一、句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
陈 述 句
陈述句的定义：陈述句主要是用来传递信息，提供情况（包括肯定和否定的情况）。
China is the largest country in Asia.
I'm going to see a film. 我打算去看电影。
I'm not going to see a film. 我不打算去看电影。
She has arrived. 她已经到达。
She hasn't arrived yet. 她还没有到达。
He teaches English. 他教英语。
He doesn't teach English. 他不教英语。
He has some money left. 他还剩一点钱。
He hasn't any money left. 他分文不剩。
祈使句
表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Let’s开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。
1． 肯定祈使句。如：
Stop talking! Come here in time!
2． 否定祈使句，即以Don’t或Never开头的句子。如：
Don’t talk in class. Never leave today’s work for tomorrow.
3． 以Let’s 开头的句子。如：
Let’s go together. Let him go first.
4． 以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。如：
Do come to see me if you have time.
感叹句
含有表示情绪色彩的词的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式：（1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词；（2）how引导的感叹句、强调句中的形容词或副词；（3）由感彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。
1． What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。如：
What a hot day it is!
What good advice the teacher gave us!
What high buildings they are!
2． How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如：
How interesting the book is!
How hard they are working!
当然，what感叹句和how感叹句有时可以互相转换。当What修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可用how引导感叹句，但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后。
如：What a large factory = How large a factory it is!
疑问句
用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1． 一般疑问句
一般疑问句是用来表示某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如：
-Are you an engineer
-Yes, I am或No, I am not.
2． 特殊疑问句
以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）和疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如：
What has happened to her
When did he fly to America
3． 选择疑问句
在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。如：
-Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball –I enjoy playing volleyball.
-Which floor do you live on, the 15th floor or the 21st floor –On the 21st floor.
4． 反意疑问句
表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用肯定形式。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗读时，陈述部分通常用降调，简略问句部分用升、降调都可以。如：
-You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didn’t you -Yes, I did. 或No, I didn’t.
反意疑问句的变化规则：
1）前面陈述句部分是肯定式，后面问句部分一般用是否定式；
如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称，数及时态上通常保持一致.
如：You are a student，aren't you (你是学生，对吗 )
2）祈使句后面用反意疑问句，要注意人称的变化。
如：Go to the cinema，will you
3）省略的感叹句后面，要注意主语的单复数。
如：What fine weather，isn't it
4）述句部分的主语如是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
如: I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I
5）述部分用never，hardly，few，nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little
等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义.
如: He seldom came here,did he
6）述句部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn't +主语.
如: He used to go to school at seven, didn't he / usedn't he
7）述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you
如: You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you
8）述部分有You'd like to +v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语.
如：You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you
9）主语是everyone， someone，anyone，no one等不定代词时，用they 指代.
如：Everyone is here，aren't they (所有的人都来了吗 )
10）主语是everything，something，anthing，nothing时，用it 指代。
11）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
如: Don't do that again, will you
12） Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you
13）陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
如: There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there
二、句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。例如：
He likes swimming and often swims in the river.
并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。例如：
I learn English and he learns French.
复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。例如：
It was raining hard when I got home yesterday.
（一）简单句的五种基本句型
1. S+V 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语、非谓语动词（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）等作状语。如:、
He laughed.
John has read widely.（副词）
He lives in London.（介词短语）
Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （现在分词作时间状语）
Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （现在分词作原因状语）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （过去分词作原因状语）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (过去分词作条件状语)
2. S+V+O 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如:
Our team beat all the others.
3. S+V+P 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如:
The rose smells sweet.
4. S+V+INO+DO 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词
有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:
Mr. Li told us an interesting story.
Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua
5. S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:
We must keep our school clean.
They made him their monitor.
【注】S=Subject(主语); V=Verb(谓语动词);
P=Predicative(表语); O=Object(宾语); INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);
DO=Direct Object(直接宾语); OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语)
（二）并列句
并列句分为: 联合并列句, 转折并列句, 选择并列句和因果并列句
1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, not only…but also…..等连接
如: Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.
2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接 如: I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 选择疑问句常由并列连词or, otherwise, either…or…,等连接
如: Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接.
如: It was late, so we went home.
5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.
