unit4 astronomy整单元教案

Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Period 1-2 Warming up & Reading
Step 1 Warming up & lead in
1. Talk about science subjects
T: Good morning/afternoon, everyone. What class do you have today
S1: Maths, English, Chinese, physics, history, and geology.
T: What other subjects do you have in school
S2: Computer, chemistry, biology, music, PE, and politics.
T: Which is your favourite Why
S3: My favourite one is …because it’s very interesting/exciting/instructive/…
S4: I like …best because …
T: Which ones are science subjects
S5: Physics, chemistry, biology, geology and mathematics.
T: All these subjects play an important role in the study of science. What subjects are used to study medicine How about biochemistry What about geophysics What subjects are part of astronomy
T: What does astronomy deal with
S10: Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it.
T: What do we call people who study astronomy
S11: Astronomer.
2. Talk about universe and solar system
T: Let’s follow this astronomer to learn about universe. How did the universe come into being
S12: After the “Big Bang”, the universe came into being.
T: Do you know the solar system in the universe What is it made up of
S13: The solar system contains eight planets and many comets and other objects.
(Note：According to the present day scientific study, there are only eight planets, with the Pluto excluded.)
T: Can you name the eight planets
S14: The Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
T: Which planet do we live on Can you describe what it looks like
S15: Earth. It supports a variety of life and 70% of the earth is covered with seas or oceans.
T: Is there life on other planets
S16: Not yet.
T: Right, there is a famous saying “Water is the headspring of life”. But how did the water appear on the earth If you want to get the correct answer, please read the passage on P25. It will tell you.
Step 2 Reading
1. Get the Ss to go through Paragraph 1 on P 25 and find the answers to the following questions
Qs: ① What did the earth look like after the “Big Bang” (a cloud of energetic dust)
② How did the earth change afterwards (…combine into a solid ball)
③ What happened to the ball (explode…make the earth’s atmosphere)
④ How did the water begin to appear （cool down）
⑤ Did water stay on the other planets or satellites (disappear)
⑥ Water was important for the beginning of life. How did water make life develop (dissolve harmful gases into …)
T: With water, life began and developed on the earth. How did life develop through history
2. Make the Ss read paragraphs 2-3 and finish the following chart.
A cloud of dust →a solid ball →presence of water →small plants grow on the water→ shellfish and other fish appear →plants begin to grow on dry land→ insects and amphibians appear→ retiles appear →dinosaurs appear→ mammals appear
Q: Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals
(Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.)
3. Retell
Suppose you are Dr. … who studies astronomy. You are invited to give a speech to the school students about the development of life on “Earth Day” (April 22nd).
Good morning/afternoon. I am Dr…. I am greatly honored to be here to give you a speech about the development of life”. …
4. Let the Ss read paragraph 4 and think over the problems caused by humans to the earth.
T: Earth is home to us the living things. We ought to take good care of it. Do we human beings look after the earth well What problems have been caused by humans to the earth
(air/water/earth pollution, global warming, desertification, endangered wildlife…)
Step 3 Activities
1. Activity 1: We make our home earth in danger. If we still keep doing damage to the earth, we will be homeless one day. It is time we took action and protected it. Discuss in groups “ How to protect our earth and make it a better place to live on ”
2. Activity 2: Suppose you are to design an activity for your school on Earth Day, which is intended to call on teachers and students to protect the earth. Work in groups and choose a reporter of your group to report your work. The following points should be included in the report of your activity.
What the activity is about
Why the activity is designed
When and where to do the activity
Who takes part in the activity
What to be done in the activity
Step4 Homework:
1. Read and learn good words, phrases or structures from Reading.
Period 3-4 Using language $ Reading task
Step1. Lead in
T: We have learnt a lot about astronomy, have you got interested in it If you are going to study astronomy, what problem will you face most
S2:Gravity.
T: What is gravity
S3: Everything will fall back to the earth if it is dropped or thrown away. The pull of the earth is called gravity.
T: Quite right. Who first got the idea of gravity
S4: Isaac Newton.
T: How did he get the idea
S5: One day he was sitting under the tree. He saw an apple fall, which made him get the idea. Besides Newton, are there any other scientists who made a great contribution to the idea of gravity
S6: Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking.
T: How did each of them think of gravity Or did they share the same idea of gravity Come on, the tape will tell you.
Step 2 Listening
1. Listen to the tape and choose the best main idea of the listening passage (Ex.2 P30).
Main idea: ① I heard about how three men made mistakes when they tried to describe gravity.
② I heard about how three men wanted to find out about the beginning of the universe.
③ I heard about how the idea of gravity has developed over a long period of time.
④ I heard about three scientists and their work.
