高二英语导学M8 Unit 1 The written world Task & Project导学案

高二英语导学
M8 U1Task & Project导学案
编写人：江苏省阜宁中学 陈少华
一．词汇解析
1．stout adj. 肥胖的；粗壮的；顽强的。例如：
他太胖了跟不上我们。He is too stout to follow us.
这需要有毅力的人来做。This requires a stout heart.
2．sigh
vi. 叹气；叹息，(sigh with sth.)
想到这里，他深深叹了口气。He sighed deeply at the thought.
事情总算全都过去了，她轻松地舒了口气。
She sighed with relief that it was all over.
n.表示“叹气，叹息”，多以单数形式出现。
发出叹息Breathe / give a sigh
带着欣慰/ 悲痛/ 愉快的一声长吁 with a sigh of relief / sadness / pleasure
注意：不要把sign和sigh混淆了。sign是“签字，标记”，而sigh是“叹气”。
3．gravity n. 重力，地球引力；严重性；严肃，庄严
牛顿的万有引力定律Newton's law of gravity
形势的严峻 the gravity of the situation.
他们被要求表现出在法庭上应有的严肃性。
They were asked to behave with the gravity that was appropriate in court.
4．shade n. & v.
①作名词
a. 表示“萌，阴凉处”，是不可数名词，当具有特指意义时，通常带定冠词；表示“在树荫下”或“在阴凉处”等，通常用介词in。
这儿不太阴凉。There isn't much shade here.
她在一棵树下休息了一会儿。She took a rest in the shade of a tree.
若有形容词修饰时，也可以用不定冠词。
这些树下多么阴凉舒服啊！What a pleasant shade these trees give us!
b. 表示“遮阳伞；眼罩；灯罩；遮阳帘”等，为可数名词。
请拉起窗帘。please pull up the window shade.
c. 表示“（绘画的）阴影（部分）”，为不可数名词；表示“（颜色的）明暗、浓淡，（色调的）深浅”，为可数名词。
绿色有许多不同的色调。There are a number of different shades of green.
②用作动词，表示“遮蔽，使变暗淡”时为及物动词；当表示“（颜色等）渐变”时为不及物动词。Shade sb./sth. from sth.
他用手给眼睛挡阳光。He shaded his eyes from / against the sun with his hand.
1）What ______ pleasant shade; let's take a rest __b____.
A．/; in the shade B．a; in the shade
C．the; under the shade D．/; under the shade
2）The noon sunlight was too bright, so he had to ___b___ his eyes with his left hand to see the car clearly.
A．prevent B．shade C．cover D．hide
5．entertain v. 招待，款待”（尤指在自己家中）
用某物使某人有兴趣（快乐）entertain sb. with sth.
Eg.他既讲故事又说笑话，把我们逗得乐了好几个小时。
He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
entertainer（歌唱、说唱）演员，艺人 entertaining adj. 有趣的；娱乐的
entertainingly adv. 娱乐地 entertainment n. 娱乐活动；招待
The baby was sleepless, so her mother __a____ her ______ a panda toy.
A．entertained; with B．fed; on
C．contributed; to D．played; with
6．typical adj.
①典型的，具有代表性的；象征性的。
典型英式小酒店 a typical British pub
②表示“一贯的；平常的”。
工作日A typical working day
③（常与of连用）特有的，具有……特征的。It is typical of sb. to do sth.
她这个人就是爱忘事。It was typical of her to forget.
7．reputation n. 表示“名誉，名声”，
Acquire a reputation as sth. 或reputation for sth. / for doing sth. 。
赢得/确定/树立声望 earn / establish / build a reputation
她不久就获得了一级厨师的荣誉。She soon acquired a reputation as a first-class cook.
我知道马克迟到是出了名的。I'm aware of Mark's reputation for being late.
8．constitution n.
“宪法；章程”，为可数名词。根据宪法under the constitution
身体素质，体质，体格。
他有一个健康的体质，因此从没有感冒。
He has a healthy constitution, so he never catches cold.
