2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：sb2a(unit1-10)专题四
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| 名称 | 2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：sb2a(unit1-10)专题四 |  | |
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本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品
SB2 A (unit1——unit10)专题四：语法高考解读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
专题四：语法
高考解读
【高考导航】
2010高考命题趋向分析
1． 对于非谓语动词的考查一直是历年高考的重点主要考查分词做表语，定语，宾语补足语与状语。考生需注重掌握现在分词与过去分词在做表语，定语，宾语补足语与状语时的区别。另外分词的完成时态以及动名词的复合结构也将是考查的重点
2． 倒装句式是高中阶段重要的语法项目，考生需掌握部分倒装与完全倒装的区别并加强记忆。其中对于虚拟条件句及so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句的倒装是高考考查的重点
3． 多个形容词修饰名词时的排序是考生的难点，需牢记如：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠
【真题品析】
1 (2003 上海春招)______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement
A The president will attend B The president to attend
C The president attended D The president’s attending
【答案】 D 考查动名词的复合结构
【点拨】 动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语, 从而构成动名词的复合结构.动名词所带的逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词,宾格代词,名词所有格或普通格,如果逻辑主语是无生命物,则只用普通格(宾格).动名词的复合结构作主语时,通常使用名词的所有格或形容词性物主代词
2．(08 上海卷) So much of interest ___ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all.
A. offers Beijing B. Beijing offers/
C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer
【答案】 C 考查倒装句型的用法
【点拨】当so/such…that结构中的so/such位于句首时，句子谓语要部分倒装所以本题答案为C项，又如：So frightened was she in the earthquake that she didn’t dare to move.
3．(2005北京)This _____ girl is Linda’s cousin.
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
【答案】 A 考查形容词的排序
【点拨】pretty是描绘性形容词，little是表示大小的形容词，Spanish是表示国籍的形容词，所以，它们的排序是pretty little Spanish。
注：限定词的排序：前位限定词 (指量限定词all, both, half等；倍数词double, twice等；分数词one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定词 (冠词，指示代词，形容词性物主代词，名词所有格)+后位限定词 (序数词及last, next等；基数词及few, several等
知识网络 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1． 非谓语动词---分词
2． 名词
3． 倒装句式
4． 形容词，副词
5． 代词
精讲点拨 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
一、非谓语动词—分词
【基础过关】
1．现在分词做宾语，定语，状语的用法
2．过去分词做后置定语，前置定语，状语的用法
【拓展延伸】
一：分词做表语。
现在分词做表语，一般表主动或表明的是主语的性质与特征，主语与表语位置不可互换
1 The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋
2 The task of this class is practising the idioms. 这节课的任务是练习这些短语
3 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实
4 My work is looking after the children. 我的工作是照看这些孩子
过去分词做表语，一般表被动或表明主语所处的状态
多数情况下，如果主语是人，表语使用过去分词，即“人+ be\look 等 +动词ed形式”； 如果主语是事或物，表语使用现在分词，即“物+ be\look 等+动词 ing形式”。如：
All of us were so disappointed at his absence.
Though the trip was tiring, we felt very happy.
事实上，当表示主语处于某种状态中，即“感到/觉得、、、、、、”，表语要使用过去分词时，所以有时主语是物时也要使用过去分词；而要表示主语“具有令人/使别人感到、、、、、、的特征/性质”，表语使用现在分词，包括有时主语是物时也要使用现在分词如：
He is terrifying他很吓人。（指他的长相或举动令人害怕)
He is terrified. 他很害怕。
Please describe a dog that is frightened. 请描述一只惊恐的狗（狗受到了惊吓）。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
类似常用的过去分词有：interested, excited, surprised, puzzled, amused, confused, embarrassed, satisfied；
类似常用的现在分词有：interesting, exciting, surprising, puzzling, amusing, confusing, embarrassing, satisfying。
二：分词做定语
共同点：单个分词做定语放在所修饰名词前(a swimming pool)；分词短语（就是不仅仅由一个分词构成的用来修饰名词的短语the book written by Luxun）做后置定语，即放名词后
用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系
1. 现在分词(Ving)做定语：
从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示 1）主动（及物）；2）进行（不及物）。
做定语：相当于一个定语从句 (主动)
Do you know the boy standing at the door Do you know the boy who is standing at the door A developing country needs aids. A country that/which is developing needs aids.
They lived in a house facing the south They lived in a house that faced the south.
The man wearing a red tie is our head. The man who wears a red tie(戴红领带) is our head.
The workers working in the factory are well-paid. The workers who are working in the factory are well-paid. 在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好
2．过去分词(p.p)做定语
从功能上看，过去分词做定语表示1）被动（及物）；2）完成（不及物）
做定语：相当于一个定语从句（被动），有时侯也表示完成的
The broken window was repaired this morning.
The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.
The arrived guests will be led in.（此过去分词表示完成）
The book written by Wang sells well.
The shoes (that were) made in a small factory are of bad quality.小厂产的鞋子质量差
反之，一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构
The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.
The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来
He is a man who is loved by all. He is a man loved by all. 他是个大家所热爱的人
The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners. The fallen leaves are collected…
That letter I received last week was from Li. The letter received last week was from Li.
三； 分词做宾语补足语
现在分词形式主要用于以下两类动词后构成宾语补助语
⑴表示感觉和状态的动词，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice等例如:
I heard Mr. Smith singing in the next door. 我听到史密斯先生在隔壁唱歌。
I felt someone patting on the shoulder. 我感到有人拍了拍我 的肩膀
⑵表示“指使”等意义的动词，如have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。例如:
We won’t have you doing that. 我们不允许你这么做
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起，让你久等了
过去分词做宾语补足语常出现在以下动词之后.
1: 感官动词如: see, hear, feel , watch., notice, think, find
Eg. He felt himself cheated.
2: 表示使役动词: have, keep, make, get, leave
Eg. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
Don’t leave such an important thing undone.
have sth done 常有两种含义：
1） 表示让某事被别人做
I had my computer repaired.
2） 表示“受…的影响，蒙受….的损失”
He had his leg broken in the match yesterday
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year
3: 表示希望意义的词 : want , wish, like, expect等
此时宾语补足语与间接宾语的关系绝大多数是被动或完成的.
e.g. We like the problem settled.
I would like my house painted white.
四：分词做状语
现在分词作状语
⑴ 作时间状语
Walking along the street, I met Mary. (=While I was walking along the street, …)
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
⑵作原因状语
Being tired, I stopped to take a rest.
(=Because I was tired, …)
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
由于不知道她的地址，我们无法和她联系。
⑶ 作条件状语
Turning to the left, you will find the school. (=If you turn the left, …)
If you work hard, you'll succeed. =Working hard, you'll succeed.
⑷ 作让步状语
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to support the whole family.
Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me.
=Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.
⑸ 作伴随状语
I stood there, waiting for her. (=…, and waited for her.)
Following Mike, they started to climb.
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着
⑹. V-ing 形式的完成式
如果V-ing 表示的动作发生在句子谓语之前，则要用V-ing 的完成式，即是：
Having +P.P(过去分词)…, 主语+谓语
1) After she had finished her work, she went home.
Having finish her work, she went home.
2) As we have invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture.
Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture.
⑺ V-ing的复合结构 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
带有逻辑主语的V-ing称为V-ing的复合结构.当V-ing的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在V-ing之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了V-ing的复合结构..其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语, V-ing是逻辑上的谓语. V-ing复合结构在句中可作主语,宾语,表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句. 其复合结构可以为:物主代词(如:his ,my ), 名词所有格(如:Tom’s)+ V-ing ,人称代宾格(如:him, me), 名词普通格(如:Tom).
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们
(=That she came to help encouraged all of us)
过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语同现在分词作状语一样,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,所不同的是现在分词与主句主语存在着主谓关系,而过去分词与主句主语之间是被动关系
过去分词或过去分词短语在句中作状语时相当于一个状语从句,可表原因,时间,条件,让步,方式或伴随.
(1)作原因状语,多放在主句之前,相当于because, since, as引导的从句.
Tired from the day’s hard work, he fell asleep soon.
=(Because he was tired from the day’s hard work, he…)
由于一天的劳累工作,他很快就睡着了
Deeply moved by what he said, I promised to give him some help.
(2)作时间状语,相当于when引导的时间状语,有时在分词前直接加when, while, until等词可使其表达的时间意义更明确.如:
When heated, water can be changed into steam.
水加热后可以变成水蒸气.
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
(3)作条件状语,相当于if, unless引导的从句.
Given another chance, he can do it better.=(If he is given another chance,...) 如果再给他一次机会,他会做的更好
United we stand, divided we fall.团结则存,分裂则亡
(4)作让步状语.
Much tired, he still kept on working.
(=Though he was much tired, he...)尽管很累,他仍继续工作.
(5)作方式或伴随状语.
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
因陷入沉思,他几乎撞到前面的汽车上.
He turned away disappointed.
他失望地走开了
The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.
老师站在那儿,周围围着许多学生
注意:
(1).过分作状语,有时前面带有连词,是状语从句的省略形式,其中省去了从句的主语和be动词,通常主语与主句的主语相同
when (it is)heated, water will boil.
She won't go to the party, unless (she is)invited.
(2).过去分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系,改为时间,条件,原因,让步,方式状语从句时，从句的谓语动词应用被动语态(表示伴随情况多改为and +并列谓语).而现在分词与其逻辑主语则是主谓关系.
(3)过去分词作定语不仅表示被动,还表示已经完成,但过分作状语,动作不一定是已经完成的动作,有可能是同时进行的,也有可能是未来的.(尤其在时间,条件状语从句中).
(4)过去分词作状语,相当于对应状语从句,不可再用but, so, and, or否则重复
改错:
Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy. 应去掉but
Known to all, so he was recognized very easily. 应去掉so
(5)过去分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致,否则用从句或独立结构.
【典型例题】
1. The salesman scolded the girl caught _____ and let her off.
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing
【答案】 D 考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法
【点拨】本题考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法正确掌握并灵活运用非谓语形式是解此类题的关键，另外，解这一题目也要用还原法，即catch the girl stealing，若没有把catch the girl stealing 还原，也是很难找出本题的答案的，因此，解题时，不但要有扎实的基础知识，还要掌握解题技巧本题旨在考查catch sb. doing sth.（发现某人做某事）这一短语，故先排除A、C两项，由于girl与catch之间是被动关系，因此需要用catch的过去分词形式作后置定语，stealing所作的只能是定语中的补足语，故本题最佳答案为D
2. In the study, I found my son ______ at a desk, with his attention ______ on a book.
A. sitting; fixing B. sit; fixed C. sitting; to be fixed D. seated; fixed
【答案】 D 考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix one’s attention的用法
【点拨】此题考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix one’s attention的用法。解答此题时，应特别留意不定式与分词作宾补的区别；第二应注意倘若逻辑宾语提前，则with+复合宾语中宾补应用过去分词表示被动因为强调found的动作与sit同时进行，而省去to的不定式sit作宾补表示动作的完成，但sitting和seated皆可。第二空中，attention原为fix的逻辑宾语，所以应选fixed作宾语补足语。故此题正确答案为：D
3. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _____the answers ready will be of great help.(2005 北京)
A To have had B Having had C Have D Having
【答案】D . 考查动名词作主语
【点拨】本题用动名词作主语,表示一般性的情况.注意,本题不可选B, 因为没有必要强调动作在某个时间之前完成
4.The discovery of new evidence led to ____.(2003 上海)
A the thief having caught B catch the thief
C the thief being caught D the thief to be caught
【答案】 C. 考查动名词作介词的宾语
【点拨】动名词可以作介词的宾语，尤其要注意一些含介词to 的短语, 要与不定式分清,像 lead to /devote to /be used to /object to /look forward to 等
5. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost
【答案】D 考查过去分词做状语
【点拨】 lost in the big chair为过去分词短语在句中作伴随状语。此句的正常语序为：Her little brother sat there...
6 （2005上海卷）______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
【答案】 A 考查过去分词做状语
【点拨】 本题中过去分词短语put into use in April 2000做时间状语，相当于状语从句when the hotline was put into use in April 2000。
7 _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring
C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring
【答案】 C 考查分词做状语表示伴随状况
【点拨】tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1． I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______.
A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed
2．______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
3． _____ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.
A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited
4． – Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
5．. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
A. Completing B. Complete pleted D. To complete
6． To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______ as much as we can.
A. speak. B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
7. Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant.
A. working B. work C. to work D. worked
8. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
9. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
10.Price of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
11._____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
12. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
13. The pupil sat there, ________ what to do.
A. does knowing B. didn’t knowing C. not known D. not knowing
14. Because of my ____ Russian. I can’t make myself _____.
A. broken; understood B. broken; understand
C. break; understood D. breaking; understanding
15. The farmer ________ to the ground last night.
A. had his house burning down B. had his house burnt down
C. had his house to be burnt down D. had his house being burnt down
参考答案 1—5 BBCCD 6--10 CADCB 11-----15AADAB
二、名词【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
专有名词 不可数名词
普通名词 物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词
【拓展延伸】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
⑴一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
⑵ 其它名词复数的规则变化
① 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
② 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
③ 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs。
2名词复数的不规则变化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
⑴ child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
（2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
（3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的
（4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
\"The Arabian Nights\" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
（5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
（6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )fishes（各种）鱼。
3 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物 （不可数）
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数例如：
This factory produces steel. （不可数）
We need various steels. （可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议
4 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式例如：
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
5 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
6 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加\"\'s\"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher\'s book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加\"\'s\"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加\"\'s\"，如the boy\'s bag 男孩的书包，men\'s room 男厕所
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加\" \' \"，如：the workers\' struggle 工人的斗争
3） 凡不能加\"\'s\"的名词，都可以用\"名词+of +名词\"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber\'s 理发店
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有\'s，则表示\"分别有\"；只有一个\'s，则表示\'共有\'
例如：
John\'s and Mary\'s rooms（两间） John and Mary\'s room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence
【典型例题】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1． He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works
【答案】 D 考查名词的单复数
【点拨】因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除A
2.Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______
international trade today.