The best answer : ③
2. Listen to the tape again and fill in the chart in Ex. 1 on P30.
Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Stephen Hawking
Dates 1642-1727 1879-1955 1942-
Idea Everything is affected by a force called gravity Gravity is connected to time and space “Black holes” “eat” objects but also “spit” them out
Other information It was only about the earth It was about the universe It was about things found in the universe called “black holes”
Step3.Reading
1. Fast reading
T: All the three great scientists Newton, Einstein and Hawking played an important role in the development of ideas of gravity. Would you like to know more about gravity
Ss: Yes.
T: Is the moon’s gravity the same as that of the earth
S1: No.
T: Read fast to see how many times would the force of gravity change
S2: Three.
2.Careful reading
T: What are the three times How would the force of gravity change
And how did our weight change
Leave the earth Very strong Very heavy
In space Disappeared Floated weightlessly
On the moon Very light The mass will be less
3.Summary
T: Good! I am sure you must know more about the gravity. Suppose you are asked to make a summary about the trip, will you try You only need to fill the blacks and the first word has been given.
Last month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of gravity____ would change three times on our journey. Then we took off. As we left the earth, I became very heavy__. Gradually the weight lessened_. When I was in space, it disappeared___. We floated__ weightlessly in the cabin and I cheered up__. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice now that_ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very frightening__. We were amazed to watch fire break out__ on the outside of the ship.
Step4. Reading task
T：Great! But just imagine that the moon has great gravity, then what will happen
S3: It will pull us.
T: Right, maybe when we are approaching it, we will be caught in it. So let’s come to the black hole.
T: What are in the black hole
S: A large circle of lights going round an empty space.
T: What is the circle of lights
S: Large stars.
T: What is the empty space like
S: It looks like a mouth needing to be fed.
T: How did they feel
S: They watched in shock and amazement as a large sun suddenly disappeared into the hole.
Step5. Homework
1. Search for more about the black hole.
2. Read these two passages again to find out how to organize a story.
Period 5 listening task, talking, listening and writing
Step1. Lead in
T: We learn so much about Li Yanping’s trip, do you know why did he go to space
S1: To do research in astronomy.
S2: Just to enjoy himself.
S3:…
Step2. listening
T: So let’s listen to Professor Walli’s interview with Li Yanping about his space walk. Then try to answer the question.
Why did Li Yanping have his first space walk
A. To collect data for his research on gravity.
B. To test the function of the new spacesuit.
C. To make the Hubble telescope work again.
Step3.Discussion
T: Was it easy for him to make the Hubble telescope work again What difficulty would he meet
Discuss in groups, and try to share your ideas.
Ss: The change of gravity, temperature, no food, no water, no oxygen…
T: In order to solve these problems, what should an astronomer bring
Ss: food, oxygen can, water, boots…
Step4. Second Listening
T： Listen to the tape again. Pick out the information and draw lines from the list to where the things are on the suit of the astronaut.
1. Oxygen can 2. Water system 3 . Gravity boots
4. Left engine 5. Right engine 6. Tool kit
Step5. Talking
T: So as an astronomer, he should be well prepared before starting, right
Ss: Yes.
T: What should he pay attention to when getting ready
What are the dos and don’ts
Try to use these expressions to make up a set of instructions.
Please look at/ listen to… Please check that… You need…
Please pay attention to… Don’t forget to… You’d better…
Make sure you… Watch out for… You must(n’t)…
Step6. Pre-listening
T: Actually, an astronaut should be careful in his preparation and remember all these instructions. By the way, Our country has many famous astronomers and China has made great efforts and contribution in astronomy.
Qs: Do you remember the manned spacecrafts Shenzhou 5 and 6
When were they launched
Who took them (Astronauts/Taikonauts: Yang Liwei (Shenzhou 5); Fei Junlong & Nei Haisheng (Shenzhou 6))
When were they launched
How long was the manned spaceflight mission
Spacecraft Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou 6
When October 15, 2003 October 12, 2005
Who Yang Liwei Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng
How long 21 hours and 23 minutes 5 days
(Note: ShenZhou-5 is the first manned spaceflight mission launched by China on 15 October 2003, following four unmanned experimental missions between 1999 and 2002. ShenZhou-5 spaceship carried astronaut YANG Liwei into earth orbit and made China one of only countries (after Russia and the U.S.) in the world to independently launch a human into space. The spaceship’s re-entry capsule landed safely 21 hours after the launch at the landing site in Inner Mongolia.)
T gets the Ss to watch a TV programme about the journey to space.
T: It must be an exciting experience for the astronauts Yang Liwei, Fei Junlong and Nei Haisheng to take a trip into space. They are lucky enough to be chosen. Not all the pilots can be chosen to take a space trip. What kind of standards do you think they should reach
S: …
Step7. Listening
T: Now let’s follow the reporter Mr. Renault to have an interview with Yang Liwei.
