unit 2 people on the move 高中新课标同步攻略

Unit2 People on the move
目标导航
重点单词 mobility流动,迁移 　　　　　edition版本,版;(报纸或杂志的)一期 seasonal季节的,季节性的　　　pension退休金 changeable易变的;可变的　　 retirement退休 ambulance救护车　　　　　 　homeowner业主,房产主 walk-in大和能容人走进的 　　 bathtub浴缸,澡盆 seagull 海鸥 Oceania大洋州 rent房租 partner伴侣;同伴,合伙人 accountant会计, 会计师 database数据库 clerk职员, 办事员 allowance补助, 津贴 brunch早午餐 buffet自助餐 headline标题 numb麻木的 physicist物理学家 botany植物学 biochemistry生物化学,生化 lawyer律师 adjustment调整,调节 skateboard滑板 astronomer天文学家 bakery面包店, currency货币,通货 exchange交换;兑换;交流 returnee回国人员;返回者 preferential优惠的,特惠的;优先的 sponsorship赞助,资助 wander漫游,闲逛 submit服从,顺从,听任; 递交,呈递 roundabout迂回的;转弯抹角的,不直截了当的 collision碰撞, 冲突 hearing申辩的机会 citizenship公民身份 suspect 嫌疑犯，犯罪嫌疑人
重点短语 on the move 在旅途在；在迁徙中 account for（在数量和比例上）占, 占据 one’s own flesh and blood 亲骨肉；亲人 go bowling 打保龄球 take advantage of 利用 word of mouth 言传,口口相传 make use of 利用 have something in common 在……方面有共同点submit to 服从, 顺从，听任 in vain 徒劳, 徒然 in rags 衣杉褴褛 fortune telling 算命，占卜 take to 开始从事；喜欢, 沉溺于 in terror 处于恐惧状态 in large numbers 大量地 compensate for 补偿
重点句型 1. For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.2. That’s why moving somewhere warmer makes sense.3 The one thing that is clear, however/ though, is that young people are speaking with one voice, “To the cities!” 4. I have to go where the big companies are because I want to be a top accountant.
语法 掌握段落的要素及如何写好段落
任务 1.talk about moving, and interview people about finding a job in China after studying abroad2 write a letter convincing a friend to move home3. create a classroom display about the history and culture of the Jewish people
情感及文化意识目标 了解世界人口流动趋向, 认识到人口流动对社会发展的影响及意义.掌握说服人的技巧和方法, 为今后的学习和生活打下基础.
背景文化
USA Culture
'Give me your tired, your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,' reads the inscription on the Statue of Liberty. And the world did, fueling the dynamism of America with waves of ambitious immigrants from every downtrodden corner of the globe. Immigration is one of the defining characteristics of America's national identity, though calling the US a 'nation of immigrants' neatly sidesteps Native Americans (already here) and African American slaves (brought against their will).
In the past 30 years, the old notion of America as a melting pot - a stew in which immigrants' individual differences are lost in uniformity - has given way to the salad-bowl model, in which the individual pieces still retain their flavor while contributing to the whole.
Americans are constitutionally guaranteed freedom of worship; dominant faiths include Protestantism, Catholicism and Judaism, among others. There are plenty of indigenous faiths as well, such as Christian Scientists, Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons.
American English encompasses a multitude of regional accents of differing degrees of intelligibility. Spanish has effective dual-language status in parts of southern California, New Mexico, Texas and Miami. There are 400,000 speakers of Native American dialects.
Modern American culture is a juicy burger of mass culture garnished with 15 minutes of fame. It owes as much to marketing savvy, communications technology and mass-production techniques as it does to artists and entertainers. If you can name it, American companies have invented, packaged and disseminated it to as many consumers as cheaply and conveniently as possible.
The elusive concept of 'American-ness' is often defined by cinema and television. The advent of TV in the 1950s shook Hollywood's hegemony to its core, but both forms of media have managed to coexist, even operating synergistically. The global distribution of American movies and TV shows has shaped the world's perception of the country to a high, if not completely accurate, degree.
The American music industry is the world's most powerful and pervasive, though groundswell movements remain the driving force of American pop. African Americans' influence, including blues, jazz and hip-hop, can hardly be exaggerated.
Rap, America's inner-city sound, places an equal emphasis on an ultraheavy beat, sound montage, street cred and macho posturing. Its appeal to middle-class white America will no doubt bemuse sociologists for decades.
The US has churned out a veritable forest of literature. The illustrious lineup begins with Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, Henry James and Edith Wharton, and moves into the modern era with William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, Jack 'Backpack' Kerouac, Arthur Miller, both the Williamses, Saul Bellow, John Updike and Toni Morisson.
After WWII, the focus of the international art world shifted from Paris to New York. Artists leaving war-torn Europe brought the remnants of surrealism to the Big Apple, inspiring a group of young American painters to create the first distinct American painting style, abstract expressionism.
The relentless ascendancy of mass media gave birth to pop art. Slick, surface-oriented and purposely banal paintings like Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans are now American icons.
When we think of US cities, we think of skyscrapers, those architectural testaments to market forces and American optimism. Chicago is a living museum of high-rise development. New York boasts its fair share of stunners too. Despite increasing homogenization, rural America retains its idiosyncrasies, and distinctive vernacular architectural styles persist in New England (clapboard), California (Spanish Mission) and New Mexico (adobe).
American sports developed separately from the rest of the world and, consequently, homegrown games such as baseball, football and basketball dominate the sports scene. Soccer and ice hockey are runners-up to the Big Three. Urban America also invented the great indoors: aerobics and the gym, indoor skiing and rock-climbing - examples of what can go wrong when too much disposable income hits up against too little leisure time.
根据短文内容回答下列问题:
1. What is one of the defining characteristics of America's national identity Which people are not included in this characteristic
2. What forms of media have shaped the world's perception of America
3. Is the style of architecture the same all over America
4. What sports were invented in America
Answers:
1. Immigration is one of the defining characteristics of America's national identity but it does not include Native Americans or African American slaves.
2. Cinema (movies), television, music, literature, and art.
3. No. The large cities have skyscrapers but rural areas have distinct styles such as clapboard houses in New England, Spanish Mission in California, and adobe in New Mexico.
4. Baseball, American football, and basketball.
Parts1-2 Welcome to the unit ＆ Reading
课堂链接
1. I just got a new job in another country. I think it’ll be fun to experience a new culture.
（P17）我刚刚在一个国家获得一份工作， 我想体验一种新的文化肯定很有趣。
1) experience
a) v. 经历；体验；感受
Our country has experienced great changes in the last ten years.我们国家在过去的十年中经历了巨大变化。
b). n.
