课件19张PPT。1阅读技巧讲座（主旨大意题）2如何做主旨大意题 做此类题目时，首先要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
04年全国卷1（河南等）E篇中major出现过八次，尽管其词性、词义有所不同，但它就是关键词。＜还有特例：见试题案例探究１＞3一、题型特点这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。4二、题干表现形式： 1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:
The main idea of the passage is…
The passage is mainly about…
The passage is mainly discusses…
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
What is the passage mainly about?
2). 目的类主旨大意题
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …
The passage is meant to ….
The purpose of this article is to …
3). 标题类主旨大意题
The best title for the passage might be…
The best title for the passage would be 5三、应试技巧
一、主题句的特点
主题句所表达的意思具有概括性
句子结构简单明了, 作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句
文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展. 6应试技巧 如何寻找主题句People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首。
一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 7练中学 English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's radio programs are in English. 本段主题句为首句, 其后的内容均说明首句。 8 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said…
“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.（2）首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味9练中学（3）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。 10练中学例： If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: "Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry." However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is "just right for you." It costs $359. This sales tactic is called "bait and switch." Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）and the reasons for the sale. 1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A) The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale. B) Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly. C) Many stores use the "bait and switch" technique to attract customers. D) Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale. 2. The paragraph could be entitled ____. A) Buyer Beware B) Closeout Sale C) Crime Pays D) Buying a TV Set 作者从一则电视机的广告入手, 介绍了降价推销的惯用手段, 称为 “bait and switch”（廉售某种不打算出卖的商品, 意在诱人购买昂贵的物品）。最后笔锋一转, 点出作者的真正意图, 即本段的主题句, 告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。11Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（4）短文中间 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.12Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses. to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. 有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现，但不一定就是在正中间。 Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun 13练中学 For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be sighs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention. 本段主题句为第二句, 因为在however 后面才是作者真正的看法, 并在下文中进一步作了说明。 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 作者往往从具体的事例谈起, 随之归纳出主题, 然后再围绕这一主题展开讨论, 使立论更加清楚, 具有很强的说服力, 即以“立”为主, 对正面观点进行阐述。 14（5）无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 15A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic .All day long , the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the back of the bus .In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.这一段的隐含主题句可概括为：Driving a bus is hard work16应试技巧 选项分析
正确选项的特点
含有抽象名词和概括性词语. 四个选项中, 含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance 等词的选项一般是正确选项.
四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项
那些概括全文, 内容全面, 含义深刻, 说明道理的选项一般是答案项, 而选项内容片面, 单一的内容一般是错误选项. 17错误选项的特点
以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话.
过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.
把观点强加与作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.
