词，往往理解为某一动作的开始。 4. Before引导的从句，位于主句之后，意为“… ,之后才”，若主句用一般将来时. before从句用一般现在时代替。
5，until和till在意义上和用法上都没有什么区别。 但在引导时间状语从句时，在肯定句和否定句中的用法不同。
1）在肯定句中，两个词可以互换使用，表示主句的动作一直延续到从句的动作发生时为止。因此，主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，而不是短暂性动词
2）在否定句中，意为“直到……才……”，表示主句的动作一直没有发生，直到从句的动作发生时主句的动作才发生。主句的谓语动词常用短暂性的动词。
二．条件状语从句注意事项
1．在条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时；用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
She would miss the early train, if she got up late.
2. 真实条件状语从句可以转化为“祈使句+ and十陈述句”结构。
Use your head, and you’ll have an idea..
3．真实条件状语从句的否定式可以和unless引导的从句互换。
4. 在非真实条件句即虚拟语气中，要注意，从句的时态和主句种时态的使用要根据具体语境。 （略）
5，如果条件状语从句有if引导，又有连系动词be时，条件状语从句可用省略形式，即把主语和be动词一同省略。
三．so that引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句的用法比较：
两者区别的关键看是否有情态动词。
1． so that引导目的状语从句时，从句中有can, could, may, might, would等情态动词，表示
从句谓语动词动作将要发生在主句谓语动作之后；如果so that从句中没有情态动词，该从句则是结果状语从句。
2． so that引导结果状语从句时，主从句之间通常停顿一下，有时加上一个逗号，而它引导
的目的状语从句没有此用法。
3、状语从句专项练习
1.____they had worked for a long time, they looked tired.
A. While B. After C. Unless D .For
2.He has had to cook by himself ___his mother went on business to Beijing.
A. During B. since C. after D. when
3. I didn’t help him, not ___I was unwilling.
A. because B. since C. as D. for
4. You should run the machine ___the workers have shown you.
A. as B. since C. like D. for
5.____the desert can be called a sea, ___the camels are the ships in the sea.
A. When ,so B. If, then C. Because, so D. If , so
6. The children are playing football in the ground, ___it began to rain.
A. as B. while C. when D. that
7. When___, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completing B. completed C. being completed
D. to be completed
8. I had walked a long way ___I found my watch missing.
A. after B. before C. as D. while
9. He will be happy ______ he may be.
A. when B. if C. because D. wherever
10. We made a decision ____there should be rain, we would be at home.
A. that B. if C .that if D. whether
11. Though he is young, ____knows a lot.
A. however he B. yet he C. but he D. and he
12. ___he woke ___slept, this subject is always in his mind.
A. If; and B. Both; and C. Either; or D. Whether; or
13. ___ a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.
A .Being B. When still C. Because D. While
14. This is __ as any you are likely to see in the coming years.
. A. as good a play B. as a good play
C. a as good play D. as good play
15. I shall ring you up ___you should forget to come.
A. because B. for C. in case D. in order that
16. .He talked about the matter ___nothing had happened to him.
A .as B. if C. as if D. like
17. I didn’t manage to do it ___you had explained how.
A. unless B. until C. when D. since
18. The people invited to the ball may dress __ they please.
A. whatever B. however C. whenever D. wherever
19.He fired at the deer and it fell just ___ it stood.
A. there B. where C. wherever D. down
20. ---I’m going to the post office. ---_____you’re there, can you get me some stamps.
A. As B. While C. Because D. unless
21. She stood up and walked over to ____she could talk to him and not be in the way.
A. the place B. there C. which D. where
22. We won’t give up ___we should fail ten times.
A. even if B. since C. whether D. until
23. She found her calculator ___she lost it
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
24. John may phone tonight. I don't know want to go out ___he phones.
A. as long as B. in order that C. in case D. so that
25. ____ I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.
A. As long as I have traveled
B. Now that I have traveled so much
C. Much as I have traveled
D. As I have traveled so much
26.There’s only one purpose----victory,____ it may cost.
A. how B. whatever C. what D. however
27. ---____we do, we cannot change the situation.
----___ we’d better give up trying .
A. Whatever , If so B. No matter what, If necessary
C. However, In that cast D. As, However
28. --- They have been cutting down trees____ that can improve their living condition.
----Unless they leave the forests____ they are, they’ll be punished by nature sooner or later.
A. so as to, as B. in order that, when
C. since, as D. so that , as
29. ----What if it____ tomorrow
---___we’ll have to put off the sports meet.
A. is going to rain, Then B. will rain, In that case
C. rains, Therefore D. rains, In that case
30. ---I keep feeling homesick, ____ hard I try to avoid it.