(1) [U] 经验
　He is a teacher with twenty years experience.他是一位二十年教学经验的教师。
(2) [C]　经历
　Many of today’s travelers want to have a new experience from their travels.今天，许多旅行者想要从旅行中获得新的经历。
典例链接
① I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good _______ of direction.
A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
② Jumping out of ______ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience.
A. /; the B. /; an C. an ; an D. the; the
③ Have you had much ________ playing table tennis
A. experience of B. experiences at C. experience in D. experiences about
Answers: D C C
解析 ① D。 方向,意识、方向感：
② Ｃ。airplane 和experience（经历）都是可数名词，而且是泛指意义的单数，所以使用不定冠词。airplane和 exciting 以元音开头，应用an。
③Ｃ。表示“某种经验”时，experience通常与介词in搭配，故本题答案是Ｃ。
2. Where would you like to move if you could choose a place to move to （P17）
如果你可以选择的话你会去哪里？
choose verb [I or T] chose, chosen 选择，挑选
choose, select, pick, elect 辨与析
1) choose ——to pick out from a greater number; show ( what one wants ) by taking 选择，挑选；指在所提供的对象中，凭个人民判断力进行选择：
Choose the best answer. 选择最佳答案。
I’ll let you choose how you’re going to die. 我要让你自己选择死的方法。
Will you help me choose a new coat 你帮我挑一件新外衣好吗？
He was chosen as President. 他被选为总统
There are ten to choose from. 有十个可供选择。
2) select ——to choose carefully指有目的地认真地选择，有精心挑选的意思：
　He selected a shirt to match his suit. 他挑了一件衬衫来配他那套西服。
He looked through the suits and selected the cheapest one for me. 他在那些衣服里找了一阵儿，挑了一件最便宜的给我。
3) pick out ——to choose; 选择，挑选；比较口语化，指按个人喜好和希望进行挑选，多用于具体的东西；还有to see clearly among others辨别出，区别出的含义：
Can you pick out your sister in this crowd 　你能在这群人中认出你妹妹吗？
You can pick out your new bicycle. 你可以为自己挑选一辆新自行车。
典例链接
① It was so dark in the cinema that I could hardly ___________ my friend. (2007 四川)
A. turn out B. bring out C. call out D. pick out
② Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular ____ for a wedding in some countries. (2007 浙江卷)
A. way B. situation C. event D. choice
Answers: DD
解析
① D。pick out 意为“认出，选出”。根据所提供的情景“It was so dark in the cinema”可判断出由于电影院里很黑，很难认出朋友。Turn out 意为“打扫，驱逐，使外倾，生产，起床，翻出，制造，关掉”；bring out意为“使显示，出版，生产，说出”；call out 意为“出动，唤起，大声叫唤”。
② D。　choice 意为“选择”。根据所提供的情景Of the seven days in the a week可判断出在这七天里星期六是大家普遍为结婚的日子。Way 意为“方法，手段”。Situation意为“形势，局面，情况，关系”。Even意为“事件；事情；事变；大事”。
3. In this edition of American Living, we are looking at some population trends in the USA. (P18) 在这一版的《美国生活》中，我们讨论美国人口趋向。
trend 与 tendency 辨析：
tendency 仅仅指趋向，　　如：she has the tendency to work late.
trend 强调要变化或发展的趋势，如：fashion trend流行趋势；
The trend is toward working longer hours for less money.
从中可见，tendency指的是倾向，trend指发展、变化趋势，具有动态含义。
trend　n. 趋势,倾向,方位 v. 倾向
1) The prices of houses are trending upwards.
房价趋于上涨。
2) The youth like to follow the latest trends in fashion.
年轻人喜好追求最新的流行款式。
3) The trend of prices is still upwards.
物价仍有上涨趋势。
tendency　n. 趋势,倾向
1) There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.
人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。
2) She has artistic tendencies.
她有艺术气质。
3) A tendency to revert to a former state.
反动希望回到过去状态的趋势。
4) He had a tendency to shrink up whenever attention was focused on him.
当别人注意他时，他就会退缩一旁。
4. This group account for nearly 18 percent of the state’s population. (P18)
这个人群大约占到该州人口的18%
account (BANK) 帐户
Please put the shoes on my account. ( = Please charge the shoes to my account. )
请把鞋款记入我的账目。
account for sth 占比例；
Students account for the vast majority of our customers. 学生占了我们消费者的大多数.
on account of sth 因为、由于
He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his health.由于健康他不喝酒.
固定搭配
on accounts of = because of 由于an account book 账簿 keep accounts 收账（记账）
an accurate account 准确的报道 a one-sided account 片面的报道。
1) You must take price into account when choosing which one to buy. 在选购哪一个之前，你必须考虑价格。
2) On no account must you go out today. 你今天决不能出去。（注意：否定词或否定短语置于句首时，引起部分倒装。）
3) He is a very good pianist, by ( from ) all accounts. ( = according to what everyone says). 他钢琴弹得非常好，这是有口皆碑的。
5. So it is not surprising that Florida’s Charlotte County is known as the oldest place in the USA. (P18)因此也就不奇怪佛罗里达州的夏洛特县北被认为是美国最老的地方。
it 的用法
从近几年的高考试题来看，每年都在考it 的用法。而主要的考点大都集中在形式宾语、形式主语和强调句中.
典例链接
① As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _____ her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town. （2006湖南）
A. this B. that C. one D. it
② _______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. （2006浙江）
A. As B. That C. This D. It
③ If I can help_______, I don't like working late into the night. （2006全国I）
A. so B. that C. it D. them
Answers: DDC
解析: ①　D。 it 作形式宾语，to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town作真正的宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，需移至宾语补足语之后，在原来宾语的位置上用引导it 作形式宾语，构成“make + it + 形容词或名词 +不定式短语”结构，从而使句子保持平稳。
②Ｄ。what 引导表语从句，在从句中作did的宾语。表示这是今天上午所做的事。
③Ｃ。that 引导表语从句，在从句中只起连接作用，不作任何成分，一般不能省略。it can give you a great deal of pleasure 是一个完整的句子，所以要用that引导。
6. The question is, though, why are so many people retiring and spending their pensions in Florida. (P18) 但问题是，为什么这么多的人退休后要去佛罗里达州，并且把他们的养老金花在那里呢？
1) though conjunction；despite the fact that: 尽管
重点提示 从属连词although / though不能与并列连词but同时使用。though用作副词时，常放在句尾，前面通常用逗号隔开。
though adv. 虽然如此；然而，可是，不过
She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答应要打电话，可我没听到回信儿。
though / although 的用法辨析
两个词都可以用作连词来引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然 ……但是……”。在英语里，如用了although或though引导从句，就不能再用but 或however, 但可以用yet或still。 although 和though引导的从句放在主句的前面或后面都可以，有时还可以放在中间。但是下列情况中只能用though,不可以用although。
（1）though 指假设的情况，不是事实，从句中用虚拟语气。
（2）though引导的从句用倒装语序，也就是把从句中的表语或状语等放到though之前。
（3）though从句中的谓语如果是系表结构，可以省略主语和be。
(4) though用作并列连词，相当于and yet (然而，可是)，引导的分句对另一个分句起补充说明的作用。
　　① Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.
