英语八年级下册人教新目标Units 1-5知识详解

　　　
Unit 1 Will people have robots
Section A
1. Do you think (that) there will be robots in people’s homes
你认为人们家里将会有机器人吗？
（1）主从复合句。主句：Do you think… 宾语从句：there will be…，引导词：that（省略）。从句语序：陈述语序（即：主语＋谓语＋….）。
如：I think (that) Jack is from America.
（2）there be 句型：
a. there　be　结构中的be是可以运用各种时态的。
There is going to be a meeting tonight.　 今晚有个会议。 (将来时，be going to表计划)
There was a knock at the door.　有人敲门。 （过去时）
There has been a girl waiting for you.　有个女孩一直在等你。 （现在完成时，表动作的持续。）
There will be rain soon.　不久天就要下雨了。 （将来时）
There is a book on the desk.课桌上有本书。（现在，表目前的状态。）
b. 动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be的单复数形式。
There is a book on the desk. 课桌上有一本书。
How many people are there in the city 　 这个城市里有多少人口？
There is a pen and two books on the desk.　课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。
There are two books and a pen on the desk.　课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。
There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.教室里有一些学生和一位老师。
There is a teacher and some students in the classroom.　教室里有一位老师和一些学生。
c. 在there be引起的句子结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式主动形式和被动形式均可。
There is no time to lose (=to be lost). 时间紧迫。
There is nothing to see (=to be seen). 看不见有什么。
There is nothing to do. (=to be done)　无事可做。
d. There is no doing. (口语)不可能…….
There is no telling when he will be back. 无法知道他什么时候回来。
There is no knowing what he is doing.　 无法知道他在做什么。
（3）person, people, man 的区别：
person指"人"，是可数名词。指具体的人，侧重于个体，无男女性别之分，常和数词连用，一般用于数目不大且比较精确的场合。例如：
A young person came in. 一位年轻人走了进来。
person还可以表示"身体；容貌；风度"等，是不可数名词，无复数形式。例如：
She is small and neat of person. 她长得娇小玲珑。
people 泛指"人们"，是集体名词，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Some people speak French in this country. 在这个国家一部分人讲法语。
the people意为"人民"。例如：
We study hard for the people. 我们为人民努力学习。
people还可表示"民族；种族"，是可数名词，其复数形式为peoples。例如：
There are fifty-six peoples in China.中国有56个民族。
man指"男人"，与"女人"woman相对，其复数形式为men。有时用来泛指一般的人，无男女性别之分，意为"(任何)人"。例如：
Any man could do this thing. 谁都能做这件事。
（4）family虽然也译为“家”，但它指的是家庭成员，如父母、子女、妻子、丈夫、兄妹等，一般不涉及房屋。
How many people in Simon’s family 西蒙家有几口人？
His family are all fond of listening to the music. 他家人都喜欢听音乐。
house是指居住的建筑物（房屋，住宅），可以购买、出租或出售。
He has bought a house in America. 他在美国买了一幢房子。
My house is Number 34, East Street. 我家在东街34号。
home是指家庭成员所居住的那种环境或与房屋有关的“家”。
They have a charming home in London. 他们在伦敦有一个可爱的家。
He left home at the age of sixteen. 他十六岁离开了家。
She gave up her job and stayed at home to care for her children. 她放弃了工作，留在家里照看孩子们。
East，west，home is best. 金窝，银窝，不如自家的草窝。
【注】在美语中，有时也作“房子;房屋（house）”解。如：Homes for sale. 房屋待售。
2. I think every home will have a robot.我认为家家都会有一个机器人。
（1）一般将来时
a．用be doing表示将来：主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于位置转移的动词。
如：go，come，leave，arrive等，也可用于其他动作动词。
We are having fish for dinner.晚餐我们要吃鱼。
We are moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow.后天我们要到另一家宾馆。
这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语，如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文可表示最近即将发生的动作。
A: Where are you going
B: I am going for a walk. Are you coming with me
A: Yes，I am just coming. Wait for me.
b．用be going to do表示将来：主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在最近的将来或将来进行某事。
Are you going to post that letter 你打算去寄那封信？
How long is he going to stay here 他打算在这呆多久？
I am going to book a ticket.我要预定一张票。
另一意义是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。
It’s going to rain.天要下雨了。
George is putting on weight; he is going to be quite fat.乔治正在长胖，他将变得很胖。
c. 用will/ shall do表示将来：
主要意义，一是表示预见。
You will feel better after taking this medicine.
Do you think it will rain
二是表示意图.
I will not ( = won’t ) lend the book to you.我不会把书借给你的。
Take it easy，I will not ( = won’t ) do it any longer. 别着急，我再也不会这样做了。
基本结构：
She will come to have class tomorrow.
Will she come to have class tomorrow
She won’t come to have class tomorrow.
What will she do tomorrow
d. will/ shall
当主语为第一人称（I或we）时，可用will或shall，即“will/ shall+动词
原形”，will not＝won’t，shall not＝shan’t。疑问句式：Will/ Shall＋主语＋动词原形＋其他？
I shall visit my aunt next week. 下周我将去看望我的姑姑。
Will you go swimming tomorrow 　明天你去游泳吗？
（2）every与each
两者都有“每个”的意思，但用法不同：
a. each具有名词和形容词的功能，every只有形容词的功能。
b. each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指三个以上的人或事物的“全体”，和all的意思相近。如：
He gave a book to each of his parents.
他给他父母各送了一本书。
Every comrade was there and each did his work.
每个同志都在那儿，各人做各人的工作。
c. every总是修饰单数名词，后接单数动词。
Every man and woman knows that.
每个男人和女人都知道那事。
d. each作为形容词，修饰单数名词，接单数动词。作为代词，单独使用，接单数动词；放在复数名词和代词后作同位语，接复数动词。each of them后可接单数或复数动词。如：
Each man carries his own bag. （修饰单数名词）各人背自己的包。
We each have our own office. (作We的同位语)我们各有各的办公室。
Each carries his own bag. (代词)各人背自己的包。
Each of them are/is here. (代词)他们每个人都在这儿。
e. 代表each和every的物主代词可以用his, 也可以用their。如：
Each carried their/his own bag. 各人背他们/他自己的包。
3. People won’t use money. Everything will be free.人们将不再使用钱，一切都将是免费的。
free　adj. 免费的，免税的
All these things are free. 所有这些都是免费的。
free　adj. 自由的，空闲的
He gets a free afternoon once a week.他每周有一个下午闲着。
He wants to be free. 他想得到自由。
注：free表“自由的”时有比较等级freer/ freest。表“免费的，空闲的”时没有比较等级。
4. People will live to be 200 years old.人们将会活到200岁。
(1). live to be + 基数词 + years old：活到……岁
I think he can live to be 90 years old.我想他能够活到90岁。
(2). live　v. 居住；生活；活
I live in Shantou. Li Lei lives on a farm.我居住在汕头，李雷住在农场。
(3). live　adj.（动、植物）活着的，有生命的；实况播送的，用于名词前作定语。
a live fish一条活鱼 a live radio programme一个无线电实况广播节目
5. Will people use money in 100 years 100年后人们还使用钱吗？
in 100 years 100年后 in three days 三天后　表示“在（从现在算起一段时间之）后”，用于将来时。
He will finish the work in two hours.两小时后他将完成那项工作。
in,after区别
in后接时间段，表示“在……以后”，用于将来时。如：
My father will be back in two weeks. 我父亲两周以后就回来。
而after后接时间段，用于过去时。如：
They got there after two days. 两天后他们到了那儿。
但是after后面跟时间点，则可以用于将来时。如：
The train will arrive after five o'clock. 火车将在五点以后到达。
6. There will be more/ less/ fewer people.将会有更多/更少/更少的人。
（1）more是many和much的比较级，其后可跟复数或不可数名词，表“更多”。
He wants to get more money.他想挣更多的钱。
（2）less是little的比较级，其后跟不可数名词，表“较少的，更少的”。最高级least。
There is less water in the glass.那个杯子里的水更少。
（3）fewer是few的比较级，其后跟复数名词，表“较少的，更少的”。最高级fewest。
He has fewer friends in that school.在那所学校里他的朋友较少。
7. There will be more/ less/ fewer pollution.污染将会更多/更少/更少。
pollution uncountable noun污染；污染物
air pollution 空气污染　noise pollution噪音污染
There is a lot of pollution in the air here.这里的空气含有大量的污染物。
pollution的动词形式是pollute，表“污染；弄脏”，过去式polluted，现在分词polluting。
All these waste products are polluting the river.所有这些废物正在污染着这条河。
8. Well, I don’t agree. But I think there will be fewer trees.哦，我不同意（你的看法），但我认为树将会更少。
