Welcome to the unit
1. If we need an operation, a special room called an operating theatre is used. (P17) 如果我们需要做手术的话, 就使用一个特殊的被成为手术室的房间.
operate
v. [I] to cut a body open for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part:
If the growth gets any bigger they'll have to operate.
Are they going to operate on him
v. [I or T] to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effect:
How do you operate the remote control unit
Does the company operate a pension scheme
operation
n. [C] when a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part:
a major/minor/routine operation
an abdominal/cataract/transplant operation
He's got to have an operation on his shoulder.
[+ to infinitive] We will know in a couple of days if the operation to restore her sight was successful.
n. [U] the fact of operating or being active:
There are several reactors of the type in operation (= working) at the moment.
We expect the new scheme for assessing claims to come into operation (= start working) early next year.
operator
n. [C] 1) someone whose job is to use and control a machine or vehicle:
a computer operator
2) a company that does a particular type of business:
a tour operator
3) a person who helps to connect people on a telephone system
2. Have you ever seen a doctor If so, what happened (P17) 你到医生那儿看过病吗 如果看过, 是发生了什么问题
ever
adv. 1) at any time:
Nothing ever happens here in the evenings.
Have you ever been to London
He hardly ever (= almost never) washes the dishes and he rarely, if ever, (= probably never) does any cleaning.
The smell is worse than ever.
I thought she was famous, but none of my friends have ever heard of her.
2) continually:
He is ever repeating the same old story.
3) used for emphasizing an adjective:
Yesterday the company announced its first ever fall in profits.
4) for all time:
I like the house but I don't imagine I'll live there forever.
5) continually since that time:
He's been depressed ever since he got divorced.
Reading--- Two life-saving medicines
1. If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin. (P18) 倘若你打开世界上任何一个药柜,都很可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。
open up
phrasal verb [M]
1) to show sth. that was hidden or not previously known:
The security council debate could open up sharp differences between the countries.
2) to improve a situation by making it less limited:
The government has announced plans to open up access to higher education.
3) to make a space larger or less enclosed:
We're going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls.
4) to open the lock on the door of a building:
The caretaker opens up the school every morning at seven
5) to do a medical operation on someone to see inside their body:
When they opened her up, they couldn't find anything wrong with her.
6) to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings:
I've never opened up to anyone like I do to you.
probability
n. [C or U] the likelihood of sth. happening or being true:
What is the probability of winning
The probability of getting all the answers correct is about one in ten.
There's a high/strong probability (that) (= It is very likely that) she'll be here.
Until yesterday, the project was just a possibility, but now it has become a real probability (= it is likely that it will happen).
probable
adj. likely to be true or likely to happen:
The probable cause of death was heart failure.
[+ that] It is probable that share prices will fall still further.
注意比较：
probable: adj. 很可能的，与likely意思相近，有时可以互换；possible的语气稍弱。他们各自的句型如下：
It’s probable/possible for sb. to do sth.
It’s probable/possible that…
It’s likely that…
sb./sth. is likely to do sth.
2. … but in fact, 3,500 years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains. (P18) 但事实上,早在3,500年前就有一些药方建议人们饮用一种由特殊植物的干叶制成的茶来减轻身体的病痛。
recommend
v. [T] to suggest that someone or sth. would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done:
I can recommend the chicken in mushroom sauce - it's delicious.
She has been recommended for promotion.
The headmistress agreed to recommend the teachers' proposals to the school governors.
[+ (that)] The doctor recommended (that) I take more exercise.
[+ ing form of verb] I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.
recommended
adj.
It is dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of this medicine.
She is a highly recommended architect.
recommendation
n.1) [C or U] a suggestion that sth. is good or suitable for a particular purpose or job:
I bought this computer on John's recommendation (= because John told me that it was good).
I got the job on Sam's recommendation (= because she told her employers that I was suitable for the job).
2) [C] advice telling someone what the best thing to do is:
[+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built.
make…from…
to produce sth., often using a particular substance or material:
Butter is made out of/from milk.
相关短语:
make…of…/be made of…
Earrings are made of gold
make…into…/be made from
Wood can be made into tables.
make up/be made up of…
Eleven players make up the football team.
The football team is made up of eleven players.
3. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899 when the company Hoffmann worked for began giving the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. (P18) 1899年, 该药品第一次进行实验, 当时, 霍夫曼供职的公司开始将该药以粉末形式提供给医师, 让他们用于病人。
trial
n. [C or U] 1) a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable sth. or someone is:
They're doing clinical trials on a new drug.
They've employed her for a six-month trial (period).
MAINLY UK You can buy any of their garden equipment on trial/US USUALLY on a trial basis, and if you don't like it you can give it back.
2) the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a court of law to judge whether a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter:
Trial by jury is a fundamental right.
It was a very complicated trial that went on for months.
She's going on/standing trial for fraud.
trial and error
n. a way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes that you make:
There's no instant way of finding a cure - it's just a process of trial and error.
take place: to happen:
The concert takes place next Thursday.
同义词辨析:
happen：(of a situation or an event) to have existence or come into existence:
No one knows exactly what happened but several people have been hurt.
Anything could happen in the next half hour.
A funny thing happened in the office today.
What's happened to my pen (= Where is it) I put it down there a few moments ago.
to do or be by chance:
[+ to infinitive] They happened to look (= looked by chance) in the right place almost immediately.
[+ (that)] Fortunately it happened (that) there was no one in the house at the time of the explosion.
occur: to happen:
An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.
If any of these symptoms occur while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor immediately.
occur to sb. phrasal verb
If a thought or idea occurs to you, it comes into your mind:
The thought did occur to me.
[+ that] It never even occurred to us that he hadn't been invited.
to exist or be present in, among, etc:
Violence of some sort seems to occur in every society.
Minerals occur naturally in the earth's crust
in…form=in the form of…
The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.
in any shape or form
of any type:
I'm opposed to war in any shape or form.
4. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops as a tablet containing 500 milligrams of ASA. (P18) 一年以后，阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售，每片含有200毫克的乙酰水杨酸。
contain
v. [T not continuous]
to have sth. inside or include sth. as a part:
How much liquid do you think this bottle contains
I've lost a file containing a lot of important documents.
Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat.
The allegations contained in this report are very serious.
注意比较:
include
v. [T] to contain sth. as a part of sth. else, or to make sth. part of sth. else:
The book contains 40 maps, including a map of China.
The bill includes tax and service.
Tax and service are included in the bill.
5. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood. (P18) 美国的一位医生劳伦斯·克雷文发表了好几篇报告，其中1953年的一篇报告提出了阿司匹林可以稀释血液。
thin
adj. (thinner, thinnest) having a small distance between two opposite sides:
a thin book
thin black lines
a thin jacket
adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of the body) with little flesh on the bones:
Did you notice how thin her wrists were
Thin, hungry dogs roamed the streets.
Adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of a liquid) flowing easily:
a thin soup
v. [T] to make a substance less thick, often by adding a liquid to it:
Thin the sauce down with a little stock.
6. … and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked. (P18) 1977年，美国的一项研究证明，阿司匹林中的化学物质乙酰水杨酸能预防中风。中风是由于大脑血管爆裂或梗塞而产生的一种突发疾病。
block
n. [C] 1) a solid straight-sided lump of hard material:
a block of wood/ice
2) a group of things bought, dealt with, or considered together:
a block of tickets/seats/shares
Corporate-hospitality firms make block bookings (= buy large numbers of seats) at big sporting events.
3) a large, usually tall building divided into separate parts for use as offices or homes by several different organizations or people:
an office block
4) the distance along a street from where one road crosses it to the place where the next road crosses it, or one part of a street like this, especially in a town or city:
The museum is just six blocks away.
My friend and I live on the same block.
5) a square group of buildings or houses with roads on each side:
I took a walk around the block.
6)A block in (= An object blocking) the pipe was preventing the water from coming through.
v. [T] to prevent movement through sth., or to prevent sth. from happening or succeeding:
A fallen tree is blocking the road.
