2009年语法知识--英语知识体系简介

2009年语法知识--英语知识体系简介
十大词类：noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, numeral, verb, article, preposition, conjunction, Interjection
九种句子成分
主语（subject）: 是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。(n., pron.,to do, doing and that-clause)
谓语（predicate）: 说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。(verbs)
表语（predicative）: 放在连系动词之后，表示主语的身分、状态或特征。(n., pron., adj., adverbs for places, prepositional phrases, to do doing, done and that-clause.)
宾语（object）: 在及物动词或介词之后。(n, pron, to do, doing and that-clause.)
定语（attribute）: 限定或修饰名词或代词。
adj., adverbs for places, pron, n., prepositional phrases, to do, doing, done and that-clauses.
状语(adverbial) : 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。adv., prepositional phrases, to do, doing done and that-clauses.
宾语补足语（object complement）: 说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或宾语发出的动作。（adj., n, adverbs for places, to do, doing and done）
同位语: 补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。 （n. or that-clauses）e.g. My father, a doctor, is very kind.
主语补足语: 是对一句话的主语进行补充说明。
eg: 1.Jessica, the best student of our class, won the game.2.Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 3. He died young.
练习一：分析下列句子的成分
The farmers don’t stay long in the same places.
We are having a wonderful time.
It’s dangerous to swim in the river.
I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor.
I’m going to move to another city next month.
Thank you for writing to me.
It was lovely to hear from you.
Have you anything to say about this question?
It’s getting dark.
短语、句子、从句
短语：具有一定意义的一组词， 可作为句子的一个成分。
英语中有下列几种短语：
1. 不定式短语e.g. He likes to watch TV while having lunch.
2. –ing 短语e.g. I saw many people standing by the lake.
3. 过去分 词短语e.g. Given more time ,I would do it better.
4. 介词短语e.g. With his help, I have finished writing the poem.
5. 名词短语e.g. dark blue sky / a true story/ the most wonderful moment
从句(clause): 含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分，一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。
e.g. If you want to say something, say it clearly.
名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
形容词性从句：定语从句
副词性从句：状语从句
句子：sentence含有主谓结构的一组词， 有比较完整的意义。
句子的类型
从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：
简单句：只有一个主谓结构的句子。
e.g. This kind of computer could be made in China even in the seventies.
并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. I asked Dick for some help, but he couldn’t do it , either.
复合句：含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。
e.g. They were deeply moved by what they saw and heard there.
练习二：判断下面哪一个是句子
The first thing we should do is to solve the problem at once.
His returning to our country.
Names of villages and small towns.
Take care of yourself when you are away from home.
To discover the secret of the nature.
In this restaurant the food is good , but the service is poor.
The thought of her own plan
Bought a ticket from the conductor.
Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives?
练习三：说出下列句子的类型
Let him have a rest.
The boy is clever yet he is not diligent.
Either you are right or I am .
My classmates and I study and play together.
He once lived and worked there.
No one can reply whether it will rain tomorrow.
It seemed that they had lost something.
The lessons he taught were important.
Don’t miss the chance, or you will regret it.
I began to go to school at the age of six.
句子的种类
从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：
陈述句：陈述一项事实。
疑问句：提出问题。
祈使句：表示请求、建议和命令。
感叹句：表示强烈的情感。
e.g. What a lovely day! How stupid you are!
练习四：说出下列句子的种类
Be quiet. Let’s begin our meeting.
I enjoy the quietness of the country.
What a wonderful birthday I am having!
Do these chocolates belong to us?
How disappointed Jenny was!
Something must be done to stop pollution.
Miss Lin went to Hong Kong for a holiday.
Take an umbrella along; it’s likely to rain.
Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives.
英语中的六种基本句型
词类和句子成分是不同的概念。同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。
基本句型一： 主＋系＋表
基本句型二： ?主＋谓?
基本句型三： 主＋谓＋宾
基本句型四： 主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾
基本句型五： 主+谓+宾+宾补
基本句型六：There be + 主语 + 状语
英语基本句型-1 主系表句型
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
1. You are right.
2. The playground is now in front of the school.
3. It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.
4. Opinions are divided on the question.
5. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees.
主系表结构:本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:
1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
3.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;Our English teacher is thirty years old.
The cake tastes delicious.
We feel used to living in big cities.
The potatoes went bad in the fields.
Their boss seems satisfied with the work.
Deep water stays still.
主系表句型的几个特例：
1. As in China, the weather is different from area to area.
2. We are greatly surprised to meet him there.
3. It is not a good idea to spend your vacation with strangers.
4. It is kind of you to say so.
5. It is not easy for them to go there by bike.
6. Is it Tom who is playing the piano?
7. It is a fact that they can’t pass the exam.
英语基本句型-2 主谓结构
特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
1. He fell with a cry.
2. Quite a few changes have taken place.
3. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west.
4. What’s more, I can go to bed earlier.
主谓结构: 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。
如：The sun rises. Tom has already left.
主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。 如:
1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. So they had to travel by air or boat.
3. We got up early so as to catch the first bus.
4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.
5. He came back when we were eating.
6. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.
1. She went home very late yesterday evening.
2. The meeting will last two hours.
3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.
5. Classes begin at eight every day.
6. This box weighs five kilos.
7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.
8.In autumn, some birds fly to the south.
9. My grandfather gets up early in the morning.
10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.
