2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：sb2b(unit11-20)专题四
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| 名称 | 2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：sb2b(unit11-20)专题四 |  | |
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2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品
SB2 B (unit11——unit20)专题四：语法高考解读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
专题四：语法
高考解读
【高考导航】
2010高考命题趋向分析
1． 情态动词的考查是历年高考的重点。主要考查情态动词的含义及其在具体语言环境中的运用。考生需要掌握基本的情态动词can，could,may，might,shall, should，must，need， ought to， have to的用法，以及情态动词与have done连用表示对过去的某种推测。如：could have done， should have done等
2. 虚拟语气是高考的热点和重点。主要考查虚拟语气在不同从句中的用法，其中对于非真实条件句的考查是重难点，考生需要注意if条件句可以省略if倒装，提前助动词should， were， had.以及含蓄条件句的基本用法。虚拟语气在” If it were (had been ) not for --- “句型中，意为“要不是---”
3. It的用法是历年高考的重点，主要考查it与关系词as,that，what的区别。考生要想掌握则必须对于句子结构有清晰的理解
4. 对于介词的考查，主要针对一些介词短语的词义辨析
【真题品析】
1. ---Do you mind if I keep pets in this building
--- （NMET2000上海）
A. I’d rather you didn’t, actually. B. Of course not. It’s not allowed here.
C .Great. I love pets. D. No, you can’t.
【答案】 A 考查交际用语
【点拨】B 选项自相矛盾，应淘汰；C，D 两项答非所问；A是正确选项。I could rather you didn’t可以用来表达说话者的委婉拒绝，要注意would rather 后的从句的谓语动词用过去式
2． What would have happened, as tar as the riverbank （NMET2001上海）
A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
【答案】C 考查虚拟语气省略倒装
【点拨】由would have happened可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句中的谓语动词应用过去完成式。答案C 是省略if后变成的倒装句。
3．1. It was_____back home after the experiment. (2004年湖北卷)
A. not until midnight did he go
B. until midnight that he didn’t go
C. not until midnight that he went
D. until midnight when he didn’t go
【答案】C。考查强调句型。
【点拨】not…until 句型变为强调结构时，不用when引导，要用that 引导，that后的从句用陈述语序。因此答案为C。此句的正常语序为：He didn’t go back home until midnight after the experiment.此句的倒装句为：Not until midnight did he go back home after the experiment.
4．（09 福建卷）--How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space!
--It’s a challenge, I guess, man against nature.
A. of B. for C. by D. about
【答案】 A 考查介词搭配
【点拨】根据句意a challenge of …
知识网络【考点概览】1情态动词2虚拟语气3．it的用法4．介词5．反意疑问句 精讲点拨 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【考点概览】
1情态动词
2虚拟语气
3．it的用法
4．介词
5．反意疑问句
精讲点拨
一、情态动词
【基础过关】
★ can表示“能力；许可；可能性”。表示“可能性”时指的是理论上的可能性。不表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。例如：
A computer can’t think for itself; it must be told what to do.
电脑不具备独立思考的能力。
I should have been there, but I could not find the time.
You can come any time you like.
Anybody can make mistakes.
★表达某事实际发生的可能性时用may, could或might等
We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year.
“Are you coming to Jeff’s party ” “I’m not sure. I might go to the concert instead.”
★could/might 用来表示请求允许或许可时,语气比can/may委婉,但在答语中不能用could/might.如:
--Could I use your telephone
--Yes, you can.
★当表示过去成功地做了某事时,要用was/were able to, 而不能用could.如:
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
大火很快蔓延了整个旅馆, 但全体人员都脱离了危险
It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside.
★mustn’t 表“禁止,不准”;cannot 表“不可能; 拒绝”; need not 表“不必要”; may not 表“可能不”.
You mustn’t play with the knife, you may hurt yourself.
“Will you stay for lunch ” “ Sorry, I can’t. My brother is coming to see me.”
“Is John coming by train ” “ He should, but he mat not. He likes driving his car.”
“ Shall I tell John about it ” “No, you needn’t. I’ve told him already.”
★may用于征求对方许可， shall用于征求对方的意见或指示
May I have a look 我能看一下吗？
Shall I have a look 要我看一下吗？
★shall用来征求对方意见时用于第一、三人称。当表示说话人的命令、警告、强制、允诺、威胁或决心等时用于第二、三人称
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening （征求意见）
You shall go to the front at once. （命令）
Don’t worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon. （允诺）
He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. （警告）
Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution. （决心）
★should除表示必要或义务外，还可以表示比较肯定的推测或可能性
---When can I come for the phone I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They should be ready by 12: 00.
The old man is always hunting the lions, so terrible things should happen to him.
★ought to与should一般可以互换，但是should谈的是主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。另外，should还有“一旦，万一；竟然”之意，而ought to则无此意
We should / ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work.
She is your mother, so you ought to support her.
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be rude to a lady.
【拓展延伸】1. must 的主要用法
⑴ 表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
⑵ must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩
must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
⑶ must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow 明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.是的，请吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去
2. have to 的主要用法
⑴ have to 有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态中：一般现在时中当主语是第三人称单数时要用has to，其余的人称用have to，一般过去时中要用had to； 一般将来时中则要用will have to.
She has to go to school by bus. 她不得不乘公共汽车上学
You'll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看医生
⑵ have to 的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式或助动词will即have to, has to, had to和will have to的否定式分别为don't have to, doesn't have to, didn't have to和won't have to，疑问句是在句首加助动词do的相应形式，句中还原成have to或把will放到句首。
What does she have to do 她必须做什么？
You didn't have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你没有必要等我。
⑶ have to和must 的区别
① 含义和用法上的区别，have to强调客观需要做某事，即表示由于客观外界的条件的需要不得不做某事，含有“形势逼迫”的意味，must强调说话者主观上认为必须做某事，含有“主观判断”的意味
My bike was broken on my way to school. I had to walk there.