My view was blocked by a tall man in front of me.
She was very talented and I felt her parents were blocking her progress.
7. In 1999, aspirin was 100 years old and yet there have been more discoveries on how it can help increase the length of people’s lives. (P19) 到1999年，阿司匹林已有100年的历史，然而关于它如何帮助延长人类寿命方面还有更多的发现。
length
n. 1) [C or U] the measurement of sth. from end to end or along its longest side:
The boat is ten metres in length.
The length of the bay is approximately 200 miles.
She planted rose bushes (along) the length of the garden (= the whole distance along it).
2) [C] a piece of sth. such as string or pipe:
a length of rope
3) [C] the amount of time sth. takes:
the length of a film/speech/play
He is unable to concentrate on his work for any length of time (= for anything more than a short time).
keep sb. at arm's length
to not allow someone to become too friendly with you:
I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length.
at length
1) for a long time:
George went on at great length about his various illnesses.
2) FORMAL If sth. happens at length, it happens after a long period of time:
At length, the authorities allowed her to go home.
8. He noted that mould had grown on a special transparent jelly that had bacteria on it. (P19) 他注意到，带有细菌的一种特殊的，透明的果子冻上长起了霉。
note
v. [T] SLIGHTLY FORMAL 1) to notice sth.:
They noted the consumers' growing demand for quicker service.
[+ (that)] Please note (that) we will be closed on Saturday.
[+ question word] Note how easy it is to release the catch quickly.
2) to give your attention to something by discussing it or making a written record of it:
[+ that] He said the weather was beyond our control, noting that last summer was one of the hottest on record.
In the article, she notes several cases of medical incompetence.
n. [U] FORMAL
importance, or when sth. deserves attention:
There was nothing of note in the latest report.
noted
adj. known by many people, especially because of particular qualities:
Summerhill school is noted for its progressive policies.
She's not noted for her patience (= She is not a patient person).
9. It was not until World War II that two other scientists managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it. (P19)直到二战另外两个科学家才设法使用新的化学方法来净化它。
It was not until that… 这是一个not… until…结构的强调句型。
强调句型的结构为：It is/was +被强调部分+that…
高考链接
1. It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. (2006全国II)
A. when B. that C. where D. before
2. It was after he got what he had desired _______ he realized it was not so important. (2006辽宁)
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案：1-2 B A
10. He named the chemical found in the mould penicillin and tried to make it pure to be a medicine, but was unable to do that. (P19) 他把霉里的化学物质命名为青霉素并尽力提纯该物质以便制药，但没能做成。
name
v. [T] 1) to give someone or sth. a name:
[+ two objects] We named our dogs 'Shandy' and 'Belle'.
A man named Dennis answered the door.
2) to say what sth. or someone's name is:
In the first question you had to name three types of monkey.
He couldn't name his attacker.
n. [C] the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by:
"Hi, what's your name " "My name's Diane."
Please write your full (= complete) name and address on the form.
What's the name of that mountain in the distance
We finally agreed on the name Luca for our son.
The students were listed by name and by country of origin.
pure
adj. not mixed with anything else:
a pure cotton shirt
NOTE: The opposite is impure.
purify
v. [T] to remove bad substances from sth. to make it pure:
Plants help to purify the air.
One of the functions of the kidneys is to purify the blood.
unable
adj. be unable to do sth. to not be able to do sth.:
We were unable to contact him at the time.
11. They were able to produce it in large quantities. (P19) 他们能够大量地生产它。
able
adj. be able to do sth. to have the necessary physical strength, mental power, skill, time, money or opportunity to do sth.:
Will she be able to cope with the work
He's never been able to admit to his mistakes.
I'm sorry that I wasn't able to phone you yesterday.
It's so wonderful being able to see the sea from my window.
ability (POWER)
n. [C or U]
the physical or mental power or skill needed to do sth.:
There's no doubting her ability.
[+ to infinitive] She had the ability to explain things clearly and concisely.
She's a woman of considerable abilities.
For reference
1. be able to 不可以和can/could连用，可以和may/might连用；
2. could表示过去存在的状态，而was/were able to表示过去发生的动作。
For example:
He could swim at 10 and once he was able to swim across the river.
quantity
n. [C or U] the amount or number of sth., especially that can be measured or is fixed:
Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession.
We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night.
The (sheer) quantity (= large amount) of equipment needed for the trip is staggering.
They are now developing ways to produce the vaccine in large quantities and cheaply.
For reference
表示“许多”的词或短语如下：
(1) 修饰可数名词的：many, a great/good many, quite a few, a large/great number of/numbers of, many a
(2) 修饰不可数名词的：much, a great deal of, a large amount of/large amounts of
(3) 既可以修饰可数又可以修饰不可数名词的：a lot of/lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of/large quantities of, a mass of, masses of
高考链接
We always keep _______ spare paper, in case we ran out. (2006浙江)
A. too much B. a number C. plenty of D. a good many
答案：C
12. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds. (P19) 如果没有青霉素，很多人会死于由细菌引起的疾病。
available
adj. able to be obtained, used, or reached:
Is this dress available in a larger size
There's no money available for an office party this year.
It is vital that food is made available to the famine areas.
[+ to infinitive] I'm afraid I'm not available to help with the show on the 19th.
die
v. [I] (dying, died, died) to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly:
Twelve people died in the accident.
She died of/from hunger/cancer/a heart attack/her injuries.
It is a brave person who will die for their beliefs.
die相关短语:
die from： 死于（外因） die of： 死于（疾病，饥饿，严寒等内因）
die away： （声音等的）消逝 die down： （火势，怒气等的）平息
die out： （风俗习惯，物种等的）灭绝，消失 die off： 相继死去直至死光
die for：为…而死；渴望得到…
For example:
The sound of his footsteps gradually died away.
It was several minutes before the applause died down.
Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.
It's a custom which is beginning to die out.
His parents died off within a year.
I am dying for/to have a drink.
13. Penicillin is also used to treat other illnesses including pneumonia, an illness that affects the lungs. (P19) 青霉素也用于治疗其他的疾病,其中包括肺炎,这是一种侵袭肺部的疾病.
affect
v. [T] to have an influence on someone or sth., or to cause them to change:
Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.
The divorce affected every aspect of her life.
It's a disease which affects mainly older people.
I was deeply affected by the film (= It caused strong feelings in me).
14. In 1945, all the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work, and penicillin rapidly became the powerful ‘wonder drug’ which saved millions of lives. (P19) 由于弗莱明, 弗洛里和钱恩的贡献, 1945年他们共同获得诺贝尔奖的生理学或医药学奖, 而青霉素因挽救了数百万人的生命, 很快成为一种强大的“神奇药品”。
share
v. 1) [I or T] to have or use sth. at the same time as someone else:
She's very possessive about her toys and finds it hard to share.
Bill and I shared an office for years.
I share a house with four other people.
2) [I or T] to divide food, money, goods, etc. and give part of it to someone else:
Will you share your sandwich with me
Let's share the sweets (out) among/between everyone.
We should share (in) the reward.
3) [I or T] If two or more people share an activity, they each do some of it:
Shall we share the driving
We shared the preparation for the party between us, so it wasn't too much work.
4) [I or T] If two or more people or things share a feeling, quality or experience, they both or all have the same feeling, quality or experience:
We share an interest in sailing.
All hospitals share some common characteristics.
I don't share your views/beliefs.
wonder
v. 1) [I] to ask yourself questions or express a desire to know about sth.:
[+ question word] Hadn't you better phone home Your parents will be wondering where you are.
He's starting to wonder whether he did the right thing in accepting this job.
[+ speech] Will this turkey be big enough for eight, I wonder
"Have you decided where you're going next summer " "I've been wondering about (= considering) going to Florida."