A.a; × B.the ; an C.the ;the D.×;the
【答案】 A 考查抽象名词
【点拨】：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice. foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词
3.Oh, John _____ you gave us !
A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
【答案】 C 考查抽象名词具体化
【点拨】： “a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙
4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up .
A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wine’s glass D.glass of wine
【答案】 B 考查名词做定语修饰名词
【点拨】：根据broke一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1．It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes _____
round shape into a teardrop shape.
A. of the drop B. the drop’s C. drop of D. drops the
2．We’ll have a _____ holiday. What about going to the West Lake
A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two day’s
3．The _______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
4．--- Whose umbrella is it
--- It’s _______.
A. somebody else’s B. somebody else
C. somebody’s else’s D. somebody’s else
5My morning_____includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.
A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine
6 （2007 山东27 ） I can't say which wine is best-it's a（n） _______ of personal taste.
A.affair B.event C.matter D.variety
7． The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common_____in many parts of the city.
A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance
8． -You are always full of _______.Can you tell me the secret？
-Taking plenty of exercise every day. （2007 福建 31）。
A.power B.strength C.force D.energy
9． Despite such a big difference in ___ towards what one eats， there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
10． He and his wife are of the same ______；they both want their son to go to college.
A. soul B. spirit C. heart D. mind
11 One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _______.
A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges
12． Of the seven days in a week .Saturday is said to be the most popular _______ for a wedding in some countries.
A. way B. situation C. event D. choice
13．1.In my opinion，what he told us just now about the affair simply doesn't make any_____.
A.idea B.meaning C.sense D.point
14．Recently CCTV Station has taken great pains to make a program that reviews the important_____0f 2009.
A.affairs B.events C.matters D.things
15．Everybody thinks little of the film.In fact，there is no__ of it being tried out in the film festival.
A. sign B. use C .possibility D. doubt
参考答案 1—5 BBBAD 6—10 CCDCD 11—15 BDCCB ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
三、倒装句式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓误在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序
按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：
完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装
部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装
【拓展延伸】
1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词
Our teacher came in.
In came our teacher.
这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变
Here it is.
Away he went.
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.
2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词
Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.
3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调
这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.
Under a big tree ________, half asleep.
A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat
C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man
4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等
There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.
In front of the tower flews a stream.
5. so + 动词+主语
neither/ nor + 动词+主语
表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is with…
You can ride a bike. So can I.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.
6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.
7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely, hardly ,in no case, in no way, not until放于句首时要用倒装句式
We seldom get up at four in the morning.
= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.
9. hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时
The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.
10. not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.
Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.
11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：
only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句
在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构
Were it necessary, I might go without delay.
如果需要的话，我可以立即去 (= If it were necessary,...)
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了 (= If you had taken my advice,...)
Should I have time, I would call on her.
要是有时间，我就去看她 (= If I should have time,...)
13. as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
【典型例题】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1 Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
【答案】 D 考查倒装句式
【点拨】 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2．---Do you know Tom bought a new car
----I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
【答案】 B 考查倒装句式
【点拨】 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. On the wall _______ two large portraits.
A. are hanging B. hanged
C. hang D. hangs
2 You say he works hard, ______, and _____.
A. so he does; so you do B. so he does; so do you
C. so does he; so do you D. so does he; so you do
3. Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language .
A. So it was with Engles B. So was it with Engles
C. So was Engles D. So did Engles
4 So absorbed _______ the work that she often forgot to _____ her meals.
A. had she been in; do B. she was in; make
C. was she in; take D. she had been in ; have
5 Not once ______ their plan.
A. did they change B. they changed
C. changed they D. they did change
6. Nowhere ______ as in my garden.
A. the flowers were so beautiful B. were the flowers so beautiful
C. so beautiful were the flowers D. so beautiful the flowers were
7. Hardly ________ his homework when he went out.
A. finished he B. he had finished
C. did he finish D. had he finished
8. Scarcely _____ finished their homework ______ I came into the classroom.
A. had they; than B. they had; when
C. had they; when D. did they; when
9. Not only _______ a promise, but also he kept it.
A. has he made B. does he make C. he made D. did he make
10. Not until his comrades criticized him _______ to admit his mistake.
A. had he begun B. began he C. did he begin D. does he begin
参考答案 1---5A BACA 6—10 BDCDC
四、 形容词与副词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
形容词是用来修饰,描述名词或代词的词,主要用作定语,表语和补足语等.
副词是用来修饰动词,形容词,其化副词,介词短语或全句的词.
【拓展延伸】1.形容词及其用法
1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot
2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.
2.以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词
如：He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊
3.用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词例如：the old Chinese stone bridge
5.副词的位置
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾例如：
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好
6.副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词
I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词
1） close与closely
close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上
Watch him closely. 盯着他
2） late 与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了
What have you been doing lately 近来好吗？
3） deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了
4） high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理
5） wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用
6） free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
8. 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种
1） 规则变化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est big bigger biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est busy busier busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily
2） 不规则变化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
well（健康的） worse worst
bad
ill（有病的）
old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
9.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much+名词例如：This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大
4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine
.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮
注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级
He is more clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中
China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11.可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面
12. many, old 和 far
1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数
2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
13. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了
注意： a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来例如：
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. . 马克是班上最聪明的。
4） "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和more有关的词组，
1） the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。
2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3） no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than… 与……一样……。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉
4） more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心
【典型例题】
I wish you'd do ______ talking and some more work. Thus things will become better.
A. a bit less B. any less
C. much more D. a little more
【答案】 A 考查形容词的比较级
【点拨】 由more work和后面一句可知前面是less talking，排除C和D；这是肯定句，修饰比较级不用any，用a bit与some相对应。故答案是A
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1．After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
2. In my view, London's not as expensive in price as Tokyo but Tokyo is ___ in traffic.
A. the most organized B. more organized
C. so organized as D. as organized as
3．The performer was waving his stick in the street and it ___ missed the child standing nearby.
A. narrowly B. nearly C. hardly D. closely
4．The lessons given by Mr. Smith are always ________and interesting.