我的自行车在上学的路上坏了， 我不得不走路去上学
We must learn English well. 我们必须学好英语
② 否定式的区别：have to 的否定式意思为“不必”，must的否定式mustn't 意为“禁止，不允许”。因此，以must 开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答为“Yes, 主语+must.”。否定回答为“No, 主语+needn't / don't have to.”.
Must I finish the homework now 我必须现在完成作业吗？
Yes, you must. /No, you needn't. 是的，你必须现在完成。（不，你不必。）
③ need与have to 用法辨析
need表示需要，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用于疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't。have to表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”，也可以翻译为“不得不”，have to否定形式意思是“不一定”或“没有必要”
3. ought to 的用法
⑴ 表示义务，意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做)，口气比should稍重。
We ought to defend our country.我们应当保卫我们的国家。
You ought to respect your parents.你应当尊敬你的父母。
⑵ 表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”
Prices ought to come down soon.价格可能会很快下跌
⑶ ought to和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after her.
你是她的母亲，你应当照管她 (是道义上的责任，不能和should互换。)
We should encourage him, for we are his classmates.
我们应该鼓励他，我们是他的同班同学啊！
【典型例题】
1.I have been more than six years old when the accident happened.（NMET 2005天津）
A. shouldn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
【答案】 B 考查情态动词表示猜测。
【点拨】从后面的时态看是对过去情况的判断，“couldn’t have+动词+ed 形式”表示“（过去）不可能”。
同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. You____ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing
A. needn't have washed B. shouldn't have washed
C. must not have washed D. can not have washed
2. John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he____ last night.
A. should study B. should have studied
C. must have studied D. must have to study
3. You____ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.
A. needn't go B. had better not go
C. should not go D. needn't have gone
4. We____ the letter yesterday, but it didn't arrive.
A. must receive B. ought to receive
C. must have received D. ought to have received
5. When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I____ there earlier.
A. ought to get B. ought to have got
C. must have got D. must get
6. We ought to help each other in our work, ____
A. oughtn't we B. should we C. ought we D. ought to we
7. You ____ your tooth pulled out before it rot completely.
A. had better got B. had to get better
C. had better to get D. had better get
8 When we got to the cinema, the film hasn't started yet, so we ____.
A. needn't hurry B. didn't need hurry
C. needn't to hurry D. needn't have hurried
9. As he had heart attack, he was told that he ____ continue the work.
A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't
10. I know things are hard with you, but you ____try to get over the difficulties.
A. can B. may C. must D. ought to
11. The city cleaners ______ repeat their work many times a day during the dust-storm season.
A. may B. can C. might D. have to
12.Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
13.Johnny, you ＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿ hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t; may
C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t
14. —Shall I tell John about it ﹖
—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
15. John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour？
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
16. Tom, you _______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this！
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
17. — Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
— She ______. I’ve already borrowed one.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
18. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. won’t D. needn’t
19. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you ____it.
A. mustn't have done B. would not have done
C. might not have done D. didn't have to
参考答案 1-5 . ACDDB 6-10 ADDCC 11-15DABAA 16-19 BCAD
二、虚拟语气 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实或者不是可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望，建议或者与事实相反的假设等，一般常用与正式的书面语中
与现在事实相反的条件句
虚拟语气在条件句中共有3种情况：与现在的事实相反；与过去的事实相反；与将来的事实相反。与现在的事实相反的条件句，谓语动词的形式见下表：
条件从句 主句 例句
动词的过去式（be的过去式用were） Would（should，could，might）+动词原形 If I were you， I would not be so proud.I don’t have a cell phone. If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.
2． 表示与过去事实相反的情况，其主句从句中动词的使用情况见下表：
条件句 主句 例句
Had+p.p. Would/should/could/might+have+p.p If you had come earlier， you would have met him.
与将来的事实可能相反时
虚拟条件句 主句 例句
动词的过去式或should+动词原形或were to+ 动词原形 Should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out.
省略if的虚拟 条件句的用法
在正式文体中， 有时可以把虚拟条件句中的连词if 省略，而将were, had， should等助动词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面，形成主谓倒装。如果句中没有were, had, 或should时， 既不能省略if ，也不能倒装
例如：
Were I to meet him tomorrow(=If I were to meet him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.
要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year ), I would have bought the house.
如果我去年有了这笔钱，我几买那栋房子了
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling until would cut off the fuel oil supply.
假如锅炉出问题的话，自动装置会自动切断燃油的供应
混合型虚拟条件句
通常情况下，在非真实条件句中 的主句和从句所指的时间是一致的，主从句中的谓语动词要么都是与现在事实相反，要么都是与过去事实相反等。但也有可能指不同的时间，这是要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式
例如：If I were you , I would have taken his advice.
我要是你，我就采纳了他的建议。（从句指现在，主句指过去 ）
If her husband had not been killed in the war, she would not be helping others with the housework now.
如果她丈夫没有在战争中死去的话，她现在就不会帮助别人做家务了（从句 指过去，主句指现在）
含蓄虚拟条件句
（1）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示通常的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or ,but等。
例如：Without your help(= If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
要是没有你的帮助， 我们是不会成功的
But for electricity(=If there were no electricity ), there would be no modern industry.
要是没电， 就不会有现代工业
（2）有时虚拟与语气可以由otherwise，but， or来引导
例如：I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late.
我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have helped you.
他昨天很累， 不然他会帮助你们的
I ought to have remembered to tell them the decision this morning, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.
我本来应该记得今天早上告诉他们那个决定的， 但是我太忙了，把这个事给忘了
7．“If it were (had been ) not for ---“句型中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气也常用于” If it were (had been ) not for --- “句型中，意为“要不是---”
例如：
If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
要不是有了和平，我们今天就不可能过上幸福的生活了
If it had not been for your advice, I would not have accepted the job.