agree在本句中作动词，I don't agree．是一句交际用语，表示“不赞成某人或某人的观点”，如果表赞成，则为I agree。
1) 表示“同意某人意见”时用agree with sb，该短语不能用于被动语态。
Did you agree with him 你同意他的意见吗
I don't agree with what she said． 我不同意她所说的。
2) 表示“同意(某计划、办法、建议、条件)”时，用agree to(to在此用作介词，其后接名词、代词或者相当于名词的成分)，该短语可以用于被动语态。
eg．I agree to your idea． 我同意你的想法。
My plan was agreed to by all of them． 他们所有的人都同意我的计划。
3) 表示“就……取得一致意见”用agree on(或upon)，指“两者或两者以上的商定，达成协议”。
eg．They both agreed on the date for the meeting．他们双方都同意开会的日期。
4) agree后还可以接不定式，不接动名词，表示“同意做某事”。
They agreed to leave tomorrow afternoon．他们同意明天下午动身。
9. What sport will she play 她将做什么运动？
play sport 做运动
They often play sport after school. 他们常常放学后做运动。
注：作定语时，要用复数sports
a sports meeting一场运动会 the sports field运动场
sports shoes运动鞋　 sports news体育新闻　
a sports center一个体育中心　　a sports car一辆跑车
Unit 1 Will people have robots
Section B
1. I’ll fly rockets to the moon. 我将乘火箭飞向月球。
fly rockets乘火箭飞行
fly的用法：
(1)、fly v.飞，飞行。过去式flew，过去分词flown，现在分词flying，第三人称单数flies。
Time flies!光阴似箭!日月如梭! fly the kites 放风筝
fly to (Hong Kong…)飞往香港，乘飞机去香港
(2)、fly n.苍蝇，可数名词，复数flies。
There are two flies on the wall. 墙上有两只苍蝇。
2. I’ll live on a space station.我将住在太空站。
On a space station在太空站
3. …, because I went to Shanghai last year and fell in love with it.因为去年我去了上海并喜欢上它了。
fall in love with…爱上/喜欢上(某人或某物) 指从没有爱意到产生爱意的转变，是瞬间动词，不可与how long和for two years等连用
After working gogether for many years, they fell in love with each other.
他们在一起工作多年后彼此相爱了。
She fell in love with the house as soon as she saw it.
她一见到这所房子就喜欢上它了。
注：be in love with… 与……相爱着，指处于恋爱状态中，可以与段时间连用。
They have been in love with each other for two years.
他们彼此相爱已经有两年了。
fall behind落在(……的)后面，跟不上 fall down倒下，掉下
fall into……落入…….中 fall off…从……上掉下 fall over被……绊倒 fall off 质量下降，数量减少 fall asleep入睡
4. As a reporter, I think I will meet lots of interesting people.作为一名记者，我想我会接触到许多有趣的人。
as的用法：
(1)、作介词，意思是"作为"，"以……身份"。例如：He came to China as a tourist five years ago.他五年前以游客的身份来过中国。
(2)、1. 作"当……的时候",引导时间状语从句。注意与when、 while的用法区别。
① when作"当……的时候"解,可以指较短的(一点)时间,也可指一段时间。如:
When he was at college, he could speak several foreign languages.
When the clock struck twelve, all the lights in the street went out.
② while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生。如:
Work while you work. Play while you play.
③ 但属下列情形时,只用as, 而不用when或while。
A) 用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指"一边……,一边……"。如:
The girl dances as she sings on the stage.
He looked behind from time to time as he went forward.
B)表示两个同步发展的动作或行为,译为"随着……"。如:
As time went on / by, she became more and more worried.
As children get older, they become more and more interested in the things around them.
C)表示两个短促行为或事件几乎同时发生。如:
I thought of it just as you opened your mouth.
Just as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry.
D) 后接名词表示某一年龄段时,用as。如:
As a young man, he was active in sports.
(3)、as用作连词引导原因状语从句
as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是"因为，由于"，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作"既然"。例如：
He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。
Since you are so sure of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。
As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。
(4)、as作连词引导让步状语从句
as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是"虽然，尽管"，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如：　　
Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。
Strange as it may seem，it is true．尽管这事看上去很奇怪，但却是真的。
However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。
Try as he might，Tom could not get out of the difficulties．不管怎样努力，汤姆还是摆脱不了困境。
(4)、as用于一些固定结构中：
A、as...as的用法
as...as意为"和……一样"，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。例如：
This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。
其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。例如：
This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。
若有修饰成分，如twice, three times, half, a quarter等，则须置于第一个as之前。例如：
Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。
B、as...as possible 尽可能……
Please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。
C、as...as usual/before像往常/以前一样
She looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。
5. I think I’ll live in an apartment wih my best friends, because I don’t like living alone.我想我会和我最好的朋友住在一套公寓里，因为我不喜欢一个人居住。
alone和lonely的用法：
A.alone可作形容词和副词，意为"单独的(地)"，"独自的(地)"。用作形容词时，一般作表语而不作定语，强调的是"单独"，没有别的人。例如：
Please go away, I want to be alone for a few minutes.请走开，我想一个人呆一会儿。
The old woman lived alone in the mountain village.这位老妇人独自一个人住在那个山村。
B.lonely用作形容词时，意为"孤独的"，"寂寞的"，带有强烈的感彩，指心灵上、感情上的"孤独"，"寂寞"。当修饰地点时，是指偏僻或荒凉之意，既可作表语，也可作定语。例如：
She has no friends,she feels lonely.他没有朋友，感到寂寞。
a lonely mountain village一个荒凉的山村
He lives alone,but he doesn't feel lonely.他一个人生活，但并不感到孤独。
［巩固练习］根据句意，选用alone或lonely填空：
1. I was all _________ then.
2. She __________ went there.
3. She went there ________.
4. The old man lives in a ________ house.
5. Jim is feeling a bit _______ now.
6. He is _________, but never feels ________.
Key: 1. alone 2. alone 3. alone 4. lonely 5. lonely 6. alone, lonely
6. I can't have any pets because my mother hates them. 我不能养宠物，因为我妈不喜欢他们。
1) because在这句中用作连词，引导原因状语从句，表示“因为”。注意在英语中because不能和so同时使用。
eg．John didn't go to school because he was ill. 约翰没有上学，因为他病了。
2) hate表示“不喜欢，憎恨”，后可跟名词或代词作宾语，也可用词组hate doing sth.，表示“讨厌做某事”。
eg．He hated flowers. 他讨厌花朵。
I hate swimming in the lake. 我讨厌在那个湖里游泳。
7. I might even keep a pet parrot！我甚至可能会养一只宠物鹦鹉！
（1）might“可能”，在这儿用于表示一种可行性或可能性，可能性比may低，语气弱，在这里不表示时态。
She isn’t at school now. She might be home already.她现在已经不在学校里，说不定她已经到家了。
might 也是may的过去式，用于表示过去时中的可能性或许可性。
He was busy last year，so he might not have a long vacation.
他去年很忙，因此他不可能有一个长的假期。
（2）keep a pet 养一只宠物
keep 饲养。例如：
keep chickens 养鸡
keep plants 种植物
I’d like to keep a pet dog.我想养一只宠物狗。
（3）keep保持
a. keep + adj.
Please keep quiet in class.课堂上请保持安静。
b. keep sb. for doing sth.让某人一直做某事
Sorry, I kept you waiting for a long time.抱歉，让你等了这么久的时间。
c. keep doing sth.一直做某事
Why do you keep laughing all the time 你为什么总是在笑？
8. During the week I’ll look smart, and probably will wear a suit.平日我可能穿套装，看上去挺漂亮的。
(1)、the week平日，工作日，与the weekend(周末)意义相对。
(2)、dress,put on ,wear,in的区别
put on 表示“穿上，戴上”，为动态，宾语是衣帽、鞋帽等,特别指穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽。与to take off (脱去)意义相反。
dress也表示“穿上衣服”，为动态，但宾语通常是人，或反身代词，意思是 “给……穿衣服”。dress oneself 或 get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。常用于被动语态.
wear表示“穿着、戴着”，为静态，宾语为衣帽等.表示穿有着是持续的动作，表示穿着的状态
(be) in 也表示“穿着”，为静态,是介词，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。
练习：用 dress, put on, in, wear填空
1.He was_____a new black coat.