2) used in phrases, at the beginning of a request, to make it more formal and polite:
[+ speech] I wonder - could you help me carry these books
[+ question word] I wonder whether you could pass me the butter
I wonder if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area
n. 1) [U] a feeling of great surprise and admiration caused by seeing or experiencing sth. that is strange and new:
The sight of the Grand Canyon stretching out before them filled them with wonder.
The boys gazed in wonder at the shiny red Ferrari.
2) [C usually plural] an object that causes a feeling of great surprise and admiration:
We spent a week visiting the wonders of Ancient Greek civilization.
wonder drug
n. [C] INFORMAL: a very effective new medicine:
It has proved to be a wonder drug for sufferers of epilepsy, reducing seizures by up to 80%.
million
determiner, n., pron. (plural million or millions)
1) [C] (the number) 1 000 000:
She got eight million dollars for appearing in that film.
2) [C] a lot (of):
I've heard that joke a million times.
For reference
dozens of: 一打一打的
scores of: 许多
hundreds of: 数以百万计的
thousands of: 数以千计的
millions of: 数以百万计的
NOTE: 这些词前面加数词后面不能加-s,如: two dozen等.
15. It has saved and brought relief to millions of people’s lives. (P21) 它拯救了许多人的性命,减轻了许多人的痛苦.
relief
n. [C or U] food, money or services which provide help for people in need:
an international relief operation
relief agencies/supplies
Acupuncture anaesthesia brought relief to the patient.
Pop stars have raised millions of pounds for famine relief in Africa.
relieve
v. [T] 1) to provide relief for a bad situation or for people in need:
emergency food aid to help relieve the famine
2) to take the place of someone and continue doing their job or duties:
I'm on duty until 2 p.m. and then Peter is coming to relieve me.
16. It was fundamental to saving many thousands of lives and is one of the most important medicines of contemporary society. (P21)它对于拯救许多人的性命是很重要的,并且它是当代社会最重要的药物之一.
fundamental
adj. forming the base, from which everything else originates; more important than anything else:
We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment.
It's one of the fundamental differences between men and women.
The school is based on the fundamental principle that each child should develop its full potential.
Diversity is of fundamental importance to all ecosystems and all economies.
Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
fundamentally
adv.
Our new managing director has reorganized the company a bit, but nothing has fundamentally changed/altered (= its basic character has not changed).
I still believe that people are fundamentally (= in a basic and important way) good.
I disagree fundamentally (= in every way that is important) with what you're saying.
Grammar and usage
1. put through
1) put sb. through (TELEPHONE)
phrasal verb: to connect a person using a telephone to the person they want to speak to:
Could you put me through to customer services, please
2) put sb. through sth. (BAD EXPERIENCE)
phrasal verb: to make someone experience sth. unpleasant or difficult:
I'm sorry to put you through this ordeal.
3) put sb. through sth. (EDUCATION)
phrasal verb: to pay for someone to study at school, college or university:
It's costing them a lot of money to put their children through school.
[R] She's putting herself through college.
2. decide on
decide on sth./sb.
phrasal verb: to choose sth. or someone after careful thought:
I've decided on blue for the bathroom.
3. look around/round:
look round (somewhere/sth.)
phrasal verb: to visit a place and look at the things in it:
She spent the afternoon looking round the shops.
When we went to Stratford, we only had a couple of hours to look round.
4. put off
put sth. off (DELAY)
phrasal verb: to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date:
The meeting has been put off for a week.
[+ ing form of verb] I can't put off going to the dentist any longer.
5. turn up
1) turn up (somewhere) (APPEAR)
phrasal verb INFORMAL: to arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in way that was not planned:
Do you think many people will turn up
She turned up at my house late one night.
2) turn up
phrasal verb: If sth. that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly:
The missing letter eventually turned up inside a book
3) turn sth up (FOLD)
phrasal verb [M]: to make a piece of clothing or part of a piece of clothing shorter, by folding the material and sewing it into position:
You could always turn the sleeves up.
4) turn sth. up (DISCOVER)
phrasal verb INFORMAL: to discover sth., especially information, after a lot of searching:
See what you can turn up about the family in the files.
6. fill in:
1) fill sth. in/out (WRITE)
phrasal verb: to write the necessary information on an official document:
to fill in a form/questionnaire
2) fill in (REPLACE)
phrasal verb: to do someone else's work for them because they cannot or will not do it themselves:
Volunteers would fill in for teachers in the event of a strike.
I'm not her regular secretary - I'm just filling in..
7. split up
split (DIVIDE) (splitting, split, split)
v. [I or T] to (cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line:
The prize was split between Susan and Kate.
Split the aubergines in half and cover with breadcrumbs.
The teacher split the children (up) into three groups.
split up
phrasal verb INFORMAL: If two people split up, they end their relationship or marriage:
She split up with her boyfriend last week.
8. Could I speak to the public relations officer (P25)
这是一句交际用语，多用于打电话。
高考链接
---can I speak to Mr Wang, please
---_______(2005全国)
A. Who are you B. I’m Wang. C. Speaking. D. Are you John
答案：C
9. Maybe I can deal with your enquiry. 也许我可以应对你的询问。
enquiry
n. [C or U] UK (US ALSO inquiry)
1) (the process of asking) a question:
I've been making inquiries about/into the cost of a round-the-world ticket.
FORMAL Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything.
2) [C] an official process to discover the facts about sth. bad that has happened:
a judicial inquiry
Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government's handling of the epidemic.
10. handful
n. [S] a small number of people or things:
She invited loads of friends to her party, but only a handful of them turned up.
n. [C]
an amount of something that can be held in one hand:
He pulled out a handful of coins from his pocket.
11. She can take down your details. (P25) 她可以把你的细节情况记录下来。
take down
1) to write sth. that another person has just said:
He took down my address and phone number and said he'd phone back.
NOTE: 同义词组为 write down/put down
2) (REMOVE) phrasal verb: to remove sth. that is on a wall or sth. that is temporary, or to remove a structure by separating its different parts:
I've taken the pictures down.
detail
n. [C] a single piece of information or fact about sth.:
She insisted on telling me every single detail of what they did to her in hospital.
We don't know the full/precise details of the story yet.
She refused to disclose/divulge any details about/of the plan.
in detail
including or considering all the information about sth. or every part of sth.:
We haven't discussed the matter in detail yet.
The book described her sufferings in graphic detail.
He talked in great detail about the curtains he's chosen for his lounge.
go into detail
to tell or include all the facts about sth.:
I won't go into detail over the phone, but I've been having a few health problems recently.
12. My pleasure. (P25) 不用谢。
It's a pleasure. ALSO ( It's) my pleasure.
a polite way of replying to someone who has thanked you:
"It was so kind of you to give us a lift." "Don't mention it - it was a pleasure.
with pleasure FORMAL
willingly:
"Would you mind holding the door open for me, please " "Oh, with pleasure."
Task
1. If you are listening to a TV report about a current situation,… (P26) 如果你在听一个关于当前形势的报告的话，……
current
adj. of the present time:
Have you seen the current issue of (= the most recently published) Vogue magazine
The word 'thou' (= you) is no longer in current use.
currently
adv.
The Director is currently having talks in the USA.
current affairs
plural noun: political news about events happening now.
2. We teach students to hold a book at least 30 cm away from their eyes while reading. (P27) 我们教育学生在读书的时候拿书离他们的眼睛至少有30厘米的距离。
hold
v. [T not continuous] (held, held)
1) to contain or be able to contain sth.:
This jug holds exactly one pint.
One bag won't hold all of the shopping - we'd better take two.
Modern computers can hold huge amounts of information.
2) to take and keep sth. in your hand or arms:
Can you hold the bag while I open the door
He was holding a gun.
The little girl held her mother's hand.
He held her in his arms.
[+ object + adjective] Could you hold the door open, please
Rosie held out an apple for the horse.
All those who agree please hold up their hand (= raise their arm)
高考链接.
We want to rent a bus which can _______ 40 people for our trip to Beijing. (2006全国II)
A. load B. hold C. fill D. support
答案：B
3. We have adjusted all the lighting arrangements in the classrooms so that each room is well lit. (P27)
adjust (CHANGE)
v. [T] 1) to change sth. slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable:
If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you.