6. because不能和so; although/though不能和but 连用
（三）主从复合句
1、概念：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)
2、分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用, 分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、（统称为名词性从句），定语从句和状语从句等。
3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：
(1) 表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。)
(从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster ) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine )
②宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；
如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。
如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)
或 The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)
③ 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。)
I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. （恐怕他此刻不在家。）
(3) 状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)
目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)
让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意]
1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(4) 定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)
② 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who、whose、whose、as称为关系代词, where、when、why称为关系副词。
③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。
This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) /
I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
[注意]
1、关系代词只能用that的情况：①当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),②或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)
2、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Tom’s father was the first parent （whom） our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)
3、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
(5) 主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
巩固练习：
1. He began to think about _______ he should do the new work.
A. what B. who C. which D. how
2. I asked my friend Jim _______ he was getting on.
A. what B. why C. which D. how
3. He telephoned her _______ he wanted to see her.
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
4. She asked me _______ I could help her with her box.
A. what B. who C. if D. that
5. We learnt from his letter _______ he was in London.
A. which B. that C. whether D. if
6. I don’t think _______ she’s interested in such work, is she
A. if B. why C. that D. when
7. The teacher wanted to know _______ you were so late.
A. that B. what C.which D. why
8. I haven’t seen her for years. I don’t know ______ she looks like now.
A. which B. why C. when D. what
9. He is poor. _______ he needs is money.
A. What B. How C. Why D. That
10. I met Mrs Green _______ I was shopping this morning.
A. as soon as B. while C. since D. until
11. _______ we had finished tea we all sat on the grass.
A. Before B. Since C. After D. Whether
12. We haven’t heard from him since he left for the South.
A. after B. before C. since D. when
13. She waited a little while _______ she made up her mind.
A. since B. while C. before D. as soon as
14. _______ you do this for us, we shall be very pleased.
A. Whether B. If C. Because D. Before
15. I didn’t go to the cinema _______ I had already seen the film.
A. after B. if C. that D. because
16. It’s raining too hard. Let’s wait _______ the rain stops.
A. since B. after C. until D. when
17. I don’t know if he _______ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes C. will come D. is coming
18. I don’t know if she _______, but if she _______ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
19. “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
20. “Do you remember ______ he came ” “Yes, I do, he came by car.”
A. how B. when C. that D. if
二、按要求变换句型
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.(变为简单句)
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep. (变为简单句)
He was _______ _______ _______ go to sleep.
3. I don’t know when we will begin the work. (变为简单句)
I don’t know_______ _______ _______ the work.
4. You must finish all the work before you go to bed. (变为简单句)
You must finish all the work _______ _______ to bed.
5. He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus. (变为简单句)
He got up early _______ _______ _______ catch the early bus.
6. We all expect him to come to the party. (变为复合句)
We all expect _______ _______ _______ come to the party.
7. We can’t decide where to go. (变为复合句)
We can’t decide _______ _______ _______ go.
8. Please tell me when to leave for the front. (变为复合句)
Please tell me ______ we ______ for the front.
9. Now I will show you how to do the work. (变为复合句)
Now I will show you ______ _______ _______ do the work.
10. You should put them back after you use them. (变为复合句)
You should put them back _______ _______ them.英语句子成分---主语|谓语|宾语|表语|定语|状语|补足语
Step1 知识讲授
英语句子内部是如何构成的呢？我们先看一个例子：
The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written Lao She.
按句子成份划分，此句为：
The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by
(主语) (定语) (谓语) (状语) (谓语) （宾语） (定
Lao She.
语)
按意群划分，此句为：
The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lao She.
主语 谓语 宾语
一般地讲，句子成份可以分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。下面，就简要地讲一下英语各种成份的基本含义及用法。
一、主语
主语是全句谈论的中心话题。是动作的发出者，执行者。
注意：“主语”是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类(或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如 It .... that ...句式等。
对于比较简单的短句来说，主语的位置一般都在全句的最前面。但是，对于复杂的句子来说，主语的位置就不一定在最前面了。
例如：(划线部分是主语)
1. Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist. 陈先生是个著名的科学家。（名词作主语）
2. Unable to find words to express themselves, they slilently grasped our hands.
由于找不到话来表达自己的感情，他们默默地握住了我们的手。(代词作主语)
3. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school.
在我们学校，三分之二的学生是男生。( 数词词组作主语)
4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure .
在昆明湖游泳是件非常快乐的事。（不定式短语作主语）
5. To see is to believe./ Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（不定式/动名词作主语）
6. What we shall do next is not yet decided .
接下来要做什么还没有决定。（从句作主语）
7. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
她是否来这无关紧要。(It 是形式主语, whether...部分是真正的主语)
二、谓语
谓语表主语的动作和状态。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。 即句子最主要的两大成份位置是：主语->谓语。
例如：(划线部分是谓语)
1. His parents are teachers .
他的父母都是教师。（系动词和表语一起作谓语）
2. We study hard .
我们学习很用功。（行为动词作谓语）
3. We have finished reading the book.
我们已经读完了这本书（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）
4. He can speak English . （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）
三、宾语
从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语。(介词后也有宾语) 。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。我们来举几个比较明显的例子说一说什么是宾语。
例如:
1. She is doing her homework now. 她正在做作业。（名词作宾语）
2. We love to watch football games. 我们很喜欢看足球赛。（名词作宾语）
3. We often help him. 我们经常帮助他。（代词作宾语）
4. He likes to play basketball. 他喜欢打篮球。（不定式作宾语）
5. We enjoy listening to the music. 我们很喜欢听这首音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）
6. She said that she felt sick. 她说她病了。（从句做宾语）
注意：有些动词后面接了两个宾语，一个叫直接宾语，另一个叫间接宾语。
例如：The sun gives us light and warmth.
太阳给了我们光和热。（us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语）
四、宾语补足语
宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。
1、英语中有些及物动词，不但这个动词会涉及到一个对像(宾语)，还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。做宾补的可以是：名词、介词短语、形容词、副词、动词-ing形式、不定式、过去分词。例如：
They elected John Monitor.（这样的表头衔的名词作宾补或主补时不要任何冠词，即零冠词）
他们选举John 为班长。(选举的对像是John, 选举的结果是Monitor. 那么Monitor 就是宾语补足语。)
We call him Iron Ox.
我们称呼他为Iron Ox. (称呼的对像是him, 称呼的结果是Iron Ox. 那么，Irox Ox 就是宾语补足语。)
He treated his mistake as a joke.
他把他的错误当作玩笑看待。(treat 的对像是his mistake, 结果是as a joke. 那么，as a joke 就是宾语补足语。)
They made her happy .
他们使她高兴。(make 使 her怎么样了？happy 作进一步的补充说明，那么happy是补语。)
I find smoking bad for health.
我认为吸烟有害健康。(find 的对像是somking, 结论是bad for health.)
Please let Tom in.
请让Tom 进来。
I saw the elevator up and down.
我看到电梯在上下开动。(看到-电梯-上下开动，“上下开动”是宾语补足语。)
I saw a bird in a cage.
我看到一只鸟在笼子里。
We heard her singing a song.
我们听到她正在唱歌。(听到-她-在唱歌，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。)
注意：如果是被动语态，宾补就是主语补足语了。比如上面这个例句改成被动语态即为：She was heard singing a song.(划线部分是对主语补充说明了，所以就成了主语补足语)
宾语补足语用法讲与练
宾语补足语是英语教学的难点，也是高考的热点，更是书面表达中必须具备的一种句型结构。
I. 使役动词后宾语补足语的用法
中学教学中最常见的使役动词有：make, have, leave。 他们都表示“使得…”，后面都可接宾语+宾语补足语的结构，但用法上有所不同。
一. make用作使役动词表示 “使；使成为” 时，可跟复合结构，即“make+宾语+宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是形容词或名词、不带to的不定式、过去分词
1.我们推选他作我们足球队队长。
We made him captain of our football team.
2.我们队赢了的消息使我们大家非常高兴
The news that our team had won made us very happy.
3.大雨使得我们无法出去。
The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.
4. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。
The strange noise made us frightened.
5.在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己的声音提高到让别人听到。
He couldn't make himself heard above the noise of the traffic.
5. 什么东西使得草生长？
What makes the grass grow
但是被动语态中需要加上to
这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的活。
The boy was made to work twelve hours a day.
练习：
1. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
2. The result of the entrance exams was not made _______ to the public until last Thursday.
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. to be known
答案：1. B 2. B
二. have 表示“使得…”,其后接宾语补足语, 常用以下句型：
have sb do sth 让某人去做某事
have sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事
have sth done 让某事被做；某人遭遇到…；请人干某事
练习：
1． The teacher had her _______(recite) the text again.