1. Listen to the tape and finish Ex. 1 on P62.
1) Yang Liwei became an astronaut by chance. F
2) Nobody over 170cm can be an astronaut. F
3) Yang Liwei trained for 10 years to become a pilot. T
4) If Yang Liwei had problems in space, there were ways to save him. T
5) China is the third country to send people into space just like Russia and the USA. T
6) Yang Liwei thinks he was lucky to China’s first man in space. T
2. Listen to the tape again and finish the chart in Ex. 2 on P62
Information on Yang Liwei, the astronaut
The exams he passed Excellent degree and 10 years’ training
Experience Pilot for the air force of the PLA
Physical qualities Smaller than 170cm; less than 70 kg
Personal qualities Calm, mature, hard-working
Step8. Discussion
1.Why is it important to be calm as an astronaut
2 What have you learnt from the great scientist
3.What qualities should a scientist have
(creative, hard-working, confident, brave, determined, devoted, intelligent, knowledgeable, careful, patient, strong-willed…)
3. Do you want to be a Chinese man or woman astronaut or scientist If you want to, what should you do now in preparation
Step9 writing
T： To get Ss to summary how to write an outline.
So from this class, do you know what we will meet on the moon
Brainstorming for writing
When, where, who, why , what are the problems and how to solve.
How to write an outline
Step10. Homework:
1. Search more information about Shenzhou 5 and 6.
2. Read and learn good words or phrases learnt in class.
Period6. Grammar: Noun Clause used as the subject
T: Can you find the following sentence in the reading passage
What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
In this sentence a noun clause is used as the subject.
Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading passage.
1. because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
2. What scientists think is that the earth was different because of …
3. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on …
P64 USING STRUCTURE
Do you know where we come from How did the universe begin Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems
1. What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life
What the universe is like has attracted him.
2. Does he think it simple to answer the questions What’s his opinion
No. The answers have always well beyond our reach
3. What have we discovered about the universe, past and present
Milky Way galaxy; billions of galaxies, in a universe that is infinite and expanding; big bang; black hole; a dark matter; a possible Big Crunch.
4.How can we have a complete picture of the universe
Learning to understand what we see.
做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词that, whether， 连接代词who, what, which， 连接副词when, where, how, why等。
1. 连接词：
1）从属连词：that， whether等.
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
That she left him cut him to the heart.
That he will come is certain.
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。
Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
2)连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
Which side will win is not clear.
3)连接副词when，where， how， why等。
Why he did it remains a mystery.
When they will start is not known yet.
How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
2.位置： 主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。
1）It + be + 表语 +主语从句
表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）
It is a pity that we can’t go.
It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.
It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is true that I told her everything.
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.
2）It+不及物动词或短语+主语从句
It seemed (happened, doesn’t matter, has turned out) that…
It happens that they were absent.
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
3) It +及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
注意:
1） 主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。
误：They should like each other is natural.
正：That they should like each other is natural.
正：It is natural that they should like each other.
2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.
误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
Period 7-8 Language points
for Reading (P25)
1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to
slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
1) _________________（使大家吃惊的是）is that he didn’t come to the meeting.
(What surprised everybody)
2) _________________（他所做的）added to our difficulty.
(What he did)
3) _____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
4) _____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that; C. That; what D. That; because
2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。
n. 固体 solid, liquid, gas
adj. 固体的；实心的,无空隙的；结实的，坚固的
solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniture
a man of solid build
1) Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas.
2) When water freezes, it becomes solid and we call it ice.
be to (do): (something) will definitely happen, or it must happen 不可避免要发生或必须发生
e.g.They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.
She is to be honoured for this great work.
Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You are to be home by 10 o’clock at the latest.”
3. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, …
1). （使某物）炸开，爆炸
2). （指感情）激发
3). （指人口）突然或迅速增加
The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.
I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter.
Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population.
explosion n. 爆炸（声）
explosive adj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.炸药，爆炸物
in time (for sth/to do sth): not late 及时；不迟
She will be back in time to prepare dinner.
她来得及回来准备晚饭。
in time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早；最后
I’ll see him in time. 总有一天我会遇见他。
in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合/不合节拍
The audience clapped in time to the music.
观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。
4. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。
cool adj.凉快；冷静；冷淡
v. （使）变冷；冷静下来
1) Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.
2) I knew I had to keep cool.
3) His play received a cool response from the public.
4) The rain has cooled the air.
5) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it.
6) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.
7) I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.
5. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun.
be very / much / quite / entirely / totally different from与…不同
1）城市生活和农村生活很不同。
City life is quite different from country life.
2） 他们的品位和我不同。
Their tastes are different from mine.
There are differences between…and… …与…之间有不同之处
tell…from… 把…与…区分开来
the same as… 与…一样
be similar to 与…相似
going round the sun为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一般的动作。例如：
Men breaking the law will be punished.
Men who break the law will be punished.