---Make more friends, ___ you’ll feel better.
A. how, and B. however, or
C. whatever, then D. however, and
31. Don’t be afraid of asking for help it is needed.
A．unless B．since C．although D．when
32.We were told that we should follow the main road ____ we reached the central railway station.
A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever
33.Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ___ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.
A. because B. through C. unless D. if
34. There were dirty marks on her trousers ____ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
35．It was evening _____ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until C. since D. before
36．Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
37． Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ____ she was bitten on the leg by al lion.
A. when B. while C. since D. once
38． _____you call me to say you' re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.
A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless
39．______modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
40．Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A．since B．after C．before D．when
41．It was with great joy ______ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found.
A．because B．which C．since D．that
42．You should try to get a good night’s sleep _______much work you have to do .
A．however B．no matter C. although D．whatever
四．定语从句讲与练
一）定语从句概述
1、在句子中作定语。
2、被修饰、限定的名词或代词，叫先行词。
3、其连接词具有特殊性，不同于其它从属连词。特殊名称：关系词 关系词又分为关系代词（which, that, who, whose, whom）和关系副词(when, why, where)。
二）关系词的使用
注意：
1．用that不用which的几种情况:
1) 先行词为anything, nothing, everything，等不定代词时。
You can take anything that you like.
They gave us everything that we needed when I was in college.
2) 先行词被first, last, only, very, no, just, any, little, all, much等词修饰时。
It is the first TV set that I bought.
The only school that was built here was torn down.
I can understand all that you said.
3) 先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰。
It is the best film that I have seen.
This is the most beautiful flower that I’ve ever seen.
4) 先行词既有人，又有物时:
He watched the children and toys that filled the car.
We talked the persons and things that we got on in the school.
5)当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句，其后引导的定语从句常用that引导。
例句补充？
6) 一个句子有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用which修饰, 另一个宜用that引导，以避免重复。
例句补充？
2. 用which不用that的几种情况:
1) 先行词作短语动词中介词的宾语
It is the house in which I lived.
This is the pen for which I’m looking.= This is the pen which/that I’m looking for.
2) which引导非限定性定语从句, 而that不可以。
Beijing, which is our capital, is a very beautiful city.
3）先行词后面有插入语时，用which引导。
例句补充？
4）一个句子有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用that修饰, 另一个宜用which引导，以避免重复。
3、who/whom的区别:
He is the person to whom I spoke.= He is the person (whom) I spoke to.
4、whose 可用来指人或物； 若指物，它还可以同of which互换。
　They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　
Please pass me the book whose cover (the cover of which) is green.
5、关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
　There are occasions when (on which) one must give in.
　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer
8、非限定性定语从句的概念及判别特征：
（1）补充说明
（2）有逗号和主句隔开
（3）不可用that
P.S. (该小节内容讲练与否可根据学生具体情况而定)as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，都可用来代替整个主句或主句的一部分.但在下列情况下 不能互换：
1）as引导的定语从句常出现在the same …as , such… as, as…as…, so… as…结构中，as引导定语从句时，在从句中作主语，宾语和表语。
2） as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前，之中或之后；但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
3）当从句谓语动词是be announced / expected / known / imagined / said / reported等被动式时，常用as。
4）当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时，一般用which不用as。
4、定语从句专项练习
1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.
A. which B. what C. as D. those
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
6. The freezing point is the temperature ________ water changes into ice.
A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
A. how you have observed B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. whether
9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which B. it C. that D. what
13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing
15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts B. that against
C. who is against D. who are against
17. Didn’t you see the man __________
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with D. you talked about
19. Is there anything __________ to you
A. that is belonged B. that belongs
C. that belong D. which belongs
20. ---- “How do you like the book ”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
22. The train __________ she was travelling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
A. where B. in which C. under which D. which
24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
25. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. which C. when D. in which
27. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives.
A. which B. that C. who D. where
29. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
30. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced
A. in which B. where C. which D. that
31. It is the Suez Canal __________ separates Asia __________ Africa.
A. which, to B. where, from C. that, from D. that, with
32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, __________ was a small canoe, with a boy in it.
A. there B. where C. it D. which
33. He is not __________ a fool __________.
A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looks
C. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks
34. Is that the reason __________ you are in favour of the proposal
A. which B. what C. why D. for that
35. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. who D. what
36. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom
C. both of which D. all of whom
37. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
38. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.