A. lovely B. lovingly C. lively D. vividly
5. There at the door stood a girl about the same height _____.
A. as me B. as mine C. with mine D. with me
6. _______, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless.
A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely
C. Strange enough D. Enough strange
7. I have worked with him for some time and have found that he is _______ than John.
A. more efficiently a worker B. a more efficient worker
C. more an efficient worker D. a worker more efficiently
8. This __________ girl is Lind’s cousin.
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
9. --- Have you been to New Zealand
--- No. I’d like to, ________.
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
10. Mr. Smith owns ______ collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met.
A. larger B. a larger C. the larger D. a large
参考答案 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) 1-5 BBACB 6—10 ABADB
五、代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
1)人称代词：
人称代词分主格和宾格两种，前者在句子中担任主语，后者担任动词或介词的宾语。They study German. / Please pass me the ruler.
①人称代词的用法：
a.当代词成对地使用或一个代词与一个名词搭配使用时，两个部分的句法功能必须一致
Li Hong and I went shopping yesterday.
It was our teacher who smoothed away the difference between you and me.
注:人称代词的排列一般为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称
you, he and I them and us
如有其他代词时，其他代词排列于人称代词之后，如：he, I and some others
b.人称代词用作表语时，如说明主语，一般要用主格，如说明宾语则要用宾格
If I were she, I would take your advice.
I would share the room with you if you were him.
②"It"的用法。
a.用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物
Where is the cat It's in the kitchen.
Jack is ill. Have you heard about it
My book is missing. I can't find it anywhere.
b.用以代替指示代词this, that
What's this -- It's a frog. /Whose pen is that -- It's mine.
c.表示时间，天气，距离等
A lovely day, isn't it /It's two o'clock.
It's about two li from here to our school.
d.用作形式主语，形式宾语，代替不定式短语，动名词或从句
It's no use talking with him about that.
It took me twenty minutes to get there.
We think it important that college students should master at least one foreign language.
e.用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语，宾语或状语），常用强调结构"It is (was) + 被强调成分 + that(或who)…"
It was Liu Ming that I saw in the street this morning.
It was in the classroom that he told me about it.
2)不定代词：①all / both
a.both用于两个人或事物，all用于两个以上的人或事物，均可作主语
All (of us) like fruits. /Both (of them) are good at English.
b.用作同位语。作主语同位语时须注意它们的位置不同，位于行为动词之前；位于be动词之后
They all (或both) agreed with me. /They are all (或both) very healthy.
I know them all (或both).
②one / it（人称代词）
one 代替可数名词，表示上面所提到的那一类人或物中的一个，其复数形式带定语时用ones，不带定语时用some。而it则用于指代上文提到的那个表示物的名词本身，既可指单数可数名词也可指不可数名词
I don't have a watch but I'm going to buy one（或some）.
I have a bicycle. My aunt gave it to me.
③no one / none
no one 只用于指人，而none 既可指人也可指物。如果说"若干人（物）之中一个也不"，用"none of",后接复数名词时，谓语可以用复数，也可用单数；后接不可数名词时，谓语用单数如：
No one told me that he had gone to Shanghai.
None of them have（或has）arrived yet.（不用no one）
None of the money is mine.
④some / any /no /every +（thing, one, body等。）
some 类用于肯定句，any类用于否定和疑问句
I know nothing of what had happened to him.
I have little rice, so I can't lend you any.
She is going to buy some new dresses.
注:everyone和every one
前者意思是"每个人"，与everybody同义，后面不可跟of短语，后者意思是每个人或物，后面跟of短语试比较：
everyone in the classroom（教室里的所有的人）
every one of the children（这些孩子中的每一个）
every one of the books（这些书中的每一本）
⑤部分否定与全部否定：
当all, both, each和every(body, thing)等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定，如果表示全部否定，应该用none, no one, neither, nobody, nothing等.
All of the students were not late for the class. 不是所有学生上课都迟到的。
(现代英语中常写成：Not all the students were late for the class.）
None of the students were late for the class.没有一个学生上课迟到的
3)疑问代词：
用于构成特殊疑问句，其中what, which, whose兼有形容词特征，可以和名词连用
What job do you want to find /Whose girl is she
Which subject is your best one
所有疑问代词都可以起名词作用，在句子中担任成分
Who told you /Whom are you waiting for
Whose are those books
在学习疑问代词时，对以下几组词注意区别：
1 which和what
两者均可与名词连用，就人或物提问。但是which一般用于有一定选择范围的情况，what用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况
Which colour do you like-green, red, yellow or brown
What colour is her dress
What writers do you like best
2 which和who 两者都可作代词，它们的区别是不管选择的范围是大还是小，which一般用作指物
Which would you like to eat -steak or fish
Who won the game -Smith or Johnson
当有一定选择范围时，which one代替who作宾语.
Which one do you like better, your mother or your father
Which of可和人称代词或指人的名词连用,如：
Which of you has taken away my English book
4)连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等，除起连接作用外，还可以在从句中担当主语，宾语，定语，表语等成分如：
The question is who can operate the new machine.（引导表语从句--作主语）
They asked whose idea this was.（引导宾语从句--作定语）
When you are older, you can watch whatever programme you like.
（引导宾语从句--作定语）
I'll give my ticket to whoever wants it.
（这里whoever可看成"anyone who"，or"the person who"）.
【拓展延伸】关系代词
1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语）
2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了
【典型例题】
---When shall we meet again
--Make it _____day you like; it's all the same to me．
A．one B．any C．another D．some
【答案】 B 考查代词辨析
【点拨】 one day表示"某一天"，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与some day互换。another day指另一天。原题中的It's all the same to me和you like是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选any day，即"你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行 "
同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.---- Excuse me, I want to have my watch fixed, but I can’t find a repair shop.
---- I know nearby. Come on, I’ll show you.
A. one B. it C. some D. that
2.The Parkers bought a new house but will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
3. Some people would rather ride bikes as bike ridding has of the trouble of taking buses.
A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither
4. ---- Which of the two books do you want
---- I want . Please show me .
A. none; another B. all; the other
C. neither; the other D. neither; another
5.Who can you turn to in time of danger, it not .
A. any B. us C. we D. ours
6. What have you got _______ will help a cold
A. what B. that C. it D. who
7. He just does _______ he pleases and never thinks about anyone else.
A. that B. what C. which D. how
8. We need someone with a fresh point of view, _______ can suggest changes.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
9. ______ of the twins wanted to know what the other was doing.
A. Both B. All C. Each D. Every
10. .---Who called me this morning when I was not
----A man calling ______ Robert.