爱因斯坦本可以成为非常富有的人，但是他对金钱却不感兴趣。
② Strange though it may seem, he arrived early. 尽管看起来很奇怪，但他的确早到了。
典例链接
①　―Have you been to New Zealand
―No. I’d like to, ________.
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
②　― How is everything going on with you in Europe
―Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hoped, _________.
A. though B. instead C. either D. too
Answers: B A
［解析］
① B。从no来判断，可知说话者没有去过新西兰，但是他表达了一种想法“可是我想去”，所以本题选择though表示意义的转折。
② Ａ。后半句意思是“相当不错，可是也不像我所预料的那样顺利”。instead 意为“相反”；either意为“也”；too意为“也”；though在此用作副词，为“但是”之意，表转折。
7. Angela, 21, adds, I’d love to stay in the community where I grew up, but there are no career opportunities there. (P19)
21岁的安杰拉补充道：“我挺乐意住在我长大的社区里，但是那里没有任何事业机会。
1) add v. 加；增加；加起来；补充说。如：
That’s all I have to say. Is there anything you’d like to add, David
那就是我要说的。戴维，你有什么想补充的吗？
拓展 (派)addition n. [ U ]增加，增添 additional adj. 附加的，另外的，更多的
add to 增加；增添 add up 把…..加起来
add up to …总共有；（总体来看）说明 in addition另外
in addition to 除了……之外（还有）
典例链接
I think fireworks _______ the beauty of the festival night.
A. added up B. adding up 　　　　 C. added up to D. added to
解析 D。 add to 在此表示“增添”之意。句意：我认为焰火增添了节日夜晚的美丽。
8. I have to go where the big companies are because I want to be a top accountant, not a database clerk. That’s why I’ll move to Los Angeles when I graduate from university. (P19) 我必须到大公司所在的地方，因为我想成为顶尖的会计师，而不是数据库职员。那就是为什么当我大学毕业的时候我要搬到洛杉矶。”
where 引导定语从句与状语从句的区别
1) where 引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词即先行词。如：house, room, school, factory, country, place, spot, town, city等。
It’s actually connected with Asia at the spot where the Suez Canal was dug.
Then he took me into a back room, where the rejected suits were kept.而where引导的状语从句则是修饰主句的动词（词组）或主句的整个句子。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Make a mark where you have any questions.（where从句不是修名词a mark，而是修饰其前整个句子Make a mark.）
2) where 引导的定语从句必须置于所修饰的名词之后，而where 引导的状语从句可以置于句首也可以置于句尾。
They are living in the house, where you used to live.（此句where引导的定语从句只能放在先行词house之后）
Let’s meet where it is quiet. = Where it is quiet, let’s meet.
3) where引导定语从句和状语从句有时可以相互转换，不过这时的状语从句其前的动词常常是不及物动词。
Young people should go where they are needed most. (状语从句)
Young people should go to the places where they are needed.（定语从句）
典例链接
① If you are traveling ____ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. （2006天津）
A. in which B. what C. when D. where
② He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears. （2006辽宁）
A. why B. where C. when D. while
Answers: DC
① D。本题考查状语从句的连词选择。本题句意为：“如果是一个与你的风俗习惯迥然不同的地区旅游，请记住‘入乡随俗’。”根据语境判断，空白处应选一连词引导地点状语从句。
② C. 句意为 “他饭吃了一半,这时传来熟悉的声音。when为“这时”。
9. Living in a city is really much better for my career than living in a small town.
生活在大城市对我的事业有好处。(P21)
表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, far, yet, by far等修饰。例如：
He works even harder than before.他比以前更加努力工作了。
注意　英语的比较级前如无even, still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“……些”或不译出，例如：
She is better than she was yesterday. 她比昨天好些了。
Please come earlier tomorrow. 请明天早点来。
注意 by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如放在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。例如：
He is taller by far than his brother. 他比他哥哥高得多。
He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 他是两兄弟中最高的。
典例链接
① I wish you’d do ______ talking and some more work. Thus things will become better. （2006江苏 ）
A. a bit less B. any less C. much more 　　 D. a little more
② Of the two sisters, Betty is ________one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet. （2006安徽）
A. a younger B. a youngest C. the younger D. the youngest
Answers: A C
解析
① A. less 是little比较级，表示“较少的”，根据所提供的情景some more work可判断出要少说话，多干活。
② C。该题考查形容词比较级前冠词的用法。一般来说，比较级前不用冠词，但若有of短语表示范围，则需使用定冠词，答案为C。
10. I don’t like one more than the other. (P21) 我并不偏向于更喜欢哪一个。
more than的用法总结:
1) 不只是，不仅仅
通常不表达比较级意味，其后可接名词、形容词、动词。相当于not only / just。
They were more than glad to help. 他们特别乐意帮忙。
The beauty of Hangzhou is more than words can describe. 杭州的美是语言无法描述的。
He is much more than a lawyer. 他远不只是一位律师。（much more than远不只是）
2) 多于．．．．．．，比．．．．．．多
(1) 后接数字，相当于over。
(2) more (many 的比较级)之后接可数名词复数，在more之前可用many; more (much的比较级)之后接不可数名词，在more之前可用much。
More than 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out. 火灾发生时有500多人在该楼里工作。
重点提示 “more than + 单数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
More than one student holds the opposite opinion.不止一个同学持相反意见。
联想拓展
no more than “只有，仅仅”，相当于only，后接数字时时往往有“少”的意思；后接名词则含有贬低之意。
not more than“不多于，最多不超过”，不含感彩，只陈述实际情况，相当于at (the ) most.