要不是你的建议，我可能就不会接受那个工作了
【拓展延伸】
一；虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1．在动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，用would/could/might+动词原形来表示将来的情况
He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artiest.
I with I had been with you yesterday.
We wish the rain would stop.
2.在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况
I would rather you hadn’t told me the truth.
I would rather you did it.
3.在demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语通常用should+动词原形或只用动词原形，来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等，而should常可省略
John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.
hey requested that the meeting be postponed.
[误区警示]
①suggest表示”暗示.认为.可能”之意时,宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气
Her expression suggested she was sad.
②insist不表示”坚持让某人做某事”时后面宾语从句用陈述语气.
He insisted that he was better.(insist是”坚持说”之意)
二 虚拟语气用于名词性从句中
1 .It is necessary that从句
That引导的主语从句中谓语动词用(should)+v.能这样用的形容词还有:important, natural, impossible, strange, surprising等
It is strange that he (should) have left without saying anything.
2 .It is ordered/suggested that 从句that引导的主语从句谓语用(should)+v.这一类的动词还有:order, proposal, require, demand, request, insist, ask等.
It is ordered that the cloth (should) be woven right now.
3 .虚拟语气还可用于某些表语从句中(should)+v.有下列名词作主语order, suggestion, request, proposal, advice, requirement, plan, idea, decision.
His order is that the cloth(should) be woven right now.
4 .虚拟语气还可用于某些同位语从句中,能这样做同位语中心名词的名词与上面中的名词相同
同位语从句中的谓语动词形式用(should)+v.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English Evening
三 虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法
1 .由as if/as though (好像)引导的状语从句,谓语动词用过去时或过去完成时表示虚拟语气.
He looks as if he were ill.
He looked as if he had been abroad.
误区警示：
as if 从句虚拟语气动词的时态不受主句动词的支配,时态的确定有以下几种:
①主.从句同时,从句用一般过去时.
He passed the soldiers as if they didn’t exist. 他走过哨兵,好像他们不存在一样
②主.从句同时,且在进行,从句用过去进行时.
He heard a noise, as if someone were breathing. 他听到一种声音,好像有人在呼吸.
③从句先.主句后发生的动作,从句用过去完成时.
He looked as if he had been ill. 他看上去像是生过病.
④as if从句中表达的意思是真实的要用陈述语气.
It looks as if it is going to rain. (真的就要下雨)
2．It is time/high time /about time that 从句中用虚拟语气,过去时或should+v., should不能省略.
It is high time that I went home .=It is high time that I should go home .
3.表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你.
【典型例题】1.--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.--- Oh, did you You wit Barbara.（NMET1998）A. could have stayed B. could stayC. would stay D. must have stayed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--- Oh, did you You wit Barbara.（NMET1998）
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
【答案】A 该题的考点是虚拟语气。
【点拨】从上句所提供的信息可知，谈论的是过去的事情，故正确答案A 项，could have done表示“ 本可以做某事，而实际上没做”。
2. How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden.（NMET2002上海）
A. has B. had C will have D. had had
【答案】B该题的考点是虚拟语气
【点拨】Wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气， 故排除A和C 项；该句谈的是现在的愿望，应用一般过去时，所以选B。
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1．If Richard hard next time, he the exam.
A. works; would pass B. worked; passed
C. had worked; passed D. worked; would passed
2.I would have come earlier, but I that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. would have known D. haven’t known
3. We our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. had lost
4. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
5—Our sister nearly devoted all her spare time to her course during the three years.
---That’s all right, or she the first place in her school in the 2002College Entrance Examination.
A. wouldn’t take B. wouldn’t have taken C. hadn’t taken D. couldn’t take
6. If I you how to do it yesterday, you it now.
A. told; had finished B. had told; have finished
C. had told; would finished D. have told; will finished
7. If Wang Kenan hadn’t made a fatal mistake in the final dive of the men’s 3m synchronized springboard, the dream of winning China’s 11th gold at the 28th Olympic Games
A. would have been realized B. should be realized
C. was realized D. had been realized
8. What do you think would happen if there no light during the day
A. were B. would be C. will be D. is
9. If you here tomorrow, we would hold a meeting to discuss this question.
A. are B. should be C. are to be D. had been
10.If you here yesterday, he a good beating.
A. were; would be given B. were to be; would have been
C. had been; would be given D. had been; would have been given
11.Don’t come this morning. I would rather you the day after tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. are to come D. will come
12.The thief insisted that he my mobile phone.
A. hadn’t stolen B. should not steal C. not steal D. not to steal
13.But for the Party, he of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die
14.I would love to to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. have gone C, going D. having gone
15. Robert wishes that he business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studies B. studied C has studied D. had studied
参考答案： 1-5 DAABB 6-10 CAABD 11 -15B AABD
三、it 的用法【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
一.代词it
1.用作人称代词,代替上文提到的事物
My pen is missing.I can’t find it anywhere.
2.用来代替指示代词this,that
—Whose umbrella is this —It’s mine.
3.用作非人称代词,表示时间,日期,地点,温度,距离,环境等.
It’s time for the meeting.
It’s a beautiful day here.
二.引导词it
1.用作形式主语,代替不定式,-ing形式或从句表示的真正主语.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
2.用作形式宾语,代替不定式,-ing形式或从句表示的真正宾语.在think,make,believe,consider,take,find,feel等动词后跟复合宾语时,多用it作形式宾语.
I think it no use arguing with him.
在like,enjoy,love,hate,appreciate等表示 “喜,怒,哀,乐”的动词后跟宾语从句时,多用it作形式宾语.
I hate it when you talk with your mouth full.
部分由动词加介词构成的短语如:answer for, depend on ,rely on, see to等,常用it作形式宾语,而把that引导的宾语从句放在后面.
You may depend on it that he will come in time.
3.it用于强调结构中:强调句的基本结构形式:
Is is/was +被强调部分+that/who+句子其他部分.
It was him who/that you should ask.