2.He ______ his coat and went out.
3.He can’t _____ himself.
4.Do you know the woman ____ red
5.That girl often ______ a white skirt.
6.Jim isn't old enough to_______ himself.
Unit 1 Will people have robots
Self Check and Reading
1、Predicting the future can be difficult.预测未来可能是很困难的。
此句为动名词predicting the future作主语。注意动词不能作主语，需要用动名词或动词不定式，当动名词或动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。区别：
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作或表示习惯性、经常性和不具体的泛指动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good .
早晨朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。(经验)
Cheating on an exam ruins one's character .
考试作弊毁坏人的性格。
2、There are many famous predictions(先行词) that(引导词，作主语) never came true(定语从句). 由许多著名的预言都没有兑现。
come true“实现，成为现实”，不及物动词词组，不能接宾语。
Work hard and your dream will come true.努力学习，梦想终会成真。
come 短语
come about 发生 、 （风、船）改变方向
How did it come about 那事是怎么发生的
come across 偶遇；碰到 (= come upon)
We've just come across an old friend we haven’t seen for ages.
我们刚碰到了一位多年不见的老朋友。
come again （如有空）再来
Come again 再说一遍；重复一遍；你说什么？
come along 进展；进步；进行
I got the post because I came along at the right time. 我得到这个职位是因为碰巧遇上好机会。
How's your work coming along 你的工作进展如何？
(= come on)
come away 离开 、 脱开；脱落；断裂
The handle came away in my hands. 门把手在我手里脱落了。
The mad man came at us with a knife. 那个疯子拿着一把刀朝我们逼近。
come by 获得；得到
Jobs are hard to come by. 工作很难找到。
Come by for a drink after work. 下班后来我家喝一杯。
come down 传递；传给
The song comes down to us from the 10th century. 这首歌从10世纪一直传到我们这一代
come down to earth 回到现实
come down on 命令；强迫 、 惩罚；斥责
He came down on me like a ton of bricks when I arrived late. 我迟到时他对我大发脾气。
come into 开始；进入
The mountain town came into sight as we turned the last corner. 我们拐过最后一个弯,山城就映入了我们的眼帘。
come into fashion 开始流行
come into one's own 获得应得的（尊敬、权力、赞赏等）
come of 出身于
He comes of a good family. 他出身于世家。
从…产生；由…引起
Will good come of your actions 你的行动会带来好处吗？
come out （照片上）显露；结果是
My sister came out well in that photograph.
那张照片中我妹妹照得很好。
The stars came out as soon as darkness fell.
天一黑,星星就出来了。
come through 到达
Have your examination results come through yet 你的考试结果收到了没有？
come to 涉及；谈及
When it comes to politics I know nothing. 谈到政治，我一无所知。
come to oneself 恢复从容；恢复知觉，苏醒
come up with 想出（计划、回答）；作出（反应）；产生
He couldn't come up with an answer. 他答不上来。
He couldn't come up with an appropriate answer just at the time.
那时他想不出一个合适的答案。
3、He thought that computers would never be used by most people.他认为计算机不会为大众所使用。
that引导的宾语从句
宾语从句是指一个句子充当宾语，在主句与从句之间有一个引导词。今天，我们就谈谈连接词that引导的宾语从句。请同学们关注以下几点：
一、引导词本身的省略与不省略
1．可以省略
连词that引导宾语从句，只起连接主、从句的作用，它本身无意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：
He says（that）he is a Young Pioneer．他说他是个少先队员。
2．不可以省略
（1）从句的主语是that时，that不省略。如：
We know that that is an interesting story．我们知道那是一个有趣的故事。
（2）that引导的宾语从句中若再有复合句时，that不能省略。如：
I think that if you have lost the library book，you must pay for it．我认为如果你已把图书馆藏书丢失了，你就必须赔偿。
（3）主、从句之间有插入语时， that不能省略。如：
It says here，in the newspaper， that English is getting more and more important．报纸上写着，英语正变得越来越重要。
二、何时使用that引导的宾语从句
that引导的宾语从句，表示陈述一件事，即由陈述句转化而来。如：
He says．He is listening to the weather report．→
He says（that）he is listening to the weather report．他说他正在听天气预报。
1．主句的谓语动词是think，hear， hope，wish，remember，forget，know，say， guess等时，常接that引导的宾语从句。如：
I hope（that）he will be fine soon．我希望他很快好起来。
2．主句由“连系动词＋形容词”构成的“系表”结构，常接that引导的宾语从句。这类形容词多表示感情，如happy，glad，pleased，sad，sure，afraid等等。如：
I'm afraid（that）he can't come．恐怕他不能来了。
三、that引导的宾语从句相关的内容
1．语序
不论什么情况下，宾语从句都要用陈述语序，即“主语＋谓语＋其它”。如：
Do you think？The radio is too noisy．（合并成主从句）→
Do you think（that）the radio is too noisy？你认为收音机太吵吗？
2．时态
that引导的宾语从句，主句用一般现在时，从句可以用符合句意要求的任一时态。如：
He says（that）they have returned already．他说他们已经回来了。
He tells me that he was born in 1985．他告诉我他生于1985年。
如果主句用一般过去时，从句要用过去时态的某种形式（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。如：
He said（that）he bought a new dictionary．他说他买了本新词典。
I knew they were studying English．我知道他们正在学英语。
注：如果从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、格言、谚语等等，尽管主句用一般过去时，从句也要用一般现在时。如：
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound．我们老师告诉我们，光比声音传播得快。
He said that time is life．他说时间就是生命。
4、In some science fiction movies, people in the future have their own robots.在一些科幻电影中，未来的人们都拥有自己的机器人。
in the future 和 in future 的用法区别
What will life be like in the future 未来的生活是什么样子？
(1)in the future相当于in time yet to come，意为“将来”，指较长的将来一段时间。
Who knows what will happen in the future 谁知道将来会发生什么事？
I'd like to be a teacher in the future. 将来我想当一名教师。
(2)in future 相当于from now on，意为“今后；以后”，常指离现在较近的一段将来时间。
Don't do that in future. 以后别再干那种事了。
Be more careful with your spelling in future. 今后多注意你的拼写。用上述短语填空：
①Could you be more careful ____
②I'm sure at some point ____ I'll want a baby.
　　(Keys: ①in future ②in the future)
5、…, there are already robots working in factories.……，已经有机器人能在工厂里工作了。
There be … doing(表doing与句子的主语存在主动关系，即主语是动作的发出者)
There be … to do(表to do与句子的主语存在被动关系，即主语是动作的承受者)
There is a bird singing in the tree.树上有只鸟在唱歌。
There is a letter to write.有封信要写。
6、That may not seem possible now,….现在看起来似乎不可能，……
seem 的用法
seem可用作连系动词或不及物动词，意为“似乎；好像”，其常见用法现归纳如下：
一、“主语+ seem +（to be ）+表语”，表语多为名词或形容词，有时是其他的词或短语，以说明主语的特征或状态。例如：
Tom seems （to be） a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩。
The man over there seems to be a new teacher. 那边的那个人看上去像一个新老师。
Mr Black seemed to be quite happy. 布莱克先生好像十分快乐。
This small town seems changed a little. 这个小城镇似乎有点儿变化。
二、“主语+ seem + 不定式”，此句型中的seem与不定式一起构成复合谓语。例如：
Mrs Green doesn’t seem （或seems not ） to like the idea. 格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意。
The children seemed to be eating something in the room. 孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢。
The young man seemed to have changed much. 这个年轻人看起来变化很大。
三、“It seems + that从句”，其中it 是形式主语，that引导主语从句。例如：
It seems that no one knows what has happened in the park. 似乎没有人知道在公园里发生了什么事。
It seems to me that Mr Brown will not come again. 在我看来布朗先生不会再来了。
四、“There + seem to be +名词”，其中to be 可省略。seem 的单复数形式要根据后面作主语的名词的单复数形式而定。例如：
There doesn’t seem to be much hope of our beating that team. 看来我们战胜那个队没有多大希望。
There seems no need to wait longer. 看来没有再等的必要了。
Unit 2 What should I do
Section A
1. My brother plays his CDs too loud. 我的哥哥放他的唱片放得声音太大了。
play的用法：
(1). v. 播放(唱片、音响、录音机等)
He is playing CDs.他正在放唱片。
(2). v. 演奏、弹奏、吹奏(乐器)
I can play the guitar.我会弹吉它。
(3). v. 玩、打、踢(球、扑克牌等)
play football/ chess/ cards
(4). n. 戏剧、剧本
TV play电视剧 go to the play去看戏
2. I don’t have enough money. 我没有足够的钱。
enough的用法：
(1). enough+n. 或n.+enough 足够的，充足的
We have time enough (enough time) to do it. 我们有足够的时间来做这件事。
(2). adj./ adv.+enough 足够地，十分地，非常
The clothes are dear enough. 那些衣服十分昂贵。
Is the river deep enough for swimming 河水够深来游泳吗？
(3). enough…to do…足够……可以……
He is old enough to go to school. 他足够大，到了上学的年龄了。
I have enough money to buy a colour TV set. 我有足够的钱买台彩电。
3. I argued with my best friend. 我与最好的朋友发生了争执。
argue-argued-arguing v. 争论；争辩；辩论 argument n.