无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息 18练中学 从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标题时，我们要学习识别文章中最基本, 最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。 例1：Choose the most general word. A) chemist B) physicist C) scientist D) biologist 该问题要求找出最有概括力的词。C scientist 符合题意, 因为它包括了 chemist, physicist和biologist, 而A, B和D 都指某一具体学科的科学家, 不能概括其他词。因此, scientist 最具有概括性。 例2：Choose the most general sentence. A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn. C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board. D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting. A, C, D都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况, 相互间并无联系。而B却概括了A, C, D共性的东西, 即：为什么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉。因此, B符合题意。倘若在一段文章里包含了以上A, B, C, D 几条信息, 那么 B 就是本段的中心思想。同样, 如果在一段文章中, 作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容, 那这些段落所要说明的问题就是本文的中心思想。 19练中学例3：Read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage. There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. A) Economic Principles B) Law of Supply and Demand C) More Goods, Lower Prices D) Fewer Goods, Higher Prices 该问题中, A 泛指经济规律, 面过宽；C和D只是供需规则的两个单独方面, 不能包含全部, 面太窄。正确答案是B, 因为这正是短文自始至终讨论的主题。 课件24张PPT。通过高考作文分析指导写作教学目的(aim)通过本节课的教学, 使学生掌握英语书面表达的一般技巧及方法。教学重点(focus)书面表达五个步骤书面表达注意事项教学难点(points)I.1990 —2003 高考书面表达题样回顾1. 从内容和体裁上分(Content and style)体 裁 内 容 历年书面表达 应用文 书 信（便条）
对 话(dialogue)
通 知（口头书面）
请 柬(invitation)
记叙文说明文介 绍人 物事 件日 记(diary)
故事或经历
场 景(scenes)
事 物(objects)’95, ’99, ’01,02,’03’94’91, ’962000’92, ’98’972. 从提示形式上分(Tips)提示形式文
字Chinese
English历 年 书 面 表 达 charts’90, ’91, ’94’96, ’ 01,’02’92, ’93, ’95, ’97, ’98, ’99, ’00,’03pictures 结论从上面两表看出：高考书面表达最常
见的是应用文和记叙文，所写内容都
与日常生活密切相关。II. 书面表达的五个步骤(Five steps)仔细审题，找出主题
(Read the directions carefully, look through all
the words or pictures given to you in order to
find the main idea.)（以 2001年高考题为例） 假设你是李华，你的澳大利亚朋友 Dick 听
说中国的中小学正在减轻学生的学习负担，来信询问有关情况。请根据下表提供的信息，写
一封回信，谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。changechange周末活动 (减负前) 周末活动（减负后）白天：上课、做作业 白天：参观博物馆、
学习电脑、绘画等注意：1、词数100左右；
2、开头已为你写好。
生词：减轻学习负担— reduce learning load
******************************************
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again.The main ideachange晚上：做作业 晚上：看新闻、读书、看报
就寝时间：11:30 就寝时间：10:30
（再以2000年高考题为例） 假设你是李华，在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你
目击一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时
所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。注意：1、目击者应该准确报告事实；
2、词数100左右；
3、结尾已为你写好。The main idea？A traffic accident2. 认真阅读所给提示或图画，抓住所有细节，找出每幅
图画或每个句子的中心词。 （以93年高考题为例） 为了配合国际动物周活动，一家英文杂志邀请各国
学生提供有关动物的故事。请根据下列六幅图画，用英语为该杂志写一篇故事。 bark: vi. & n. 吠叫
注意：
1、故事必须包括所有图画的内
容，可以适当增加细节，使
故事连贯。
2、词数100左右。Picture 1:
Picture 2：
Picture 3:
Picture 4：
Picture 5:
Picture 6：go to work; take my sister and Ah FuFind out the keys words in each picture：be working; play by the riverpick a flower; fall into the riverbark; jump into the riverrun to the river; swim; take my sisterpraise3. 把中心词或词组扩展成句子。(Extend the words
and phrases to sentences.) ① One day my parents went to work in the fields
taking my little sister and Ah Fu along.② While they were working, my sister walked to
a river nearby. ③ She was trying to pick up a flower when she
fell into the river. ④ Ah Fu barked and jumped into the river
immediately.⑤ When my parents heard Ah Fu barking they
ran to the river.They saw Ah Fu swimming
towards the bank carrying my little sister. ⑥ My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. 4. 把以上句子编排成一个段落，在必要的地方加入一些
连接词或句子。(Arrange these sentences in
order, getting in some linking words where
necessary.) My parents live in the country. They keep a dog called Ah Fu. One day my parents went to work in the fields taking my little sister and Ah Fu along. While they were working, my sister walked to a river nearby. Ah Fu followed there. She was trying to pick a flower when she fell into the river. Ah Fu barked and jumped into the water immediately. When my parents heard Ah Fu barking, they ran to the river. They saw Ah Fu swimming towards the bank carrying my little sister. My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It was our brave Ah Fu who saved my little sister. 5. 通读全文，仔细检查。(Read through the whole
passage to make sure that no mistakes are
made.) III. 书面表达注意事项适当运用结构词、从句和关联词:and, but, so,
however, therefore, them, thus, after a while,
suddenly, at last, as a result, in fact 等, 使句子
更为流畅。1) You may stay at school. You may come to
spend the holiday with us. You may ______ stay at school ______ come to
spend the holiday with us.either or2) It is not too cold in spring. It is not too hot,
either.