2. He wants to have his eyes __________ ( examine ) tomorrow
3. Be careful, or you'll have your hands _______( hurt ).
4. He had the girl _______( stand ) in the classroom the whole morning.
5. He had the walls _______( paint ) this morning.
6.He had his wallet ________(steal)when he got on a bus yesterday.
答案：1. recite 2. examined 3. hurt 4. standing 5. painted 6.stolen
只能用doing 的情况
1. 表示正在发生
Be quick. They have the car waiting for you at the school gate.
2. 否定句中表示(不能)容忍某人做…
I won’t have him cheating in the exam.
3. 表示某一时间内一直延续不断的动作
He had us laughing all through the meals.
练习：
1. I've had my radio _____ so soon because my father had me _____ it.
A. repair; done B. repaired; do C repairing; do D. repaired; done
2. You can’t have the horse ______ all the way. It’s too hot.
A. run B. to run C. running D. to be running
4. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again.
A. it B. it repaired. C.repaired D. to be repaired
3. We will have you ______ (know) that the machine has been made_________(work) at full speed.
答案：1. B 2. C 3. C 4. know, to work
三、 leave作使役动词,表示"使/ 让……保持某种状态"。
1. 用形容词作宾语补足语
出去时,不要关门。
Leave the door open when you go out
他的疾病使得他身体很虚弱。
His illness left him very weak.
2. 还可用名词、介词短语等作宾语补足语
他父母去年双双去世,留下他成为一个孤儿
His parents both died last year, leaving him an orphan.
3. 用现在分词作宾语补足语
他们走开了,让我一个人坐在那儿。
They walked off and left me sitting there alone.
他出去时,把他的文件摊在桌子上。
He went out, leaving his papers lying open on the desk.
4用过去分词作宾语补足语
Did you leave the doors and windows properly fastened
He left a few questions unanswered.
II. 感官动词后宾语补足语的用法
表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear feel, find, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell see等词后可以用省去to的动词不定式,现在分词,及过去分词作宾语补足语。常见的句型有：（以hear为例）
hear sb do sth
hear sb doing sth
hear sth done
练习
1. I”ve never heard the song _____(sing)
2.Do you smell something_______( burn )
3. Tom saw his parents _______( get) into the car and _______( drive ) off
4. He was seen________(drive) the car at high speed on the highway yesterday
5. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
6．--–Did you hear her ______ this pop song this time the other day
--Yes, and I heard this song ______ in English.
A. sing; singing B. sung; sung C. sung; singing D. singing; sung
7. I saw her _______ when I came into the classroom.
A. cry B. to cry. C. crying D. cries
答案：1. sing 2. burning 3. get, drive 4. to drive 5. C 6.D 7. C
III．with + 宾语+ 宾语补足语的结构
1.with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语
1)他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。
He used to sleep with the window open.
2) 他们离开了房间，灯还亮着。
They fled the room with lights still on.
3) 他双手放在袋子里走了进来。
He stepped in, with his hands in his pockets.
4) 脖子上没带项链的那位女士是玛丽的朋友。
The woman, without a necklace around her neck, was a friend of Mary’s.
2．With+宾语+ doing/done/to do
1). The day was bright with a fresh breeze blowing. ( ing表示主动／正在进行）
2). With the matter settled,we went home.（ed表示被动/状态）
3). They are highly mechanizd farms, with machines to do all the work.
4). With Tom to help me, I can finish the work in time. (to do表示即将发生)
练习：
1. ____ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
2.____ everything ____ , she left the supermarket with satisfaction.
A. As, buying B. For, to buy
C. With, bought D. Because, to buy
比较:_____everything was bought, she left the supermarket.
3. _____ years ______, her hair grows white.
A. As …passing by B. With …go by
C. As… pass D. With…passed
4. His mother_______（be）ill, he had to stay at home, looking after her
5. He stood there, with his eyes _______( fix ) on Della.
6. He stood there, _______(fix ) his eyes on Della.
7.He stood there and his eyes______ (fix) on Della.
8. He stood there, his eyes ______on Della
答案：1. C 2. C 比较As 3. C 4. being
5. fixed 6. fixing 7. were fixed 8. fixed
五、表语
英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(变得), sound(听起来), look, seem(看起来), feel(感到)等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。注意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如：
I am a teacher .