argue的用法:
(1). argue with sb. 与某人辩论/争论
The boy argued with his teacher about his homework. 那个男孩因为作业与老师争执了起来。
(2). argue about (over) sth 为某事而争论。如：
They always argue about [over] money. 他们总是为钱争吵。
They are arguing about [over] who lost the ball. 他们在争论是谁丢了球。
注：有时 argue 后可接 with sb, 表示与某人争吵。如：
He argued with the driver about the fare. 他就车费与司机论理。
(3). argue sb into (out of) (doing) sth说服某人做(不做)某事。如：
They tried to argue me into joining them. 他们设法要说服我加入他们一起干。
We argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 我们说服他不去作那样危险的旅行。
I argued him out of his opposition. 我说服他不再反对。
argue与quarrel的区别：
argue着重就自己的看法或观点，提出论证，同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如：
We heard them arguing in the other room．我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。
另外，argue同with搭配，其后接人；与about连用，其后接事物。例如：
We argued with them about this problem for a long time．这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。
quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配，其后接某人；和about连用，其后接某事。例如：
He often quarrels about their housework with his wife．他常为家务事同妻子争吵。
4. My clothes are out of style. 我的衣服过时了。
out of style过时的；不时髦的 in style 流行的，时髦的
out of的用法：
(1). 无，没有，相当于without
They are out of food. 他们的食品吃完了。
(2). 出于……(某种动机或原因)
They helped us out of pity. 出于同情，他们帮了我们的忙。
(3). 从……中；……中的，相当于among, from或of
Choose one out of these four. 从这四个中选出一个。
(4). 在……外面；从……里出来
He came out of the room. 他从房间里走了出来。
Don’t look out of the window.不要向窗外看。
5. What’s wrong = What’s the matter 到底怎么了？出了什么事？
wrong的用法：
(1). 用作形容词，以下两点用法须注意：
A. 表示“某人做某事是不对的”，以下三种说法均可。如：
It’s wrong of you to do it. / You are wrong to do it. / You arewrong in doing it. 你这样做是不对的。
B. 与something, anything, nothing 等连用，表示“出事”、“出错”、 “有毛病”。此时就注意：
a. 句子可直接用something, nothing 等放在句首作主语，也可用there is 来开始句子。
b. 若要具体表明某人 / 物出事了，可在wrong 之后用介词with 。
c. 该句型中的wrong = the matter。如：
Something is wrong. = There’s something wrong. 出事了。
Nothing is wrong (= the matter) with her. 她没什么事儿。
(2). 用作副词，意为“错误地”，与wrongly 同义，但用法上有些差异：
A. 放在动词之后，用wrong 或 wrongly 均可。如：
You answered wrong (或wrongly). 你答错了。
B. 在动词或过去分词之前，一般用wrongly。如：
The words are wrongly spelled. 这些词拼错了。
I wrongly believed that he wanted to go. 我误认为他要去。
6. Maybe you should buy some new clothes.也许你应当买一些新衣服。
(1). maybe和may be
maybe是副词，意思是“也许、可能”，在句中作状语，相当于perhaps，常位于句首。
Maybe she’ll come this afternoon. 她可能今天下午来。
Maybe you put the letter in your pockets. 大概你把信放在衣袋里了。
在may be中，may是情态动词，be是动词原形，两者构成完整的谓语形式，与主语形成系表结构，意为“也许是、可能是”。
I can’t find my watch. It may be in your pocket.
我找不到我的手表了，它可能在你的口袋里。
He may be a soldier. 他可能是军人。
maybe和may be可相互转换。
He may be in the office. = Maybe he is in the office. 他或许在办公室。
You may be right. = Maybe you are right. 你或许是对的。
(2).maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably区别
这四个词都可表示“可能性”。
maybe：“可能，也许”，比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式，可能性不大，也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如：You could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。
He didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好；也许是有点中暑。
The doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。
possibly：“可能地，或者，也许"，可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 "无论如何"之意。
She expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.
她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。
I couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何，我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。
perhaps：“可能”，较为常用也较为正式的词，可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求，也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。
I thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。
Perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时，也许你会善意地帮我们一把。
probably：“很可能，大概”，可能性在这一组词中最大，表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。
He is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者，他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。
There is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物，只是我们尚不知道。
You have to finish it in two day”s time.
But I can’t ______ finish it
A. probably B.possibly C. maybe D.perhaps
思路分析：
句意：你必须用两天的时间完成它。
但是我不可能完成。
本题中所给的四个词都可以表示“可能，也许”但其中，possibly一词常可用于否定式，而probably, maybe和perhaps一般不用于否定式，因此，答案是B, 又如：
You can’t possibly walk 20 miles in an hour.你不可能一小时步行二十英里。
Maybe he is a teacher.他可能是一个老师。
The train has probably left.火车大概已经开走了。
Perhaps I should leave.也许我应该离开.
Unit 2 What should I do
Section B
1. They are original.他们很新颖。
original adj.“新颖的；独创的；原始的；最早的”，无比较级。
an original idea/ invention/ thinker/ paiting独树一帜的观点/新颖的发明/有创见的思想家/有独特性的绘画
He is an original composer.他是个富有独创力的作曲家。
The original owner of the house was the Duke of Wellington.这房子本来的主人是威灵顿公爵。
2. They are inexpensive.它们不贵。
inexpensive（前缀“in-”表示“否定，与……相反”，如：
activity活跃的，积极的→inactivity不活跃的，不积极的
ability能力，才干→inability无能力
correct正确的，恰当的→incorrect不正确的，错误的
cheap、inexpensive区别：都含“便宜的”、“廉价的”意思。
cheap 指“价钱便宜的”或“因质量差而价格低的”, 如:
I won't buy cheap dresses. 我不愿意买便宜衣服。
inexpensive 指“价值与价格相比的便宜”, 表示“价格公道的”、“不贵的”, 如:
This kind of car is inexpensive. 这种汽车便宜。
3. My friend wears the same clothes and has the same haicut as I do.我朋友穿着和我一样的服装，留着和我一样的发型。
the same as... 与……相同
The clothes are the same as my friends'．这些衣服与我朋友的一样。
Tom is the same age as Anna.＝Tom is as old as Anna． 汤姆和安娜一样大。
Her backpack is the same as mine. 她的背包与我的一样。
like与as区别：像……一样
(1) like表示相似关系，但不等同；as指两者完全或几乎相同。
He works as a servant.他以一名仆人的身份工作着。
She teaches like a teacher.（她并不是教师）
She teaches as a teacher.（她是一个教师）
(2) as后接从句或省略的从句；like后接名词或代词。
I like the same things as Li Lei ( does).我喜欢李雷一样的东西。
Do it like this.像这样一样做。
(3) like常与系动词或代词搭配，如：look like, be like, like this, like that, like it。
as常与动词搭配，如：work as…, treat…as…。
4. But I just found out that my friends were planning a birthday party ofr my best friend, and they didn’t invite me.可是我刚刚发现我的朋友正在计划给我最好的朋友举办生日聚会，而他们没有邀请我。
(1) just adv.