3) The teacher pointed out the mistakes. The
students had not corrected them. It is _______ too cold _____ too hot in spring. The teacher pointed out the mistakes _______
the students had not corrected. neither norwhich(that)4) You must speak English in class. You must
speak English out of class.
5) She finished her lessons. Then she went to bed. You must speak English both in class and out
of class. Having finished her lessons, she went to bed. 避免使用对其拼法、意义和用法没有把握、不熟悉
的词汇和句型，避免可以避免的错误. 喜欢
like, be fond of, care for, enjoy,...1）两天后他就要过生日了。① His birthday is two days away.
② His birthday is in two days.
③ His birthday is in two days’ time.
④ It will be two days before he celebrates his
birthday. 2）我碰巧遇见他的叔叔。① I happened to meet his uncle.
② I chanced to see his uncle. ③ I met with his uncle.
④ I came across his uncle.
⑤ I ran across his uncle.
⑥ It (so) happened that I saw his uncle.
⑦ It chanced that I met his uncle. （再以93年高考书面表达为例） My parents live in the country. They keep a dog called Ah Fu. One day my parents went to work in the fields taking my little sister and Ah Fu along. While they were working, my sister walked to a river nearby. Ah Fu followed there. She was trying to pick a flower when she fell into the river. Ah Fu barked and jumped into the water immediately. When my parents heard Ah Fu barking, they ran to the river. They saw Ah Fu swimming towards the bank carrying my little sister. My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It was our brave Ah Fu who saved my little sister. ①②③④⑤① They keep a dog called Ah Fu. They have a dog with the name Ah Fu.
They raise a dog that / which is called / named
Ah Fu.
c. They keep a dog whose name is Ah Fu.
d. They have a dog who is named Ah Fu. ② One day my parents went to work in the fields
taking my little sister and Ah Fu along.One day my parents went to work in the fields
with my little sister and Ah Fu.
b. One day my parents went to work in the fields
and Ah Fu followed them. ③ When my parents heard Ah Fu barking, they
ran to the river. ④ They saw Ah Fu swimming towards the bank
carrying my little sister. Hearing Ah Fu barking, my parents went to
the river in a hurry.
b. Having heard Ah Fu barking, my parents
rushed to the river.
c. Having heard Ah Fu barking, my parents
were worried and hurried to the river. They saw Ah Fu carrying my little in the
river towards the bank.
b. They saw my little sister carried by Ah Fu
to the bank. ⑤ My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. My parents patted Ah Fu on the head and
praised him for his bravery.
b. My parents were so glad that they patted
Ah Fu on the head and praised him.3. 留心汉英表达差异, 避免中式英语(Avoiding Chinlish)1) 父母对我们期望很高。The hope of our parents is very high. ×××Our parents expect too much from us. 2) 高考high exam ?college entrance examination3) 他的右眼瞎了。
a. Her right eye is blind.
4) 他健壮如牛。
a. He is strong like a cow.