More A than B 与其说Ａ倒不如说Ｂ。
no more……than = not … any more than 与……一样不……
not more … than … 没有……那样……
This is a small town. There are no more than ten shops in the streets in all.　这是一个小镇，街上只有十家商店。
There are not more than twenty students in the classroom.　教室里学生数量不超过20人。
典例链接
①　—Do you need any help, Lucy
—Yes, The job is I could do myself. (2007 福建)
A. less than B. more than C. no more than D. not more than
② Bamboo is used for _______ building. It can also be used to make beds, chairs and so on.
A. more than B. no more than C. not more than D. no more
③ China Daily is ______ a newspaper. It helps us a lot in our English learning.
A. only B. just C. no more than D. more than
Answers: BAD　
① B。句意是“这项工作超出了我的能力。”
② Ａ。句意为“竹子不仅用于建筑，还可用来做床、椅子等”。
③ Ｄ。More than 意为“不仅仅，不只是”；no more than 相当于only, 意为“仅仅，只是”，与句意不符。
限时训练
Ⅰ.课文理解（10分钟）
Choose the best answers according to the text:
1. What is the topic of the article
A. The population of people in the USA.
B. The life people in the USA.
C. The beautiful scenery of USA.
D. The movement of people in the USA.
2. Why are young people in the USA moving to cities
A. Cities are more exciting and have more job opportunities.
B. Cities are more beautiful than country.
C. Young people don’t like country life.
D. There are no job opportunities in country.
3. Which of the following is NOT the reason for many people spending their later years in Florida
A. wanting better health care.
B. looking for communities of older people.
C. they like the climate there.
D. they can get lot of money from the government.
4. What two groups are discussed in the article
A. people over 60 years old and young adults.
B. children and their parents
C. old people and their relatives
D. young people who want jobs and old people.
5. With the number of older Americans moving to Florida, many changes are made to cater to them. Which of the following is not the change
A. ambulance response time has decreased
B. many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners
C. the communities that understands the needs of people.
D. big houses with lower price.
Answers: 1-5 D A D A D
Ⅱ.课文填空（6分钟）
variety; aged; slip; seasonal; on the move; ambition; changeable; year-round; experiencing; available
People are 1 . For some people, the move is permanent and 2 . For some, it is 3 .People give a 4 of reasons. 5 people want to move somewhere warm or where the weather is less 6 . They are tired of snow. Snow can turn into ice, which is easy to 7 on. While 8 can drive young adults to big cities, even abroad where good job opportunities are 9 .What’s more, 10 a new culture is another reason for their moving abroad.
【答案】
1. on the move 2. year-round 3. seasonal 4. variety 5. Aged
6. changeable 7. slip 8.ambition 9. available 10.experiencing
Ⅲ. 单词拼写（6分钟）
根据首字母提示，补全下列句中单词。
1.There is greater________(流动) labor between jobs and areas.
2. I read a report on cancer treatments on Thursday’s ________(版) of the local news.
3. The government is trying to _______(使信服)) the public that it’s getting tough on corruption.
4. Excellent _________(展览) show how animals and plants displaced by urban growth and the consequences of pollution.
5. Flooding is likely in some coastal ________(区域) of the Northeast during the early part of the week.
【答案】
1. mobility 2. edition 3. convince 4. displays 5. regions
Ⅳ.单项选择（8分钟）
1. He didn’t make ________ clear when and where the meeting would be held.
A. this B. that C. it D. that
2. There have been several new events _______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
3.“Why didn’t you write ” “My ink has _______.”
A. used up B. run out of C. given away D. given out
4. ---Did Jack come back early last night
--- Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock _______ he arrived home.
A. before B. when C. that D. until
5. I used to earn _______ than a pound a week when I first started work.
A. less B. fewer C. a few D. little
6. ---How is everything going on with you in Europe
---Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hoped, _______.
A. though B. instead C. either D. too
7. --- What do you think made Mary so upset
--- ____ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost 　 B. Lost 　 C. Losing 　 D. Because of losing.
8. After ____ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which 　 B. it? C. what　 D. that
9. Use an umbrella to _____ you from the rain.
A. stop B. prevent C. keep D. protect
10 Michael ______ here to see you and he ______ a note on your desk.
A. has come; has left B. has been; has left C. has come; left D. has been; left
11. Mr. Zhang gave all the textbooks to all the pupils, except _____ who had already taken them .
A. these B. ones C. the ones D. the others
12. He suggested the person referred _______ put into prison.
A. is B. be C. to be D. should be
13. I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but I knew it was ______ Sunday because everybody was at ______ church.
A. a, the B. a, 不填 C. 不填, a D. 不填, 不填
14. “You went late _______ the stadium yesterday evening, didn’t you ” “Yes, my wife was a little late _______ the supper.”
A. to, with B. for, with C. for, for D. at, for
15. “Is John coming by train ” “He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.”
A. must B. can C. need D. may
【答案及解析】
1. C. it作形式宾语，when and where the meeting would be held作真正的宾语。当复合宾语中的宾语是宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补语的后面，而用先行代词it放在全句谓语动词和宾语补语的中间。放在宾语补语后面的宾语是真正的宾语，放在全句谓语动词和宾语补语中间的it是形式宾语。
2. D。added 为过去分词与后面一起构成过去分词短语用作定语。由于events 与后面 add 关系是被动关系，固选D。
3. D。give out 有很多意思，如表示“分发，发出(气味、热等)，发表，用尽，精疲力竭”等，此题取其“用尽”之义。选项A和B很具干扰性，它们均可表示“用完，用尽”，但是它们是及物的，其后应接宾语。假若将选项A改为been used up 也可以选。
4. B。本题考查时间状语从句。
5. A．本题考查形容词比较级的用法。Less than “少于；不足”。
6. A。考查副词。Though 放在句尾或插入句中，表示“可是，但是，还是”本句意为“可是没有我所希望的那么顺利”。
7. Ｃ．此题迷惑项为D，这是犯了Chinglish之错，问句中的what只能用动名词短语Losing her new bicycle来代替。答案B为过去分词不作主语，答案A不构成主语从句。若将答语补充完整，全句为Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.因此缺少主语，正确答案为C.