【拓展延伸】1. It is/was well-known that…众所周知例如：
It is well-known that Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国
It is well-known that the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
众所周知，长城是世界上最长的墙。
] 在这个句型中，that引导的是主语从句，此句型可以转换为as引导的定语从句， It is/was well-known that…相当于as we all know。例如;
As we all know, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
众所周知，长城是世界上最长的墙
[问题探究] 你还知道类似的结构吗？
提示：常见的结构有：It is hoped that… 人们希望；It is said that…据说；It is reported that… 据报道；It is believed that…人们相信。例如：
It is said that he died from cancer last month.
据说，他上个月死于癌症
It is reported that that singer has been in prison for one year.
据报道，那位歌星曾经坐过一年监
［考题链接］_________is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001NMET)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析：答案为B。本句中间有逗号，所以不能选A。
2.强调句型十要素：
一、如果强调句型指现在或未来情况用It is，指过去情况用It was
二、被强调部分往往是句子的主语、宾语、时间状语和地点状语，但有时也可强调比较复杂的内容，如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、not until...、not only...but also...、...as well as...等结构
三、被强调部分是人称代词时，原句用什么格，强调句也用什么格
四、被强调部分如果是主格人称代词时，who/that后的动词应和该主格人称代词在人称和数上保持一致
五、关于强调词的选用，强调人时可用who或that；如果不强调人一律用that。此时绝不能和定语从句混淆，被强调部分为时间状语、地点状语或者原因状语时不能误用when、where或why
例1：It was him who/that I saw the day before yesterday.
析：该句原句为：I saw him the day before yesterday.该句指过去情况，所以强调句型应使用It was开头；被强调部分为原句宾语-宾格人称代词him，所以强调句型仍用him作被强调部分；被强调部分指人，所以用who或that
例2：It was in the street that I met him yesterday.
析：该句原句为：I met him in the street yesterday.该句仍指过去情况，所以强调句型仍以It was开头，被强调部分虽为地点状语，但不能用where,只能用that。
例3：It was because he was seriously ill that he died.
析：该句原句为：He died because he was seriously ill.被强调部分为结构复杂的原因状语从句，但不能用why，只能用that
六、强调句型的一般疑问句结构为：Is /Was it…who／that…
例4：Was it during the Second World War that he died？
析：该句虽不以It was开头，而以Was it开头，是强调句型的一般疑问句形式。所以当被强调部分为时间状语时，应用that
七、强调句型的特殊疑问句结构为：特殊疑问词＋is /was it that… (强调句型的特殊疑问句只能强调特殊疑问词)
例5：Where was it that you found your lost pen？
析：该句虽以Where开头，但后边的was it仍说明该句使用的是强调句型，被强调部分为特殊疑问词where，表地点，所以应使用that
八、强调句型中的is /was前面可用must /may /might等表推测的情态动词
例6：It might be in this room that he met her.
析：该句It was的was前面虽用might，但该句仍然是强调句
九、被强调部分为时间状语和地点状语时，有可能先接定语从句，再接强调句型，应多加思考，不能混用
例7：It was on October 1st,1949when he joined the Party that he was killed.
析：该句的中心不是说明1949年10月1日他入党，而是说1949年10月1日他被杀害，he joined the Party是定语从句，所以，首先是when引导的定语从句，然后是that强调句。
十、判断强调句型的使用是否正确的方法是将强调结构去掉，如果去掉强调结构后的句子仍然正确，强调句型就正确，否则就不正确
例8：It was six years ago that he went to Tokyo.
析：该句强调句型使用正确，因为去掉强调结构后，该句仍然是一正确句子。即：Six years ago he went to Tokyo.
[问题探究] 强调谓语用什么句型结构？
提示：强调谓语一般用助动词does/do/did+动词原形。例如：
Olive did come running to the building.
奥丽夫确实是跑步来到大楼前的
He does take ages to dress.
他确实是穿衣要用好长时间
We do admire him for his success in business.
我们确实是佩服他事业有成。
【典型例题】
1. Why! I have nothing to confess. _______ you want me to say
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
【答案】A。此题考查强调结构的特殊疑问句句式
【点拨】按照特殊疑问词＋is/was+that+其他部分。根据从句中say后缺宾语，所以选择A。
2. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter ______ I’m talking to. A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom
【答案】B。此题考查强调结构的特殊疑问句句式【点拨】按照特殊疑问词＋is/was+that+其他部分。同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【点拨】按照特殊疑问词＋is/was+that+其他部分。
同步练习
1.____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．（NMET95）
A．There B．This C．That D．It?
2.I hate ____ when people talk with their mouths full．（NMET98）
A．it B．that C．these D．them
3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．（MET90）
A．this B．that C．its D．it
4. （05全国卷3）The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.
A．it B．she C．which D．he
5. （05全国卷1）The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .
A．that B．it C．this D．him
6. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _________her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.(06湖南)
A. this B. that C. one D. it
7. I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.（06山东）
A. that B. it C. this D. you
8. If I can help_______, I don't like working late into the night.（06全国）
A. so B. that C. it D. them
9 It is ________ who ____________ wrong.
A. me; me B. me; is C. I; am D. I; is
10.I don’t know _________ makes her afraid of having her business discussed.
A. what it is about Mary that B. that is it about Mary that
C. what is it about Mary that D. that it is about Mary that
参考答案：1-5 DADAB 6-10 DBCCA
四、 介词【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的虚词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。并且在定语从句“介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用that 代替whom/which。She is a good student from whom we should learn.
介词分为时间介词.地点位置方向介词.方式介词.原因介词和其他介词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强，可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的介词在句中一般不重读
1.表示地点位置的介词
1)at ,in, on, to，for
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”
to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……”
2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触
on表示某物体上面并与之接触
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under 在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
4)in front of, in the front of在……前面
in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）
There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。)
in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）
There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.
我们的教室前边有一块黑板
Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom.