5) 汤姆的父亲打了他一个耳光。
a. Tom’s father beat him in his face. b. She is blind in the right eye. b. He is strong like a horse (as strong as a horse).b. Tom’s father beat him in the face. 4. 书写必须工整,确保不犯拼写错误 (Avoiding mistakes)。parents & peasant & present sun & son attack & attract blood & flood flood & floor......IV. Homework 5月3日, 你参观了一个农场，请根据下列图画用英语写一篇日记。注意：
1、日记必须包括所有图
画的内容，可以适当
增减细节，使日记连
贯；
2、词数100左右。One possible version:
May 3 Sunday Fine
Today we visited a farm. Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together. The farm workers gave us a warm welcome. Then the head of the farm showed us around. How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes or stories. Two of us even played a game of chess. The time passed quickly. Before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers. 课件28张PPT。单项选择填空 2009届高考
英语专题复习单 项 填 空 题高考题型专题复习命题特征解题技巧专题练习命题要点单 项 填 空 的 命 题 特 征知识覆盖面广
语境地位突出
交际性原则明确
试题题干新颖
迷惑性较大
灵活性较高单项填空的命题要点连词、代词
形容词、副词
介词搭配
惯用短语
短语动词
情态动词
动词语态
句子结构
动词时态
非谓语动词解题技巧：一.还原法
题干以省略句，疑问句，被动句，倒装句，强调句或使用从句等形式，避开考生所熟悉的陈述句结构，从而达到加大难度。
例如： 1. To all of you _____ the honor for the success．
A．belongs to B．belong to
C．belongs D．belong 分析：倒装句，还原后为：
The honor for the success belongs to all of you.c 2. Time should be made good use of ___our lessons well. A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. learns分析：将题干改写为主动句，则为 We should make good use of time ____our lesson well.C 3.——What made her mother so angry? ——____the exam.
A. Because she did not pass B. Her not passing
C. She did not pass D. Because her not passing分析；将题干改写为：____the exam made her mother so angry.B 将不熟悉的疑问句，倒装句，被动句，强调句等还原为熟悉的陈述句；也可将残缺的部分补出或将多余的部分删除。
解题决窍：二.排除思维定势
利用思维定势的影响来设题，这是最容易让我们上当的题。因为我们背记了许多语法规则，词汇，词的固定搭配和句子结构等，做题时只注意这些熟悉的语法规则，结构和局部固定搭配，往往在没有完全弄清整个题干意思是就作出了选择，结果当然出错。
例如： 1.I’m sorry I can’t help _____ the floor of the classroom.
A. sweeping B. swept C. to sweep D. to sweeping
C
3. Do you have any idea of the reason _____ he referred to？
A．that B．where C．why D．when
AA4. –What do think of the plan?
– I feel ____that we ought to give it up at once.
A. strongly B. strong C. stronger D. it strongA2. Madame Curie，for _____ life had once been very hard， was successful later．
A．whom B．which C．whose D．that 正确理解句意，避免定势思维。在学习过程中，尤其是复习阶段，我们应就一些常见的、重要的词、词组及句型加以反复训练，以加深印象，以避免思维定势的干扰。解题决窍：三.克服汉英差异
英汉在表达习惯，思维方式等方面具有很多不同，命题者常利用汉英差异出题。如汉语的“参加”在许多情况下都适用，如参加会议，参加考试，参加解放军等，而在英语中则因不同的宾语用不同的动词，如: take part in the celebration, attend a meeting, join the army, take an exam, join in a discussion 例如：1.– It’s getting late. I'm afraid I must be going now.
- OK. ______ .（2004全国卷）
Ａ．Take it easy B. Go slowly
C. Stay longer D. See youD3. There was once a cruel king _____in the castle.
A. lived B. who lives
C. was living D. living
BD2. The population of China is _____than that of Russia.
A. much more B. much larger
C. many more D. many larger 留心英汉表达差异 ,平时要多读﹑多比较﹑多归纳，尽量避免Chinglish。
解题决窍：四. 注意题干惯性
此种类型的题多以对话形式出现，我们答题往往会借助原题干的动词时态和结构等来判断选项，结果造成错选。
例如：1. －Alice. you feed the bird today, ＿＿＿＿＿ ?
－But I fed it yesterday. (1999全国卷)
A. do you B. will you C. didn‘t you D. don't you2. --You haven't been to Beijing, have you?
--_____.How I wish to go there!