As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of slower children.
2) to arrange your clothing to make yourself look tidy:
She adjusted her skirt, took a deep breath and walked into the room.
adjustable
adj. able to be changed to suit particular needs:
The height of the steering wheel is adjustable.
Is the strap on this helmet adjustable
adjustment
n. [C or U] a small change:
She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera.
so (that)
conj., adv.：used before you give an explanation for the action that you have just mentioned:
[+ (that)] I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight.
Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me.
高考链接
I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea. (2005北京)
A. as soon as B. as a result C. in case D. so that
答案：D
4. A book stand has been provided next to the computer monitor. (P27) 在电脑屏幕的旁边提供了一个阅览架。
stand
n. [C] 1) a frame or piece of furniture for supporting or putting things on:
a music stand
a hatstand
2) a small shop or stall ( http: / / dictionary.cambridge.org / results.asp searchword=stall ) or an area where products can be shown, usually outside or in a large public building, at which people can buy things or obtain information:
a hotdog stand
Over three thousand companies will have stands at this year's microelectronics exhibition.
monitor
n. [C] 1) a device with a screen on which words or pictures can be shown:
a computer monitor
a TV monitor
Doctors watched the old man's heartbeat on a monitor.
2) a person who has the job of watching or noticing particular things:
United Nations monitors were not allowed to enter the area.
v. [T] to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover sth.about it:
The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls.
5. Teachers have been trained to look out for students who may be having eyesight problems. (P27) 老师们已经被训练来留意可能有视力问题的学生。
look out for sb./sth.
phrasal verb: to try to notice someone or sth.:
Look out for Anna while you're there.
6. reminding students to do eye exercises both at school and at home (P27)
remind
v. [T] to make someone aware of sth. they have forgotten or might have forgotten:
Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday
[+ to infinitive] Please remind me to post this letter.
[+ (that)] I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled.
remind you of sth./sb.
phrasal verb: to be similar to, and make you think of, sth. or someone else:
Your hair and eyes remind me of your mother.
reminder
n. [C] a written or spoken message which reminds someone to do sth.:
If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a reminder.
[+ to infinitive] Mum sent me off with a final reminder to be back before 11 pm.
7. in a certain way (P28)
certain
adj. 1) having no doubt or knowing exactly that sth. is true, or known to be true, correct, exact or effective:
[+ (that)] Are you absolutely certain (that) you gave them the right number
I feel certain (that) you're doing the right thing.
You should make certain (that) everyone understands the instructions.
The police seem certain (that) they will find the people responsible for the attack.
[+ question word] I'm not certain how much it will cost.
He was quite certain about/of his attacker's identity.
One thing is certain - she won't resign willingly.
2) know/say for certain: to know or state sth. without doubt:
I don't know for certain if she's coming.
I can't say for certain how long I'll be there.
3) adj. [before noun] FORMAL: named but neither famous nor known well:
I had lunch today with a certain George Michael - not the George Michael, I should explain.
certainly
adv.1) used to reply emphatically or to emphasize sth. and show that there is no doubt about it:
She certainly had a friend called Mark, but I don't know whether he was her boyfriend.
"This is rather a difficult question." "Yes, it's certainly not easy."
"Do you think more money should be given to education " "Certainly!"
"Had you forgotten about our anniversary " "Certainly not! I've reserved a table at Michel's restaurant for this evening."
2) used when agreeing or disagreeing strongly to a request:
"Could you lend me 10 " "Certainly."
"Did you take any money out of my purse " "Certainly not!"
make certain/sure
to take action so that you are certain that sth. happens, is true, etc:
I'll just make sure I've turned the oven off.
Make certain (that) we have enough drink for the party.
Make sure you're home by midnight.
Jones made sure of his place in the side with three fine goals.
I think I locked the door but I'll go back and check just to make sure.
NOTE: some student=a certain student 某个学生
some students 一些学生 certain students 某些学生
8. agree (P28)
v. 1) [I or T] to have the same opinion, or to accept a suggestion or idea:
Ann and I never seem to agree.
I agree with you on this issue.
My father and I don't agree about/on very much.
[+ that] I agree that he should be invited.
[+ question word] Experts seem unable to agree whether the drug is safe or not.
[+ speech] "You're absolutely right, " agreed Jake.
I suggested that we should meet, and they agreed (= said yes).
[+ to infinitive] The bank has agreed (= is willing) to lend me 5000.
2) [I] If two or more statements, ideas, sets of numbers, etc. agree, they are the same or very similar:
We've got five accounts of what happened and none of them agree.
agree to sth.
phrasal verb:
Both sides in the conflict have agreed to the terms of the peace treaty.
agree with sth.(THINK)
phrasal verb [usually in negatives]: to think that sth. is morally acceptable:
I don't agree with hunting.
agree with sb. (AFFECT)
phrasal verb: If a situation or new conditions agree with you, they make you feel healthy and happy:
You look well - the mountain air must agree with you.
couldn't agree more/less
If you say you couldn't agree more/less, you mean you completely agree/disagree.
Project
1. Eventually, metal needles began to appear and these took their place. (P30) 最后，金属针的出现取代了它们。
eventually
adv. in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc:
Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a shock when she eventually died.
It might take him ages but he'll do it eventually.
eventual
adj. [before n.] happening or existing at a later time or at the end, especially after a lot of effort, problems, etc:
The Dukes were the eventual winners of the competition.
Although the original budget for the project was $1 billion, the eventual cost is likely to be 50% higher.
NOTE: eventually的同义词/词组为：at last, finally, in the end, at length等.
take one’s place=take the place of sb./sth.
When he was away on business, Tom took his place/took the place of him.
take place
to happen:
The concert takes place next Thursday
2. Acupuncture involves putting stainless steel needles into the skin at certain points on the body so that a disease can be cured or a health problem solved. (P30) 针灸疗法是把不锈钢针扎进身体的特定部位，从而使疾病得以治愈或使健康问题得到解决。
involve
v. [T not continuous]
to include someone or sth. in sth., or to make them take part in or feel part of it:
The second accident involved two cars and a lorry.
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.
[+ ing form of verb] The operation involves putting a small tube into your heart.
Research involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive purposes.
She's been involved with animal rights for many years.
It would be difficult not to involve the child's father in the arrangements.
involvement
n. [C or U]
The team's continued involvement in the competition is uncertain.
Being on the committee is one involvement I could do without.
3. Some people have also used acupuncture to treat addictions to cigarettes. (P31) 有些人也用针灸来治疗烟瘾。
addiction
n. [C or U]
drug addiction
his addiction to alcohol
addicted
adj.
By the age of 14 he was addicted to heroin.
I'm addicted to (= I very often eat/drink) chocolate/lattes.
I know that if I start watching a soap opera I immediately become hopelessly addicted.
addictive
adj. 1) An addictive drug is one which you cannot stop taking once you have started:
Tobacco is highly addictive.
2) describes an activity or food that you cannot stop doing or eating once you have started:
The problem with video games is that they're addictive.
These nuts are addictive - I can't stop eating them.
4. Another theory suggests that acupuncture promotes the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain. (P31) 另一个理论提出针灸促进了身体里减少疼痛的化学物质的产生。
suggest
v. [T] 1) to mention an idea, possible plan or action for other people to consider:
They were wondering where to hold the office party and I suggested the Italian restaurant near the station.
FORMAL Might I suggest a white wine with your salmon, sir
[+ (that)] I suggest (that) we wait a while before we make any firm decisions.
Liz suggested (that) I try the shop on Mill Road.
[+ ing form of verb] I suggested putting the matter to the committee.
[+ question word] Can you suggest where I might find a chemist's
2) to communicate or show an idea or feeling without stating it directly or giving proof:
[+ (that)] There's no absolute proof, but all the evidence suggests (that) he's guilty.
