高考英语备考：不定式用法
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不定式
1. 不定式的基本形式
不定式 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 To be To be done
进行式 To be doing
完成式 To have done To have been done
完成进行式 To have been doing
1不定式的一般式：
表示的动作通常与谓语动词所表示的动作（状态）同时（几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。
We are glad to see her back.
They invited us to go there this summer.
2.不定式的进行式：
如果在谓语动词表示的 动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行，这时就要用进行式。
They seemed to be talking about something secret.
They pretended to be working very hard.
We happened to be talking about it .
We didn’t expect you to be sleeping here.
注意：不定式的进行式还可表示一段时间内持续的行为。
如：My uncle seemed to be acting strangely recently.
3. 不定式的完成式
不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式用完成式。
如：
It is not like her to have missed two days of classes.
I’m sorry to have done that.
You are said to have got some tickets for the concert.
She seems to have read the book before .
4.不定式的完成进行式。
如果不定式表示的不是正在进行的动作，而是在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就要用完成进行式。
如：They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
= It is said that they have been collecting .
They suspected us to have been quarrelling.
We are happy to have been working with you.
5.不定式的被动式
1)如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受着，不定式要用被动式。
如：
These clothes are to be washed as soon as possible.
It takes 80 years for Mediteranean Water to be changed with Atalantic water.
The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting.
To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule ever nto be broken.
2)有些结构中不定式虽然表示被动意思，但用的却是主动形式，这是因为句子的主语或宾语是不定式的动作的发出者。
如：Give her some books to read
3）有些词用主动形式表示被动意义：
如：He is to blame for not driving carefully.它粗心驾驶应受到责备。
The house is to let. 这房子要出租。
The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。
6.不定式的否定式
.不定式的否定式是在to 符号前加not ,有时用never，即not/never to do sth.如：
He is disappointed not to go swimming this afternoon.
I warn them not to go out alone.
You must promise never to smoke.
I advised people not to have hamburgers.
二．不定式的基本用法
1.作主语
如：To smoke is a bad habit.
但是这种句子实际上不多见。现代英语倾向于用it 作形式主语，而把作真正的主语的不定式后置。如：
It is important to know the meaning of gestures and movements in the foreign countries.
It is a custom to shake hands with people in the office every morning .
不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
如果说明不定式表示的动作是由谁做的，可以在不定式前加for sb 或of sb形式，作不定式的逻辑主语。例如：
It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking .
It is foolish of you to say so .=You are foolish to say so .
It is wrong of the other children to make fun of you.
2作表语
例如：
Waving one’s hand is to say “Goodbye”
Disney’s greatest wish was to be a famous artist.
The nest step is to search the titles for more information.
另外在seem,appear,happen.prove及there seem后常带不定式。
例如：She seems to be well-known.
He appeared to be very happy.
When he came I happened to be out .
Einsein’s theory proved to be correct.
3 作宾语
能跟不定式的动词很多，绝大部分的动词所接的不定式必须带to,只有help后接不定式作宾语可带to 也可不带to.
如： Using body language is a correct way to help (to) communicate.
能用不定式作宾语的常见动词有： like，hate，wish ，hope，want， continue，try ，ask，promise ，pretend，intend， decide，agree ，learn， expect ，determine，plan seek ，manage ，fail, refuse ，choose ，offer， demand, begin, start, learn, seem, prefer, forget, mean, prepare, afford,等
例如：
a. She wanted to cook some vegetables quickly for lunch.
b. He has promised to help me
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。
S+find/think/feel/make/consider+ it +adj/n + to do sth.
I find it interesting to work with him．
Do you think it possible to finish the work in time.
We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project.
4作补足语：
He asked me to do the work with him．（不定式短语做宾语补足语）
能用于此用法的动词有：ask, get, expect, wish, want, help, permit, beg, encourage, order, prefer,advise, like, remind,force,persuade,warn,tell,cause,allow,advise,forbid,invite,call on, depend on, ask for, wait for等
a. He wants them to play in a concert.
b. He promised me to come.
注意1：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。 但let后主语补足语不带to.
I often hear him sing the song．
He is often heard to sing the song·
He was let go.
注意2：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
1.She could do nothing but cry
2．What do you like to do besides swim
3．I have no choice but to go
3)在think ,consider, believe, suppose ,feel, find ,imagine,prove等动词的宾语可以带to be结构，也可省略to be.如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用不定式完成式。此外，这些动词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。
例如：
a. The people had considered him to be a great leader and wise, kind and honest man.
b. They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.
4)在某些短语动词后面，也可用不定式作宾补。例如wait for,depend on,call on ,call for等。
例如：
a. King called for black people not to give in
b. They are waiting for us to do this.