①刚才，方才
They've just arrived.他们刚刚到达。
The bell just rang.铃刚响过。
②正好；恰好
It is his birthday; he is just ten years old.今天是他生日, 他正好10岁。
That is just what I think.那正是我所想的。
It's just three o'clock.正好是三点钟。
She's clever, but her younger sister is just as clever.她很聪明,但她妹妹也一样聪明。
He came just as I was leaving.我正要走时他来了。
③刚刚
I can just reach the top shelf if I stand on my toes.
如果我踮起脚尖的话，我刚刚能够着顶层的架子。
④刚好, 几乎不
You only just caught the train.你刚好赶上火车。
You have just missed the bus.你刚好错过公共汽车。
⑤十分；非常；简直
That's just beautiful!真是太美了！
⑥仅仅；只
Just a moment!请稍等一下。
Just the door squeaking, not a man.只是门在吱吱响，并没有人。
I rang up just to say hello.我打电话只是问候一下。
He's just a lad.他还只是个小青年。
注：just now刚才；不久以前（用于过去时）
I saw him just now.我刚刚看到他。
just then正（就）在那时
Just then he came out of the room.就在那时他从房间里走了出来。
(2) find out找出；发现；查明（真相等）
Please find out where he lives.请打听一下他住在哪里。
look for, find, find out辨析：
这三个词都有“找”的涵义，但具体用法有别：
1）look for意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作。如：
—What are you looking for？你在找什么？
—I'm looking for my bike．我在找我的自行车。
2）find意为“找到”“发现”，强调“找”的结果，其宾语往往是某个丢失的东西或人。如：
—Did you find Li Ming yesterday？你昨天找到李明了吗？
—No，we looked for him everywhere，but didn't find him．没有，我们到处找了，但没有找到他。
3）find out着重表示通过理解、分析、思考、询问等“弄清楚”“查明”一件事情，其后的宾语常常是某个情况、事实。如：
Please find out when the train leaves．请查一下火车什么时候离站。
5. Everyone else in my class was invited except me, and I don’t know why, I can’t think what I did wrong.除了我以外，班里其他人都收到了邀请，我不知道为什么。我想不出我做错了什么。
(1) else adj. 别的；其他的
else用在不定代词something, anything, nothing及由some, any构成的不定代词或特殊疑问词的后面。
Do you want anything else 你还想要别的东西吗
I want nothing else. 我其他什么也不想要了。
What else did you say 你说了别的什么事情
Where else did you go 你还到哪儿去了
(2) was invited是一般过去时态的被动语态形式。一般过去时态的被动语态结构为：was(were)＋及物动词的过去分词。was invited意为“被邀请”。
I was invited to a party last week.上周我被邀参加一个聚会。
(3) except prep. 除……之外，常与all, everyone, everywhere, always, no, never等词连用
We all went except Tom. 除汤姆之外我们都去了。
I looked everywhere except there. 除了那儿，我到处都看过了。
辨析：except与besides
except和besides都有“除……之外”的意思，except意思是“除了……都”；besides强调“除了……之外还有……”
We go there every day except Sunday. 除星期天外，我们每天都去那里。（周一到周六去那儿，星期天不去）
Besides English he did well in Chinese and maths.
除了英语外，他语文、数学成绩也很好。（英语、语文、数学成绩都好）
what I did wrong是一个宾语从句，此处用了陈述语序。疑问语序是what did I do wrong.
注意：在宾语从句中，如果从句是疑问句，那么要用陈述语序。请注意下列句子的语序：
What’s her name 她叫什么名字？
Please tell me what her name is.请告诉我她叫什么名字。
What do you do on weekends 你周末干什么？
Can you tell me what you do on weekends 你能告诉我你周末干什么？
6. You left your homework at home.你把作业忘在家里了。
leave的用法：
(1). leave （离开；退出）。通常用于下列短语中： leave some place （离开某地）， leave for some place （离开到某地）， leave school （退学）。注意： school leaver 指“毕业生”。如：
My grandfather has left for Beijing already.我祖父已经离开去北京了。After another six months， all of us will leave school.再过六个月后，我们所有人都将毕业了。
(2). leave （遗留；遗忘）。通常用于如下结构中： leave sth / sb at home （把某物遗忘在家；把某人留在家）， leave sth / sb behind （留下；遗落）。如：I left my English book at home once more.我又一次把英语书遗落在家里。
The little baby was left at home.那小孩被留在家里。
(3). leave （听任其在某处；使保持某状态）。通常用于一些复合结构中，如：“ leave+ 宾语＋形容词 / 分词 / 不定式等”以及短语 leave … alone （不理会；不管）。如：
The teacher left little Tom standing all the time.老师让小汤姆一直站着。
Leave him to do it himself.让他自个儿去做这件事吧。
(4). leave （留下；剩下）。如：
His only relative died，leaving him nothing.他惟一的亲人死了，什么也没给他留下。
注意：分词 left 作定语时，要放在所修饰的词后面，如果要用前置定语，则可以使用 remaining .如：
Don't hurry， there are ten minutes left.不要着急，还有十分钟。
(5). leave （留住；留言）。常用于以下短语： leave word （留信息）， leave a message （留言；留口信）。如：
Sorry，John isn't in，please leave a message.对不起，约翰不在家，请留个口信吧。
(6). leave （准假；休假；假期）。常用于以下结构： ask for （a） leave （请假）， a sick leave of （病假）等。如：
His mother was ill，so he asked for a leave.他母亲病了，因此他请假了。
Unit 2 What should I do
Self Check and Reading
1. My cousin is the same age as me. She’s really nice, and we get on well, but she always borrows my things.我的表妹与我同岁，她确实很好，并且我们俩相处融洽，可她总是借我的东西。
(1) the same age as… 与……年龄相同
My father is the same as my mother. = My father is as old as my mother. = My father and mother are of the same age.
(2) get on/ along (well) with sb. 与…….相处(融洽)
She gets on/along well with her pen pal. 她和笔友相处融洽。
We get on/along very well with each other. 我们相处得很好。
get on/ along with sth. 在某方面进展情况
How are you getting on with your English studies.你的英语学习情况如何？
2. I don’t want to have a fight with my cousin. 我不想和我的表妹打架。
have a fight with sb. = fight with sb. 和某人打架
We can’t have a fight with each other at school. 在学校我们不能打架。
He fought with his brother yesterday. 昨天他和哥哥打架了。
注:fight for, fight against, fight with
fight for; 意为“为（事业、自由、真理、权利等）而斗争（战斗）”：其后大多接抽象名词，有时可接表示人的名词。 fight against 后接事物名词时，意为“为反对……而斗争”；接人、国家名词时，意为“和（同）……斗争（战斗）”，这时可用 fight with 代替，只是前者语气强。fight with 只接人或国家的名词，除表示“同（和）……战斗（斗争）”的意义外，在含 fight against 的句子里出现 with，这时还表示“和……在一起同……战斗”的意思。如：
①. They are fighting for freedom and independence. 他们正为自由独立而战。
②. He led the workers in fighting against oppression and exploitation. 他领导工人进行反对压迫和剥削的斗争。
③. We fought with disease. 我们同疾病作斗争。
练习：
①. She has many temptations to fight _____.
A. against B. for C. with
②. Britain fought _____ France against Germany in the last war.
A. against B. for C. with
Key: ①. A ②. C
3. I don’t know what to do. Could you give me some advice 我不知道该怎么办，请你给我一些建议好吗？
give sb. some advice给某人提建议
Our teacher gave us some advice on how to learn English well.