Are you suggesting (that) I look fat in these trousers
Something about his manner suggested a lack of interest in what we were doing.
suggestion
n. [C or U]
I don't know what to wear tonight - have you got any suggestions
She made some very helpful suggestions but her boss rejected them all.
[+ that] They didn't like my suggestion that we should all share the cost.
I have a few favourite restaurants that I tend to go back to, but I'm always open to new suggestions (= willing to try new ones that people suggest).
I went to the Park Street dentist's at Ann's suggestion (= as a result of Ann suggesting it) and I was really impressed.
高考链接
When Ed first phoned and ____ we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory.（2003全国）
A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested
答案及解析：解该题需从两个方面入手。首先，从上文的phoned可知，Ed要约我，故选suggested(建议)。从另一个角度看，四个选项都为过去式，而后面的宾语从句为we play这种虚拟句式。我们知道，只有表"建议"、"命令"、"要求"等意义的动词后面才能跟(should) do的虚拟句式，故选D。
promote
v. [T] 1) to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank:
If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs.
She's just been promoted to senior sales rep.
If Coventry City win this match, they'll be promoted to the Premier League.
2) to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of sth.:
Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.
The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the Arab world.
Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today.
It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health.
promotion
n. 1) [C or U] activities to advertise sth.:
a sales promotion
There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine.
Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product.
2) [U] when sth. is encouraged to happen or develop:
the promotion of a healthy lifestyle
3) when someone is raised to a higher or more important position or rank:
Did Steve get/Was Steve given the promotion he wanted
The job offers excellent promotion prospects.
Fiorentina's win against Palermo last night has considerably increased their chances of promotion this season.Welcome to the Unit
Step 1: Brainstorming
Medicines are important to all of us. Can you name any jobs that relate to medicine Please guess what the jobs are according to the descriptions or definitions of different jobs related to medicine.
1. a person who prepares and sells medicine (a chemist)
2. a person who examines people’s eyes to see if they need to wear glasses (an eye doctor or an optician)
3. a person who takes care of people’s teeth (a dentist)
4. a person who has general skill to treat physical problems (a physician)
5. a person who performs medical operations (a surgeon)
Step 2: Sharing information
Look at the following pictures and answer some questions.
Picture 1
Who is the man in white (A chemist.)
What does a chemist do (A chemist’s job usually involves preparing and selling medicines. A chemist works in a chemist’s shop.)
What qualities does a person need in order to be a chemist (A chemist should have studied medicine, and be careful, practical and interested in chemistry. He or she needs to be patient as well, as a chemist needs to communicate with or introduce medicines to patients.)
Picture 2
What happens to the person (The person is receiving an acupuncture treatment on an ear. Traditional acupuncture always requires doctors to insert such needles into various body areas.)
Do you know the origin of acupuncture (Acupuncture has its origin in China beginning before 1000 BC.)
What can acupuncture do (Acupuncture can help relieve body pains. Some people believe that acupuncture can help with things such as weight loss and quitting smoking.)
Have you ever had such an experience
Picture 3
What are the doctors and nurses busy doing (They are performing an operation.)
What do you call the doctors who perform an operation on patients (Surgeons.)
What happens during an operation (During the process of an operation, the surgeons cut open a part of a person’s body and remove or repair a damaged part.)
Picture 4
What is the girl doing (She is having her eyesight examined to detect short sightedness.)
What do you call the man testing the girl’s eyes (An eye doctor.)
Do you have good eyesight
How can you protect your eyes
Step 3: Discussion
1. Have you ever seen a doctor If so, what happened
2. Have you ever received medical treatment What did it feel like
3. Would you like to do any of the jobs shown in the pictures Why or why not
Step 4: Homework
1. Search for information on the Internet or in reference books to get some knowledge about the relationship between medicine and life.
2. Prepare the Reading part.
Reading Two life-saving medicines
Step 1: Lead-in
Have you ever taken medicines What medicines have you ever taken And what do you know about them
Please talk about your own experiences with medicines.
Step 2: Fast reading for general ideas
Go through the passage as quickly as possible and try to find answers to the three questions in part A on Page 18. Pay attention to the title so that you can identify the most important information as soon as possible.
Answers
A 1. Aspirin and penicillin.
2. In 1900.
3. The Nobel Prize.
Step 3: Detailed reading for important information
1. Read the passage a second time and complete Part C1 and Part C2.
Answers
C1 1. About 2,500 years ago.
2. In 1897.
3. It can also help reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood, prevent a stroke, reduce the risk of colon cancer, increase the length of people’s lives and help with diabetes.
4. In the mould that killed bacteria.
5. It can be used to treat bacterial illnesses and other illnesses including pneumonia.
6. Because Fleming discovered penicillin and the others turned it into the great drug which saved millions of lives.
AnswersC2 proved to be a blood-thinning medicine
2. Read the article again and fill in the form below so that you can understand the use of the two medicines introduced in the article.
Effects of aspirin reduce feverhelp stop body painsreduce the risk of heart attacksprevent a strokereduce the risk of colon cancerincrease the length of people’s lives● help with diabetes
Effects of penicillin help in treating wounds and infectionstreat other illnesses including pneumonia
3. Pay attention to the medical terms in the reading passage. Underline the words and put them in correct categories.
Words coming from the same stem medicine, medical, medicinal; pure, purify; chemical, chemist; bacterium, bacterial
Words that are compound words painkiller; blood-thinning; heart attack; acetylsalicylic
Words with irregular plural forms bacteria, bacterium
Step 4: Practice:
1. Complete Part D. You may refer to the reading passage on pages 18 and 19 for some help.
Answers
D 1c 2e 3g 4i 5a 6h 7f 8d 9b
2. Part E is about two entries in a children’s encyclopedia, one about aspirin and the other about penicillin. Please finish it.
Answers
E (1) invented (2) ASA (3) tablet (4) recommended
(5) published (6) discovered (7) available (8) contemporary
Step 5: Post-reading activities
1. You will be divided into groups of four to introduce the development of aspirin and penicillin to other group members with the help of the timeline in Part C2.
2. Search for more information about the scientists who have invented aspirin and penicillin. Give a brief introduction of the scientists.
3. Read the instructions for Part F and discuss the questions listed.
Step 6: Language points:
Vocabulary Words historian, recipe, physician, bark, acid, chemist, trial, tablet, milligram, standardize, painkiller, author, thin, length, contemporary, Scottish, note, transparent, application, name, unable, chemical, purify, quantity, mass, widespread, lung, powerful, wonder, relief, potential, fundamental
Useful expressions open up, heart attack, in large quantities, millions of, figure out, be made from, have a influence on
Sentence patterns …it was not until World War II that……it was over a decade before…
Step 7: Homework
Part A on page 114 and Part B on page 115 of the Workbook.
Resources
Stroke
Stroke is a very common disease for middle-aged and older people. A blood vessel to the brain is blocked or ruptured and so patients feel a sudden loss of brain function when they have strokes. The disease causes a lot of damage to the body, and in some cases, even death.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease where sugar levels in the blood are too high. People with diabetes are unable to produce insulin, which is the chemical that the body produces to control the amount of sugar in the blood. Symptoms of diabetes include frequent hunger, thirst and fatigue.
Word power
Step 1: Brainstorming
1. Search the Internet or turn to reference books for information about common diseases. Focus on the names of diseases.
2. Report your findings to the class. Try to find words related to the symptoms of the diseases as well.
Step 2: Vocabulary learning
1. Read the entry about diseases. Find out and underline the diseases mentioned in the text.
2. Read the entry again and try to fill in the chart.
Diseases Symptoms Ways to prevent Causes
measles give you spots get injections to prevent
chickenpox give you spots get injections to prevent
influenza get a high fever and pains in body get a flu injection (vaccination)
cancer something goes wrong with the replacement of cells
diabetes the system that controls the blood sugar level goes wrong
heart disease heart attacks and strokes being overweight, eating fatty food and not taking enough exercises
malaria be ill with a high fever being bitten by infected mosquitoes when travelling
cholera travelling
yellow fever travelling
typhoid travelling
Step 3: Vocabulary extension
1. As we all know, there are different ways we use medicines. Can you match the words with the following pictures
tablets/pills C.
capsules E.
liquid medicines F.
injections B.
sprays D.
creams G.
powders A.
