高考英语长难句的理解
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课件26张PPT。阅读理解长难句透析Welcome to our class！Welcomecalled
“Chinese whisper” game Let’s first do an interestingHere is the sentence:
The sentence that “the man who laughs last laughs the best” is a useful motto（格言）.How？
Understand why they are formed.
Learn to understand the sentences.
Do some practice.五大基本句型：
1）主+谓
2）主+谓+宾
3）主+谓+间宾+直宾
4）主+系+表
5) 主+谓+宾+宾补Step one ：Understand why they are formed.I smiled. I like you.I give you my heart.You are so pretty.You make me crazy.
复杂修饰成分，倒装，转移，省略，插入等
e.g. The sentence that “the man who laughs last laughs the best” is a useful motto（格言）.
But it will be the driver’s duty to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front??unless they are??wearing a seat belt of some kind. Step one ：Understand why they are formed.e.g. The sentence that “the man who laughs last laughs the best” is a useful motto（格言）.
第一类：复杂修饰成分
句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。
Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.The sentence isa motto解决方法：从结构入手 He saw an old man who was getting on the bus.第二类：插入语或同位语
例：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations，rather than representations，of reality.
读法：
初级：跳过插入语；
高级：直接读；
考查能力：大脑容量+抗干扰能力 Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.第三类：倒装
例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
读法：需要经过训练后才能按正常语序读。
正常语序：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an individual will have and hence the sex ratio which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered。 高级读法：直接读，见后：考查能力：大脑的排序能力Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.第四类：省略
但是如果在长句中出现，特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很大的困难。如上例原句中的省略，在第二个the number of 前省略了"sex ration which maximizes".
Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.倒、转、省、插定语引起的长难句
状语引起的长难句
名词性从句引起的长难句
看标点，找连词，审谓动，定主干
理解过渡词语，找出代词所指
巧用还原法降低难度如何攻克长难句剖析其结构、总结其特征、推敲其译文
攻克长难句的意义：阅读、完型
理解和翻译长难句的两个关键问题和三要素：
（一）两个关键问题
1、理解不到位
解决方法：从结构入手
它分为：简单句和复杂句
五大基本句型：1）主+谓 I smiled. 简单，但能被加上很多修饰成分。
2）主+谓+宾 I like you. 加成分可使其变长
3）主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart。
4）主谓宾宾补You make me crazy。
You are so pretty。
在分析句子的时候，先抓住句子的主干，就可以掌握本句的主要意思。然后再去分析其它的修饰成分，修饰成分包括：定语、状语、补语，以及插入语。
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.多年以来，工具和技术他们本身作为一个根本革新的源泉在很大程度上已经被历史学家和科学哲学家所忽视。
复合句：先抓住句子的主句，再看看有没有什么从句：包含状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句这三种从句。
方法：简单句-找主干结构，然后把相关的定语、状语以及插入语放在该放的位置
复杂句-根据连接词断句，然后分析各个从句的主干结构。
2 表达不通顺
解决方法：四个原则 主干机构顺线走（主谓宾，主系表等结构顺序不能变）；定语状语往前勾（后置定语多前置，定语从句有特例，结果状语也特例）；前因后果多主动（英：先结果，再原因与例证；汉语则相反）（符合汉语的习惯-吧英语的被动结果逆化成主动结构）；名词从句依序翻（主语从句、宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）理解和翻译长难句的两个关键问题和三要素：
第一类：词法（专有名词，代词，动词的习惯用法和多义词以及生词的翻译）
A专有名词的处理
B 代词 this that it them等 找准它们所指代对象
C 动词的习惯用法
D 多义词 看起来简单熟悉的词可能在本句中有其它想不到之意，如school学校学院---学派
E 熟词生义 set 结合 invite邀请；引起…的发生
tell 说，告诉；区别I cannot tell the difference；表明，说明
F生词 （词根、词缀和分析上下文）
第二类：考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换，曾词法
第三类：考察具体的句型的翻译方法
包括定语和定语从句，状语和状语从句，主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句，并列结构，比较结构，省略结构，强调结构，插入结构，形式主语，there be 句型等等。Teacher’s tableDoorWindowGroup J Group I Group H GroupAGroup K Group G Group F GroupBGroup L Group P Group E GroupCGroup D 1234Group Competition(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)1. Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes.53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. A. cannot be as effective as codeine B. can be harmful to people’s health C. cannot be separated from chocolate D. can be a more effective cure for coughs(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇)2. Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet. 60.Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______. A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere B. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphere D. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes(NMET 2008 山东卷D篇)3. The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300,000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization. 72. Kids F.A.C.E is______.
A. a program to help students with writing
B. a project of litter recycling
C. a campaign launched by President Bush
D. a club of environmental protection
73.What can we learn about Poe?
