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中考英语词汇与语法满分快车道书稿
第二章 代词
用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为:人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。
第一节 知识点概述
一、人称代词
数 人称 格 单数 复数
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we are
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 hesheit himherit they them
句子的成份 例句
作主语(代替上文中提到的人或物) Mrs. Suen is an English teacher. She teaches us geography.I can’t read the story. It is written in Russian..
作宾语(用宾格) 直接宾语 Let her play now.We often meet him at the school gate
间接宾语 Granny offered us fruit.The sun gives us light and heat.
介词宾语 Please sit between him and me. The teacher took good care of us.
作表语 (用主格或宾格) –Who is that –It’s me.It was I whom you saw at the station.
1. 人称代词不仅仅指人,也可以指事或物。
2. 人称代词主格单数he, she和it的复数,都是they,宾格形式也相同,为them。
3. 第三人称的人称代词分阳性he(him),阴性she(her)和中性it(it),复数只有一个形式they(them),不分性别。
4. 选用什么人称代词,取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。
二、物主代词
物主代词是用来表示所有关系的,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语,相当于形容词;名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,相当于名词,可以作主语、表语或宾语。
物主代词形容词性 数人称 单数 复数
第一人称 my 我的 our 我们的
第二人称 your 你的 your 你们的
第三人称 his 他的,her 她的,its 它的 their 他们的
物主代词名词性 数人称 单数 复数
第一人称 mine 我的 ours 我们的
第二人称 yours 你的 yours 你们的
第三人称 his 他的,hers 她的,its 它的 theirs 他们的
物主代词的用法:
(1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如:
His pencil box is on the desk.
This is our school.
(2)名词性物主代词作名词用
本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,因此,后面不可再加名词。
作主语:
Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 里查德的书包是蓝色的,我的书包是黑色的。(mine=my school bag)
作表语:
It’s his. 这是他的(东西)。
作宾语:
He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典,你可以借我的。(作及物动词的宾语)
“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语,表示强调:
He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。
·注意:
试比较下面两句句子:
This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。(照片是我拥有的,但不一定照的是我本人)
This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。(照片上是我本人)
三、反身代词
反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系,强调主语或宾语为同一人或物。
反身代词的形式:
单数 myself我自己 yourself你自己 himself他自己 herself她自己 itself它自己
复数 ourselves我们自己 yourselves你们自己 themselves他们自己
反身代词的用法:
句子成分 例句
宾语 直接宾语 My father taught himself Japanese.Please help yourselves to some fruit, everyone.
介词宾语 The twelve-year-old boy can take care of himself.Don’t think too much of yourself.
同位语 主语同位语 She taught Thomas Edison herself.The detective story itself is worth reading.
宾语同位语 — Li Ming, I want to ask for leave.— You’d better ask the teacher herself / himself.
表语同位语 — Who is the man — It was Mr. Yang himself.
表语 I’m not quite myself today itself. 今天我感到不舒服。
四、指示代词
(一)指示代词是具有指示概念的代词
this 这; that 那; these 这些; those 那些; such 如此的; same 同样的
(二)指示代词的用法
(1)this、 that、 these、 those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(2)such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such “这样”,such a 这样一个,such as 像…这样的…。
(3)same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。
例如:
1) That is our English teacher. (主语)
2) This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)
3) I prefer this (these) to that (those). (宾语)
4) What he like best is this/that (表语)
5) I have never read such an excited book. (定语)
6) I like such sports as basketball and swimming. (定语)
7) Such is our trip plan. (主语) (指上文提到过或刚说过的内容)。
8) She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)
9) We were born on the same day. (定语)
·注意:
1) this、 these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物,可以与 here 连用;that、 those 指空间上离说话人 较远的人或物,可以与 there 连用。
2) 打电话或其他场合,看得到的一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。
3) such 作定语时,如名词前有不定冠词,则用 such a/an + 名词。
4) 在 same 之前必须加冠词 the.。
五、疑问代词
疑问代词的用法:
句子成分 例句
主语 Who invited you to dinner Whose is the best What’s in the bag Which of them will win the prize
宾语 直接宾语 Whom did you meet on your way home Which do you want、 the red one or the blue one What is she doing
间接宾语 Whom are you waiting for From whom should we learn What are you talking about