8. Ｃ。此题应选C，其余三项都很容易误选。what引导的是宾语从句，用做介词after的宾语，其中的what可理解为some time that。
9. Ｄ。此题正确答案应是D，protect ... from ...意为“保护……免受……”。
10. D。此处的has been here表示"刚才到这儿来过"，从字面上看这个表达方式是现在完成时，但实际上这个表达方式的内涵是该人已不在此处了。因此这个动作是发生在过去的事，那末该在你的书桌上留便条的动作也该用一般过去时。
11. C。one本来是数词，但也可用作不定代词，代替前面刚提到的一个东西或人，避免重复前面刚提到的名词，有时one可以有自己的定语或冠词，甚至可以有复数形式，
12. C。 referred to 过去分词作定语，be put into prison是宾语从句的谓语部分。学生由于粗心，容易误选B或者D。
13. B。确实，在通常情况下星期名词前不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下还是可以用冠词的，如表示特指，其前可用定冠词；表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义等，其前可用不定冠词。如：
14. A。第一空填to 比较好理解，因为此处的late为副词，用以修饰 go to the stadium 中的动词go；而第二句的 with 则是许多同学不容易想到的，相反，更多地可能是想到 for，现将两者区别如下：be late for表示做某事迟到，而be late with 表示做某事做晚了(=be late in doing sth)。
15. D。may 表推测，may not 意为“可能不(会坐火车来)”。句中的 He should 为 He should come by train 之省略，由于其后出现转折连词 but，说明语意有变化，再结合下文的 He likes driving his car，便可决定此题选D。注意，不能选B，因为can表示推测时通常不用肯定陈述句。
Ⅴ.翻译下列句子（15分钟）
1．大多数到大城市去的人都说着同样的话：“我想玩得开心。”(head for)
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. 你怎么解释这么多的错误？(account for)
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. 根据调查，电视电影对我们音乐的选择产生最强的影响，50%的学生持有这一观点。(according to )
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. 能省钱时就节省，这是明智的。（make sense）
______________________________________________________________________________.
5．随着人们生活水平的提高，电视节目必须迎合各种人的喜好。（cater to）
______________________________________________________________________________.
【答案】
1. Most of the young people who head for big cities say the same thing: “I want to have fun.”
2. How do you account for all these mistakes
3. According to the survey, TV and films have the strongest effect on our choice of music, 50 per cent of the students sharing the opinion.
4. It makes sense to save money while you can.
5. With the improvement of people’s living standards, TV programmes must cater to many different tastes.
Ⅵ. 阅读理解（10分钟）
A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man — the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or industry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the common laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.
This attitude toward manual labor is now still seen in many aspects of American life. One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the nearby bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.
1. From paragraph 1, we can know that in America _________.
A. people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man
B. people can always rise to the top through their won efforts
C. college professors win great respect from common workers
C. people feel painful to mention their fathers as labors.
2. According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because _________.
A. servants in American are hard to get
B. she takes pride in what she can do herself
C. she can hardly afford servants
D. It is easy to prepare a meal with canned food
3. The expression “ wait on table” in the second paragraph means “_________”.
A. work in a furniture shop
B. keep accounts for a bar
C. wait to lay the table
D. serve customers in a restaurant
4. Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage
A. A Respectable Self-made Family
B. American Attitude toward Manual Labor
C. Characteristics of American Culture
D. The Development of Manual Labor
Answers: 1-4 A B D B
本文介绍了崇尚自我奋斗，尊重体力劳动的美国文化。
1. A。细节题。 根据 A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made made 我们可以了解到，“崇尚自我奋斗”是美国文化的特点。
2. B。推断题。根据This attitude toward manual(体力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American life.(在美国生活的方方面面，尊重体力劳动态度的现象仍然随处可见)，可以推断女主人亲自下厨，是因为她以能做这样的体力活而自豪。
3. D。词义猜测题。wait on table 意为“服务顾客”，注意其后的 washing dishes 也有一定的暗示意义，故答案为 D。
4. B。主旨题。纵观全文，文章主要讲了美国崇尚自我奋斗，尊重体力劳动的文化习惯。故答案为B。
Part 3 Word power
一、课堂链接
1. Hu Jie attended a seminar about how development affects where people live and why they move. （P22）胡洁参加了一个关于发展是如何影响人们居住和为什么人们搬迁的研讨会。
affect, effect －－影响
(1) affect为动词，多指不好的影响；effect为名词，常用于have an effect on (对……有影响)短语中；仅一个字母之差，用法不可混淆：
The war and the suffering that it caused affected him greatly. 这场战争及其所造成的苦难对他影响很大。
He was affected in character by environment. 他的性格受到周围环境的影响。
Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。
The medicine had no effect on him. 这药对他无效。
(2) affect 和effect同作动词时，affect以被影响的事物作宾语；effect表示实现或达成，以“改进、变化”等词作宾语：
Will the department’s policy be affected ( = changed ) by the appointment of a new chairwoman
该部门的政策会因为任命了新的女主席而受影响吗？
The new President hopes to effect ( = produce ) changes in the government’s policy.
新总统希望使政府的政策发生变化。
She effected seven changes in the company.
她使公司发生了一些变化。
典例链接
① The new law will come into _________ on the day it is passed.
A. effect B. use C. service D, existence
②　We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly —what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.
A. benefits　　　　B. guides C. affects D. effects
答案及解析：
① A。 开始生效
② Ｃ。考查动词词义辨析。benefit有益于；guide带领；affect影响；effect引起。句意：我们对天气感兴趣是因为它对我们的影响很直接——我们穿的，我们做的，甚至我们的感觉。
2. She realized that there are reasons for moving within a country other than those mentioned in the magazine article. （P22）她认为除了书中提到的一些原因以外，还有其他的一些搬迁原因。
other than 除了；
Other than, except, apart from, besides, but 辨析：
(1) except和besides都可解作“除……之外” 但含义不同。
except 表示“从所提到的人或事物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。
besides表示“除了……之外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的。
试比较：
① We all went except him. 除他之外，我们都去了。(他没有去)
② We all went besides him. 除他之外，我们大家也都去了。(他也去了)
besides常与other／more／else等词连用 ，except常与all／every／everyone／none／nobody／everything／nothing等总括词连用。
eg. He had other people to take care of besides me.
All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.
except后面可接for(构成短语except for)或其他介词短语，而besides不能。
(2)except for主要有三层含义：
①表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，起部分修正主要意思的作用。
eg. Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
②表示非同类事物进行比较。
eg. The street is empty except for several cars.
③ 置于句首，表达except的含义。
eg. Except for this, everything is in order.
except for后接名(代)词，可以转移为except＋从句或其他介词短语。
eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days)
注意：二者用于否定句时含义相同，意思是一样的。
eg. He did nothing besides (＝except) this.
除这件事外，他什么事也没做。
(3) apart from兼有besides和except for两种含义，后接名词、代词或动名词。
(4) but含义与except相同，都表示递减的概念，二者在多数情况下可以互换，但用法稍有区别。
①except可以代替but，但but并不一定都可以代替except，如果句中有no、all、nobody、who、where等不定代词或疑问词时，多用but；后跟宾语从句时，多用except。
②but for含义有时与except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”，常用于虚拟句，表示一种假设。
③but位置的变化会引起人称代词主、宾格的变化。
No one but I (＝except me) knows it.