我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里)
5）beside，behind
beside 表示在……旁边
behind 表示在……后面
2.表示时间的介词
1)in , on，at 在……时
in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。
如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚
如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等
at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等
如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.
2)in, after 在……之后
“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后；
“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后；
“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
3)from, since 自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；
since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。since表示"自（某具体时间）以来"，常用作完成时态谓语
的时间状语。
since liberation（1980）自从解放（1980年）以来 They have been close friends since childhood．
他们从小就是好朋友 （1）since the war是指"自从战争结束以来"，若指"自从战争开始以来"，须说"since the
beginning of the war"
（2）不要将since与after混淆。
比较：He has worked here since 1965．（指一段时间，强调时间段）自从1965年以来，
他一直在这儿工作。 He began to work here after 1965．
（指一点时间，强调时间点）从1965年以后，他开始在这儿工作。
4)after, behind 在……之后
after主要用于表示时间；
behind主要用于表示位置。
3.表示运动方向的介词：
across, through 通过，穿过
across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关；
through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关
4.表示“在……之间”的介词：
表示“在……之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词，如in front of behind on in near under up
between, among
between指在两个人或两个事物之间；
among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。
5.表示其他意义的介词
1)on ,about 关于
on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读；
about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式
2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；
with 表示用 …工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；
in 表示用…方式，用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；
3)except, besides 除了
except 除……之外，不包括在内；
besides 除……之外，包括在内。
Except for Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)
Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)
【拓展延伸】
有些英语介词可以表示否定意义。稍不注意，一个原本完全没有生词的句子也可能难住你，原因很简单，你不知道这个含否定意义的英语介词该如何翻译。下面我们对此作一简明扼要的介绍
1.above表示“超出……之范围或能力”
如：The problem is above me. 这问题非我能力所及。
2.against表示“提防”引申为“不利于”
如She stands firm against any temptation.
她立场坚定，不为任何诱惑所动摇
3.before表示选择，意为“与其……宁愿”
如：He’d choose death before dishonor.
他宁死而不受辱。
4.behind 表示“落后于，不如”
如：He is behind others in ability.
他的能力不如别人
5.below表示位置，职务，数量，价值等“低于”
如：His achievements are far below his brother’s.
他的成就远不如他的兄弟
6.beneath “低于、小于、差于、次于”
如： He is beneath me in education .
他所受的教育不如我
Such behavior is beneath you .这种举止与你的身份不相符合。
7.beside “在……之外，与……无关”
如：It’s no use saying that . That is beside the question.
说这无用，这和讨论的问题无关
8.beyond “超越，超出”
如： My gratitude is beyond my words.我的感激之情无法用言语来形容。
9.but “除……之外”。
如：What is he but a student 他不是学生是什么？
10、but for “要不是，要是没有” （谓语多用虚拟语气）
如：But for your umbrella, I should have been caught in the rain .
要不是你的伞，我就被雨淋湿了
11.except “除……之外”
如：I looked everywhere except in the bedroom .
我到处找了，就是没有在卧室里找
12.from表示脱离、阻止、免除等
如：Nothing can prevent Jack from being a doctor.什么也不能不让杰克当一名医生
13、in spite of “尽管，不顾”
如：They went in spite of the rain .他们不顾下雨也去了。
14、instead of “代替，而不是”
如：They went there on foot instead of by bus .
他们是步行而不是乘公共汽车去那里。
15、off “从……离开”
如： I’m off duty tonight. 我今天不值班
16、out of “超出，脱离”
如：People sometimes invent excuses to get out of work.
人们有时候编造借口而不去上班
17、past “超过，超出”
如：The young man was past all reason .和这年轻人没法讲理。
18、to 表示比较、对比、选择等
如：The majority of people prefer peace to war.
大多数人喜欢和平，而不要战争
19、under 表示数量、年龄、程度、级别等。“在……之下” “不是……”
如： The population of Australia is under twenty million.
澳大利亚的人口不到两千万。
20、within “不超出（距离、时间、范围等）”
如： This task is not within my power.这项任务不是我能力所及的。
同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. The play begins at 6: 40 pm. So we have to be at the theatre ________ 6:30 pm at the latest.
A. after B. around C. until D. by
2. They held a ceremony ________ those killed in the battle.
A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
3. After finishing middle school, my sister did nothing ________ at home.
A. but to read B. but read C. besides reading D. except to read
4. Write your name and address on your bag ________ you lose it.
A. in any case B. in case C. in no case D. in that case
5. — ________ did the professor give you much advice
— The choice of a career.
A. On what B. In what C. What D. For what
6. I made coat ________ my own hands. It was made ________ hand not with a machine.
A. in; in B. in; with C. with; by D. with; with
7. He is running ________ the wind towards the east of the station ________ Tom running ________ the right.
A. down; and; on B. against; with; on
C. for; with; in D. with; while; to
8. Not all of us know the difference ________ wheat, oats and barley.
A. among B. between C. from D. in
9. The young singer is quite popular ________ the public. She’s made a remarkable achievement ________ a girl of her age.