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven't
C. No, I have D. No, I haven'tBD3.— Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He ______ it this morning.(2004全国卷)
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had donec
1）补全对话；
2）分清角色。由于这种试题多出现在对话题中，答语往往较简洁，多有省略，拿不准时，应将答语补充完整。另外要分清问答语气不同所使用的情态动词也不同，注意汉英不同习惯的表达。解题决窍：五.区分形近义近词
把相似、相近的词语或结构放在一起作为干扰选项，若我们基础知识掌握不牢就难于区分。例如： 2. －Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls?
－Yes. They have better players, so I＿＿them to win.
A. hope B. prefer C. expect D. wantC1. The films made by Disney ______?all over the world.
? A．are used to show ???? B．are used to showing
? C．used to be shown D．used to show 3. I’d like to buy a house—modern ,comfortable ,and
_______ in a quiet neighborhood.（2004福建）
A．in all B．above all
C．after all D．at allBC 1）明确词意 所选答案要符合句子意思；
2）归纳比较 平时要特别重视收集归纳比较同义词、近义词和相似词的异同，牢记它们的用法。解题诀窍六. 弄清语言环境
命题人在题干中不明确将语言时间或空间背景标示出来，而是比较巧妙地隐含在句子中，稍不注意就会错选。例如：1.－Hey, look where you are going?
－Oh, I'm terribly sorry.＿＿＿．
A. I‘m not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven‘t noticing D. I don't noticing2. Robert is said _____abroad, but I don't know
what country he studied in. （1999全国卷）
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studyingA3. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he
didn’t’ show up. （2004广西卷）
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arrivingAB1）身临其境，揣摩意图 特别是对付考查时态的试题更要将自己置身于所提供的背景之中，同时注意揣摩命题者的意图；
2） 认真分析题干里所隐藏的信息 如前后动词的时态以及那些貌似与题目无关的信息。解题诀窍1． 推敲——体会为主
近几年的高考单项选择题，命题专家精心设计题干，设置选项，是试题测试信度高、区分度好、难度适当的高质量试题。在复习中应对照答案认真推敲，仔细揣摩命题意图、思路，分析语境氛围的各种因素，力求语境氛围有全面清晰通彻的理解，真正领悟出正确答案的真谛所在。常言说“磨刀不误砍柴工”，这有助于提高答题准确率。
2． 运用——实践为主
根据新教材的特点和优势，尽可能在听、说、读、写的技能上多实践以丰富语言经验和语言意识，同时也应该尽可能地充分的利用音、形、图等视听媒介，以强化语言实践的效果。
提高语境选择题解题质量的思考3． 提高----精练为主
单项选择题的语境设计更贴近生活，更注重语言的适用性。因此高考复习应以夯实基础、提高语用能力为前提，不应当将宝贵的时间和精力耗费在浩瀚的题海中。因而，应避免大战题海，必须选择质量好的语境题来精练，达到掌握知识、理解知识和运用知识，提高能力之目的，举一反三进行解题的有序操作，以求收到事半功倍的效果。
Have a try
The car is already full, so there is no _____ for the computer. A. room B. place C. space D. area
Li Lin came ____ in the English—speaking contest. A. the second B. second C. a second D. seconds
We made Tom ____ monitor of our class and ____ monitor of Class 3 is Mike. A. /; a B. the; the C. the; a D. /; the