No one knows it but me (＝except me).
(5) other than含义与except／but相同，都表示从总体中除去一部分，后接名词、代词或不定式。
eg. In that case there is nothing you can do other than wait.
典例链接
① I know nothing about the young lady ________ she is from Beijing.
A. except B. except for C. except that D. besides
② In my opinion your bike is excellent ________ the color, _________
A. except; don’t I B. except for ; isn’t it C. besides; isn’t it D. but for; don’t you
③ —Could you please tell me more about the city
—Sorry, I’m also a newcomer. I know nothing else ________ you know now.
A. except for B. but that C. except what D. besides that
Answers: CBC
①C。依据句式结构可知，此处应排除besides。except后可接由that引导的宾语从句，但that 不能省略；except for 和except that 同义，但前者后不能接句子。句意：除了知道她是北京人之外，我对这位年轻女士一无所知。
②Ｂ。根据句意知说话者认为单车很好，但颜色除外，故用except for表示对前部分内容进行补充，说明美中有不足。
③Ｃ。except之后可接从句，句意为“你所知道的（东西）”，所以用what。
3. Therefore, these places gradually come to have more and more similarities with the industrialized, urban areas. (P22)因此，这些地方逐渐和那些工业化的市区有了相似处。
1) come to 苏醒过来 达到，提到接受明了，变清晰停止
come常用短语及用法
come across 偶然遇见，发现 come up with 提出
come at 袭击 come by 获得，得到
come off 取得成功 come on 表示一种催促，鼓励
come true 实现 how come 口语：怎么会的
come into being (事物；局面)出现；产生；成立。如： come down下来；下降
come into use开始使用；得到应用 come into power上台；执政；就职
典例链接
① ―Four dollars a pair I think it’s a bit too much.
―If you buy three pairs, the price for each will _______ to three fifty.
A. come down B. take down C. turn over D. go over
② His car ________ the terrible traffic jam, so he had to call off his appointment with his doctor.
A. came across B. came along C. came between D. came on
解析
①［解析］Ａ。come down（价格等）下降；take down拿下，取下，记下来，拆毁；turn over 打翻，移交给，翻阅；go over仔细检查，复习。根据句意，答案选Ａ。
②A.本题考查动词短语的词义辨析。come across偶然遇到； come along 随同，一起；come between介入…… 之间，妨碍；come on 跟随。该句意为：由于他的车遇到了交通堵塞，所以他不得不取消了与医生的约会。
相关高考试题：
1. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it _____ shopping and eating.
A. refers to B. speaks of C. focuses on D. comes to
2. It's already 10 o'clock I wonder how it _______ that she was two hours late on such a short trip. （2006湖南）
A. came over B. came out C. came about D. came up
3. —Have you ______ some new ideas
—Yeah. I’ll tell you later. （2007 江苏）
A. come about B. come into C. come up with D. come out with
答案及解析：
1. D 当谈到…… 2. C 发生 3. C 提出、想出
限时训练
I. Choose the right definition for each word: (10分钟)
1. industry 2. agriculture 3. industrialization 4. rural area
5. urban 6. urbanization 7. population 8. migration patterns
9. modernization 10. living standards 11. cost of living
a. producing goods in factories
b. the process by which a place starts to develop industries
c. the countryside
d. a way of measuring how good people’s lives are
e. growing goods on farms
f. area covered by a town or city
g. the number of people in an area or a country
h. how expensive people find it to live their everyday life
i. the process of introducing new ideas and concepts to the development of an area or a country j. the mass movement people form one place to another
k. the process of areas of countryside turning into industrial cities.
Answers;
1. a 2. e 3. b 4. c 5. f 6. k 7. g 8. j 9. i 10. d 11. h
II. 根据首中文提示补全单词。（5分钟）
1. More and more countries rely on industry rather than _________(农业)。
2. During the process of ________(工业化)，many peasants begin to move into cities.
3. As urbanization happens, some people move further away from the _______（城镇的）areas.
4. As modern technology enters a country, it ______(传播) from cities to the surrounding areas.
5. He finds an introduction to _______(社会学) on the Internet.
6. The are some _______(因素) that help make people more successful with a society.
7. Every ________(个体，个人) should realize the importance of education.
8. We should urge our government to make _________(政策) that emphasize education for us.
9. This is an example of how ________(有影响力的) population mobility can be.
10. These phenomena can affect migration patterns on _______(地区的) and national levels.
Answers:
1. agriculture 2. industrialization 3. urban 4. spreads 5. sociology
6. factors 7. individual 8. policies 9. influential 10. regional
III 完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）（18分钟）
What is intelligence（智力）anyway 　When I was in the army I 1___an intelligence test that all soldiers took, and, against 2___of 100, scored 160.
I had an auto-repair man once,　who ,on these intelligence tests,　could not 3_____have scored more than 80. 4___, when anything went wrong with my car I hurried to him---and he always 5___ it.
Well, then , suppose my auto-repair man 6____ questions for some intelligence tests. By every one of them I’d prove myself a 7___. In a word where I have to work with my 8____,I’d do poorly.
Consider my auto-repair man 9___.He had a habit of telling 10___. One time he said,” Doctor ,a deaf-and-dumb（聋哑）man 11_____ some nails. Having entered a store, he put two fingers together on the counter and made 12___ movements with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He 13___ his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk 14_____ him some nails. He picked out the right size and left. Well, Doctor, the 15___ man who came in was blind. He wanted scissors（剪刀）. 16____ do you suppose he asked for them ” I lifted my right hand and made scissoring movements with my first two fingers. He burst out laughing and said, “Why, you fool, he used his 17___ and asked for them. I’ve been 18___ that on all my customers today, but I knew 19___ I’d catch you.” “Why is that ” I asked. “Because you are so goddamned educated, Doctor. I knew you couldn’t be very 20___.”
And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.