A. with; to B. to; for C. with; for D. for; to
10. The apple trees have lots of big apples ________ them. And some birds are singing ________ the trees.
A. in; on B. at; in C. on; in D. with; through
参考答案： 1-5 DABBA 6-10CBBCC
五、反意疑问句 【基础过关】反意疑问句是英文中常见的一种句型，它提出情况或看法，询问对方同意与否，被广泛应用于英语口语。反意疑问句通常由两部分构成：前一部分用陈述句的形式（statement）， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
反意疑问句是英文中常见的一种句型，它提出情况或看法，询问对方同意与否，被广泛应用于英语口语。反意疑问句通常由两部分构成：前一部分用陈述句的形式（statement），后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句(也叫tag question)。所附简短问句中的主语和谓语与陈述句的保持一致，而且两部分的时态要一致。反意疑问句有四种类型：
（1）肯定陈述+否定简短问句；
（2）否定陈述+肯定简短问句；
（3）肯定陈述+肯定简短问句；
（4）否定陈述+否定简短问句。
其中，前两种运用最为广泛除此之外，反意疑问句还有“祈使句+简短问句”的形式，这种用法通常用于减弱祈使语气。如: Carry this parcel for me, can you 给我拿一下包，好吗？
【拓展延伸】反意疑问句的构成有以下几点特殊情况须注意：
1．当陈述句的主语是everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，简短问句中的主语通常用they。如果陈述句的主语是非人称的复合词，如everything, something, anything, 则简短问句中相应的人称代词是单数的中性词it例如:
Somebody borrowed my coat yesterday, didn’t they
Nobody came, did they
Everyone thinks they’re the center of the universe, don’t they
Nothing can stop us now, can it
2．当陈述句是表示存在的句子时，简短问句用there 作形式主语例如:
There isn’t a book on the table, is there
There’s something wrong, isn’t there
There won’t be any trouble, will there
3．如果陈述句中包含有如下的否定或半否定词, 如seldom, hardly, never, rarely,little, few, nowhere, nothing，则简短问句通常用肯定形式。但如果陈述句中仅包含有否定前缀，则简短问句中用否定形式。例如：
He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he
The rules are invariable, aren’t they
He seldom pays more attention to his pronunciation, does he
He hardly knows anything about computer, does he
Tom has little knowledge of how to spend money, does he
4．陈述句中是I am时，简短问句则用aren’t I例如:
I am an excellent English speaker, aren’t I
I am late, aren’t I
5．陈述句中是非限定人称代词one时，正式文体中，简短问句的主语为one，而非正式文体中用you。例如:
One must be honest, mustn’t one
6．含有宾语从句的主从复合句的反意疑问句中，简短问句一般反映主句中主、谓之间的关系。但如果主句是I think, I suppose, I believe, I suspect, I imagine 等时，则简短问句反映的是that从句中主语与谓语之间的关系例如：
They agreed that the United States shouldn’t make a war on Iraq, didn’t they
I suppose (that) he is serious, isn’t he
注意：否定词移位的情况，如：
I don’t suppose (that) he is serious, is he
7．如果陈述句的谓语动词是have (当 “拥有”讲时), 简短问句可用have形式或用do形式例如：
You have a nice house, haven’t/don’t you
但如果陈述句是否定形式时，简短问句中动词的选择则由陈述句中的动词形式而定。例如：
He hasn’t a house of his own, has he
He doesn’t have a house of his own, does he
如果陈述句中的动词 have 表示“经历，遭受，得到，吃”的意思时，则简短问句中的动词用 do的形式例如：
You often have headaches, don’t you
8．当陈述句的动词是ought to时，英国英语中简短问句用ought，而美国英语中则用should
9．陈述句中的动词是used to时，简短问句可用used 的形式或did的形式。例如:
The Smiths used to live in the countryside, usedn’t / didn’t they
He didn’t use/used to tell lies, did he
10.陈述句中动词为needn’t时，简短问句通常用 need例如:
You needn’t do it if you don’t want to, need you
You needn’t have told him the news, need you
11.陈述句中must后动词的类属和时态不同，反意疑问句也不同例如:
The food must be good, isn’t it
You must have read the book last month, didn't you
You must see the doctor, needn’t you （must表必要性，故用needn’t）
You mustn’t do that again, must you (must表示“不可以”）
12.当陈述部分是一祈使句时，简短问句则通常为 won’t you, would you, can you, can’t you, could you等，使语气婉转、客气如果陈述部分的祈使句中含有第
一人称时，如Let’s do something, 则简短问句为 shall we 例如:
Do sit down, won’t you
Shut up, can you
在否定的祈使句后， 只能用will you。例如:
Don’t forget, will you
同步练习完成句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
完成句子
1.John can hardly understand any Chinese, _________he
2.Don’t smoke in the meeting-room, _________
3.---Let’s go and play football,__________
---That’s wonderful.
4. I don’t think that the necklace is made of diamond, __________
5.No one left here yesterday,_____________
6. Birds rarely build nests in our garden,_____________
7.There’s not much news in today’s newspaper, _____________
8 They need our help badly at the moment, ______________
9.What beautiful flowers, ______________
10. Mother used to live in a poor village, ____________
11.You’d better go at once, _____________
12.Everything begins to grow in spring,
13. You think he is a good student,
14You needn’t attend the meeting, ______________________
15. We need to come on Sunday, ________________
参考答案：1 can 2 will you 3 shall we 4 is it 5 did they ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
6 do they 7 is there 8 don’t they 9 aren’t they
10 usedn’ t she/didn’t she 11 hadn’t you 12 doesn’t it 13don’t you
14 need you 15 don’t we
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2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品
SB2 B (unit11——unit20)专题四：语法高考解读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
专题四：语法
高考解读
【高考导航】
2010高考命题趋向分析
1． 情态动词的考查是历年高考的重点。主要考查情态动词的含义及其在具体语言环境中的运用。考生需要掌握基本的情态动词can，could,may，might,shall, should，must，need， ought to， have to的用法，以及情态动词与have done连用表示对过去的某种推测。如：could have done， should have done等
2. 虚拟语气是高考的热点和重点。主要考查虚拟语气在不同从句中的用法，其中对于非真实条件句的考查是重难点，考生需要注意if条件句可以省略if倒装，提前助动词should， were， had.以及含蓄条件句的基本用法。虚拟语气在” If it were (had been ) not for --- “句型中，意为“要不是---”
3. It的用法是历年高考的重点，主要考查it与关系词as,that，what的区别。考生要想掌握则必须对于句子结构有清晰的理解
4. 对于介词的考查，主要针对一些介词短语的词义辨析
【真题品析】
1. ---Do you mind if I keep pets in this building
--- （NMET2000上海）
A. I’d rather you didn’t, actually. B. Of course not. It’s not allowed here.
C .Great. I love pets. D. No, you can’t.