9．monument n. 表示“纪念碑或堂、馆等”,“丰碑，永久的典范”。
Monument to sb./sth …的纪念碑，典范。
他的纪念馆是去年落成的。The monument to him was set up last year
这些录音是展现他钢琴家才华的不朽之作。
These recordings are a monument to his talent as a pianist.
To 表示‘…的’，类似短语：the key to ……，the answer to ……，the trip to ……，the introduction to ……，the entrance to ….
10．exhibit v. & n.
①作动词，表示“展览，展出；表现；显示”。例如：
展出他们的新设计exhibit their new designs
②作名词，表示“展品，陈列品”。例如：
在这次春季商品交易会上有很多展品。There are many exhibits in this spring's trade fairs.
11．tend v.
①后接动词不定式，表示“往往会，常常就”。tend to do …
女人往往比男人长寿。Women tend to live longer than men.
我累了就容易出错。When I'm tired, I tend to make mistakes.
②tend与介词to或towards搭配，表示“趋向，趋于; 有益于”。
他的观点趋于偏激。His views tend towards the extreme.
健康的身体有益于使得人们欢乐。Good heath tend to make peple cheerful.
③tend on/upon sb. / sth. ，含义为“照料，招待，护理”。
tend to sth 注意/留心…
医生和护士护理受伤者。Doctors and nurses tended on the injured.
你应该留心自己的事情。 You should tend to your own affairs.
12．compare v.
①把……与……相比compare… with…
学英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行比较。
It is necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study.
②；把……比作…… compare… to…
莎士比亚把世界比作一个舞台。Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
③compared to和compared with通常可以通用，用作句子状语，可以置于句首，也可以置于句末，意思是“与……相比，与……比起来”。例如：
和现在比起来，那时它还是一个小地方。It was a small place then compared to / with what it is now.
13．pale adj. 苍白的； 灰白的
苍白的面孔a pale face 天空呈淡蓝色The sky was pale blue.
vt., vi. (paled, paling)使变苍白；使变灰白 （常与before, beside连用）使失色；使显得逊色
All our other worries paled beside the possibility of war. (翻译)
"与发生战争的可能性相比,我们其他方面的忧虑都显得无关重要了
Phrases: 在...范围之外outside /beyond/ out of the pale
beyond /outside the pale of sth
在...范围之内within/inside the pale
within/inside the pale of sth.
14．spin vt. (spun; spinning) 纺纱，纺线;（蜘蛛或蚕）吐丝; 快速旋转；回旋
Spin out拖延, 拉长
n. 旋转
蜘蛛结网Spiders spin webs 以谈话拖延时间 spin out the time by talking 小汽车的轮子飞速旋转。The wheels of the car were spinning.
使某人很快转身spin sb. round 纺线spin cotton
15．swift adj. 快的, 迅速的; 突然的, 短促的
Be swift in sth 在某方面速度快
迅速的一瞥a swift glance 跑得很快的人a swift runner
急智a swift wit 他跑得很快He is swift ( http: / / dj. / swift / " \t "_blank ) in running
水流湍急The current is swift ( http: / / dj. / swift / " \t "_blank )
Phrase： Be swift to hear, slow to speak 多听少讲; 多用耳朵, 少用嘴巴
Adv. 很快地, 即刻
国产货很快就风靡一时了。Home-made goods are widely used swiftly ( http: / / dj. / swiftly / " \t "_blank )
16．sorrow n. 悲痛; 忧伤; 遗憾; 惋惜;
使...非常伤心; 给...造成许多烦恼cause much sorrow to …
对错误表示遗憾express one's sorrow for one's mistake
与某人苦乐与共share one's joys and sorrows
他悲伤地告诉我，他的母亲病得很厉害。He told me with sorrow that his mother was very ill.