1.A.failed 　　B. wrote 　C. received D. chose
2.A.an average B. a total C. an exam 　 D. a number
3.A.always 　　B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently
4.A.Then 　 　B. Thus 　C. Therefore D. Yet
5.A.fixed 　 　B. checked C. drove 　 　D. changed
6.A.answered B. practised C. designed D. tried
7.A.teacher 　 B. doctor 　C. winner 　　 D. fool
8.A.brains 　 B effort 　C. hands 　　 D. attention
9.A.again 　　 B. as usual C. too 　　 D. as well
10.A.lies 　 　B. jokes 　C. news 　 　 D. tales
11.A.bought 　B. tested 　C. found 　　 D. needed
12.A.cutting 　B. hammering C. waving D. circling
13.A.nodded 　B. raised 　C. shook 　　 D. turned
14.A.brought 　B. packed C. sent 　　　 D. sold
15.A.clever 　B. other 　 C. right 　　 D. next
16.A.What 　B. How 　　 C. Who 　　 　D. Which
17.A.imagination B. hand 　 C. voice 　　 D. information
18.A.trying 　　B. proving C. practising D. examining
19.A.for sure B. at once 　 C. in fact D. right now
20.A.clear 　　B. silly 　 C. slow D. smart
Answers:
1. C。由该分句末尾的took可以推定。
2. A。由all soldiers took可以推测100应是“平均”成绩。
3. B。根据与could的搭配和语感选定。
4. D。上文提到修理工若去参加智力测试，其得分不可能超过80，而下文却说他很
擅长于修车，上下文之间显然由逻辑上的转折关系。
5. A。因为擅长修车，所以别人将故障车送来时，他总是能“修理”。
6. C。由下一句的我回答不上，可知作者在此处要表达的意思是“假定让修理工去设计(design)智力测试题”。
7. D。修理工设计智力测试题时很可能根据自身经验设计一些动手类的题，如汽车修理，如果这样，那作者只好自认是“傻子”。
8. C。由上下文可知，博士智力水平很高，但动“手”能力较差。
9. A。作者在第三节先谈到了修理工，接着谈到了自己，现在“再一次”谈到了修理工。
10. B。由下文可知修理工有一个爱“讲笑话”的习惯。
11. D。聋哑人去商店买钉子，当然是出于“需要”。
12. B。聋哑人要买钉子，其手势自然似“用锤子敲打”状。
13. C。聋哑人想买钉子，而售货员拿了锤子给他，想必他只能通过“摇”头来表达自己的意思。
14. A。第48空前的The clerk brought him a hammer一句已经表示了“拿”这一动作。
15. D。在聋哑人离开之后走进商店的盲人自然是“下一个”人了。
16. B。由下文可知修理工要博士猜测的是盲人会“怎样”表达买剪刀的愿望。
17. C。盲人是可以说话的，他与售货员交流当然可以通过语言（即声音voice）。
18. A。本句意思为“今天我一直在用这个问题试探我所有的顾客”。表示“用……试探某人”用try something on somebody。
19. A。由下文的双方对话可以看出修理工对蒙住博士很是自信。
20. D。作者虽然受过良好的教育，但却回答不了这样一个简单的问题，由此可知该
空应填smart（机灵的）。
IV．读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中，选出最佳选项。(5分钟)
Many people who work in London prefer to live outside it, and to go in to their offices or schools every day by train, car or bus, even though this means they have to get up early in the morning and reach home late in the evening.
One advantage of living outside London is that houses are cheaper. Even a small flat in London without a garden costs quite a lot to rent. With the same money, one can get a little house in the country with a garden of one’s own.
Then, in the country one can rest from the noise and hurry of the town. Even though one has to get up earlier and spend more time in trains or buses, one can sleep better at night and during weekends and on summer evenings, one can enjoy the fresh, clean air of the country. If one likes gardens, one can spend one’s free time digging, planting, watering and doing the hundred and one other jobs which are needed in a garden. Then, when the flowers and vegetables come up, one has the reward of one who has shared the secret of Nature.
Some people, however, take no interest in country things: for them, happiness lies in the town, with its cinemas and theatres, beautiful shops and busy streets, dance-halls and restaurants. Such people would feel that their life was not worth living if they had to live it outside London. An occasional walk in one of the parks and a fortnight’s (two weeks) visit to the sea every summer is all the country they want: the rest they are quite prepared to leave to those who are glad to get away from London every night.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true
A. People who like country things prefer to live outside the city.
B. People who work in London prefer to live in the country.
C. Because of certain disadvantages of living outside London, some people who work in London prefer to live inside London.
D. Because of certain advantages of living outside London, many people who work in London prefer to live outside London.
2. One can use the same money for ________ to buy a little house with a garden in the country.
A. getting a small flat with a garden B. having a small flat with a garden
C. renting a small flat without a garden D. buying a small flat without a garden
3. When the flowers and vegetables in the garden come up, those _______ have the reward of one who has shared the secret of Nature.
A. who live in the country B. who have spent time working in the garden
C. who have a garden of their own D. who have been digging, planting and watering
4. People who think happiness lies in the town would feel that _______ if they had to live it outside London.
A. their life was meaningless B. their life was invaluable
C. they didn’t deserve a happy life D. they were not worthy of their happy life
5. The underlined word rest in the last paragraph refers to ________.
A. the rest time B. the rest people
C. the rest of the country D. the rest of the parks and of the sea
Answers: 1-5 BCBAC
本文介绍在伦敦工作的人对是在市里居住还是在乡下居住所持的不同看法和态度。
1. B。推断题。根据文章内容：虽然有很多喜欢乡村生活，但文章最后讲也有些人喜欢城市生活，从而可推知此题答案为B。
2. C。细节题。根据文章第2段第二、三句可推知此题答案为C。
3. B。推断题。根据文章第3段最后两句可知：要是他喜欢花园，在花园里挖土、种植、浇水等等，那么当鲜花和蔬菜生长起来的时候，他就得到了与大自然分享秘密的奖赏，所以选B。
4. A。推断题。根据文章最后一段第2句Such people would feel that their life was not worth living if they had to live it outside London可推知此题答案为A。
5. C。推断题。根据其上文：这些人偶尔去公园散散步后去海边度两周假；本句接着说：其余的就留给那些每天晚上喜欢离开伦敦的人，那么，“其余的”显然指“其余的乡村”。从而可推知题答案为C。
Part 4 Grammar and usage
课堂链接:
一、 如何组织段落和寻找主题句
文章是由段落组成的，段落的主题是段落的中心思想。而就一篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的，寻找中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，进而通过主题句找出文章主题，主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个主题；②阐述控制性概念。主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题句陷含在段意之中，这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。
〖第一招〗
在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。
例如：
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers’ life more enjoyable, it doesn’t actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem was that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in fixed way. Thus freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it .
Another important consideration is how much each worker contributed to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we do something about.