Answers
tablets/pills capsules liquid medicines injections
sprays creams powders
2. Complete Part C. You may refer to Parts A and B for reference.
Answers
C 1. measles; chickenpox 2. Influenza/Flu 3. Cancer 4. Diabetes
5. heart diseases; heart attack; stroke
6. malaria; cholera; yellow fever; typhoid
7. tablets; pills; capsules; liquid medicine; powders; injections; creams; sprays
3. Complete Part D. You may consult with each other or check your dictionary.
Answers
D 1a 2d 3f 4b 5c 6e 7h 8g
4. Reading:
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of 5000 thousand years. It is a summary of the experience of the laboring people over many centuries of struggle against disease. For thousands of years it has played an important part in curing disease and protecting the health of the Chinese people, thus contributing greatly to the growth and prosperity of China, as well as to the world-wide medical knowledge.
Traditional Chinese medicine is based on its own theories and contains a unique system in itself. It holds that man and his natural environment form an organic whole; many diseases are linked with the environment. It also holds that the various parts of the human body form an organic whole. When one is ill, the whole body is affected, so that treatment should emphasize the physical condition of the individual as a whole. It is still today widely used by the Chinese people and the whole world people in treating diseases. It is an integral part of world civilization and a common benefit for all mankind.
Since the founding of New China, Chinese Government have attached great importance to traditional Chinese medicine and laid down a series of principles, policies and measures, aiming to develop traditional Chinese medicine, integrate it with Western medicine and modernize the traditional Chinese medicine. It has progressed greatly over the past thirty years and more. Quite a number of Chinese medical workers have carried out studies on traditional Chinese medicine with modern scientific knowledge and methods. They have also used combined Chinese and western medical means in the treatment of a number of difficult and complicated cases, which have all shown satisfactory results. At the same time many researchers have studied the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine such as yin and yang, theory of zang-fu, channels and collaterals, Qi and blood, the four diagnostic methods, the principles of qigong etc, with experimental research methods resulting in considerable progress.
In recent years, more and more people are interested in traditional Chinese medicine. They would like to accept its treatment. They are interested in learning its knowledge and technique to treat patients and studying why it works. Traditional Chinese medicine as a subject has been added into teaching plan in different famous medical colleges. Traditional Chinese medicine clinics and schools are everywhere in the world and increased continuously every year. With the present development of traditional Chinese medicine, its integration with modern science and technology will surely enhance its contribution to human health.
Step 4: Homework:
Complete the related exercises in Workbook.
Resources
Measles
Measles occurs primarily in children. It is a disease caused by a viral infection. When infected, children may have red spots on the skin and may have a fever. More often, they may be sensitive to light and have reddish eyes.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox is a common disease among children. The signs of a chickenpox infection often start with cold-like symptoms, sometimes accompanied by a fever and a stomach ache. In addition to the itchy, red spots, other symptoms include a runny nose and a bad cough. The spots can cause the infected child much discomfort and normally become visible on the chest and stomach first.
Cholera
Cholera is a seriously infectious disease caused by drinking water. It may break out after flooding. Patients usually have diarrhoea, vomit and even die. It is reported that this disease is more frequently found in poor areas, mostly because people do not have access to clean drinking water.
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease mainly spread by mosquitoes. Patients usually have jaundice, muscle pain, high fever or bleeding. It is reported that this disease is frequently found in Africa and Latin America.
Typhoid
Typhoid is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. It is transmitted by food or water and very common in some parts of the world. After infection, patients usually have a high fever and rose-coloured spots on the skin. Now people may have a vaccination to prevent this disease.
Grammar and usage
Step 1: General introduction
The grammar item in this unit focuses on phrasal verbs. You will learn that a phrasal verb is made up of a verb plus an adverb or a preposition. You will also learn some rules to use phrasal verbs. You are expected to apply what you have learnt to practical use by finishing a conversation and a word game.
Step 2: Explanation:
1. Look at the following pare them and tell the part of speech of each underlined word.
He looked around and saw nothing.
She is looking after the old lady carefully.
In the two sentences, around is an adverb while after is a preposition.
She was so ill that it seemed unlikely that she would pull through.
He has gone through a difficult time recently.
Here the first through is an adverb while the second through is a preposition. So we know an adverb or a preposition is used to make up a phrasal verb.
2. Read the instructions and examples on the top of page 24. Point out the phrasal verb in each sentence. You will be divided into groups of four and find as many phrasal verbs in the reading passage as possible. Read the sentences you have found and make sure you know how these phrasal verbs are used.
1) This article will focus on….
2) If you open up any medicine…
3) … drinking a tea made from…
4) … other things that aspirin can help with.
5) …a study carried out in the USA.
6) Fleming tried this mould out…
7) Fleming did not give up.
8) Many people would have died from….
9) … before someone else turned penicillin into…
3. Read Part 1 on page 24. You should know that the adverb can go before or after the object in a phrasal verb. For example:
Please look the word up in the dictionary.
Please look up the word in the dictionary.
They put on their safely helmets before starting to work.
They put their safety helmets on before starting to work.
4. Read Part 2, Part 3 and the example sentences. You should know a phrasal verb does not always have an object. The object always comes after the preposition in a phrasal verb with a preposition. Compare the following sentences.
The special train pulled in at 9 a. m.
Prices of vegetables have gone up recently.
I called you several times last night, but I couldn’t get through.
If you act like this, you will get into trouble.
The policemen are looking into a case.
The rubbish gave off a terrible smell.
5. Look at Part 4. Sometimes we can add a preposition after the adverb in a phrasal verb. For example:
I can’t put up with him any longer.
I am looking forward to hearing from her.
She often looks back upon her bitter life in the old society.
6. Look at Part 6. Try to understand the meaning of the phrasal verb ‘make out’. Many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning. Do you know the meanings of the phrasal verbs in the following sentences
1) His accent gives him away as a southerner.
2) He gave away most of his money to charity.
3) They gave away their last chance of winning the match.
4) The mayor gave away the prizes at the school sports day.
5) She took me in completely with her story.
6) He was homeless, so we took him in.
7) Fish take in oxygen through their gills.
8) I hope you’re taking in what I’m saying.
9) S he pays the bills by taking in washing.