Lucy, as well as her friends, ____ this book before. A. have read B. has read C. reads D. read
Each boy and each girl____reading attentively in the reading room. A. is found B. are found C. is found to D. are found to
---Look, this pen is nice and it writes well. ---OK, I want to buy _____. A. it B. that C. one D. the one○○○○○○ 7.This is so difficult a question ____ almost no one can answer. A. which B. that C. as D. but 8.Don’t be afraid to ask for help ____ it is needed. A. but B. though C. since D. when 9.---Can I stay in Beijing for a week? - ---No, not that long. Just a _____ of days. A. number B. dozen C. few D. couple 10. With the man ____ us, we finished the work on time. A. helping B. to help C. help D. helped 11. In their opinion, this film is ____ one than the other two. A. the best B. the better C. a best D. a better
12. ---Why didn’t you study medicine? - ---I desired ____ into trade, but later I decided to study English. A. going B. to have gone C. to go D. to going
○○○○○○Thank you!课件40张PPT。2009届高考 英语专题复习 完形填空 高考完形填空命题规律与解题技巧 (一)一. 考查目的
?? 完形填空要求考生阅读一篇不完整的短文，在提供的选项中为每个空缺处找出最佳答案，使短文得以恢复原貌，以求文意通顺、结构完整。在答题过程中，考生需要弄清短文大意，通篇考虑，设想所遇空缺处应该出现的内容，随后以该题的选项验证自己的推测，选定答案。该题型的考查目的包括：?1. 阅读理解的能力，尤其是跳读能力；
?2. 归纳、判断、分析和推理的能力，找准主题、话题以及了解篇章结构的能力；
?3. 熟练扎实的词汇和语法知识。
二．试题特点1. 选文特点
??自1997年至2004年完形填空都为叙述文体，思路明确，结构完整，语言丰富，可读性强。（不过，以后高考很可能会出现其他体裁的文章，如说明文、议论文等。）文章一般在260-300词之间；难度低于阅读理解题中的短文，与高三课文水平相当，所选短文结构严谨，层次分明、逻辑性强。2． 体裁特点
（1）题目难度较大; 要求跳读全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，并运用所学的词汇、语法知识，选出最佳答案，使短文恢复本来面貌。四个选项中，干扰项是经过周密设计的。它们往往都能和空前、空后的文字形成搭配，从不同角度、不同层次设置干扰，起到不同程度的“迷惑”作用。
（2）综合性较强; 此题考查的是考生英语基础知识和综合运用语言的能力，其中包括识词能力、阅读能力、理解能力和进行逻辑推理和判断的能力。近年来高考题越来越偏重对学生识词能力的考查。（3）整体性强; 完形填空要求从四个选项中确定一个最佳答案，其他三个为干扰项，从局部看，这三个干扰项通常不一定是错误的，而是不适合其所在语篇的特定语言环境。当选择答案时，要结合文章中出现的具体人物或事件，根据文章所提供的时间、地点和语言环境去体会人物的动作和感情。
因此,在做这类题时,首先要弄清短文大意, 通篇考虑,确定文章的基本意思和整体轮廓,再着手对每个空所给的四个选项进行分析、推理、和判断, 从而做出最佳选择. 3. 语言特点
（1）四个选项一般属于同一词类，相同语义范畴；
（2）选项大多是一个单词，注意对称，避免对答案的明显暗示；也就是语法意义选择少，语义选择多；
（3）跨越句子层次的题占绝大多数，就是说只读懂设空所在句子便可找到答案的题，仅占极少数，大多数的选项的答案要通过段落甚至全文来找到；以2003年北京考题为例，属于句子层次的题目仅为7小题，其余13小题均需要考虑到设空句以外的其他句、段内容甚至从全文角度来考虑。4. 设空特点
? 1）设空密度稳定。在260-300个词左右的短文中，设空20个，平均设空密度为10-15个单词设1个空。稳定的设空密度决定了完形填空题稳定的命题难度。