A. him B .himself C his D.不填
参考答案 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) 1—5BABBDB 6--10 BBCCB
21世纪教育网 -- 中国最大型、最专业的中小学教育资源门户网站。 版权所有@21世纪教育网
2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品
SB2 A (unit1——unit10)专题四：语法高考解读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
专题四：语法
高考解读
【高考导航】
2010高考命题趋向分析
1． 对于非谓语动词的考查一直是历年高考的重点主要考查分词做表语，定语，宾语补足语与状语。考生需注重掌握现在分词与过去分词在做表语，定语，宾语补足语与状语时的区别。另外分词的完成时态以及动名词的复合结构也将是考查的重点
2． 倒装句式是高中阶段重要的语法项目，考生需掌握部分倒装与完全倒装的区别并加强记忆。其中对于虚拟条件句及so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句的倒装是高考考查的重点
3． 多个形容词修饰名词时的排序是考生的难点，需牢记如：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠
【真题品析】
1 (2003 上海春招)______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement
A The president will attend B The president to attend
C The president attended D The president’s attending
【答案】 D 考查动名词的复合结构
【点拨】 动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语, 从而构成动名词的复合结构.动名词所带的逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词,宾格代词,名词所有格或普通格,如果逻辑主语是无生命物,则只用普通格(宾格).动名词的复合结构作主语时,通常使用名词的所有格或形容词性物主代词
2．(08 上海卷) So much of interest ___ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all.
A. offers Beijing B. Beijing offers/
C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer
【答案】 C 考查倒装句型的用法
【点拨】当so/such…that结构中的so/such位于句首时，句子谓语要部分倒装所以本题答案为C项，又如：So frightened was she in the earthquake that she didn’t dare to move.
3．(2005北京)This _____ girl is Linda’s cousin.
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
【答案】 A 考查形容词的排序
【点拨】pretty是描绘性形容词，little是表示大小的形容词，Spanish是表示国籍的形容词，所以，它们的排序是pretty little Spanish。
注：限定词的排序：前位限定词 (指量限定词all, both, half等；倍数词double, twice等；分数词one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定词 (冠词，指示代词，形容词性物主代词，名词所有格)+后位限定词 (序数词及last, next等；基数词及few, several等
知识网络 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1． 非谓语动词---分词
2． 名词
3． 倒装句式
4． 形容词，副词
5． 代词
精讲点拨 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
一、非谓语动词—分词
【基础过关】
1．现在分词做宾语，定语，状语的用法
2．过去分词做后置定语，前置定语，状语的用法
【拓展延伸】
一：分词做表语。
现在分词做表语，一般表主动或表明的是主语的性质与特征，主语与表语位置不可互换
1 The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋
2 The task of this class is practising the idioms. 这节课的任务是练习这些短语
3 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实
4 My work is looking after the children. 我的工作是照看这些孩子
过去分词做表语，一般表被动或表明主语所处的状态
多数情况下，如果主语是人，表语使用过去分词，即“人+ be\look 等 +动词ed形式”； 如果主语是事或物，表语使用现在分词，即“物+ be\look 等+动词 ing形式”。如：
All of us were so disappointed at his absence.
Though the trip was tiring, we felt very happy.
事实上，当表示主语处于某种状态中，即“感到/觉得、、、、、、”，表语要使用过去分词时，所以有时主语是物时也要使用过去分词；而要表示主语“具有令人/使别人感到、、、、、、的特征/性质”，表语使用现在分词，包括有时主语是物时也要使用现在分词如：
He is terrifying他很吓人。（指他的长相或举动令人害怕)
He is terrified. 他很害怕。
Please describe a dog that is frightened. 请描述一只惊恐的狗（狗受到了惊吓）。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
类似常用的过去分词有：interested, excited, surprised, puzzled, amused, confused, embarrassed, satisfied；
类似常用的现在分词有：interesting, exciting, surprising, puzzling, amusing, confusing, embarrassing, satisfying。
二：分词做定语
共同点：单个分词做定语放在所修饰名词前(a swimming pool)；分词短语（就是不仅仅由一个分词构成的用来修饰名词的短语the book written by Luxun）做后置定语，即放名词后
用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系
1. 现在分词(Ving)做定语：
从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示 1）主动（及物）；2）进行（不及物）。
做定语：相当于一个定语从句 (主动)
Do you know the boy standing at the door Do you know the boy who is standing at the door A developing country needs aids. A country that/which is developing needs aids.
They lived in a house facing the south They lived in a house that faced the south.
The man wearing a red tie is our head. The man who wears a red tie(戴红领带) is our head.
The workers working in the factory are well-paid. The workers who are working in the factory are well-paid. 在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好
2．过去分词(p.p)做定语
从功能上看，过去分词做定语表示1）被动（及物）；2）完成（不及物）
做定语：相当于一个定语从句（被动），有时侯也表示完成的
The broken window was repaired this morning.
The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.
The arrived guests will be led in.（此过去分词表示完成）
The book written by Wang sells well.
The shoes (that were) made in a small factory are of bad quality.小厂产的鞋子质量差
反之，一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构
The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.
The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来
He is a man who is loved by all. He is a man loved by all. 他是个大家所热爱的人
The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners. The fallen leaves are collected…
That letter I received last week was from Li. The letter received last week was from Li.
三； 分词做宾语补足语
现在分词形式主要用于以下两类动词后构成宾语补助语
⑴表示感觉和状态的动词，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice等例如:
I heard Mr. Smith singing in the next door. 我听到史密斯先生在隔壁唱歌。
I felt someone patting on the shoulder. 我感到有人拍了拍我 的肩膀
⑵表示“指使”等意义的动词，如have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。例如:
We won’t have you doing that. 我们不允许你这么做
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起，让你久等了
过去分词做宾语补足语常出现在以下动词之后.
1: 感官动词如: see, hear, feel , watch., notice, think, find
Eg. He felt himself cheated.
2: 表示使役动词: have, keep, make, get, leave
Eg. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
Don’t leave such an important thing undone.
have sth done 常有两种含义：
1） 表示让某事被别人做
I had my computer repaired.
2） 表示“受…的影响，蒙受….的损失”
He had his leg broken in the match yesterday
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year
3: 表示希望意义的词 : want , wish, like, expect等
此时宾语补足语与间接宾语的关系绝大多数是被动或完成的.
e.g. We like the problem settled.
I would like my house painted white.
四：分词做状语
现在分词作状语
⑴ 作时间状语
Walking along the street, I met Mary. (=While I was walking along the street, …)
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
⑵作原因状语
Being tired, I stopped to take a rest.
(=Because I was tired, …)
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
由于不知道她的地址，我们无法和她联系。
⑶ 作条件状语
Turning to the left, you will find the school. (=If you turn the left, …)
If you work hard, you'll succeed. =Working hard, you'll succeed.
⑷ 作让步状语
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to support the whole family.
Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me.
=Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.