老师在如何学好英语方面给我们提了一些建议。
注：
advice是不可数名词，无复数形式，“一条建议”应表达成为a piece of advice，不能说：an advice。
4. The tired children don’t get home until 7 pm. 疲惫不堪的孩子直到晚上才到家。
not…until… 直到……才……
She didn’t go to bed until her mother came back.她直到妈妈回来，才去睡觉。
I didn’t finish my homework until 9:00. 直到9:00，我才完成作业。
I won’t finish reading the book until tomorrow.要到明天我才能把这本书看完。
5. The Taylors are like many American and British parents. 泰勒夫妇像许多美英国家的父母一样。
the Taylors “泰勒夫妇”或“泰勒一家人”(the + 姓氏的复数)
The Kings are playing cards. 金家正在打牌。
6. Most children take part in after-school clubs. Activities include sports, language learning, music, and math classes. 大多数孩子参加课外俱乐部，活动包括体育运动、语言学习、音乐和数学班。
most adj.大多数的，前面不加定冠词the。
Most students in our class like playing basketball. 我们班里大多数学生喜欢打篮球。
take part in, join和join in
take part in, join和join in 都有“参加”的意思，可是它们之间还有很大的区别：
take part in 意为“参加，参与（某事物或某活动），如movement, revolution, meeting, conference, conversation, war等）”。例如：
Switzerland didn’t take part in this war. 瑞士没有参加这次战争。
How many countries will take part in the World Cup 有多少个国家要参加世界杯？
join意为“参加（某组织），加入（某处任职），参加到某个人群中去，从而成为其中一员”。例如：
She joined a health club. 她参加了一个健身俱乐部。
We both joined the Labor Party. 我们俩都加入了工党。
join in sth. / doing sth.意为“参加”，后面接的宾语一般是表示竞赛、娱乐、游戏等活动的名词或V-ing。例如：
Can I join in the game 我可以参加这个游戏吗？
They all join in singing the song. 他们一起唱这首歌。
7. Parents see other children doing a lot of things, and they feel their own shildren should do the same. 父母们看到其他的孩子在做许多事情，他们觉得自己的孩子也应该做同样的事情。
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事（强调正在进行中，侧重当时的情况）
I saw him playing basketball with his clssmates on the playground. 我看见他和同学正在打篮球。
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做了某事（强调做完了或做过，侧重动作的全过程）
I saw a man run into the house.我看见一个人跑进了房子里。
8. Linda Miller, a mother of three in london, knows all about such pressure. “In some families, competition starts from a very young age,” she says. 琳达.米勒，是伦敦一个有三个孩子的母亲，她深知这样的压力。“在一些家庭中，竞争从孩子很小时就开始了，”她说。
know about… 了解，知道……的情况
I know nothing about my new pen pal. 我对新交的笔友的情况一无所知。
know …from… 分辨，区分……和……
He doesn't know about a lion from a tiger. 他分不清狮子和老虎。
9. She also says that these children may find it hard to think for themselves when they are older. 她也说当这些孩子长大一些时可能发现自己独立思考事情是困难的。
(1) 多重复句：that引导的宾语从句，主句时she also says，从句中又含有一个when引导的时间状语从句when they are older。
(2) find it hard to think for themselves.中it作形式宾语，真正宾语是后面的动词不定式。
I find it difficult to learn English well.
= I find that it is hard to learn English well.我发现学好英语很难。
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived
Section A
1. So, what were you doing when the UFO arrived 那么，当飞碟到来时你正在干什么？
(1) 主从复合句：主句what were you doing用过去进行时，表示在过去某个时刻或某个时间段内正在进行的动作。构成：主语+was/ were+现在分词(v.-ing)。
I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night. 昨晚8点我正在做作业。
They were planting trees at this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候他们在栽树。
We are having a meeting when Li Lei came in. 当李雷进来的时候我们正在开会。
(2)arrive in/ at, get to, reach “到达”辨析：
①reach＋地点名词。
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。
②get to＋地点名词。
When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我们到达公园时，就开始下雨了。
③arrive in/ at＋节地点名词。
We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们到车站晚了 5 分钟。
They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎。
注：①若接地点副词(here, there, home等)时，则不能加介词；②不表明到达某地时用arrive。
He arrived at 10:00 last night. 他昨天晚上10点到达。
2. well, I was standing in front of the library. 哦，我正站在图书馆的前面。
in front of... 在……的前面（指在事物的外部），反义词：behind。
in the front of... 在……的前面（指在事物的内部），反义词：at the back of。
There are many trees in front of the teaching building. 在教学楼的前面在许多树。（指树种在教学楼外面）
There is a teachers’desk in the front of the classroom. 教室的前面有一张讲台。（指讲台放在教室里）。
3. talk on the phone 打电话
He is talking on the phone. 他正在打电话。
on prep.以……方式，靠……
He studies English on the radio. 他通过广播学英语。
They live on potatoes. 他们靠吃马铃薯生活。
4. The alien bought a souvenir. 外星人买了一件纪念品。
alien 外星人
An alien came out of the UFO. 一个外星人走出了飞碟。
alien 外地人，侨民，外族人，外国人（指住在一个国家，但不是该国的公民）
foreigner 外国人（指生于或来自他国，尤指有不同语言、文化的人）
Many aliens from China work in America. 许多中国侨民在美国务工。
Tom, a foreigner, studies in Beijing University. 汤姆，一个在北京大学读书的外国人。
5. The boy was walking down the street when a UFO landed.当飞碟着陆时，那个男孩正在街上走。
While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 当外星人正在买纪念品时，女孩给警察打了电话。
when, while辨析：“当……时候”
(1) when当（在）……时候，既可表示某一点时间，也可以表示某一段时间，引导的从句谓语多用终止性（瞬间）动词，主从句的动作可同时也可以有先后顺序发生。
I was just reading a book when she came into my room. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。
Were you writing when the teacher came in 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？
When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。
(2) while正当（正在）……时（指同时），只能表示某一段时间，不能表示某一点时间。在while引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语动词只能是延续性的，而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。
While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him. 正当吉姆修自行车时，林涛来看他。
You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV. 你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。
Some students were reading while others were writing. 有些学生在读书，而有些学生在写字。
(3) 另外，when和while的区别还在于：while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态，而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。
While they were talking , the bell rang. 正在他们谈话的时候，上课铃响了。
I was doing my homework when my mother came back home yesterday evening. 昨天晚上妈妈回家的时候，我正在做家庭作业。
6. 短语take off用法分析
（1）此处的take off意为“起飞”。例如：
When will the plane take off 飞机何时起飞？
（2）take off还可以作“脱下”讲，反义词为put on。例如：
Put on your clothes. Don’t take them off. 把衣服穿上，别把衣服脱下。
（3）take off作“拿掉，拿走”，其后直接跟名词作宾语，而take away作“拿走”时，后接介词才能接名词。
He took the paper off the seat beside him and let the girl sit down.
He took the paper away from the seat beside him and let the girl sit down.
他把座位旁边的纸拿掉，让那个女孩坐了下来。
7. I was very surprised when it went into a souvenir shop. 我非常惊讶，它走进了一家纪念品商店。
(1) surprise, surprised, surprising的区别：
① surprise是名词，表示吃惊，如to one's surprise让某人吃惊的是。
To my surprise, he passed the exam easily. 他很轻易的通过了考试，真的出乎我的意料。
② be surprised 感到吃惊，主语一般为人.
eg. He was surprised when I saw him . (我见到他的时候，他感到很吃惊。)
be surprised to do 做…..令人吃惊；吃惊地去做…….
eg, I am surprised to see you here.
be surprised at (doing) sth. 对……感到吃惊
eg, I was surprised at his words.
③surprising 令人吃惊的, 常用来修饰物或主语是物.
eg, It is surprising news for me.
to one’s surprise 令人惊讶地是……..
(2) surprise与amaze
amaze：指让人迷惑或者惊异的效果，语气强烈。
surprise：强调在特定的时间或者场合下因毫无准备而吃惊，诧异或者惊异。
His coming surprised me. 他的到来让我感到惊讶。
I was amazed at his imprudence. 他的鲁莽使我大为震惊。
8. Isn’t that amazing “那难道不令人惊奇吗 ” 这是一个否定句,表达肯定的意思. 否定句的回答要注意, 肯定时要用yes+肯定结构,否定时要用 no + 否定结构,这和汉语表达有很大不同.
Won’t you go (你真不去 )
Yes, I will.(不, 我要去.) No, I won’t.(是的,我不去.)
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived
Section B
1. He’s scared. 他吓坏了。
scare害怕　be scared to of sth.害怕干某事　be scared of sth.害怕某事
He was scared to see a snake. 他害怕看到蛇.
He was scared of darkness. 他害怕黑暗.
The boy was (scare) to catch the snake.