【答案】 A 考查交际用语
【点拨】B 选项自相矛盾，应淘汰；C，D 两项答非所问；A是正确选项。I could rather you didn’t可以用来表达说话者的委婉拒绝，要注意would rather 后的从句的谓语动词用过去式
2． What would have happened, as tar as the riverbank （NMET2001上海）
A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
【答案】C 考查虚拟语气省略倒装
【点拨】由would have happened可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句中的谓语动词应用过去完成式。答案C 是省略if后变成的倒装句。
3．1. It was_____back home after the experiment. (2004年湖北卷)
A. not until midnight did he go
B. until midnight that he didn’t go
C. not until midnight that he went
D. until midnight when he didn’t go
【答案】C。考查强调句型。
【点拨】not…until 句型变为强调结构时，不用when引导，要用that 引导，that后的从句用陈述语序。因此答案为C。此句的正常语序为：He didn’t go back home until midnight after the experiment.此句的倒装句为：Not until midnight did he go back home after the experiment.
4．（09 福建卷）--How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space!
--It’s a challenge, I guess, man against nature.
A. of B. for C. by D. about
【答案】 A 考查介词搭配
【点拨】根据句意a challenge of …
知识网络【考点概览】1情态动词2虚拟语气3．it的用法4．介词5．反意疑问句 精讲点拨 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【考点概览】
1情态动词
2虚拟语气
3．it的用法
4．介词
5．反意疑问句
精讲点拨
一、情态动词
【基础过关】
★ can表示“能力；许可；可能性”。表示“可能性”时指的是理论上的可能性。不表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。例如：
A computer can’t think for itself; it must be told what to do.
电脑不具备独立思考的能力。
I should have been there, but I could not find the time.
You can come any time you like.
Anybody can make mistakes.
★表达某事实际发生的可能性时用may, could或might等
We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year.
“Are you coming to Jeff’s party ” “I’m not sure. I might go to the concert instead.”
★could/might 用来表示请求允许或许可时,语气比can/may委婉,但在答语中不能用could/might.如:
--Could I use your telephone
--Yes, you can.
★当表示过去成功地做了某事时,要用was/were able to, 而不能用could.如:
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
大火很快蔓延了整个旅馆, 但全体人员都脱离了危险
It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside.
★mustn’t 表“禁止,不准”;cannot 表“不可能; 拒绝”; need not 表“不必要”; may not 表“可能不”.
You mustn’t play with the knife, you may hurt yourself.
“Will you stay for lunch ” “ Sorry, I can’t. My brother is coming to see me.”
“Is John coming by train ” “ He should, but he mat not. He likes driving his car.”
“ Shall I tell John about it ” “No, you needn’t. I’ve told him already.”
★may用于征求对方许可， shall用于征求对方的意见或指示
May I have a look 我能看一下吗？
Shall I have a look 要我看一下吗？
★shall用来征求对方意见时用于第一、三人称。当表示说话人的命令、警告、强制、允诺、威胁或决心等时用于第二、三人称
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening （征求意见）
You shall go to the front at once. （命令）
Don’t worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon. （允诺）
He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. （警告）
Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution. （决心）
★should除表示必要或义务外，还可以表示比较肯定的推测或可能性
---When can I come for the phone I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They should be ready by 12: 00.
The old man is always hunting the lions, so terrible things should happen to him.
★ought to与should一般可以互换，但是should谈的是主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。另外，should还有“一旦，万一；竟然”之意，而ought to则无此意
We should / ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work.
She is your mother, so you ought to support her.
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be rude to a lady.
【拓展延伸】1. must 的主要用法
⑴ 表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
⑵ must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩
must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
⑶ must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow 明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.是的，请吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去
2. have to 的主要用法
⑴ have to 有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态中：一般现在时中当主语是第三人称单数时要用has to，其余的人称用have to，一般过去时中要用had to； 一般将来时中则要用will have to.
She has to go to school by bus. 她不得不乘公共汽车上学
You'll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看医生
⑵ have to 的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式或助动词will即have to, has to, had to和will have to的否定式分别为don't have to, doesn't have to, didn't have to和won't have to，疑问句是在句首加助动词do的相应形式，句中还原成have to或把will放到句首。
What does she have to do 她必须做什么？
You didn't have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你没有必要等我。
⑶ have to和must 的区别
① 含义和用法上的区别，have to强调客观需要做某事，即表示由于客观外界的条件的需要不得不做某事，含有“形势逼迫”的意味，must强调说话者主观上认为必须做某事，含有“主观判断”的意味
My bike was broken on my way to school. I had to walk there.
我的自行车在上学的路上坏了， 我不得不走路去上学
We must learn English well. 我们必须学好英语
② 否定式的区别：have to 的否定式意思为“不必”，must的否定式mustn't 意为“禁止，不允许”。因此，以must 开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答为“Yes, 主语+must.”。否定回答为“No, 主语+needn't / don't have to.”.
Must I finish the homework now 我必须现在完成作业吗？
Yes, you must. /No, you needn't. 是的，你必须现在完成。（不，你不必。）
③ need与have to 用法辨析
need表示需要，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用于疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't。have to表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”，也可以翻译为“不得不”，have to否定形式意思是“不一定”或“没有必要”
3. ought to 的用法
⑴ 表示义务，意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做)，口气比should稍重。
We ought to defend our country.我们应当保卫我们的国家。
You ought to respect your parents.你应当尊敬你的父母。
⑵ 表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”
Prices ought to come down soon.价格可能会很快下跌
⑶ ought to和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after her.
你是她的母亲，你应当照管她 (是道义上的责任，不能和should互换。)
We should encourage him, for we are his classmates.