⑸ 作伴随状语
I stood there, waiting for her. (=…, and waited for her.)
Following Mike, they started to climb.
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着
⑹. V-ing 形式的完成式
如果V-ing 表示的动作发生在句子谓语之前，则要用V-ing 的完成式，即是：
Having +P.P(过去分词)…, 主语+谓语
1) After she had finished her work, she went home.
Having finish her work, she went home.
2) As we have invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture.
Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture.
⑺ V-ing的复合结构 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
带有逻辑主语的V-ing称为V-ing的复合结构.当V-ing的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在V-ing之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了V-ing的复合结构..其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语, V-ing是逻辑上的谓语. V-ing复合结构在句中可作主语,宾语,表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句. 其复合结构可以为:物主代词(如:his ,my ), 名词所有格(如:Tom’s)+ V-ing ,人称代宾格(如:him, me), 名词普通格(如:Tom).
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们
(=That she came to help encouraged all of us)
过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语同现在分词作状语一样,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,所不同的是现在分词与主句主语存在着主谓关系,而过去分词与主句主语之间是被动关系
过去分词或过去分词短语在句中作状语时相当于一个状语从句,可表原因,时间,条件,让步,方式或伴随.
(1)作原因状语,多放在主句之前,相当于because, since, as引导的从句.
Tired from the day’s hard work, he fell asleep soon.
=(Because he was tired from the day’s hard work, he…)
由于一天的劳累工作,他很快就睡着了
Deeply moved by what he said, I promised to give him some help.
(2)作时间状语,相当于when引导的时间状语,有时在分词前直接加when, while, until等词可使其表达的时间意义更明确.如:
When heated, water can be changed into steam.
水加热后可以变成水蒸气.
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
(3)作条件状语,相当于if, unless引导的从句.
Given another chance, he can do it better.=(If he is given another chance,...) 如果再给他一次机会,他会做的更好
United we stand, divided we fall.团结则存,分裂则亡
(4)作让步状语.
Much tired, he still kept on working.
(=Though he was much tired, he...)尽管很累,他仍继续工作.
(5)作方式或伴随状语.
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
因陷入沉思,他几乎撞到前面的汽车上.
He turned away disappointed.
他失望地走开了
The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.
老师站在那儿,周围围着许多学生
注意:
(1).过分作状语,有时前面带有连词,是状语从句的省略形式,其中省去了从句的主语和be动词,通常主语与主句的主语相同
when (it is)heated, water will boil.
She won't go to the party, unless (she is)invited.
(2).过去分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系,改为时间,条件,原因,让步,方式状语从句时，从句的谓语动词应用被动语态(表示伴随情况多改为and +并列谓语).而现在分词与其逻辑主语则是主谓关系.
(3)过去分词作定语不仅表示被动,还表示已经完成,但过分作状语,动作不一定是已经完成的动作,有可能是同时进行的,也有可能是未来的.(尤其在时间,条件状语从句中).
(4)过去分词作状语,相当于对应状语从句,不可再用but, so, and, or否则重复
改错:
Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy. 应去掉but
Known to all, so he was recognized very easily. 应去掉so
(5)过去分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致,否则用从句或独立结构.
【典型例题】
1. The salesman scolded the girl caught _____ and let her off.
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing
【答案】 D 考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法
【点拨】本题考查动词非谓语形式在句中作宾补的用法正确掌握并灵活运用非谓语形式是解此类题的关键，另外，解这一题目也要用还原法，即catch the girl stealing，若没有把catch the girl stealing 还原，也是很难找出本题的答案的，因此，解题时，不但要有扎实的基础知识，还要掌握解题技巧本题旨在考查catch sb. doing sth.（发现某人做某事）这一短语，故先排除A、C两项，由于girl与catch之间是被动关系，因此需要用catch的过去分词形式作后置定语，stealing所作的只能是定语中的补足语，故本题最佳答案为D
2. In the study, I found my son ______ at a desk, with his attention ______ on a book.
A. sitting; fixing B. sit; fixed C. sitting; to be fixed D. seated; fixed
【答案】 D 考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix one’s attention的用法
【点拨】此题考查不定式与分词作宾补的区别以及短语fix one’s attention的用法。解答此题时，应特别留意不定式与分词作宾补的区别；第二应注意倘若逻辑宾语提前，则with+复合宾语中宾补应用过去分词表示被动因为强调found的动作与sit同时进行，而省去to的不定式sit作宾补表示动作的完成，但sitting和seated皆可。第二空中，attention原为fix的逻辑宾语，所以应选fixed作宾语补足语。故此题正确答案为：D
3. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _____the answers ready will be of great help.(2005 北京)
A To have had B Having had C Have D Having
【答案】D . 考查动名词作主语
【点拨】本题用动名词作主语,表示一般性的情况.注意,本题不可选B, 因为没有必要强调动作在某个时间之前完成
4.The discovery of new evidence led to ____.(2003 上海)
A the thief having caught B catch the thief
C the thief being caught D the thief to be caught
【答案】 C. 考查动名词作介词的宾语
【点拨】动名词可以作介词的宾语，尤其要注意一些含介词to 的短语, 要与不定式分清,像 lead to /devote to /be used to /object to /look forward to 等
5. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost
【答案】D 考查过去分词做状语
【点拨】 lost in the big chair为过去分词短语在句中作伴随状语。此句的正常语序为：Her little brother sat there...
6 （2005上海卷）______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
【答案】 A 考查过去分词做状语
【点拨】 本题中过去分词短语put into use in April 2000做时间状语，相当于状语从句when the hotline was put into use in April 2000。
7 _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring
C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring
【答案】 C 考查分词做状语表示伴随状况
【点拨】tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1． I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______.
A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed
2．______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
3． _____ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.
A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited
4． – Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
5．. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
A. Completing B. Complete pleted D. To complete
6． To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______ as much as we can.
A. speak. B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
7. Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant.
A. working B. work C. to work D. worked
8. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
9. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
10.Price of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
11._____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
12. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
13. The pupil sat there, ________ what to do.
A. does knowing B. didn’t knowing C. not known D. not knowing
14. Because of my ____ Russian. I can’t make myself _____.
A. broken; understood B. broken; understand
C. break; understood D. breaking; understanding
15. The farmer ________ to the ground last night.
A. had his house burning down B. had his house burnt down
C. had his house to be burnt down D. had his house being burnt down
参考答案 1—5 BBCCD 6--10 CADCB 11-----15AADAB
二、名词【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
专有名词 不可数名词
普通名词 物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词
【拓展延伸】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
⑴一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
⑵ 其它名词复数的规则变化
① 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
② 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
③ 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs。
2名词复数的不规则变化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
⑴ child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
（2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
（3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的
（4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
\"The Arabian Nights\" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
（5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
（6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )fishes（各种）鱼。
3 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物 （不可数）
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数例如：
This factory produces steel. （不可数）
We need various steels. （可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议
4 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式例如：
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
5 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
6 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加\"\'s\"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher\'s book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加\"\'s\"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加\"\'s\"，如the boy\'s bag 男孩的书包，men\'s room 男厕所
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加\" \' \"，如：the workers\' struggle 工人的斗争
3） 凡不能加\"\'s\"的名词，都可以用\"名词+of +名词\"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber\'s 理发店
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有\'s，则表示\"分别有\"；只有一个\'s，则表示\'共有\'
例如：
John\'s and Mary\'s rooms（两间） John and Mary\'s room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence
【典型例题】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1． He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works
【答案】 D 考查名词的单复数
【点拨】因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除A
2.Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______
international trade today.