A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom
39. ---- Do you know the town at all
---- No, this is the first time I __________ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
40. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that
C. the way which D. the way of which
41. The two things __________ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which
42. The dinner was the most expensive meal we __________.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
43. Do you know which hotel __________
A. she is staying B. she is staying in
C. is she staying D. is she staying in
44. There is only one thing __________ I can do.
A. what B. that C. all D. which
45. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used
A. which B. that C. where D. in that
46. I have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry.
A. them B. that C. which D. those
47. They were interested __________ you told them.
A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything
48. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space.
A. which we think it is B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is D. I think which is of
49. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last.
A. come B. came C. coming D. comes
50. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which B. who C. that D. /
五．非谓语动词讲与练
非谓语动词是指分词、动名词和动词不定式。其之所以被称为非谓语动词，就是说这几类动词都不在句子中担任谓语。
分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有进行的意义,构成进行时的分词主要起形容词和副词的作用；过去分词有完成和被动的意义。
现在分词和过去分词都可以作形容词。区别是：过去分词含有被动意义，常指“对……感到……”，主语通常是人，后边多接介词；现在分词含有主动意义，指“使人……的”，常用作表语，主语通常是物。
He is interested in science.
This story is very interesting.
动词-ing形式（即动名词）
动名词具有名词的特征，和分词、动词不定式一样，不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。
1、作主语
1） 动词-ing形式作主语经常位于句首。
Eating too much is bad for your health.
2） 动词-ing形式作主语时，有时可以用it作形式主语常用在“It is no use / no good /useless /worthwhile /a waste of time +动词-ing形式”结构和“There is / was no+动词-ing形式”结构中。
It is no use drawing the picture.
It is a waste of time waiting here.
There is no use trying that again.
2. 作表语
My job is teaching.
Her job is collecting things.
注意：动词-ing形式和动词不定时都可以做主语和表语。动词-ing形式表示抽象概念或一般行为；动词不定式常表示具体的一次性动作或将来的概念。试比较：
My job is teaching / My job is to teach you these new words.
Her job is collecting things / Her job is to collect those things.
3. 作宾语
1）常用于allow, try, suggest, like, love, finish, need, prefer, hate, enjoy, forget, stop, advise, dislike, get , start , mind, practice, give up, can’t stand, can’t help等词或短语之后。
We will finish reading the book in a week.
2)在介词和介词短语depend on, fee like, hear of, look forward to , think of; be fond to, be used to, be afraid of, be interested in, be tired of等后面必须用动词-ing形式。
I’m looking forward to seeing him again.
3) 有些动词后边可接动词-ing形式，又可接动词不定式，但表达的意义有所不同。
a. forget(remember) to do sth. / doing sth.
Don't forget to close the door when you leave.
I remember returning the money to you.
b. go on to do sth. / doing sth.
They went on running for half an hour.
After watching the TV play, he went bon to do his homework.
c. stop to do/ doing sth.
d. try to do/ doing sth.
I’m not sure, but I’ll try to be here on time.
Try making it this way.
e. prefer to do/ doing sth. 更喜欢做
I prefer to do it myself. （此事将要发生）
I’m prefer talking to you. （此事以前发生过）
注意：动词不定式表示将要发生或具体的动作；动词-ing形式表示经常发生的动作，一般含有倾向、爱好的意思。
动词不定式
一．构成：有infinitive（to+动词原形）和 bare infinitive（动词原形）
否定式：not (to) do
注意：有一类谓语动词的后面只能借不带to的动词不定式：
1．使役动词have, let, make。
Don't stop her; let her go.
2. 感官动词see, hear, notice, feel, taste, smell等。
I heard her cry last right.
3. 情态动词can, may, must。
You can go first.
4. 一些动词结构，如could do nodding but, had better, wooed rather.. .than。 例如:
You had better ask the teacher.
5．why 和why not 引导的从句。例如：
Why not go there with me.
6. 当年过两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，前边的不定式带to，后边的不定式符号to要省略。
It’s better to do than (to) say.
二．动词不定式的时态和语态 （专节讨论）
三． 动词不定式的用法：
1．作主语
1) 置于句首。
To see is to believe.（Seeing is believing.）
To speak aloud in public isn't polite.
2) 动词不定式作主语时常用作形式主语，而把真正的主语----动词不定式放在句末。
It isn't polite to speak aloud in public.
3) it作主语常见的几种句型：
It is+形容词+to do sth.；
It is good to eat less food each meal.
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
It is takes some time to do sth.；
It takes me ten minutes to go to school every.
It is+形容词+for / of sb. to do sth.；
It's important for us to save water.
It's nice of you to say so.
试比较：It is so kind of you to help me with my English.
It is necessary for you to learn English well.
2．作宾语
1) 接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：refuse, agree , ask, hope, want, like, wish, prefer, try, mean, forget, begin, start, decide,