A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.
B. She donated billboard across the country.
C. She got positive responses for her efforts
D. She joined the National Park Service.(NMET 2008 辽宁卷C篇) 4. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group. 64.Why did Tom give up studying?
A. He disliked his teachers.
B. His parents no longer supported him.
C. It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇) 5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted. 73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?
A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.
B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.
C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.
D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇) 6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate. 36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?
A. She had seven brothers.
B. She felt herself a nobody.
C. She was too shy to go to school.
D. She did not have any good teachers. (NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)7. They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness. Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat. However，the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. 44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?
A. They eat too much for lunch.
B. They sleep too little at night.
C. Their body temperature becomes lower.
D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陕西卷E篇)59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?
Young boys may be stronger than young girls.
B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skills
C. Women may have stronger feelings than men.
D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.9. In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet. 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?
A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.
B. It sells songs and films.
C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.
D. It prevents the production of artwork.
70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”?
A. Intellectual property rights. B. The Internet.
C. Free downloading.
D. The large number of songs，films and books.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)(NMET 2008福建卷E篇) 11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen. As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often. 实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.
A. seldom use sunscreen
B. are more in danger of skin cancer
C. can be free from the harm of the sun
D. often expose themselves to the sun(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)12. Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇)63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______.
A. benefited a lot from pulling down the roof
B. turned more old buildings into art galleries
C. got inspiration from decorating their old building
D. paid more attention to the outside of the gallery 1.注重标点符号的提示；
2.排除多余信息干扰；
3.补全省略部分；
4.克服思维定势；
5.全面审题，尊重语境。 解题诀窍：利用上下文，弄清句子含义，找出代词所指代的对象。1. 利用上下文，通过对应结构或平行结构
中的同义词、反义词进行判断；
2. 利用定语从句、同位语从句等进行判断；
3. 根据关联词，如but, however, not only
…but also进行判断等。
4.能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，解题诀窍：补充还原简化法
将不熟悉的疑问句，倒装句，被动句，强调句还原为熟悉的陈述句；将引导定语从句的关系代词还原到从句中；将省略句补充为完整句式，将名词从句简化为一个名词。 二、英语长句的特点是什么？ 英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即：①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句；③状语从句。一般说来，英语长句有如下几个特点： 1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多； 2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申； 3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断； 4)并列成分多； 5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长； 6)习惯搭配和成语经常出现。
“Chinese whisper” game Let’s first do an interestingHere is the sentence:
The sentence that “the man who laughs last laughs the best” is a useful motto（格言）.How？
Understand why they are formed.
Learn to understand the sentences.
Do some practice.五大基本句型：
1）主+谓
2）主+谓+宾
3）主+谓+间宾+直宾
4）主+系+表
5) 主+谓+宾+宾补Step one ：Understand why they are formed.I smiled. I like you.I give you my heart.You are so pretty.You make me crazy.
复杂修饰成分，倒装，转移，省略，插入等
e.g. The sentence that “the man who laughs last laughs the best” is a useful motto（格言）.
But it will be the driver’s duty to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front??unless they are??wearing a seat belt of some kind. Step one ：Understand why they are formed.e.g. The sentence that “the man who laughs last laughs the best” is a useful motto（格言）.
第一类：复杂修饰成分
句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。
Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.The sentence isa motto解决方法：从结构入手 He saw an old man who was getting on the bus.第二类：插入语或同位语
例：Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations，rather than representations，of reality.
读法：
初级：跳过插入语；
高级：直接读；
考查能力：大脑容量+抗干扰能力 Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.第三类：倒装
例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
读法：需要经过训练后才能按正常语序读。
正常语序：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an individual will have and hence the sex ratio which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered。 高级读法：直接读，见后：考查能力：大脑的排序能力Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.第四类：省略
但是如果在长句中出现，特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很大的困难。如上例原句中的省略，在第二个the number of 前省略了"sex ration which maximizes".
