外研版选修8 Module 2 The Renaissance学案 Grammar

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Module 2 The Renaissance
Period 3学案导学
非谓语动词（non—finite verbs）有三种：动词不定式，分词（现在分词和过去分词），动名词。下面对其用法分别陈述。
一、动词不定式
1. 基本形式：“to＋动词原形”有时可省略to，to是符号，无实义。
2. 时态和语态：
主动形式 被动式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
3. 句法作用。它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。
（1）主语：
To ask him for help is necessary.
要求他帮忙是必要的。
可用it代替：
—It’s necessary to ask him for help.
To help poor people is our duty.
帮助穷人是我们的责任。
可用it代替—It’s our duty to help poor people.
注：不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，可由介词for／of连接。
It’s not hard for one to do a bit of good.
一个人做点儿好事并不难。
It’s kind of you to repair my bike.
You’re kind to repair my bike.
（某些表示人的品行的形容词做表语时，常用介词of），
It is unwise of him to go there alone.
—He is unwise to go there alone.
他一人去那儿是不明智的。
（2）表语：
Her wish is to become a pop singer.
她的愿望是成为一名流行歌手。
（3）宾语：
I expect to see you tomorrow.
我希望明天见到你。
注：在一些复合宾语中，常用it做形式宾语。
I find it interesting to study English.
我觉得学英语很有趣。
We thought it better to start early.
我们认为早点开始好些。
（4）定语：
I have a lot of work to do.
我有许多工作要做。
I use a pen to write with.
我用钢笔写。
（5）状语：
He went to home to see his parents. （目的）
他回家看望父母亲。
To catch the first bus，I have to get up early. （目的）
为了赶上头班车，我只得早起。
He went abroad never to return. （结果）
他出国再也没回来。
I’m glad to hear the news. （原因）
听了这个消息，我很高兴。
4. 复合结构（动词不定式做宾补，有时可省略to）
Mother told me to come back before 10：00.
We advised him to have a good rest.
He helped me（to）learn English.
Don’t let him come in.
I thought this work to be important.
5. 否定结构：
He decided not to go home.
I told him not to play in the street.
6. “疑问词＋不定式”结构：
No one could tell me where to get the book.
I don’t know which bus to take.
When to start has not been decided.
7. 时态和语态：
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He is said to have written a new novel.
He pretended to be reading a book.
It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party.
There are a lot of things to be done.
二、过去分词
1. 基本形式：V-ed
2. 句法作用。它在句中可以做定语、表语、宾补、状语。
（1）定语：
This is a book written by a peasant.
（2）表语：
The door remained locked.
He looked very excited.
（3）宾补：
I often hear the song sung in English.
I had my bike repaired.
（4）状语：
Inspired by her example，the League members worked harder. （原因）
Seen from the hill，the park looks very beautiful. （时间）
United，we stand；divided，we fall. （条件）
Beaten by the opposite team，the players were not discouraged and practiced harder. （让步）
He came back，followed by his wife. （伴随）
3. 否定式：前加not或never
注：过去分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语跟主句的主语一般是一致的，而且主句主语和分词之间构成被动关系。
三、现在分词。在句中做定语，表语，宾补，状语。
1. 基本形式：V-ing
2. 时态和语态：
现在分词 及物动词write 不及物动词go
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 writing being written going
完成式 having written having been written having gone
3. 句法作用。在句中做定语、表语、宾补、状语
（1）定语：
Do you see the girl dancing with your brother
We lived in a room facing south.
注：现在分词做定语，表示主动或动作进行中。
过去分词做定语，表示被动或动作完成。
（2）表语：
The story sounds interesting.
The news was disappointing.
（3）补语：
They kept me waiting for a long time.
Do you hear someone knocking at the door
（4）状语：
Being ill，he didn’t go to school today. （原因）
Walking in the street，I saw a friend of mine. （时间）
Laughing and talking，they went into the room. （伴随方式，说明）
Her mother died in 1969，leaving her with four younger sisters and brothers. （结果）
Working hard，you’11 succeed. （条件）
注：现在分词做状语，它的逻辑主语跟主句主语一致，构成主动关系。
Having heard this，he went out.
The building being built is our dormitory.
4. 否定式：
Not having finished his homework，he couldn’t go to bed.
四、动名词。在句中可做主语，表语，宾语，定语。
1. 构成及时态和语态同现在分词
2. 句法作用。它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
（1）主语：
Learning new words is very useful to us.
It’s no use talking like this.
It’s foolish behaving like that.
（2）表语：
My favorite sport is swimming.
Her job is teaching English.
（3）宾语：
I enjoy listening music.
Have you finished reading the book
The child is fond of listening to stories.
He is good at playing football.
I have difficulty（in）understanding English.
His way of looking at things is better.
（4）定语：
There is a swimming pool in our schoo1.
Our teacher uses a good teaching method.
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