表语 Who are those women What are you Whose is the new bike
定语 Which class are you in Whose report is this What subjects do you study
·注意:
1.Who 用于询问别人姓名,身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。
2.Which 指的物有范围限制,侧重于哪一个;What 指的物无范围限制,侧重于种类。
3.Whose 用于明确所有者,Whom 在口语中,whom 多为 who 代替。
六、不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every, some, any, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, one, ones, either, neither, other, another, no, none以及含有some-, any-, no-等的合成代词(如:anybody, something, no one)。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。但none和由some, any, no, every thing, -body, -one构成的复合不定代词(如somebody等)只能作主语、宾语和表语;而every和no只能作定语。
不定代词的形式:
不定代词 词义 复合形式 说 明
some 一些(可数或不可数) something 某物、某事someone 某人somebody 某人 一般用于肯定句
any 一些,任何(可数或不可数) anything 任何事物anyone 任何人anybody 任何人 一般用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句中
no 没有,无 nothing 无物nobody 无人no one 无一人 修饰可数或不可数名词,复合形式只具有名词的作用
every 每个,所有的 everything 每一个事物,一切everyone 每人everybody 人人 强调共性,词义和 all 相近
all 全体、所有的 这里表示 这里表示 代替或修饰可数名词时,指两个以上的人或物,也可代替或修饰不可数名词。
each 每个 这里表示 这里表示 强调个性,指两个或两个以上的人或物。
few 很少(可数) 这里表示 这里表示 表示否定
a few 一些,几个(可数) 这里表示 这里表示 表示否定
little 很少(不可数) 这里表示 这里表示 表示否定
a little 一些(不可数) 这里表示 这里表示 表示否定
many 很多(可数) 这里表示 这里表示 _______
much 很多(不可数) 这里表示 这里表示 _______
both 两个,两者都 这里表示 这里表示 仅指两个人或物
neither 没有人或物 这里表示 这里表示 仅指两个人或物
none 没有人或物 这里表示 这里表示 指两个以上的人或物,当指可数名词时,谓语动词用单、复数都可以。
either 每个 这里表示 这里表示 强调个性,指两个或两个以上的人或物。
other(s) 另一个(些) 这里表示 这里表示 _______
another 另外一个,又一个 这里表示 这里表示 相当于 an other
one 一个(人或物) 这里表示 这里表示 one 的复数形式是 ones
不定代词的用法:
1. 不定代词可作主语,当作主语时,要明确这一不定代词究竟是单数还是复数,以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致。
2. 不定代词还可作定语,当作定语时,应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数,以确定这个名词用单数还是复数。
第二节 实战演练
一、例题选讲
例1 We should learn to get on well with .
A. other B. others
C. the other D. the others
答案: B
提示: other泛指另外的,其他的,后面一般接名词,the other特指两者中的另一个(单数),the others特指在某个范围中的其他人或物(复数),others泛指其他人或物(复数)。本句意思与别人友好相处是泛指。
例2 Would you like some coffee Yes, just .
A. a little B. little
C. a few D. few
答案: A
提示: a little与little修饰不可数名词,前者是有肯定的含义而后者有否定的含义。a few与few修饰可数名词,前者有肯定的含义,而后者有否定的含义。在句中coffee是不可数名词,答句中是肯定的意思。另外如果有just或only修饰只能用a little或a few。
例3 of the students passed the exam.They all failed.
A. Neither B. None
C. Both D. All
答案: B
提示: none与all用于三者以上的复数,none为否定,all为肯定。both与neither用于两者,both为肯定,neither为否定,原句中They all failed暗示说明没有一个人通过,要用none表示否定。
例4 Let Lin Tao do it by , He is no longer a kid.
A. him B. his
C. himself D. he
答案: C
提示: 本题是反身代词的用法,句中的by是介词,后面接人的代词的宾格或名词性物主代词,或反身代词,作它的宾格。by oneself是固定搭配强调“独立、单独”。
例5 -Why don’t we take a little break-Didn’t we just have
A. it B. that
C. one D. this
答案: C
提示: one替代上文中的a little break。
例6 leaves the classroom last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person
C. Whoever D. Who
答案: C
提示: Whoever相当于anyone who(the person who)
二、复习时需要注意的要点
(1)some 和any的用法
some常用于肯定句,any常用于疑问句、否定句及条件状语从句。但在表示请求、建议、反问的疑问句里,则用some。
例如:
1) Would you like some coffee or some tea
2) If you have questions, you can come any time.
(2)all指物时,谓语动词用单数,在语法上是单数,而在概念上是复数。指人时,一般作复数。
例如:
1)All is not gold that glitters.
2)All are here.
(3)each和every都是单数概念,但every只能作形容词;each可以作代词和形容词。
例如:
1)Each of us has got a new book.
2)Every student is doing his best at school.
(4)one, the other, another, others和the other的用法
总共只有两个人或两样东西时,其中的一个是one,另一个是the other。
例如:
1)I have two uncles, one is a teacher, the other is an engineer.
总共有两个以上的人或事物,其中的第一个为one,其他的两个或两个以上为the others。
例如:
1)There are only ten boy students in Class One. The others are girl students.
第三节 巩固练习
I.选择
1. _____will spend the winter holiday in Hanna (海南) Island.
A. He, you and I B. He, I and you
C. You, he and I D. I, you and he
2. My parents bought a new schoolbag for _____.
A. them B. theirs
C. me D. they
3. With my parents away from home. I have to cook ______ meals.
A. for me B. for myself
C. me D. myself
4. Don and I found _______ lying on ground when we work up.
A. themselves B. ourselves
C. them D. us
5. —Who’s _______ —______ is speaking, Mr. Wang.