A.a; × B.the ; an C.the ;the D.×;the
【答案】 A 考查抽象名词
【点拨】：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice. foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词
3.Oh, John _____ you gave us !
A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
【答案】 C 考查抽象名词具体化
【点拨】： “a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙
4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up .
A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wine’s glass D.glass of wine
【答案】 B 考查名词做定语修饰名词
【点拨】：根据broke一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1．It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes _____
round shape into a teardrop shape.
A. of the drop B. the drop’s C. drop of D. drops the
2．We’ll have a _____ holiday. What about going to the West Lake
A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two day’s
3．The _______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
4．--- Whose umbrella is it
--- It’s _______.
A. somebody else’s B. somebody else
C. somebody’s else’s D. somebody’s else
5My morning_____includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.
A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine
6 （2007 山东27 ） I can't say which wine is best-it's a（n） _______ of personal taste.
A.affair B.event C.matter D.variety
7． The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common_____in many parts of the city.
A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance
8． -You are always full of _______.Can you tell me the secret？
-Taking plenty of exercise every day. （2007 福建 31）。
A.power B.strength C.force D.energy
9． Despite such a big difference in ___ towards what one eats， there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
10． He and his wife are of the same ______；they both want their son to go to college.
A. soul B. spirit C. heart D. mind
11 One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _______.
A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges
12． Of the seven days in a week .Saturday is said to be the most popular _______ for a wedding in some countries.
A. way B. situation C. event D. choice
13．1.In my opinion，what he told us just now about the affair simply doesn't make any_____.
A.idea B.meaning C.sense D.point
14．Recently CCTV Station has taken great pains to make a program that reviews the important_____0f 2009.
A.affairs B.events C.matters D.things
15．Everybody thinks little of the film.In fact，there is no__ of it being tried out in the film festival.
A. sign B. use C .possibility D. doubt
参考答案 1—5 BBBAD 6—10 CCDCD 11—15 BDCCB ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
三、倒装句式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓误在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序
按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：
完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装
部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装
【拓展延伸】
1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词
Our teacher came in.
In came our teacher.
这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变
Here it is.
Away he went.
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.
2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词
Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.
3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调
这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.
Under a big tree ________, half asleep.
A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat
C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man
4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等
There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.
In front of the tower flews a stream.
5. so + 动词+主语
neither/ nor + 动词+主语
表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is with…
You can ride a bike. So can I.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.
6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.
7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely, hardly ,in no case, in no way, not until放于句首时要用倒装句式
We seldom get up at four in the morning.
= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.
9. hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时
The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.
10. not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.
Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.
11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：
only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句
在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构
Were it necessary, I might go without delay.
如果需要的话，我可以立即去 (= If it were necessary,...)
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了 (= If you had taken my advice,...)
Should I have time, I would call on her.
要是有时间，我就去看她 (= If I should have time,...)
13. as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
【典型例题】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1 Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
【答案】 D 考查倒装句式
【点拨】 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2．---Do you know Tom bought a new car
----I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
【答案】 B 考查倒装句式
【点拨】 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. On the wall _______ two large portraits.
A. are hanging B. hanged
C. hang D. hangs
2 You say he works hard, ______, and _____.
A. so he does; so you do B. so he does; so do you
C. so does he; so do you D. so does he; so you do
3. Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language .
A. So it was with Engles B. So was it with Engles
C. So was Engles D. So did Engles
4 So absorbed _______ the work that she often forgot to _____ her meals.
A. had she been in; do B. she was in; make
C. was she in; take D. she had been in ; have
5 Not once ______ their plan.
A. did they change B. they changed
C. changed they D. they did change
6. Nowhere ______ as in my garden.
A. the flowers were so beautiful B. were the flowers so beautiful
C. so beautiful were the flowers D. so beautiful the flowers were
7. Hardly ________ his homework when he went out.
A. finished he B. he had finished
C. did he finish D. had he finished
8. Scarcely _____ finished their homework ______ I came into the classroom.
A. had they; than B. they had; when
C. had they; when D. did they; when
9. Not only _______ a promise, but also he kept it.
A. has he made B. does he make C. he made D. did he make
10. Not until his comrades criticized him _______ to admit his mistake.
A. had he begun B. began he C. did he begin D. does he begin
参考答案 1---5A BACA 6—10 BDCDC
四、 形容词与副词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
形容词是用来修饰,描述名词或代词的词,主要用作定语,表语和补足语等.
副词是用来修饰动词,形容词,其化副词,介词短语或全句的词.
【拓展延伸】1.形容词及其用法
1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot
2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.
2.以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词
如：He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊
3.用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词例如：the old Chinese stone bridge
5.副词的位置
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾例如：
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好
6.副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词
I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词
1） close与closely
close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上
Watch him closely. 盯着他
2） late 与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了
What have you been doing lately 近来好吗？
3） deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了
4） high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理
5） wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用
6） free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
8. 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种
1） 规则变化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est big bigger biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est busy busier busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily
2） 不规则变化 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
well（健康的） worse worst
bad
ill（有病的）
old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
9.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much+名词例如：This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大
4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine
.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮
注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级
He is more clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中
China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11.可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面
12. many, old 和 far
1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数
2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
13. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了
注意： a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来例如：
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. . 马克是班上最聪明的。
4） "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和more有关的词组，
1） the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。
2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3） no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than… 与……一样……。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉
4） more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心
【典型例题】
I wish you'd do ______ talking and some more work. Thus things will become better.
A. a bit less B. any less
C. much more D. a little more
【答案】 A 考查形容词的比较级
【点拨】 由more work和后面一句可知前面是less talking，排除C和D；这是肯定句，修饰比较级不用any，用a bit与some相对应。故答案是A
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1．After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
2. In my view, London's not as expensive in price as Tokyo but Tokyo is ___ in traffic.
A. the most organized B. more organized
C. so organized as D. as organized as
3．The performer was waving his stick in the street and it ___ missed the child standing nearby.