Answers（1）出卖，泄露秘密 （2）赠送 （3）送掉，放弃 （4）颁发 （5）欺骗（6） 收容 (7) 吸收 （8）理解 （9）在家承接（活计等）
For reference
动词短语：
动词常与其他词类（多是副词和介词）搭配在一起，构成固定词组，称之为动词短语。一般动词短语可以分为以下几类：
1. 不及物动词+介词
这类结构中的动词不能与介词分开, 宾语只能放在介词之后, 常见短语有: agree with 同意……的意见,符合,一致； arrive at/in 到达； begin with 以……开始； come from 来自； feel like想要；fall behind 落在…的后面； fall off 掉下； get to到达； get on 上车。
2. 动词+副词
这类动词若可接宾语, 则宾语放在副词之前, 之后均可, 但如果宾语为人称代词, 则必须放在副词之前. 如果宾语过长, 则应放在副词之后.。常见短语有: eat up 吃光； find out 找出,查明； put away 收拾起来； put off 推迟； look out 当心； come out 出版； go off 走火,熄灭； keep out 使不进入； break up 破裂。
3. 动词+副词+介词
这类结构中, 介词的宾语不能置于介词之前.常见短语有: be fed up with 厌倦； catch up with 赶上； go on with 继续； get on with 与…相处； hold on to 坚持； get down to 认真做。
4. 动词+名词+介词
常见短语有: take care of 照顾，照料； make room for 给…腾地方； make friends with 与…交朋友； play a joke on 戏弄某人； have a look at 看一看； say goodbye to 告辞。
5. be 动词+形容词+介词
常见短语有: be late for 迟到； be angry with 生气； be busy with 忙于； be short for 是…的简称； be interested in 对…感兴趣； be famous for 因…而著名； be good at 擅长； be different from 与…不同； be good/bad for 对…有益/害； be friendly to 对…友好。
6. 动词+反身代词+介词
常见短语有: help oneself to 随便吃； give oneself to 热心于； occupy oneself with 忙于； dress oneself in 穿着； devote oneself to 专心, 致力于, 献身；
throw oneself to 投身于……
高考链接
1. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it ____ shopping and eating.（2006天津）
A. refers to B. speaks of C. focuses on D. comes to
2. The computer system _____ suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.（2006辽宁）
A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in
3. -The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
-Don’t worry. We have already ____ two thirds of it.（2006四川）
A. got down B. got through C. given in D. given away
4. She______ Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely.（2006福建）
A. picked out B. made out C. made up D. picked up
5. With no one to _____in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.（2006陕西）
A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn to
6. It's already 10 o'clock I wonder how it _______ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.（2006湖南）
A. came over B. came out C. came about D. came up
7. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now _____the matter. (2006湖北)
A. getting through B. working out C. looking into D. watching over
8. As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village ______scenes of my childhood.（2006湖北）
A. called up B. called for C. called on D. called in
9. Although the wind has ______, the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat.（2006湖北）
A. turned up B. gone back C. died down D. blown out
Keys: 1-5 DABDD 6-9 BCAC
Step 3: Practice:
1. Do Part A in pairs.
Answers
A (1) looking after (2) call back (3) deal with (4) look around (5) fill in
(6) decide on (7) turn up (8) split up (9) put, off (10) coming up
(11) send, over (12) put, through
2. Finish Part B on page 25.
AnswersBVerbsPhrasal verbsSentencestaketake offThe plane to Beijing will take off at 9.00 in the morning.take upThe decorating of our house took up nearly one month.givegive upMum tried to persuade Dad to give up smoking.give outThe teacher asked Mary to give out the exam papers.looklook upYou’d better look up the word in the dictionary.look forI’ve looked for my key everywhere, but can’t find it.
Step 4: Consolidation:
I. Multiple choice:
1. The world is ______ seven continents and four oceans
A. made up of B. made out of
C. made from D. made in
2. I really don't want to go to the party, but I don't see how I can ______it.
A. get back from B. get out of C. get away D. get off
3. You'd better ___________ some money for special use.
A．pick up B．set aside C．put off D．give away
4. Can you make a sentence to _____the meaning of the phrase
A show off B turn out C bring out D take in
5. You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please _______the books when
you' ve finished with them.
A. put on B. put down C. put back D. put off
6. The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to our studies.
A．get down to B．get out C．get back for D．get over
7. It’s ten years since the scientist _______on his life's work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
8. The forest guards often find campfires that have not been ______ completely.
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
9. He accidentally _____he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn't been home for a
couple of weeks.
A. let out B. took care C. made sure D. made out
10. --- ______ for the glass!
--- It's OK. I'm wearing shoes.
A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Set out
11. Unfortunately, not everyone has realized the important part the balance of nature _____ their daily life.
A. plays in B. playing C. plays of D. to play in
12. The students studied hard. They were _____ for knowledge.
A. worry B. worried C. eager D. curious
13. She devoted herself _____ the problems of the teenagers.
A. in studying B. at studying C. to study D. to studying
II. Translation:
1. 当他年纪大了，他一定会把他的生意移交给他儿子的。
_____________________________________________________________________
2. 即使上学占据了她白天大部分的时间，她也经常帮助她的母亲。
_____________________________________________________________________
3. 一旦做出了决定，我们所有的人都要坚持。
_____________________________________________________________________
4. 我们必须尽可能快地收麦子，因为风暴就要来了。
_____________________________________________________________________
5. 我正在和玛丽谈话，这时候汤姆插话了。
_____________________________________________________________________
6. 这张照片是很久前拍的，我不知道你是否能辨认出我父亲。
_____________________________________________________________________
Keys :
I. 1-5 ABBCC 6-10 ABBAA 11-13 ACD
II.
1. It is certain that he will hand over his business to his son when he gets old.
2. She always helps her mother even though going to school take up most of her day.
3. Once a decision has been made, all of us should stick to it.
4. We have to get in the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.
5. I was just talking to Mary when Tom cut in.
6. This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can pick out my father.
Task Reporting on short-sightedness
Skills building 1: listening for current situations
In this part, you will learn to listen for a current situation, an explanation of the situation, why it exists, as well as how it can be recognized and the problems solved. You are expected to finish a note sheet with the skills learnt in this part.
1. I’d like to ask you some questions:
Do you often watch English news on TV
How much can you understand
What problems do you have in listening to the news about current affairs or situations
Let’s have a discussion about how to improve your listening ability.
2. Read the instructions on page 26. Make sure that you understand how to listen for current situations. You should know that it is important to identify the problem, the explanation, the reasons and the solutions in the report.
Step 1: completing notes
You will listen to a TV programme and take notes to report on the current problem of short-sightedness, which is very common among Chinese teenagers today.
1. Make a survey of short-sightedness in class. You may focus on the following points:
number of students who wear glasses
comparison of the number to the last year’s figure reasons for the problem
solutions to the problem
2. Listen to the tape and finish Part A on page 26.
Tapescript
TV Reporter: Here I am in China, investigating a problem that is common among Chinese teenagers today. I am sure that you have noticed an increasing number of eye doctors in the streets. The reason for this is that the number of Chinese teenagers with short sightedness is increasing. According to the result of a national investigation into students’ health, the short sightedness rate for Chinese primary school students is twenty-two point eight percent. Among junior high school students the number increases to fifty-five point two percent, and by the time students get to senior high school, seventy point three percent of them need to wear glasses. Figures in other cities show this increase. Let’s take Taiyuan in Shanxi Province for example. In two years the number of junior high school students with short-sightedness in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province increased from sixty-one point three to sixty-four point two percent, and for primary school students, the number increased from twenty-one point five to thirty-two percent. These high figures worry both teachers and doctors. But first, what exactly is short-sightedness Short-sightedness is caused when the eye is unable to focus on distant objects. This results in an unclear image. Short-sightedness can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses, or, in some cases, with laser eye surgery. Contact lenses, which rest on the eye, and laser eye surgery, which changes the eye itself, both involve directly touching the eye. Therefore, it is recommended to wait until adulthood to get contact lenses or to have laser eye surgery because by then the eyes are less likely to change. The question is, why do so many children in China suffer from this problem It is a question that I asked Dr Li, an expert on the problem. He said that many schools encouraged students to do a lot of reading as homework, but this is not actually the problem. The problem is that many students read in bed, and very often their rooms are not well-lit. He said there is growing concern, among teachers and doctors, at the number of children who are becoming short-sighted. Teachers and doctors think that parents and students need more information on the problem so that they understand how their eyes can be protected. The problems is that if the short-sightedness is not discovered and dealt with, then the children’s education can suffer because students usually fall behind with their school work when they can’t see things clearly. Besides, being short-sighted also means student are less likely to take part in sports and so their health is affected in some ways. Now let’s talk to another expert on the situation.
Answers
A (1) short-sightedness (2) increasing (3) 22.8 (4) 55.2 (5) 70.3 (6) 21.5
(7) 32 (8) 61.3 (9) 64.2 (10) distant (11) image (12) reading
(13) bed (14) rooms (15) information (16) protected
3. Read the instructions of Part B on page 27. You will be divided into groups of four and finish the notes by putting the measures under the correct school. You may have a competition.