现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：
Can you see the girl dancing with your boyfriend
Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend
你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？
6. It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which…
allow vt. 允许、许可、容许
allow+n./pron./doing
allow sb. to do
be allowed to do
My father doesn’t allow smoking at home. In fact he doesn’t allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.
父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。
Are we allowed to use the computer
我们可以用电脑么？
Be harmful to 对…有害
do harm to sb. = do sb. Harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处
1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals.
2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.
7. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.
1)The foreign Minister said, “_____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ)
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
2) I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004)
A. this B. that C. it D. one
3) Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it
A. this B. that C. what D. it
it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。
4) Why I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to say (2004SH)
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
5) Was it at the school ____ was named after a hero ______ he spent his childhood
A. which ; that B. where; where
C. that; where D. which; where
8. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.
multiply (数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖
1) Our problems have multiplied since last year.
2) 2 and 5 multiply to make 10.
3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30. = Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.
4) The plants here multiply rapidly.
9. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.
encourage 鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：
High prices for corn and wheat will encourage farming.
玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。
My success encouraged me to continue.
我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。
He encouraged me to learn dancing.
他鼓励我去学跳舞。
development
(1)[U]成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展
The development of this industry will take several years.
这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。
(2)[C]开发区, 新社区
a new housing development 新建住宅区
(3) [C]进化,进展；新情况,新闻
What are the latest developments
The use of computers in teaching is a recent development.
教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.
10. Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.
late adj. 迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的
later adv. 后来，较晚时候,过后 adj. late的比较级(更迟的,更后的)
latest adj. 最新的
lately adv. =recently 近来
1) Mr. Zhu Rongji is the late Prime Minister of China.
2) He is often late for school.
3) She said she would ring you later this morning.
4) Have you heard about the latest news
5) It’s only lately that she has been well enough to go out.
11. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time.
She is growing into a beautiful young woman.
她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。
生长成为,渐渐成为或变得…（不用于被动语态）
12. They produced young generally by laying eggs.
It’s generally believed that…一般认为…
generally speaking 一般而言，概括来说
1) It’s generally believed that girls work harder than boys do.
2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.
动词 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 意义
lie lay lain Lying 躺，位于
lie lied lied Lying 撒谎
lay laid laid laying 搁、放、下蛋
The naughty boy ___ to me that the hen that ___ there just now had___ two eggs the day before.
A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain
C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid
13. Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth.
vi. 散布, 传播，蔓延, 伸展，扩展
vt. 铺开，摊开
1) The news spread through the school very quickly.
2) There’s a desert spreading for hundreds of miles.
3) He spread out his arms to welcome us.
4) I spread a new cloth on the table.
14. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
阻止某人做某事 :
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
Keep sb. From doing sth.
1) We must prevent them from making trouble.
2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself.
If nothing prevents, … 如果没有什么阻碍的话 , …
15. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
相信，信赖, 依靠,依赖, 视…而定，取决于
1) When you are in a strange place you’d better depend on the map.
2) You can’t depend on others to help you.
3) All living things depend on the sun for their growth.
4) He depends on his pen for his living.
5) You can depend on him. He’ll lead you there.
6) Success depends on your own hard work.
7) Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.
depend on it 没问题，请放心（句末或句首）
That /It (all) depends. 那得看情况而定
1) Depend on it, you’ll succeed.
2) He may support me, but it depends .
Tell him what you want to say; he’s a man to __.
A. count B. believe C. trust D. depend
解析:相信/信赖某人:
count on sb.
believe in sb.
depend on sb. trust (in) sb.
make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode
Where do we come from How did the universe __________ When we _______ the stars through the telescope, we _________ why the universe ________ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth ______ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _________ loudly with fire and rock, which ______ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth _______ down water _______ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things __________ on the earth.
for Reading(P30)
1. cheer up : 欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。
当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。
_____________________ when they saw the team arrive.(The crowd cheered up)
他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。
He took her _____________ to ____________.
(to the concert; cheer her up)
2. watch …do/doing :观看，注视
我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。
We _____________________ behind the trees.
(watched the sun setting)
每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都充满了希望。
Every day as they __________________ , their hearts filled with hope.(watched the plant grow)
3. now that :既然，由于
既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。
_________________________, we can begin the meeting. (Now that everybody is here)
由于你是一个大男孩,你就必须行为表现得更好.
_______________________, you must
behave better. (Now that you are a big boy)
4. We watched amazed as fire broke out
on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.
amazed 是过去分词，此处做状语用
他进来的时候没有人注意到.
He came in _________ . (unnoticed)
break out (战争,争吵,疾病等)爆发
在深夜,突然有人吵架.
_________________ suddenly at midnight.
heading
Conclusion (summing up)
Body (your own ideas on the item)
The first paragraph
(introduction)
Outline
(main idea)
PAGE
13