2. It’s jumping down. 它跳了下来。
jump 跳，跳跃 jump onto 跳上 jump down跳下 jump the queue 插队
3. While John was walking to school, he saw a cat in a tree. 约翰步行去上学时，他看见树上有只猫。
in the tree:指外来物（猫、鸟等）“在树上”
on the tree:“在树上”本身生长的叶子、花、果实等。
There are many apples on the tree.树上有许多苹果。
4. Linda loves her dog Davy.琳达喜爱他的狗――戴维。
like, love, enjoy, be fond of辨析：
这几个词都有“喜爱、喜欢”的意思，但用法各有不同。
a）enjoy与like可以通用，但要注意enjoy后面不能跟不定式；而like后可跟名词，动词-ing形式或不定式。
例：He likes seeing films. 他喜欢看电影。
He enjoys/ likes light music. 他喜欢轻音乐。
He likes to play football this afternoon. 他喜欢今天下午踢足球去。
b）be fond of表示喜爱的程度一般比like强。
I am fond of light music .＝I like light music very much.
c）love是“热爱”的意思，是这组词中主观感彩最强烈的。
She likes him , but doesn't love him .她喜欢他，但并不爱他。
（注：love表示“喜欢”时，一般不用于否定句；love用于否定句是，意思是“爱”。）
5. While Linda was buying a newspaper at the train station, the dog got out of his box and ran away. 当琳达在火车站买报纸时，她的狗冲出箱子跑掉了。
(1) newspaper
a. 可数名词，表报纸的种类或作为看阅的报纸。
a newspaper 一份报纸
He bought a newspaper. 他买了一份报纸。（报纸是整份卖的）
b. 不可数名词，表废弃的报纸或用来包裹物品用的报纸。
a piece of newspaper 一张报纸
He passed me a piece of newspaper. 他递给我一张报纸。
(2) get out of… 从……里出来（注：不用from）
The woman got out of her car. 那个妇女从车里出来。
6. While she was talking on the telephone, Davy met another dog outsice the station. 当她在打电话时，戴维在车站外面遇到了另一条狗。
another adj.（不确定数目中的）另一个；又一个；别的；另外的
He bought another pen. 他又买了一支钢笔。
other, the other, another与others用法区别
这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分，而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下：
①. 指单数时的用法
指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用 the other。如：
Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。
Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
②. 指复数时的用法
指复数时，若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)。如：
There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
Where have the other students gone 其他学生都到哪里去了？
③. other的用法
others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于)“other+复数名词”，同样地 the others 大致相当于“the other＋复数名词”。如：
Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
④. another的用法
another一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，则也可接复数名词。如：
We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
⑤. 与 some连用
与 some 对比使用时，用 others(此时与 some 同义)。如：
Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对，有人说不对。
7. She didn’t think about looking outside the station. 她没有想到去车站外面寻找。
think 的用法：过去式和过去分词是thought , 现在分词是 thinking.
think of 想起 think about 考虑 think over 反复思考
What do you think of the game show
We must think about what to do next time.
Please think it over before you decide to do it.
8. What happened while Linda was on the telephnoe 当琳达在打电话时，发生了什么时？
happen的用法
happen是不及物动词，它的用法常见的有如下几种情况：
①. 表示"某地（某时）发生了什么事"，常用"sth.+ happen +地点/时间"这一结构来表达，此时主语应是事情。例如：
The story happened in 2003. 这个故事发生在2003年。
An accident happened in that street. 那条街上发生了一起事故。
②. 表示"某人出了某事（常指不好的事）"，要用"sth.+ happen+to sb."这一结构来表达。例如：
A car accident happened to her this morning. 今天上午她发生了交通事故。
What happened to you 你怎么啦？
③. 表示"某人碰巧做某事"，要用"sb.+ happen+ to do sth."这一结构来表达。例如：
I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday. 昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。
④. happen表示"碰巧或恰巧发生某事"时，还可用"It happens / happened that..."这一结构来表达。例如：
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. 碰巧那天布莱恩和彼得在家了。
It happened that he had to take part in a meeting that afternoon. 碰巧那天下午他不得不参加一个会议。
注：that从句中的主语是人时，此种结构可以与"sb.+ happen + to do sth."结构互换。例如：
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. = Brian and Peter happened to be at home that day.
take place与 happen的用法
take place指“发生或举行（事先计划或预料到的事物）”
The opening of the play will take place tomorrow night. 剧的首演式将于明晚举行。（take place不能用happen代换）
Happen指“（偶然或未预见）发生”，多指事故或不幸。
The accident happened only a block from my home. 事故发生地离我家只一个街区。
▲动词happen，take place只能用作不及物动词，不能用被动语态形式。如：
The car accident happened last week. 交通事故发生在上星期。（不能说：The car accident was happened last week.）
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO landed
Self Check and Reading
1. at the doctor’s 在诊所（名词所有格表示“某户人家或工作地点”）
at my brother’s 在我哥哥家 at the dentist’s在牙科诊所　at the barber’s 在理发店
2. People often remember what they were doing when they heard the news of important events in history. 人们经常记得在他们听到历史上重大新闻时正在做的事。
(1) 句式：　主语＋状语＋谓语＋宾语从句＋时间状语从句
(2) remember的用法
a. remember sb./ sth.
I didn’t remember what he said.我不记得他说什么。
Do you still remember me 你还记得我吗？
b. remember to do sth. 记得要干某事（还没做）
Please remember to shut down the lights when you leave. 请记得离开的时候把灯关掉。
c. remember doing sth. 记得干过某事（已做过）
I remembered seeing him once.=I remembered that I saw him once. 我记得我曾有一次见过他。
注:forget的用法相类似。
3. This is one of the most important events in modern American history. 这是美国现代史上最重要的事件之一。
(1) one of (the/ my…+最高级)+复数名词，表示“(最)……之一”。作主语是，谓语动词用单数。
English is one of my favorite subjects. 英语是我最喜欢的科目之一。
One of my best friends studies in Beijing University.我的一个最要好的朋友在北大学习。
(2) modern adj.现代的；新款的
modern clothes新款衣服　modern music现代音乐　modern English 现代英语
4. Although some people may not remember who murdered him, they remember what they were doing when they heard about the event. 尽管一些人不记得是谁杀害他，但是他们记得当他们听到这件事时正在做的事情。
(1) although的用法
表示“虽然，尽管”，相当于though，引导让步状语从句，不用与but, and, so等连用。可与yet, still等词连用。
Althougt the book was old, we still decided to but it.=The book was old, but we still decided to but it. 尽管这本书很旧了，但我们还是决定买它。
There is air all around us, although we can’t see it.=We can’t see the air, but it is all around us. 虽然我们看不见空气，但它却存在我们的周围。
although与though辨析：
① although和though同义，在一般情况下，可以互换使用。只是though较普遍，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，而although则较为正式。另外although语气比though重，常用以强调让步概念。
e.g. Though/Although my car is very old, I don't want to buy a new one. 虽然我的汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。
He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. 虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。
② even能和though组合表示强调，但even不能和although组合。因此，不能说even although,在这里even though = even if (no matter if; though即使......也......)
