语法 省略
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课件31张PPT。省略句Ellipsis 省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。 1. 简单句中的省略：
在对话中，交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，则可以省略句子的主语，省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。省略主语：
Beg your pardon.
Thank you for your help.
See you tomorrow.
Doesn’t matter.省略主谓或主谓语的一部分：
No smoking.
Anything else?
This way, please.
Have a smoke?省略宾语：
-- Do you know Miss Gao?
-- I don’t know.
--Are you going there?
--I’d like to.
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to.省略表语：
-- Are you thirsty?
-- Yes, I am.
His brother is not lazy, nor is his sister.同时省略几个成分：
-- Are you feeling better now?
-- Much better.
-- Have you finished your work?
-- Not yet.2. 并列句中的省略：
在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：
（1）They learn French and we English.
（2）My father planned and built all these houses.
（3）John won the first race and Jimmy the second.
（4）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.3. 复合句中的省略：限制性定语从中：
在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which? －Are you leaving for Beijing this Sunday? －I think so.soI’m leaving for Beijing this Sunday.? －Tom must be free today. －If so. He can help us.sohe is free.主句中有一些成分被省略、而用so或not来代替，如： ? －It is going to rain, isn’t it? －I hope not.notit is not going to rain.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so. 及I suppose /believe /hope not. Why not?等等。状语从句：
（1）If heated, water will boil.
（2）Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.
（3）We’ll go to help you if necessary.
（4）Had I time, I would come.
（5）I’ll go, should it be necessary.在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去从句的“主语+be” 部分：
When a child, he often asked many interesting questions.
I’m going with you if free.
The river is clean where deep.
Though old, he works hard.
He opened his lips as if to speak.在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是it,其后的动词be 及其主语可一起省略：
Help him if possible.
If necessary, I shall go.宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同，可将从句部分的谓语省略。
（1）We will do what we can（do）to help you.
（2）—Is Mr. King in his office?
??—Sorry, I don’t know（whether he is in his office or not）.4. 动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。
（1）—Would you like to go with us ?
??—I’m glad to, but I have to finish my homework.
（2）Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to.
（3）—Have you ever been to the seaside?
??—No, we can’t afford to.不定式符号to 的省略：
I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
但如有对比关系，则不可省略to:
To go home or to stay at school during the vacation is not decided.介词but前若有动词do（did, does, done)，后面的不定式不带 to，否则要带to. ? He had no choice but to wait. to? He had nothing to do but wait.wait前若有do后则无to，前若无do，后必带to英语中有一些固定的省略结构： （1）省略介词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。在以if, when, though, as if（好象）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是be ，常将主语和动词be 省略。
If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。
Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。由固定词组引导的疑问句：
What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样？
How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？
What if it’s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办？
Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢？ Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in When ________, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing
C. being completed D. to be completed The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun CAD If ________ the same treatment again, he's sure to get well.
A. Giving B. give C. given D. being given While building a tunnel through the mountain, ________.
A. an underground lake was discovered
B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground
D. the workers discovered an underground lakeCD--- You should have thanked her before you left.
--- I meant ________, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to
C. doing D. doing itThe boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to --- I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
---Not at all. ________.
A. I've no time B. I'd rather not
C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to BADWhat would have happened ________, as far as the river bank?
A. Bob had walked farther
B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther
D. if Bob walked fartherC--- Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
--- ________.
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not ---What do you think made Mary so upset?
---________her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost
C. Losing D. Because of losingDC One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and________.
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white--- Would you like some wine?
--- Yes, just ________.
A. little B. very little C. a little D. a fewCC
在对话中，交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，则可以省略句子的主语，省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。省略主语：
Beg your pardon.
Thank you for your help.
See you tomorrow.
Doesn’t matter.省略主谓或主谓语的一部分：
No smoking.
Anything else?
This way, please.
Have a smoke?省略宾语：
-- Do you know Miss Gao?
-- I don’t know.
--Are you going there?
--I’d like to.
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to.省略表语：
-- Are you thirsty?
-- Yes, I am.
His brother is not lazy, nor is his sister.同时省略几个成分：
-- Are you feeling better now?
-- Much better.
-- Have you finished your work?
-- Not yet.2. 并列句中的省略：
在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：
（1）They learn French and we English.
（2）My father planned and built all these houses.
（3）John won the first race and Jimmy the second.
（4）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.3. 复合句中的省略：限制性定语从中：
在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which? －Are you leaving for Beijing this Sunday? －I think so.soI’m leaving for Beijing this Sunday.? －Tom must be free today. －If so. He can help us.sohe is free.主句中有一些成分被省略、而用so或not来代替，如： ? －It is going to rain, isn’t it? －I hope not.notit is not going to rain.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so. 及I suppose /believe /hope not. Why not?等等。状语从句：
（1）If heated, water will boil.
（2）Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.
（3）We’ll go to help you if necessary.
（4）Had I time, I would come.
（5）I’ll go, should it be necessary.在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去从句的“主语+be” 部分：
When a child, he often asked many interesting questions.
I’m going with you if free.
The river is clean where deep.
Though old, he works hard.
He opened his lips as if to speak.在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是it,其后的动词be 及其主语可一起省略：
Help him if possible.
If necessary, I shall go.宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同，可将从句部分的谓语省略。
（1）We will do what we can（do）to help you.
（2）—Is Mr. King in his office?
??—Sorry, I don’t know（whether he is in his office or not）.4. 动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。
（1）—Would you like to go with us ?
??—I’m glad to, but I have to finish my homework.
（2）Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to.
（3）—Have you ever been to the seaside?
??—No, we can’t afford to.不定式符号to 的省略：
I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
但如有对比关系，则不可省略to:
To go home or to stay at school during the vacation is not decided.介词but前若有动词do（did, does, done)，后面的不定式不带 to，否则要带to. ? He had no choice but to wait. to? He had nothing to do but wait.wait前若有do后则无to，前若无do，后必带to英语中有一些固定的省略结构： （1）省略介词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。在以if, when, though, as if（好象）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是be ，常将主语和动词be 省略。
If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。
Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。由固定词组引导的疑问句：
What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样？
How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？
What if it’s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办？
Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢？ Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in When ________, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing
C. being completed D. to be completed The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun CAD If ________ the same treatment again, he's sure to get well.
A. Giving B. give C. given D. being given While building a tunnel through the mountain, ________.
A. an underground lake was discovered
B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground
D. the workers discovered an underground lakeCD--- You should have thanked her before you left.
--- I meant ________, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to
C. doing D. doing itThe boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to --- I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
---Not at all. ________.
A. I've no time B. I'd rather not
C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to BADWhat would have happened ________, as far as the river bank?
A. Bob had walked farther
B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther
D. if Bob walked fartherC--- Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
--- ________.
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not ---What do you think made Mary so upset?
---________her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost
C. Losing D. Because of losingDC One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and________.
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white--- Would you like some wine?
--- Yes, just ________.
A. little B. very little C. a little D. a fewCC