? 2）设空以实词为主，虚词为辅；单词为主，短语为辅。“完形填空”选项对照表（97 – 2004年）? 3）设空注重在语境中考查词义，但是，完形填空题对词汇的考查并未设置太大的障碍，选项所涉及的词汇，95%左右出自课本，而且仅涉及基本意义和用法。在联系上下文的情况下，考生很容易能将两个选项排除，剩下两项，只要对上下文再进行细致的推敲，对所剩两词的词义进行细微的辨析，也很快能确定正确答案。1996年以来几乎所有的选项，都要通过联系上下文而确定，而单纯的语法选择填空已经从试题中消失。注重在语境中考查词义的这一试题特点，很好地反映了从重点测试语言形式转向重点测试语言意义的改革方向，反映了“强调应用，注重交际”的命题原则。? 4）设空的分类。设空的答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由语篇内容综合决定。因此，设空分为：（1）句子层次（点）；（2）句组层次（线）；（3）语篇层次（面）。设空的难度，从句子层次到句组层次，再到语篇层次，依次递增。一般说来，三个层次的设空比例各占三分之一。但是，从近年来的高考试题看，语篇层次设空的比例有所增加，超过了三分之一，反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路。设空的答案有的由已读过的上文决定，有的由未读过的下文决定，还有的要综合上下文而定。所以设空分为三类：（1）前制性设空；（2）后制性设空；（3）语篇性设空。不言而喻，前制性设空难度低，后制性设空难度较高，语篇性设空难度最高。综上所述，完形填空题有三个难点：一是4个备选项有很强的迷惑性和干扰性；二是句组层次和语篇层次设空所占的比例高，超过三分之二，尤其是语篇性设空所占的比例超过三分之一；三是后制性设空，尤其是语篇层次后制性设空，难度大。如1999年、2003年考题的第一空，其答案提示一直到倒数第二段和篇末才出现。考生要逾越这些难点，不仅需要具备熟练扎实的词句知识，而且需要具备很强的阅读理解能力以及逻辑推理、判断分析的能力。从深层来讲还要具备良好的语言经验和自觉的语言意识。只有具备了这些综合素质，考生才能顺利“完形”。从历年高考试题看，正是由于试题的这些特点使这一题型体现了很好的区分度。 高考完形填空命题规律与解题技巧（二） 〈一〉 完形填空对考生能力的要求 1. 快速阅读能力：完形填空实际上是变形的阅读理解题，因此，它和阅读理解一样要求学生具备快速阅读的各种能力和技巧。
2. 较强的语篇的整体处理能力：完形填空一般是选取一篇结构严谨的短文，层次清楚，线索也不复杂，用几个段落较为集中地表达一个主题。因此在阅读中要分清段落之间的层次关系，找准主题，按主题线索合理推断文章，才能准确选择答案。 3. 语言知识辨析能力：由于所给的选项大多是单一的词，大多又都属于同一词类，在语法结构上可能都正确，关键在于词义的干扰，这就要求考生既要有准确辨析词义的能力，又要有准确辨析句子结构的能力。〈二〉完形填空答题技巧 1. 重视首句，把握开篇 完形填空一般无标题，首句不留空白，是完整的一句。细读此句可以判断文章体裁，预测全文大意和主旨。读懂首句可以帮助建立正确的思维导向，避免误入歧途，对理解全文起重要的作用。 2000年试题首句：
I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more.
从所划线的词可以看出作者当时的心态。因此第一个设空的正确选项也就不难得出了。同时这句话对整篇文章起了一个很好交代，以至于他父亲摔倒，发脾气等，使作者在第一天所感到的尴尬心情都有了出处。 2003 年北京试卷首句:
I was six when I joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the fields of Eufaula, Okla.
本文叙述了作者幼年的“工作”经历给他的成长过程带来的好处和使他懂得的道理. 而第一句就点明了六岁就开始和父亲哥哥在田里干活了, 从而直接明确地引入全文的主题. 2. 阅读全文，掌握大意 速读全文要一气呵成，尽管有空格，生词或不明白的地方，仍要快速读下去，不要急于看选项。一遍读不懂可以再迅速读一遍，直到明了大意（who, when, where, what），掌握梗概，总体把握文章内容，结构，时态，语态变化，情节的展开，结果的形成，然后答题。 3. 前后照应，灵活答题 （1）择优法 根据文章的结构边读边填，一部分是能立刻判断最佳答案的，就不必逐个考证其余答案，以节省时间。 （2）排除法
对于一时难以确定的答案，可按空格位置，从语法结构，上下文意，习惯用法，词义辨析等方面，对选项逐个分析试填。此时，“瞻前顾后”是必要的：即先读所填句，回顾上一句，兼顾下一句。如果一句中有两处填空，要“双管齐下”，在两处同时试填，然后通读全句，确定答案 。4. 复读全文，验证答案 （1）检查上下文的一致性：即时态、语态的一致，代词、名词、单复数的一致。
（2）检查表达法的习惯性：即习惯用语、固定搭配、句型词组是否符合习惯。
（3）检查上下文的连贯性：及凭借语感，按照上下文，检查段落与段落，句子与句子之间的衔接是否连贯。这是检查中至关重要的一环，往往能纠正一处甚至多处错误。高考完形填空命题规律与解题技巧 （三） 模拟试题 1.? 充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如：Many old people don't have good _______. They can't watch TV, but they can listen to music or news over the radio.