A. this This B. that That
C. that This D. this That
6. Lam is often compared to Taiwanese singer Jay Chou because ______ both write ______ own songs and are developing R&B style.
A. their…their B. their…they
C. they…their D. they…they
7. I don’t think this is a good suggestion. Have you any _______ ones
A. another B. other C. the other D. others
8. —How ______ Greek do you know
—I am sorry. I know ______ about it. It’s too difficult.
A. many…few B. much…little C. many…a few D. much…little
9. It’s _______ use talking without doing.
A. not B. no C. none D. no one
10. Her brothers and sisters are _______ college students in Shanghai.
A. all B. both C. neither D. either
11. —Which of these two bicycles do you like the red one or the black one
—I like ______ of them.
A. some B. either C. all D. any
12. He swims faster than ______ boy in his class.
A. any B. the other C. all the other D. any other
13. ________ people in Shanghai go swimming in freezing weather.
A. Few B. A few C. Little D. A little
14. I don’t think _______ of the answers is correct.
A. neither B. either C. both D. all
15. Only Li Ming and Wang Ping stayed at school for the wall newspaper. Where are ______
A. all B. the other C. others D. the others
16. _______ of us is working hard to make our country richer and stronger.
A. Each B. Every C. Everyone D. Every one
17. We need ______ color chalk. Have you got ______
A. some…some B. some…any C. any…any D. any…some
18. If you don’t want ______ of those two trains, there is ______ one at 10:30.
A. any…another B. either…another C. both…the other D. either…another
19. —Has ______ lost this watch
—Yes, but we can’t find out who.
A. anybody B. someone C. one D. some
20. _______ of them are famous doctors, but ______ of them has been to Britain.
A. Both…both B. Neither…neither C. Either…either D. Both…neither
II.把下列句子译成英语(选用括号内的不定代词)
1. 你昨晚吃得多吗? (much, many)
2. 假如有人打电话来,告诉他,我不在。 (anyone, someone)
3. 我姐姐给我两张照片,一张是长城,另一张是上海浦东新区。 (another, the other)
4. 他们都来会议室,没一个迟到。 (neither, none)
5. 这个机器人展览会太精彩了,每个机器人都是学生们做的。 (each, every)
6. 这两部电影没一部是有趣的,它们都很乏味。 (either, neither)
7. 李奶奶没有米了,让我们给她买些。(little, a little, some, any)
8. 你想要吃些蛋糕吗? (some, any)
III.改正下列句子中的错误
1. All pupil was asked to write down his name on the book.
2. The fish was so delicious. I had many fish.
3. There are five new ball pens over there. Please give me the red some.
4. The teacher gave every of her children a toy.
5. There are some chairs on every side of the small river.
6. Everyone of us was allowed to ask some questions.
7. None of my parents are Party members.
8. Neither bats is mine.
9. My aunt is going to stay in the U.S. for another weeks.
10. The both children can play the piano well.
IV.用适当的不定代词填空:
A little all neither both neither another
1. —Please help yourself to the fruit.
—Sorry, I can’t now, because ______ my hands are dirty.
2. —I failed to pass the test.
—______ did she.
3. There’s _______ letter for you, Mary.
4. ______ goes well. ______ are here.
5. I don’t like the pair of shoes. Please show ______ pair.
1. There’s ______ rain in Xi’an these months.
B anything each many every other fewer something
1. How ______ new Japanese words have you learned this term
2. There’s a red ball in the boy’s hand and an apple in his _______ hand.
3. ______ child enjoys Christmas. They ______ have some presents.
4. She did better than I. There are ______ mistakes in her test than in my test
5. Mum, I am so hungry. I want to eat ______. _______ will do.
答案
I、
1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.A
11.B 12.D 13.A 14.B 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.D
II、
1. Did you eat much last night
2. If anyone calls, tell him I am out.
3. My sister gave me two photos. One is the Great Wall; the other is Shanghai Putong New Area.
4. They all came to the meeting room for a meeting, none of them were late.
5. The robots exhibition is excellent. Each of robots is made by the students.
6. Either of the films is interesting. They are both dull.
7. Granny Li has little rice. Let’s buy some for her.
8. Would you like to have some cakes
III、
1. All 改为 Each 2.many改为 much 3.some改为 one 4.every改为each 5.every改为 each 6. Everyone 改为 Every one 7. None 改为 Neither 8.bats改为 bat 9.another weeks 改为 another few/three weeks I般来说,another后面用单数名词。因此,不能说 another weeks。 但 another 后面可以跟 few或带数词的复数名词。如:
another few weeks, another three weeks.
10. The both改为 Both 或 Both the或 Both of the
IV、
A: 1.both 2.Neither 3.no 4.All , All 5.another 6.little
B: 1.many 2.other 3.Every…each 4.fewer 5.something… Anything
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