4. Read the instructions in Part B and finish the chart on page 27. You may work in pairs.
AnswersBNo. 1 Secondary SchoolNo. 9 Secondary Schoolf d a h j
5. Listen to the radio announcement in Part C and fill in the missing information in the table.
Tapescript
Announcer: No. 9 Secondary School was recently awarded a prize from the local health authority for the ways in which it is helping to protect students’ eyesight. Teachers have been trained and are looking out for students with eyesight problems. The school has advised students to do eye exercises both at school and at home. He has also introduced adjustable chairs in the library to improve the way that students sit while reading. Less shiny paper has replaced the type of paper the school has been using so that students’ eyes won’t get tired too easily. Besides these changes, the school has also published a booklet to help parents see how they too can help protect their children’s eyesight. This includes advice that televisions should be at least two meters away from where their children are sitting, and that the light in the room should be on and the TV set should be at or below eye level so that children do not have to look upwards. The booklet also lists signs that suggest a child may have a problem with their eyes. They include rubbing eyes, frequent headaches and falling behind with school work. Well done, No. 9 Secondary School!
Answers CNo. 1 Secondary SchoolNo. 9 Secondary Schooli e b j
Skills building 2: interviewing someone
This part aims to help you conduct an interview. You will learn how to structure and organize your interview and questions.
1. Go over the instructions on top of page 28. Make sure you understand what each point is about. Make sentences after examples provided. You may discuss and suggest more ways to give self-introduction and to start to ask the questions.
2. Listen to an interview and pay attention to the language the interviewer and interviewee use. You will notice there are some sentences that have not been covered in this part. Write these sentences on the margin of your book and then use them in your own interview.
Step 2: interviewing a doctor
This part is designed to train your speaking skill. By interviewing a doctor, you will apply what you have learnt in Skills building 2 to find out more ways to protect eyesight.
1. Discuss solutions to protecting eyesight in groups. List as many solutions as possible.
For reference
Do eye exercises twice every day.
Do not read in bed or without good lighting.
Take some eyesight supplements such as Vitamins A, C and E.
Examine your eyesight regularly.
Have your eyes relaxed once an hour when working on computers or watching TV.
Focus your eyes on green trees or grass often for a rest.
2. Go through the sentences structures in the left box and the solutions in the right box on page 28. You should understand each suggestion. Then work in pairs. One acts as the doctor and the other as the reporter. When you finish the interview, you should change roles.
Possible example
Reporter: Good morning, Dr Zhang. My name is Nancy. First, I’d like to thank you for agreeing to this interview.
Doctor: Good morning, Nancy. I am very glad to be here. What would you like to know about
Reporter: According to our recent survey, we found that more students now wear glasses. I am doing this interview to find out some information about protecting eyesight.
Doctor: Yes. It is a big problem among students nowadays. We can not ignore the fact that the number of Chinese teenagers with short-sightedness is increasing rapidly.
Reporter: What can we do to solve the problem
Doctor: I would recommend that students’ eyes be tested every year. This is because we need to identify any problems as early as possible.
Reporter: What else would you recommend
Doctor: Apart from this. I suggest that students tell their parents about any problems they are having with seeing words on the blackboard or in other places. Parents should make sure that children are not rubbing their eyes, squinting, frowning or sitting too close to the television.
Reporter: Could you tell me some specific things that parents can do at home
Doctor: I strongly recommend that parents make sure that their children do not read in bed. It can do great harm to their eyes. Besides these, make sure that there is enough light when children are reading.
Reporter; Thank you for your good suggestions. Goodbye.
Doctor: Goodbye.
Skills building 3: writing a radio script
In this part, you will read about how to write a radio script and how to organize information for a report properly.
1. Read the instructions at the top of page 29. Try to understand what should be included in script.
2. Read the points one by one and make a sentence for each point. In this way, you will know how to write a radio script. For example:
who you are
This is (your own name), who will talk about what our school has decided to do in order to protect our eyesight
the subject
What I’m going to talk about in this programme is about what should be done at home to protect our eyesight.
the opening
Hi, everyone. It is the news time now.
explanation of what the topic is
The topic today is what we can do to protect our eyesight.
background information, including the current situation
We can find that more and more teenagers are wearing or need to wear glasses so that they can see clearly. In our school, the number of students who are short-sighted is also increasing.
reference to other sources
The reporters of our school radio station have interviewed a famous eye doctor in No. 1 People’s Hospital. The doctor has given some advice on how to protect our eyesight. They also have talked with the headmaster of our school to ask what the school will do to solve the problem.
recommendations
The doctor suggests that we should…
The headmaster says that our school will…
closing
Thank you for listening to my report.
Step 3: writing a report for the school radio station
In this part, you are required to write a radio script for a programme on short-sightedness for the school radio station. The script is based on the information you have collected in Steps 1 and 2. You are expected to practice the skills you have learnt in the previous Skills building parts.
1. Read the instructions in Step 3. So you can learn that you are going to write a report about short-sightedness with the information you gathered in Steps 1 and 2. Review the results you have collected and the main points you need to include in writing a script.
2. Work in groups of four to write an outline. You may refer to the structure of the report you organized in Skills building 3.
3. Write a script in small groups. Each member should be responsible for a part of the script.
Possible example
Reporter: Good morning, everyone. This is David at the school radio station. We are investigating a problem—short-sightedness, which is very common among Chinese teenagers today. We have interviewed a doctor in our city about what parents and students can do to protect students’ eyesight. The doctor strongly suggests that every year students’ eyes should be tested to identify any problems and they should not read in bed with poor lighting as well. Apart from this, we’ve also made a survey on the measures that take in No. 1 and No. 9 Secondary Schools. They both have taken steps to protect students’ eyesight such as asking students to look out of the window at regular intervals, changing types of paper and advising them to do eye exercises both at school and at home. I hope our investigation might bring your attention to the problem and be helpful for you. Thank you for listening.
Project Exploring Chinese medicine
This part is designed to help you learn and use English through doing a project together. Part A is about Chinese acupuncture, one of the most famous Chinese medical treatments. You may use the background knowledge in the article and what you have learnt to finish a project about Chinese medicine. You will do research on the topic; discuss the possible benefits or disadvantages of acupuncture in comparison to other medical treatments. You are expected not only to research information but also to choose useful information. You should assign roles to all group members, cooperate by working together and fulfill each part of the assignment to finish the project. And finally you will gain a better understanding of Chinese medicine.
Part A : Reading
1. Read the article about Chinese acupuncture quickly. Scan the text and find which of the following topics is not mentioned:
history, past uses, current uses, acceptance in the West, benefits, disadvantages (disadvantages of Chinese acupuncture)
2. Scan the text and take notes of the development of Chinese acupuncture. The following might help you understand the reading passage better:
The development of Chinese acupuncture
3. Think about the following questions:
1) What medical problems can acupuncture treat
2) How does acupuncture reduce and relieve pain
Answers
(1) Some of the medical problems that can be treated by acupuncture include very bad pain, such as neck and back pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems and blood pressure problems. Some people have also used acupuncture to treat addictions to cigarettes, drugs, alcohol and food (overeating).
(2) Refer to the last paragraph of the article.
Part B
1. You will be divided into groups of four to discuss the eight questions in Part B. Report your findings to the class.
2. Prepare your project and present it to the class. Others may give comments or raise questions.
3. Do Parts B1and B2 on page 111 of the Workbook, so you will be more familiar with some important words and their usages learnt in this section.
Homework:
1. Do the listening exercises in Parts A and B on page 116 of Workbook, and then complete Part C.
2. Do Parts D1 and D2 on page 113 of the Workbook.
3. Read Part A first and then do Part B on page 117 of Workbook.
about 2,000 acupuncture points
365 acupuncture points
Put needles into the skin at certain points on the body
make holes on swollen areas of the body
metal needles
stone or pottery needles
sold in shops as a tablet
as the best-selling
painkiller recorded
in the Guinness Book
used to prevent a stroke
ASPIRIN
used to reduce blood sugar levels
World
War II
1945
1928
1900
2003
1977
1950
1971
PENICILLIN
all the scientists shared the Nobel Prize
found new chemical techniques to purify it
discovered by Alexander Fleming
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