A. hearing B. health C. eyesight D. timeC Education is not only the teaching and learning of knowledge, but also the development of a person’s ____.
A. politeness B. habit
C. interests D. characterD① the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket ② turned over to the policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned?
① A. Should B. Must C. Would D. Need
② A. and B. or C. then D. but 二、注意固定搭配，包括动词与介词、动词与名词、形容词与名词的搭配等，同时也要注意到根据内容选择正确词语。?? The city(Washington) was named ______ George Washington, the first president of the United States.
A. by B. for
C. as D. after The other day I was sitting in a small restaurant ___1____ a quiet drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly _____2_____ me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasn’t long ____3_____ the whole room was filled with smoke. 1. A. have B. had C. having D. have had
2. A. seemed B. struck C. sank D. showed
3. A. ago B. after C. before D. now 三、注意同义、近义词的辨析。???? The boy was ① the water and his canoe was ② away.
① A. on B. within
C. in D. under
② A. running B. floating
C. flowing D. pulling I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was ___1___ and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases __2__ down the stairs.
1. A. helpless B. lazy
C. anxious D. tired
2. A. rolling B. passing
C. dropping D. turning四、根据动作的发出者确定所选的词。1)?? And video cameras can be used to ___ people's actions at home.
A. keep B. make
C. record D. watch 2) Japan is an island country and its ① go all over the Pacific looking for fish to ② .
① A. fishing boats B. lifeboats
C. planes D. trains
② A. buy B. catch C. hold D. weigh A picture of the ring appeared in the newspapers. A reader thought he __1__ the ring. The next day, another picture appeared in the papers which __2__ a famous dancer walking out to a plane for Paris. Behind her was a woman __3__a large diamond ring.
1. A. saw B. knew C. found D. recognized
2. A. showed B. drew
C. printed D. carried
3. A. carrying B. dressing
C. wearing D. holding五、根据上下文的逻辑关系确定选项。????? It has been many years since I was last in London, ______ I still remember something that happened during that visit.
A. and B. for C. but D. as Washoe __1__ like a human, too. The scientists keep her in a fully furnished house. After a hard __2__ in the laboratory, she goes home. __3__ she plays with her toys. She __4__ enjoys watching television before going to bed.
1. A. live B. acts C. thinks D. plays
2. A. task B. lessons C. day D. time
3. A. Here B. There C. So D. Then
4. A. quite B. already C. even D. still六、根据文化背景和生活常识确定选项。 It was an early morning in summer. In the streets, sleepy-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their ______.
A. jobs B. homes C. houses D. offices In Germany, you shake hands with dozens of people every day. The __1___ hands you shake, the better. If you lived in England, you would __2___ ever shake hands with anyone, __3___ you were the Queen or politician. In Germany, you can have a ice-cold glass of beer at any time of a day. In England you can drink a glass of ___4__in a public house only a certain ___5___ and it wouldn’t be ice-cold.
1. A. bigger B. cleaner C. dirtier D. more
2. A. exactly B. almost C. hardly D. early
3. A. unless B. although C. when D. if
4. A. tea B. beer C. coffee D. milk
5. A. hours B. days C. years D. weeks
Good-byeThank you