我是一名教师。 (系动词am +表语 a teacher)
They are on the playground now.
他们现在在操场上。(系动词are + 表语 on the playground.)
It gets cold.
天气变冷了。(系动词get, 表语是cold。)
It sounds interesting.
它听起来很有趣。(sound为系动词，interesting为表语)
六、定语
定语是用来说明名词或代词性质、特点的词。比如：a big red apple (一个又大又红的apple)，big, red都是说明apple特点的，它们就是定语。请记住：定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来说明--也叫“修饰、限定”--人和事物(即名词)特点的成份。动词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。
一般情况下，中文里是先说“定语”，再说“名词”，即：定语->名词；而英语里则不一定。英语里的定语位置，如果是单个词组成的定语，一般放在名词前面；而对于是介词、分词、不定式等或者是从句这样比较长的定语，则放在名词的后面，即：“名词<-定语”。我们在翻译中文的时候，一般还是要把它翻译成“定语->名词”形式。当然，特殊情况除外。
1、定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句(定语从句)。例如：(划线部分是定语)
The black bike is mine. 那辆黑色的自行车是我的。(单个的词作定语)
the first beautiful little white Chinese stone bridge
中国第一座美丽的小白石桥（多个形容词作定语）
多个形容词的排序口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍与材料，作用类别往后靠。
限定词包括：①不定代词+②冠词/形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+③数词（序数词+基数词）
The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
两点之间的最短距离是直线。
Commerce with other countries is very important to us.
与其他国家的贸易往来对我们极为重要。
We didn’t meet anybody new at the party.
在舞会上,我们没有见到新面孔的人。
Is there anything important in today’s newspaper
译：今天的报纸有什么重要的新闻吗
The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach.
那个又累又饥渴的男孩倒在沙滩上了。
He is a man suitable for the job.
他是适合做这项工作的人。
The woman kind towards her neighbors is my aunt.
那位对邻居很和善的女人是我的姑母。
That building being repaired is our library.
现在正在修建的那座楼是我们的图书馆。
The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker.
昨天晚上给我们作报告的那个人是劳动模范。(从句作定语)
This is a book which tells about rocket technology.
这是一本关于火箭技术的书。
七、状语
上面说了，定语是说明名词特点、性质的，而状语则是说明动词如何如何的，例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生，等等。所以有时间状语、地点状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、原因状语等。状语的核心是：状语修饰动词或整个句子，只有动词才有状语。
一般来说，定语的位置不是在名词的前面就是在名词的后面，而状语的位置则更加灵活，它可以放在句了的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体情况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。例如：(划线部分是状语)
We often help him.
我们经常帮助他。 (often 副词，是表频率的状语，位置在help 前面。)
I really don't like the food.(也可以说：I don't like the food really. )
我真的不喜欢那个食物。(really 是表程度的状语。)
He did his homework carefully at home .
他在家认真地做着作业。(carefully 副词做方式状语；at home 是词组做地点状语。位置都在did 后面。)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday .
她母亲星期天出去买点东西。 (to do...是不定式做目的状语，on Sunday 是时间状语)
When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher .
当我长大后，我想当一名教师。 (when引导一个时间状语从句，在句首。)
The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard.
孩子们看到看护人的时候，都从果园跑开了。(away from...是词组做地点状语，
the moment引导的是时间状语从句。)
Step 2 课堂练习
(一). 找出下列句中的主语。
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 找出下列句中的谓语。
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to
A. give B.did C. whom D. book
(三) 找出下列句中的宾语。
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who"Father Christmas"really is.
(四) 找出下列句中的表语。
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 找出下列句中的定语。
① They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 找出下列句中的宾语补足语。
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
(七) 找出下列句中的状语。
1 There was a big smile on her face.
2 Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
3 He began to learn English when he was eleven.
4 The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.
5 With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
6 She loves the library because she loves books.
7 I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
九．分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home.
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest.
4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass.
6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7. ---I love you more than her，child ．
8. Tees turn green when spring comes.
9. They pushed the door open.
10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
12.All the students think highly of his teaching www.
13. We need a place twice larger than this one.
14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．
16.We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．
18. She showed us her many of her pictures.
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find
him．
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.
24. Go back where you came from.
25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry.
27. Would you please pass me the cup
28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
29. Do you know the latest news about him
30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