A. narrowly B. nearly C. hardly D. closely
4．The lessons given by Mr. Smith are always ________and interesting.
A. lovely B. lovingly C. lively D. vividly
5. There at the door stood a girl about the same height _____.
A. as me B. as mine C. with mine D. with me
6. _______, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless.
A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely
C. Strange enough D. Enough strange
7. I have worked with him for some time and have found that he is _______ than John.
A. more efficiently a worker B. a more efficient worker
C. more an efficient worker D. a worker more efficiently
8. This __________ girl is Lind’s cousin.
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
9. --- Have you been to New Zealand
--- No. I’d like to, ________.
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
10. Mr. Smith owns ______ collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met.
A. larger B. a larger C. the larger D. a large
参考答案 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) 1-5 BBACB 6—10 ABADB
五、代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
1)人称代词：
人称代词分主格和宾格两种，前者在句子中担任主语，后者担任动词或介词的宾语。They study German. / Please pass me the ruler.
①人称代词的用法：
a.当代词成对地使用或一个代词与一个名词搭配使用时，两个部分的句法功能必须一致
Li Hong and I went shopping yesterday.
It was our teacher who smoothed away the difference between you and me.
注:人称代词的排列一般为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称
you, he and I them and us
如有其他代词时，其他代词排列于人称代词之后，如：he, I and some others
b.人称代词用作表语时，如说明主语，一般要用主格，如说明宾语则要用宾格
If I were she, I would take your advice.
I would share the room with you if you were him.
②"It"的用法。
a.用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物
Where is the cat It's in the kitchen.
Jack is ill. Have you heard about it
My book is missing. I can't find it anywhere.
b.用以代替指示代词this, that
What's this -- It's a frog. /Whose pen is that -- It's mine.
c.表示时间，天气，距离等
A lovely day, isn't it /It's two o'clock.
It's about two li from here to our school.
d.用作形式主语，形式宾语，代替不定式短语，动名词或从句
It's no use talking with him about that.
It took me twenty minutes to get there.
We think it important that college students should master at least one foreign language.
e.用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语，宾语或状语），常用强调结构"It is (was) + 被强调成分 + that(或who)…"
It was Liu Ming that I saw in the street this morning.
It was in the classroom that he told me about it.
2)不定代词：①all / both
a.both用于两个人或事物，all用于两个以上的人或事物，均可作主语
All (of us) like fruits. /Both (of them) are good at English.
b.用作同位语。作主语同位语时须注意它们的位置不同，位于行为动词之前；位于be动词之后
They all (或both) agreed with me. /They are all (或both) very healthy.
I know them all (或both).
②one / it（人称代词）
one 代替可数名词，表示上面所提到的那一类人或物中的一个，其复数形式带定语时用ones，不带定语时用some。而it则用于指代上文提到的那个表示物的名词本身，既可指单数可数名词也可指不可数名词
I don't have a watch but I'm going to buy one（或some）.
I have a bicycle. My aunt gave it to me.
③no one / none
no one 只用于指人，而none 既可指人也可指物。如果说"若干人（物）之中一个也不"，用"none of",后接复数名词时，谓语可以用复数，也可用单数；后接不可数名词时，谓语用单数如：
No one told me that he had gone to Shanghai.
None of them have（或has）arrived yet.（不用no one）
None of the money is mine.
④some / any /no /every +（thing, one, body等。）
some 类用于肯定句，any类用于否定和疑问句
I know nothing of what had happened to him.
I have little rice, so I can't lend you any.
She is going to buy some new dresses.
注:everyone和every one
前者意思是"每个人"，与everybody同义，后面不可跟of短语，后者意思是每个人或物，后面跟of短语试比较：
everyone in the classroom（教室里的所有的人）
every one of the children（这些孩子中的每一个）
every one of the books（这些书中的每一本）
⑤部分否定与全部否定：
当all, both, each和every(body, thing)等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定，如果表示全部否定，应该用none, no one, neither, nobody, nothing等.
All of the students were not late for the class. 不是所有学生上课都迟到的。
(现代英语中常写成：Not all the students were late for the class.）
None of the students were late for the class.没有一个学生上课迟到的
3)疑问代词：
用于构成特殊疑问句，其中what, which, whose兼有形容词特征，可以和名词连用
What job do you want to find /Whose girl is she
Which subject is your best one
所有疑问代词都可以起名词作用，在句子中担任成分
Who told you /Whom are you waiting for
Whose are those books
在学习疑问代词时，对以下几组词注意区别：
1 which和what
两者均可与名词连用，就人或物提问。但是which一般用于有一定选择范围的情况，what用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况
Which colour do you like-green, red, yellow or brown
What colour is her dress
What writers do you like best
2 which和who 两者都可作代词，它们的区别是不管选择的范围是大还是小，which一般用作指物
Which would you like to eat -steak or fish
Who won the game -Smith or Johnson
当有一定选择范围时，which one代替who作宾语.
Which one do you like better, your mother or your father
Which of可和人称代词或指人的名词连用,如：
Which of you has taken away my English book
4)连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等，除起连接作用外，还可以在从句中担当主语，宾语，定语，表语等成分如：
The question is who can operate the new machine.（引导表语从句--作主语）
They asked whose idea this was.（引导宾语从句--作定语）
When you are older, you can watch whatever programme you like.
（引导宾语从句--作定语）
I'll give my ticket to whoever wants it.
（这里whoever可看成"anyone who"，or"the person who"）.
【拓展延伸】关系代词
1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语）
2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了
【典型例题】
---When shall we meet again
--Make it _____day you like; it's all the same to me．
A．one B．any C．another D．some
【答案】 B 考查代词辨析
【点拨】 one day表示"某一天"，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与some day互换。another day指另一天。原题中的It's all the same to me和you like是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选any day，即"你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行 "
同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.---- Excuse me, I want to have my watch fixed, but I can’t find a repair shop.
---- I know nearby. Come on, I’ll show you.
A. one B. it C. some D. that
2.The Parkers bought a new house but will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
3. Some people would rather ride bikes as bike ridding has of the trouble of taking buses.
A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither
4. ---- Which of the two books do you want
---- I want . Please show me .
A. none; another B. all; the other
C. neither; the other D. neither; another
5.Who can you turn to in time of danger, it not .
A. any B. us C. we D. ours
6. What have you got _______ will help a cold
A. what B. that C. it D. who
7. He just does _______ he pleases and never thinks about anyone else.
A. that B. what C. which D. how
8. We need someone with a fresh point of view, _______ can suggest changes.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
9. ______ of the twins wanted to know what the other was doing.
A. Both B. All C. Each D. Every
10. .---Who called me this morning when I was not
----A man calling ______ Robert.
A. him B .himself C his D.不填
参考答案 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / ) 1—5BABBDB 6--10 BBCCB
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