17．at the sight of 一看见
她一看到血就脸色苍白she paled at the sight of the blood
类似短语：冒着 … 的危险at the risk of
以……的速度at the speed of
以……为代价at the cost of / at the expense of
18．greedy adj. 贪心的;贪婪的, 渴望的; (for, after, of)
植物极需水分。The plants are greedy ( http: / / dj. / greedy / " \t "_blank ) for water
他急欲得到权力。He is greedy ( http: / / dj. / greedy / " \t "_blank ) to gain power
贪心 ( http: / / dj. / %E8%B4%AA%E5%BF%83 / " \t "_blank )者从不满足The greedy ( http: / / dj. / greedy / " \t "_blank ) man is always needy
Be greedy for gain 贪得无厌
n. greed 贪心
19．mistaken adj. 错误的; 误解了的;
错误的想法a mistaken idea 他说的常被误解。What he says is often mistaken
老师对这学生看法不正确。The teacher has a mistaken opinion of this pupil.
v. mistake (mistook, mistaken)弄错; 误解, 估计错
误将某人认作他人 mistake sb. for sb. 把某人当做某人 take sb. for sb
There is no mistaking sb./sth. 决不可能搞错某人或者某事
误解一个人的意思mistake sb.'s meaning 弄错了路mistake the road /way
她常被误认为妹妹 she is often mistaken for her twin sister
该做的事非常清楚 there is no mistaking what ought to be done.
20．poetic adj. 诗的, 韵文的; 富有诗意的; 诗人(一样)的
诗人poet . [总称]诗，诗集，诗意poetry 诗歌 poem
诗作, 诗集poetic works 用诗的形式in poetic form 诗仙poetic genius
21．supreme adj. (阶级, 地位, 权力)至高的, 最重要的, 极度的; 终极的.
最高法院supreme court 最高统帅the Supreme Commander
最大的勇气supreme courage 最终[最主要的]目的the supreme end
在最后关头the supreme moment
22．transform vt. 转变, 使改变性质 (transform sth/sb from sth into sth)
(transform sth. into sth. 将···变换成···)
成功和财富改变了他的性格。Success and wealth transformed his character
蒸汽机将热能转变成动力 A steam engine transforms heat into power
热点链接：费改税 Transform ( http: / / dj. / Transform / " \t "_blank ) administrative fees into taxes
转变 ( http: / / dj. / %E8%BD%AC%E5%8F%98 / " \t "_blank )政府职能Transform/shift the government functions
23．stress vt. 加压力于, 着重, 重读
n. 压力, 紧迫, 困难
危难之际, time of stress
把重点放在...上; 在...上用力 lay /place/ put stress on
为...所迫; 为...所驱使; 处境紧张[困难] be driven by / under the stress of
在贫困的压力下under the stress of poverty
24．farewell n. 辞别, 再见, 再会
向某人告别 ( http: / / dj. / %E5%91%8A%E5%88%AB / " \t "_blank )Bid farewell ( http: / / dj. / farewell / " \t "_blank ) to sb. /bid sb. farewell
告别 ( http: / / dj. / %E5%91%8A%E5%88%AB / " \t "_blank )晚会A farewell ( http: / / dj. / farewell / " \t "_blank ) party 离别时的一瞥a farewell ( http: / / dj. / farewell / " \t "_blank ) glance
<<永别了，武器>> ‘a farewell to arms’
二．重点句型分析:
1．Robert Burns, Scotland's supreme literary hero, was born in Alloway, Scotland in 1759.
罗伯特·彭斯是苏格兰的文学巨匠，1759年出生在苏格兰的阿洛韦。
解析：这是一个简单句，句中Scotland's supreme literary hero是Robert Burns的同位语。
2．Then he moved to Edinburgh, the capital and largest urban centre of Scotland.
然后，他搬到了苏格兰首府和最大的城市爱丁堡。
解析：本句中the capital and largest urban centre of Scotland作Edinburgh的同位语。
3．Keats, another poet, wrote his "Ode to a Nightingale" with a dreamlike quality that is typical of poetry of the Romantic Movement.
另一位诗人济慈用梦境般的特色创作了《夜莺颂》，而这一特色正是浪漫主义运动中的诗歌所特有的。
解析：本句中another poet作Keats的同位语。that is typical of poetry of the Romantic Movement是定语从句，修饰quality。
4．"To a Mouse" and "The Holy Fair", two of his most popular poems, both appeared in his first book of poetry.