To what extent more money led to greater productivity The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
1. In this passage, the author mainly talks about ______.
A. how to make the workers contribute more
B. possible ways leading to greater productivity
C. to what extent more money leads to greater productivity
D. how to make workers’ jobs more interesting
Answers: B
分析：本文就如何能使工人们的工作效率得到提高而进行讨论。根据作者文中所提到的观点，就工人们的工作效率问题专家们提到了很多不同的观点，如使工作多样化、给工人们更多的自由时间、使工人们意识到自己工作的重要性以及增加工资等等，而作者的观点是尽可能地使工作更有趣，以吸引工人的兴趣，从而达到提高生产效率的目的，因此59题的正确答案应该是B，即提高工人们工作效率的措施的方法。
〖第二招〗抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想
寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的重点，考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
例如：
Many people think a telephone is essential. But I think it’s a pest and a time waster. Very often you find it impossible to escape from some idle or curious chatterbox, or from somebody who wants something for nothing. If you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you are asleep, of in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are taking your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself, “Ah, well, it will all be the same in a hundred year’s time ” You are not. You think there are maybe some important news or messages for you . I can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. Haven’t you ever rushed dripping from the bath, or chewing from the table, or dazed from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number
But you will say, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only unable for outgoing calls. Besides you will say, isn’t it important to have a telephone in case of emergency-illness, an accident, or fire Of course you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like England, one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity.
I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. I admit that in different circumstances-If you were a business VIP, for instance, or a bed ridden person-I might find a telephone essential. But then if I were a taxi driver, I should find a car essential.
Let me put it another way: there are two things for which the English seem to show particular talent. One is mechanical invention, the other is literature. My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them. For I have just been handed a slip of paper to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone. I think I had better answer it .After all, one never knows, it may be something important.
1. The passage is mainly about _______.
A. that we should be strong enough to ignore a phone call
B. that important message will reach you sooner or later
C. whether it’s necessary to answer all telephone calls
D. whether it is necessary to have a telephone
Answers: D
分析：文章每一自然段的主题句分别是：1. Many people think a telephone is essential. But I think it’s a pest and a time waster. 2. …but in a thickly populated country like England, one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity. 3. I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. 4. Let me put it another way. 都是围绕是否有必要拥有电话而展开的，作者的观点很明确，就是没有必要拥有一部电话机，因此本题应选D。
〖第三招〗抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心
要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。如：
Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.
This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure 120-page diary dept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.
Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington. D. C in the war of 1812. She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man and praised her excellent English.
The adventure of the lost book began on September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.
Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.
Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “I’ve felt sick since then” Luxmoore told reporters.
According to Green on one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.
Tom Brennan received a reward of 1,000, Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “It’s wonderful news. I’m on high.”
1. This article mainly tells about the story of “__________”.
A. A lost diary B. Deborah C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company
Answers: A
分析：解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序：
1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.
2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.
3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.
4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.
5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag which contained a book (the diary).
从以上的时间顺序中，可以清楚地看到5个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关，它就是贯穿全文的主线，故此题应选A。
二、怎样选择文章的标题
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式，它的特点是：短小精炼，多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，即不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表达的程度及色彩。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，那么如何选择文章的标题呢？
〖第一招〗
要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；然后要注意题目是否过大或过小，要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。
要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，与控制性的概念词按一定的语法浓缩为概括句意或中心思想的词组。
例如：
People say teenagers are no good. They make too much noise in shopping malls; they drive recklessly up and down America’s main streets; they carry chips on their shoulders as big as the Sears Tower. And at least some of the time those things are true. But we shouldn’t forget that there are hard moments in the life of a teenager too.
I watched such a moment not long ago at a woman’s funeral. I didn’t expect the event to affect me. Through much of the ceremony, in fact I remained unmoved.
Then her teenage grandson stepped forward. With his first very deep breath, every heart in that church was achingly reminded of something we had all forgotten. Softly he began: “I want to share a few values that Nana taught me. She never failed to see light in any situation. If our family dog should attack her, what would Nana say ” “Oh, what beautiful markings that dog has!” That was Nana.
“She was a strong woman who often lived in the shadow of my grandpa, who was a successful businessman in the city. But she was the one behind the scenes who provided the strength and support for Grandpa’s career,” he said, with a voice now trembling. “That was Nana’s way.”
Through a sob, he continued, “Whenever she did anything worth recognition, you’d have to hear about it from a different source, because she was never the one to brag.”
Finally, in a voice breaking free of sorrow, he looked up and said, “Nana taught me courage. She put up an incredible fight to the end, when she died peacefully, which is how she lived her life. That was Nana’s way, and I hope I can carry on in the same manner.”
There are no hearts as sensitive as those of teenagers, because everything is happening to them for the first time. The trouble with the teenagers is that they haven’t learnt to be controlled.
When that boy rose to speak about the woman who surely had truest ally and dearest friend, his honest voice dragged each of us out into the open where could no longer hide in the calm ritual. He exposed us to the truth about this very real woman who believed in a boy who probably tried the patience of many adults. He reminded us that his grandmother was more than another dot on the chart of life and death.
All over again we felt those powerful losses crisscrossing our own hearts. As we know, when you say goodbye to a beloved grandparent, you say goodbye to something happy, something young in yourself, and even if something never really returns, the pain never really goes away.
1. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A. A Moving Funeral
B. Are Teenagers Always Light-hearted
C. Teenagers Are No Good
D. A Teenager And His Grandma
Answers: B
分析：本文通过作者在一个葬礼上所看到的一位少年对其祖母的感情的表白，来说明青少年并非总是玩世不恭，因此本题正确答案应该是B，用疑问句作为文章题目更能引起读者的深入思考。
〖第二招〗
有些文章，比如记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要阅读全文，抓住关键字眼或主要论题来归纳文章主题。
例如：
“Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way…” goes the popular Christmas tune. With the song in my head, I felt a bit sorry for myself. Instead of rushing back and forth across a freezing school campus, I could have had a cozy Christmas dinner at home or enjoyed the fabulous fireworks lighting up campus at night. But this Christmas would not be celebrated as usual.
One month ago, all six girls in my dormitory (including me )had made detailed plans for a more-exciting-than-ever Christmas holiday. But one day we received an unusual mission: we were asked to organize a party that would be a fund-miser for mentally disabled children from the hospital. The children would perform on stage while volunteers offered food to the spectators and collect some money for the organization.
Naturally, we were supposed to support the ideas wholeheartedly, and we did. But the date of the show was set right on Christmas Eve! This meant that all our original Christmas plans would have to be set aside.
However, we took the plunge into preparations for the party. We spared no effort in organizing, designing, propagandizing, making contacts with the potential sponsors, negotiating and so on. We went through thick and thin and finally made it, though with a bit of reluctance.
Finally, Christmas Eve arrived. As I dragged myself into the auditorium, I discovered the notes of a bea