5.作定语
不定式及其短语作定语一般都位于被修饰词后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时表示某一过去的特定动作。
1)有些名词后面常用不定式作定语。例如chance,opportunity way ,time等。另外，在the first/second/last/only(one/n)等词后，常用不定式作定语，这是固定结构。
a. The way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops.
b. I had no time to go to the movie.
c. That will be the only thing to do .
2)用不定式的 主动式或被动式作定语表达的意义是不同的。
例如：
a.I have many letters to write. 我有许多信要写。
b.Do you have anything to take to the library
你有什么东西需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由你亲自拿去）
Do yu have anything to be taken to the library
你有什么东西需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由别人带去）
在there be 句型中作定语的不定式用主动形式和被动形式都可以（多用主动式）如：
a. There are a lot of letters to write.(to be written)有许多信要写。
b. There is no chance to lose.(to be lost)机会失去不能再有。
3）不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。不定式必须是及物动词；如果不定式是不及物动词，则后面必须有适当的介词。如：
a. I have no jewellery to wear.
b.He has a lot of books to read.
6.作状语
不定式可用来作状语，修饰动词，表示行为目的，结果，原因等
1） 表示目的（做目的状语）
如：a.I opened the window to let some fresh air in
b.To catch the train, we’d better hurry to the station by taxi.
不定式也常用在in order(not) to do或so as(not) to do 这种结构中，但是so as(not) to do这一结构不能用在句首。如：
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.
She swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
2)表示结果（做结果状语）
在enough, too…to…,so+adj./adv.+as to do或such+n.+as to do后常用不定式做结果状语。如：
Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.
It looks as if it isn’t clean enough to bathe here.
She was so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.
I am not such a fool as t believe that.
另外， only常用在不定式的前面，表示出人意料的结果。如：
We arrived there only to find the train gone.
He lifted a stone only to drop it onto his own foot.
He went to the seaside only to be drowned.
注意：现在分词做结果状语表示自然结果。
如：He dropped the cup breaking it into pieces。他把杯子掉在地上，结果碎了。
3）表示原因（做原因状语）
不定式也可用在作表语用的 形容词后作状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因，常见的形容词有：sorry,surprised,happy,glad willing,eager,ready, disappointed,anxious, content , clever,angry,foolish,rude,right ,wrong ,quick,slow 等。
All through his life ,Einstein was content to spend most of his time alone.
One or two of them were surprised to see him.
I was disappointed not to be going out .
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
www. ( http: / / www. )
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网
不定式
1. 不定式的基本形式
不定式 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 To be To be done
进行式 To be doing
完成式 To have done To have been done
完成进行式 To have been doing
1不定式的一般式：
表示的动作通常与谓语动词所表示的动作（状态）同时（几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。
We are glad to see her back.
They invited us to go there this summer.
2.不定式的进行式：
如果在谓语动词表示的 动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行，这时就要用进行式。
They seemed to be talking about something secret.
They pretended to be working very hard.
We happened to be talking about it .
We didn’t expect you to be sleeping here.
注意：不定式的进行式还可表示一段时间内持续的行为。
如：My uncle seemed to be acting strangely recently.
3. 不定式的完成式
不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式用完成式。
如：
It is not like her to have missed two days of classes.
I’m sorry to have done that.
You are said to have got some tickets for the concert.
She seems to have read the book before .
4.不定式的完成进行式。
如果不定式表示的不是正在进行的动作，而是在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就要用完成进行式。
如：They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
= It is said that they have been collecting .
They suspected us to have been quarrelling.
We are happy to have been working with you.
5.不定式的被动式
1)如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受着，不定式要用被动式。
如：
These clothes are to be washed as soon as possible.
It takes 80 years for Mediteranean Water to be changed with Atalantic water.
The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting.
To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule ever nto be broken.
2)有些结构中不定式虽然表示被动意思，但用的却是主动形式，这是因为句子的主语或宾语是不定式的动作的发出者。
如：Give her some books to read
3）有些词用主动形式表示被动意义：
如：He is to blame for not driving carefully.它粗心驾驶应受到责备。
The house is to let. 这房子要出租。
The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。
6.不定式的否定式
.不定式的否定式是在to 符号前加not ,有时用never，即not/never to do sth.如：
He is disappointed not to go swimming this afternoon.
I warn them not to go out alone.
You must promise never to smoke.
I advised people not to have hamburgers.
二．不定式的基本用法
1.作主语
如：To smoke is a bad habit.
但是这种句子实际上不多见。现代英语倾向于用it 作形式主语，而把作真正的主语的不定式后置。如：
It is important to know the meaning of gestures and movements in the foreign countries.
It is a custom to shake hands with people in the office every morning .
不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
如果说明不定式表示的动作是由谁做的，可以在不定式前加for sb 或of sb形式，作不定式的逻辑主语。例如：
It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking .
It is foolish of you to say so .=You are foolish to say so .
It is wrong of the other children to make fun of you.
2作表语
例如：
Waving one’s hand is to say “Goodbye”
Disney’s greatest wish was to be a famous artist.
The nest step is to search the titles for more information.
另外在seem,appear,happen.prove及there seem后常带不定式。
例如：She seems to be well-known.
He appeared to be very happy.
When he came I happened to be out .
Einsein’s theory proved to be correct.
3 作宾语
能跟不定式的动词很多，绝大部分的动词所接的不定式必须带to,只有help后接不定式作宾语可带to 也可不带to.
如： Using body language is a correct way to help (to) communicate.
能用不定式作宾语的常见动词有： like，hate，wish ，hope，want， continue，try ，ask，promise ，pretend，intend， decide，agree ，learn， expect ，determine，plan seek ，manage ，fail, refuse ，choose ，offer， demand, begin, start, learn, seem, prefer, forget, mean, prepare, afford,等
例如：
a. She wanted to cook some vegetables quickly for lunch.
b. He has promised to help me
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。
S+find/think/feel/make/consider+ it +adj/n + to do sth.
I find it interesting to work with him．
Do you think it possible to finish the work in time.
We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project.
4作补足语：
He asked me to do the work with him．（不定式短语做宾语补足语）
能用于此用法的动词有：ask, get, expect, wish, want, help, permit, beg, encourage, order, prefer,advise, like, remind,force,persuade,warn,tell,cause,allow,advise,forbid,invite,call on, depend on, ask for, wait for等
a. He wants them to play in a concert.
b. He promised me to come.
注意1：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。 但let后主语补足语不带to.
I often hear him sing the song．
He is often heard to sing the song·
He was let go.
注意2：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
1.She could do nothing but cry
2．What do you like to do besides swim
3．I have no choice but to go
3)在think ,consider, believe, suppose ,feel, find ,imagine,prove等动词的宾语可以带to be结构，也可省略to be.如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用不定式完成式。此外，这些动词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。
例如：
a. The people had considered him to be a great leader and wise, kind and honest man.
b. They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.
4)在某些短语动词后面，也可用不定式作宾补。例如wait for,depend on,call on ,call for等。
例如：
a. King called for black people not to give in
b. They are waiting for us to do this.
5.作定语
不定式及其短语作定语一般都位于被修饰词后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时表示某一过去的特定动作。
1)有些名词后面常用不定式作定语。例如chance,opportunity way ,time等。另外，在the first/second/last/only(one/n)等词后，常用不定式作定语，这是固定结构。
a. The way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops.
b. I had no time to go to the movie.
c. That will be the only thing to do .
2)用不定式的 主动式或被动式作定语表达的意义是不同的。
例如：
a.I have many letters to write. 我有许多信要写。
b.Do you have anything to take to the library
你有什么东西需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由你亲自拿去）
Do yu have anything to be taken to the library
你有什么东西需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由别人带去）
在there be 句型中作定语的不定式用主动形式和被动形式都可以（多用主动式）如：
a. There are a lot of letters to write.(to be written)有许多信要写。
b. There is no chance to lose.(to be lost)机会失去不能再有。
3）不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。不定式必须是及物动词；如果不定式是不及物动词，则后面必须有适当的介词。如：
a. I have no jewellery to wear.
b.He has a lot of books to read.
6.作状语
不定式可用来作状语，修饰动词，表示行为目的，结果，原因等
1） 表示目的（做目的状语）
如：a.I opened the window to let some fresh air in
b.To catch the train, we’d better hurry to the station by taxi.
不定式也常用在in order(not) to do或so as(not) to do 这种结构中，但是so as(not) to do这一结构不能用在句首。如：
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.
She swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
2)表示结果（做结果状语）
在enough, too…to…,so+adj./adv.+as to do或such+n.+as to do后常用不定式做结果状语。如：
Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.
It looks as if it isn’t clean enough to bathe here.
She was so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.
I am not such a fool as t believe that.
另外， only常用在不定式的前面，表示出人意料的结果。如：
We arrived there only to find the train gone.
He lifted a stone only to drop it onto his own foot.
He went to the seaside only to be drowned.
注意：现在分词做结果状语表示自然结果。
如：He dropped the cup breaking it into pieces。他把杯子掉在地上，结果碎了。
3）表示原因（做原因状语）
不定式也可用在作表语用的 形容词后作状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因，常见的形容词有：sorry,surprised,happy,glad willing,eager,ready, disappointed,anxious, content , clever,angry,foolish,rude,right ,wrong ,quick,slow 等。
All through his life ,Einstein was content to spend most of his time alone.
One or two of them were surprised to see him.
I was disappointed not to be going out .
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
www. ( http: / / www. )
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网