Even if/ Even though we could afford it, we wouldn’t go abroad for our vacation. 即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。
③当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though,而不用although。
Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion. 就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的立场。
Though everybody deserts you, I will not. 即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。
④ though可以独立用作副词，常放在句末，意为all the same （还是；仍然）或however(可是；然而)，而although无此用法。
She didn't tell me what she had done, but I know it though. 她没有告诉我她所做的事情，但我还是知道了。
It's hard work. I enjoy it, though. 工作很苦，可是我喜欢。
⑤ though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而although从句则不能。
Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning. 虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机会获胜。
(2) murder 可作动词和名词用，表示“谋杀，凶杀”。用作动词时，常用于被动语态。
Dr Martin Luther King was murdered on April 4, 1968. 马丁.路德.金博士在1968年4月4日被谋杀。
Her husband likes to read murder stories. 她丈夫喜欢阅读谋杀案小说。
(3) hear about, hear of区别：听说
hear of + sb./sth: 听到或知道某人[某事物]的情况
I have never heard of him since he left. 自从他离开后，我再没听到过他的消息。
I have heard of the song. 我曾听说过这首歌。（注意：这里提及的不是听到这首歌，而是听说过这首歌）
hear about + sth. : 听到关于某事物的消息（非常了解）
I've just heard about his promotion. 我刚刚听到了他被提升的事。
5. Robert Allen is now over 40. 罗伯特.艾伦现在40多岁。
over=more than prep.(数目、程度等)高于，超过
The book cost him over 20 dollars. 这本书花了他20多美元。
over 在……正上方；在……上面（未接触表面），反义词under
There is a bridge over the river.河上有座桥。
注：above表示在某物的上方，但不一定是“正上方”
above与over用法辨析
一、两者均可用的场合
(1) 当表示垂直在上的正上方时，两者均可用。如：
A lamp was hanging over [above] the table. 电灯悬挂在桌子上方。
Wild geese were flying above [over] the lake. 野雁在湖上飞翔。
They built a new room above [over] the garage. 他们在车房上加盖了一个新房间。
(2) 当用作副词且与and, or连用，表示“……以上”时，两者均可用。
You get an A grade for scores of 75 and over [above]. 75分或75分以上的分数就是优等。
Big-screen TVs are defined as 27 inches or above [over]. 在屏幕电视是指27英寸或更大的电视。摘自英语词
二、通常用above的场合
(1) 当不是表示垂直在上的上方时，通常用above。如：
We’ve got a little house above the lake. 我们在湖边高坡上有一所小房子。
(2) 当表示温度、高度以及有纵向可比标准时，通常用above。如：
Today’s temperature is 10 degrees above zero. 今天气温是零上10度。
The town is 2,000 feet above sea level. 这座城市海拔2,000 英尺。
三、通常用over的场合
(1) 表示覆盖意义时，通常用over。如：
Spread a cloth over the table. 在桌上铺一块桌布。
(2) 表示横过或越过时，通常用over。此时也可用across。如：
There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。
The terrorists escaped across [over] the border. 恐怖分子越过边境逃走了。
(3) 当表示数量的“多于”，含有类似more than的意思时，原来可用over，也可用above。但在现代英语中，通常只用over。如：
The blue whale grows to over 30 metres long. 蓝鲸可长到三十多米长。
Over 100 burglaries are reported every month, and that’s just the tip of the iceberg. 每月报案的入室盗窃案超过百起，而这只不过是已知的一小部分。
(4) 涉及速度时，若要表示“高于”“多于”，通常用介词over。如：
At the time he was diving at over 100 mph. 这时他的车速为每小时一百多英里。
(5) 涉及年龄时，若要表示“高于”“多于”，通常用介词over。此时也可用past。如：
She didn’t marry until she was over fifty. 她直到五十多岁才结婚。
No tickets are needed for people over 65. 六十五岁以上的人无需购票。
I don’t know how old he is, but he looks well over [past] forty. 我不知道他多少岁，但是他看上去有四十多岁了。
注：有时也可用above，尤其是与the age of连用时。如：
We cannot accept children above [over] the age of 10. 我们不能接受10岁以上的儿童。
四、see above与see over
在书或文章中，see above的意思是“见前文”“见上文”，see over的意思是“见下一页”，两者意思几乎相反，注意不要弄混。如：
See above, page 97 见前文，第97页。
See over for further information. 详情请见下一页。
五、over and above
over and above为习语，意为“此外”“另外”，与in addition to同义。
There are other factors over and above those we have discussed. 除了我们所讨论的之外，还有其他因素。
The city has spent $2 million over and above budgeted funds for the new stadium. 该市建这座新体育场的费用超出了预算资金200万美元。摘
6. His flight around the Earth lasted about 22 hours. 他环球飞行大约持续了22个小时。
last v.持续，过去式和过去分词lasted
Our summer vacation lasts for nearly two months.我们的暑假大约有两个月。
The meeting lasted for nearly 3 hours. 会议持续了将近3个小时。
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
Section A
1. Do you ever watch soap operas 你曾看过肥皂剧吗？
ever的用法：
ever用作副词，意为“曾经、以前、无论何时、总是”等。其用法比较灵活，现归纳如下：
① 用于一般疑问句，意为“曾经、这以前”现代汉语中一般不译出。
Does she ever go out at night？她通常晚上外出吗？
Have you ever been to Beijing？你曾去过北京吗？
When you were working there, did you ever meet a foreigner？你在那里工作时曾见过外国人吗？
注意① ever用于疑问句时，其答语中不用ever，若否定则用never，如：Have you ever heard the song sung？Yes，I have．（No，Never．）
注意② “Did you ever．．．？”有时单独使用或用于反问句，表示“惊讶、愤怒、怀疑”等。如：
Did you ever hear such nonsense？你真的听到过如此胡言乱语？
Did you ever see the UFO？你还见到过飞碟？
② 用于否定句，意为“无论何时都不……，至今不曾……”。
Nothing ever happens in the lonely village．这个遥远的小村子至今未出过事。
We hardly ever go shopping there．我们至今未在那里买过东西。
I have not ever been there alone．我从未单独去过那里。
注意：ever虽可与not连用，但通常习惯用never代替。
③ 用于条件句，译为“曾经、有机会”。
If you ever come to Beijing, please let me know．如果有机会来北京，请告诉我。
If you ever have any proble, please call me．你若有问题，请打电话。
④ 与比较级连用，译为“以前、以往、任何时候”。
It is raining hard than ever．雨下得比以前更大了。
When she got the letter，she became angrier than ever．拿到信时，她比以前更生气了。
⑤ 与最高级连用，译为“空前、有史以来、从来没有”。
I think she is the best actress ever．我认为她是至今最优秀的演员。
This is the biggest harvest ever．这是空前未有的大丰收。
⑥ 与疑问词连用，加强语气，译为“到底、究竟”。
When（where）ever did you see the panda？你到底在什么时候（哪里）看见那只熊猫的？
Who ever disagreed with you？究竟是谁不同意你？
2. She said she was having a surprise party for Lana on Friday night. 她说她在星期五晚上要为拉娜举办一个惊喜的晚会。
宾语从句的时态呼应问题：
①当主句是一般现在时，从句根据需要可用各种时态。
②当主句是一般过去时，从句也用表示过去的时态。
③当从句表示客观规律、自然现象时，用一般现在时。
I hear that my pen pal is going shopping.我听说我的笔友要去购物。
He told me that my pen pal was going shopping.他告诉我我的笔友要去购物。
My teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
3. I’m mad at Marcia.我生马西娅的气。
be mad at (with) sb. 对某人恼火 =be angry with sb.
be mad at sb. for (doing sth.) 对某人做某事恼火
Mother got mad at (with) me for watching TV for hours. 妈妈对我看了几个小时的电视大为恼火。got mad at = was mad at
be mad for… 非常想要
She is mad for watching TV. 她非常想要看电视。
be mad about… 对……迷得发狂
She is mad about going to skate. 她对溜冰着了迷。
4. Lana told Marcia she would bring some books to her house on Friday night. 拉娜告诉马西娅周五晚上她会带些书到她家。
(1) 该句为复合句。主句用一般过去时，从句用过去将来时。
She said she would be a teacher. 她说她要当一个教师。
(2) bring, take, fetch, get与carry
bring本意“拿”，应从远处带。
“带走”是take，不再返回来。
carry搬重物，手“搬”加车“载”。
get方向明，走去拿回来。
介词加have，强调“随身带”。
各个分清楚，牢牢记心间。
这五个词都表示“拿”，但也有区别。
bring：表示把某物带到说话人所在的位置。
例如：Bring your homework here tomorrow. 明天把作业带来。
take：表示把某物从说话人所在地点拿走。
例如：Can I take this book home？ 我可以把这本书拿回家吗？
carry：表示用车、船、马等载人或物，也可以表示用手搬运比较重的东西，她仅表示一种动作，不具有方向性。
例如：Can you help me（to）carry this heavy box？ 能帮我搬这个箱子吗？
get（=fetch）：表示从说话人所在的地点出发，到达指定地点拿到所需之物后再返回说话处。
例如：Please get some chalk for me, Tom. 汤姆，（到办公室）给我拿些粉笔。
have…with：表示随身携带某物。
例如：He has nothing with him expect a book. 他除了一本书外什么也没带。
Ex：用take，get，bring，carry，have填空。
(1)、Can you ______ your son to school next Sunday, I want to make friends with him.
(2)、I want to ______ him to Beijing tomorrow.
(3)、He helps the old man ______ the water.
(4)、Would you like to ______ food for me, I’m hungry.
(5)、I ______ no money ______ me.
Key：(1)、bring (2)、take (3)、carry (4)、get/fetch (5)、have, with
5. Lana said she wasn’t mad at Marcia anymore. 拉娜说她不再生马西娅的气了。
anymore adv.用于肯定句，表“再，还”；用于否定句，表“不再，再不”，相当于any more，侧重于今后不再。
They play soccer anymore. （现在）他们还踢足球。
He doesn’t want to do it anymore. 他再也不这样做了。
辨析：not…any more与not…any longer
not…any more和not …any longer都表示“不再”，not