英语基本句型-3 主谓宾结构
特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
1. Now I have more free time.
2. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or reading newspapers.
3. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car.
4. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school.
主谓宾结构
本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。 宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如：
1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
5. It took them ten years to build the dam.
7. Mother promises to give me a present.
英语基本句型4 双宾语结构
特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者—— 物，另一个是动作的间接承受者——人。 通常间接宾语用一个介词来连接，当间接宾语在直接宾语之前时，这一介词往往被省略。
说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：He brings me cookies every day.
但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。
用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。
常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
1. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
3. Would you please pass me the dictionary?
4. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
5. Shall I call you a taxi?
6. The new machine will save you a lot of labour.
7. He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary.
英语基本句型5 复合宾语结构
特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词， 介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：
The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
You must get your hair cut.
They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on.
用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
1. We call her Alice.
2. All of us considered him honest.
3. They have set the thief free.
4. I want you to tell me the truth.
5. The guards ordered us to leave at once.
6. Every morning we hear him read English aloud.
7. He has his hair cut every month.
8. We won’t let her go out at night.
英语基本句型6 There be 句型
该句型表示在某处有某人或物,某个时间有某种活动。重点表示“存在”。表示存在的连系动词可用于此句型中。
说明： 此句型是由“there +be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。
此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：
现在有 there is/are …
过去有 there was/were…
将来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be...
现在已经有 there has/have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的 成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而 加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是 各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）、句子。
1. We found the hall full.
2. We found the great hall full of students and teachers. ?
3. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report. ?
4. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a reporter from the People's Daily on education.
不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样
1. He's getting angry.
2. He got to school early.
3. You'll get a surprise.
4. He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. He got himself into trouble.
6. He got her a splendid present.
在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思
1.?I found the book easily. ????
2. I found the book easy. ????
3. I have to do something.
4. I have something to do. 　
定语的位置：单词作定语，一般放在被修饰词之前，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后。
注意：表示位置的副词作定语时位于被修
饰词之后。
The school library has many books on history.
I like the book you sent me.
His sister works in the hospital nearby.
状语的位置：
修饰形容词或副词的状语，一般放在被修饰词之前；修饰动词的状语大部分放在动词之后，有些表示时间频度的副词(often, usually, seldom, always, constantly),放在实义动词之前, 助动词、连系动词、情态动词之后。还有一些可放在句首或句末。
地点状语放在时间状语之前，小地点放在大地点之前，小时间放在大时间之前。
I know him well.
I like the movie very much.
The students often have discussion on current affairs.
Do you really want it?
I hope Jim will come to Switzerland in the summer.
练习五：分析下列句子
To save money , they decided to eat take-away food instead of going to a big restaurant.
The rich old couple had their house broken into and lots of things stolen when they were not in.
Whether they will come doesn’t matter too much.
It’s important for Americans to thank other people for a favor even if what the other people did was very small.
Nobody but the professor and his assistants knows the results.
丰富的句式: 常用的句型结构
1. 感叹句
How happy I was when I received your letter!
What a kind boy he is!
How disappointed he was !
2. 强调句
It was this young boy that helped the old granny.
I do hope you can come if possible.
3. 倒装句
Only in this way can you solve this problem.
There comes the police car.
Hardly had they got to the station when they met the young man.
4. 省略句
They read while walking or riding on a bus.
Come to me if necessary.
5. with短语
I saw a young lady walking slowly in the street with a handbag in her hand.
6. 定语从句
In my opinion, cyber cafes should be a place where we can find much useful information.
Let’s come to the main teaching building, at the back of which stands the school library.
7. 各种名词性从句
That’s what I should do.
We should do a favour to whoever needs help at present.
8. 各种状语从句 e.g.
Time passed quickly before we knew it.
The moment we reached the farm, we got down to harvesting.
So long as we work harder at our lessons, we’ll catch up sooner or later.
Do call me before hand so that I can meet you at the airport.
They had to wait because the rain was getting more and more heavily.
练习六：学会使用较丰富的句式
1. When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）.
2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）
3. Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (使用倒装句)
4. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用强调句型)
5. I passed the physics exam because of your help.(用虚拟语气)
6. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (使用过去分词)
7. They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
8.I won’t believe what he says. （使用状语从句）
9. If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （用并列句）
10．He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒装句)
练习七：判断下列句子的类型，并分析句子成分。
Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.
At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.
The report sounds interesting.
She went home very late yesterday evening.
Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
The meeting will last two hours.
Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.
The chance which she wanted to get for a long time came at last.
He put the books in the schoolbag , but the schoolbag disappeared.
They have carried out the plan successfully.
That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.
Jim cannot dress himself.
All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
He did not know what to say.
Do you mind my opening the window?
Would you please pass me the dictionary?
He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary.
The terrible sound made the children frightened.
She is listening to someone telling stories.
I have never seen the word used that way before.
He felt it very difficult to talk with you.
I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.
The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.
There was only a well in the village.
Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
The light is on. There must be someone in the office.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
There happened to be nobody in the room.
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
There comes the bus.
There remained only twenty –eight dollars.
There goes the bell.
The child hid behind his mother's skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
附：练习六参考答案
On his arriving, please give me an e-mail.
What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
Weak as I am, I’ll make the effort.
It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
I couldn’t have passed the physics exam but for your help.
Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.
Singing and laughing, they went back to school.
No matter what he says, I won’t believe.
Study hard and you’ll make rapid progress.
No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.