Step two：Learn to understand the sentences.倒、转、省、插定语引起的长难句
状语引起的长难句
名词性从句引起的长难句
看标点，找连词，审谓动，定主干
理解过渡词语，找出代词所指
巧用还原法降低难度如何攻克长难句剖析其结构、总结其特征、推敲其译文
攻克长难句的意义：阅读、完型
理解和翻译长难句的两个关键问题和三要素：
（一）两个关键问题
1、理解不到位
解决方法：从结构入手
它分为：简单句和复杂句
五大基本句型：1）主+谓 I smiled. 简单，但能被加上很多修饰成分。
2）主+谓+宾 I like you. 加成分可使其变长
3）主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart。
4）主谓宾宾补You make me crazy。
You are so pretty。
在分析句子的时候，先抓住句子的主干，就可以掌握本句的主要意思。然后再去分析其它的修饰成分，修饰成分包括：定语、状语、补语，以及插入语。
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.多年以来，工具和技术他们本身作为一个根本革新的源泉在很大程度上已经被历史学家和科学哲学家所忽视。
复合句：先抓住句子的主句，再看看有没有什么从句：包含状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句这三种从句。
方法：简单句-找主干结构，然后把相关的定语、状语以及插入语放在该放的位置
复杂句-根据连接词断句，然后分析各个从句的主干结构。
2 表达不通顺
解决方法：四个原则 主干机构顺线走（主谓宾，主系表等结构顺序不能变）；定语状语往前勾（后置定语多前置，定语从句有特例，结果状语也特例）；前因后果多主动（英：先结果，再原因与例证；汉语则相反）（符合汉语的习惯-吧英语的被动结果逆化成主动结构）；名词从句依序翻（主语从句、宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）理解和翻译长难句的两个关键问题和三要素：
第一类：词法（专有名词，代词，动词的习惯用法和多义词以及生词的翻译）
A专有名词的处理
B 代词 this that it them等 找准它们所指代对象
C 动词的习惯用法
D 多义词 看起来简单熟悉的词可能在本句中有其它想不到之意，如school学校学院---学派
E 熟词生义 set 结合 invite邀请；引起…的发生
tell 说，告诉；区别I cannot tell the difference；表明，说明
F生词 （词根、词缀和分析上下文）
第二类：考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换，曾词法
第三类：考察具体的句型的翻译方法
包括定语和定语从句，状语和状语从句，主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句，并列结构，比较结构，省略结构，强调结构，插入结构，形式主语，there be 句型等等。Teacher’s tableDoorWindowGroup J Group I Group H GroupAGroup K Group G Group F GroupBGroup L Group P Group E GroupCGroup D 1234Group Competition(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)1. Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes.53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. A. cannot be as effective as codeine B. can be harmful to people’s health C. cannot be separated from chocolate D. can be a more effective cure for coughs(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇)2. Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet. 60.Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______. A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere B. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphere D. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes(NMET 2008 山东卷D篇)3. The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300,000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization. 72. Kids F.A.C.E is______.
A. a program to help students with writing
B. a project of litter recycling
C. a campaign launched by President Bush
D. a club of environmental protection
73.What can we learn about Poe?
A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.
B. She donated billboard across the country.
C. She got positive responses for her efforts
D. She joined the National Park Service.(NMET 2008 辽宁卷C篇) 4. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group. 64.Why did Tom give up studying?
A. He disliked his teachers.
B. His parents no longer supported him.
C. It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇) 5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted. 73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?
A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.
B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.
C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.
D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇) 6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate. 36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?
A. She had seven brothers.
B. She felt herself a nobody.
C. She was too shy to go to school.
D. She did not have any good teachers. (NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)7. They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness. Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat. However，the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. 44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?
A. They eat too much for lunch.
B. They sleep too little at night.
C. Their body temperature becomes lower.
D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陕西卷E篇)59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?
Young boys may be stronger than young girls.
B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skills
C. Women may have stronger feelings than men.
D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.9. In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet. 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?
A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.
B. It sells songs and films.
C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.
D. It prevents the production of artwork.
70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”?
A. Intellectual property rights. B. The Internet.
C. Free downloading.
D. The large number of songs，films and books.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)(NMET 2008福建卷E篇) 11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen. As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often. 实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.
A. seldom use sunscreen
B. are more in danger of skin cancer
C. can be free from the harm of the sun
D. often expose themselves to the sun(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)12. Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇)63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______.
A. benefited a lot from pulling down the roof
B. turned more old buildings into art galleries
C. got inspiration from decorating their old building
D. paid more attention to the outside of the gallery 1.注重标点符号的提示；
2.排除多余信息干扰；
3.补全省略部分；
4.克服思维定势；
5.全面审题，尊重语境。 解题诀窍：利用上下文，弄清句子含义，找出代词所指代的对象。1. 利用上下文，通过对应结构或平行结构
中的同义词、反义词进行判断；
2. 利用定语从句、同位语从句等进行判断；
3. 根据关联词，如but, however, not only
…but also进行判断等。
4.能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，解题诀窍：补充还原简化法
将不熟悉的疑问句，倒装句，被动句，强调句还原为熟悉的陈述句；将引导定语从句的关系代词还原到从句中；将省略句补充为完整句式，将名词从句简化为一个名词。 二、英语长句的特点是什么？ 英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即：①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句；③状语从句。一般说来，英语长句有如下几个特点： 1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多； 2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申； 3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断； 4)并列成分多； 5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长； 6)习惯搭配和成语经常出现。
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