在他最受欢迎的诗歌中，《致小鼠》和《圣集》这两首发表在他的第一本诗集中。
解析：这是一个简单句，句中two of his most popular poems是“To a Mouse”and“The Holy Fair”的同位语。
5．Typical of the Scotch, Burns had a reputation for being funny and charming.
罗伯特·彭斯是一名典型的苏格兰人，以有趣和有魅力而闻名。
解析：typical of the Scotch是形容词短语，在句中作状语。
形容词（短语）可作状语，形容词作状语时，可以看做being +形容词结构或者when,if because 等引导的从句省略，表示时间，方式，原因，伴随，让步，强调，条件等，或对主语进行解释，说明是什么状况。
渴望看日出，他们四点就起床了。 Eager to see the sunrise, they got up at 4.
熟的时候，橘子会卖个好价钱。Ripe, the orange will sell at a good price.
担心迟到，他早晨四点就起床了。 Afraid of being late, he got up at 4 in the morning.
无论大小，所有国家都平等。 Large or small, all coutries are equal.
6．It is said that about 30,000 people attended this first exhibition, which showed how well loved and important Burns had become to the Scottish people.
据说大约有3万人参加揭幕展，从中可以看出苏格兰人民多么爱他，他对苏格兰人民是多么重要。
解析：1）这是一个复合句，这里的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that后面的主语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，在引定语从句中how well loved and important Burns had become to the Scottish people作show的宾语。
2）该句用的是“It is + 过去分词 + that从句”结构。常见用于这种句型的动词有：know，decide，say，report，estimate，believe，announce等。
一般认为，石油来源于海洋中的植物和动物。
It is generally acknowledged that oil originated in marine plant and animal life.
巩固练习
Ⅰ．根据句子意思和所给首字母或汉语的提示，填入单词的适当形式
1． We went to an e____________ of Chinese paintings at the museum. There were many paintings by famous painters.
2． My shoes are small in c____________ with my sister's. Anyway, my sister is three years older than me.
3． This play is t____________ of Shakespeare's early works. You can read it if you want to study his early works.
4． In developing countries, more and more people are leaving the countryside for u____________ areas. There are fewer people in the countryside.
5． Your composition is full of s____________ mistakes, such as, sillable, financal.
6． The written ____________ (宪法) of the United States was adopted in 1787.
7． It is an ancient ____________ (纪念碑), which the government pays money to preserve.
8． They waved ____________ (再见) to their friends on board.
9． Translate the following ____________ (段落) into Chinese.
10． The place has an almost ____________ (如梦的) quality.
Ⅱ．用下列词组的适当形式完成句子
belong to, be compared to, be involved in, donate… to, have a good reputation for,consist of, earn one's living, transform… into…, be intended to, tend to
1． The school ____________ exam results.
2． The artist ____________ all his art collection ____________ the city museum.
3． Does this house ____________ Mr. Smith.
4． He ____________ get angry too easily.
5． Several high ranking officials ____________ in the matter.
6． The campaign ____________ to increase public awareness of environmental conservation.
7． Our team ____________ 15 members.
8． Books can ____________ friends.
9． After she lost her job at the factory, she ____________ by selling flowers.
10． Water can ____________ a desert ____________ into a garden.
Ⅲ．根据所给的单词或短语提示翻译句子
1． 那位演员一下子成了名。（overnight）
___________________________________________________________________
2． 你为什么不展出他的画像？（exhibit）
___________________________________________________________________
3． 自由女神像耸立在纽约港。（the Statue of Liberty）
___________________________________________________________________
4． 新公路使旅程缩短了。（shorten）
___________________________________________________________________
5． 别人不同意她的看法时，她很容易生气。（tend to）
___________________________________________________________________
6． 在某些发展中的国家，越来越多的人向市区迁移。（urban）
___________________________________________________________________
7． 比赛时作弊败坏了那位选手的声望。（reputation）
___________________________________________________________________
8． 教皇是罗马天主教的最高领袖。（supreme）
___________________________________________________________________
9． 英语老师强调了朗读的重要性。（stress）
___________________________________________________________________
10． 不要把我牵扯进你们的争吵中！（involve）
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