我们应该鼓励他，我们是他的同班同学啊！
【典型例题】
1.I have been more than six years old when the accident happened.（NMET 2005天津）
A. shouldn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
【答案】 B 考查情态动词表示猜测。
【点拨】从后面的时态看是对过去情况的判断，“couldn’t have+动词+ed 形式”表示“（过去）不可能”。
同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. You____ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing
A. needn't have washed B. shouldn't have washed
C. must not have washed D. can not have washed
2. John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he____ last night.
A. should study B. should have studied
C. must have studied D. must have to study
3. You____ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.
A. needn't go B. had better not go
C. should not go D. needn't have gone
4. We____ the letter yesterday, but it didn't arrive.
A. must receive B. ought to receive
C. must have received D. ought to have received
5. When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I____ there earlier.
A. ought to get B. ought to have got
C. must have got D. must get
6. We ought to help each other in our work, ____
A. oughtn't we B. should we C. ought we D. ought to we
7. You ____ your tooth pulled out before it rot completely.
A. had better got B. had to get better
C. had better to get D. had better get
8 When we got to the cinema, the film hasn't started yet, so we ____.
A. needn't hurry B. didn't need hurry
C. needn't to hurry D. needn't have hurried
9. As he had heart attack, he was told that he ____ continue the work.
A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't
10. I know things are hard with you, but you ____try to get over the difficulties.
A. can B. may C. must D. ought to
11. The city cleaners ______ repeat their work many times a day during the dust-storm season.
A. may B. can C. might D. have to
12.Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
13.Johnny, you ＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿ hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t; may
C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t
14. —Shall I tell John about it ﹖
—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
15. John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour？
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
16. Tom, you _______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this！
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
17. — Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
— She ______. I’ve already borrowed one.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
18. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. won’t D. needn’t
19. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you ____it.
A. mustn't have done B. would not have done
C. might not have done D. didn't have to
参考答案 1-5 . ACDDB 6-10 ADDCC 11-15DABAA 16-19 BCAD
二、虚拟语气 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实或者不是可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望，建议或者与事实相反的假设等，一般常用与正式的书面语中
与现在事实相反的条件句
虚拟语气在条件句中共有3种情况：与现在的事实相反；与过去的事实相反；与将来的事实相反。与现在的事实相反的条件句，谓语动词的形式见下表：
条件从句 主句 例句
动词的过去式（be的过去式用were） Would（should，could，might）+动词原形 If I were you， I would not be so proud.I don’t have a cell phone. If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.
2． 表示与过去事实相反的情况，其主句从句中动词的使用情况见下表：
条件句 主句 例句
Had+p.p. Would/should/could/might+have+p.p If you had come earlier， you would have met him.
与将来的事实可能相反时
虚拟条件句 主句 例句
动词的过去式或should+动词原形或were to+ 动词原形 Should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out.
省略if的虚拟 条件句的用法
在正式文体中， 有时可以把虚拟条件句中的连词if 省略，而将were, had， should等助动词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面，形成主谓倒装。如果句中没有were, had, 或should时， 既不能省略if ，也不能倒装
例如：
Were I to meet him tomorrow(=If I were to meet him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.
要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year ), I would have bought the house.
如果我去年有了这笔钱，我几买那栋房子了
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling until would cut off the fuel oil supply.
假如锅炉出问题的话，自动装置会自动切断燃油的供应
混合型虚拟条件句
通常情况下，在非真实条件句中 的主句和从句所指的时间是一致的，主从句中的谓语动词要么都是与现在事实相反，要么都是与过去事实相反等。但也有可能指不同的时间，这是要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式
例如：If I were you , I would have taken his advice.
我要是你，我就采纳了他的建议。（从句指现在，主句指过去 ）
If her husband had not been killed in the war, she would not be helping others with the housework now.
如果她丈夫没有在战争中死去的话，她现在就不会帮助别人做家务了（从句 指过去，主句指现在）
含蓄虚拟条件句
（1）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示通常的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or ,but等。
例如：Without your help(= If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
要是没有你的帮助， 我们是不会成功的
But for electricity(=If there were no electricity ), there would be no modern industry.
要是没电， 就不会有现代工业
（2）有时虚拟与语气可以由otherwise，but， or来引导
例如：I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late.
我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have helped you.
他昨天很累， 不然他会帮助你们的
I ought to have remembered to tell them the decision this morning, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.
我本来应该记得今天早上告诉他们那个决定的， 但是我太忙了，把这个事给忘了
7．“If it were (had been ) not for ---“句型中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气也常用于” If it were (had been ) not for --- “句型中，意为“要不是---”
例如：
If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
要不是有了和平，我们今天就不可能过上幸福的生活了
If it had not been for your advice, I would not have accepted the job.
要不是你的建议，我可能就不会接受那个工作了
【拓展延伸】
一；虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1．在动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，用would/could/might+动词原形来表示将来的情况
He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artiest.
I with I had been with you yesterday.
We wish the rain would stop.
2.在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况
I would rather you hadn’t told me the truth.
I would rather you did it.
3.在demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语通常用should+动词原形或只用动词原形，来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求等，而should常可省略
John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.
hey requested that the meeting be postponed.
[误区警示]
①suggest表示”暗示.认为.可能”之意时,宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气
Her expression suggested she was sad.
②insist不表示”坚持让某人做某事”时后面宾语从句用陈述语气.
He insisted that he was better.(insist是”坚持说”之意)
二 虚拟语气用于名词性从句中
1 .It is necessary that从句
That引导的主语从句中谓语动词用(should)+v.能这样用的形容词还有:important, natural, impossible, strange, surprising等
It is strange that he (should) have left without saying anything.
2 .It is ordered/suggested that 从句that引导的主语从句谓语用(should)+v.这一类的动词还有:order, proposal, require, demand, request, insist, ask等.
It is ordered that the cloth (should) be woven right now.
3 .虚拟语气还可用于某些表语从句中(should)+v.有下列名词作主语order, suggestion, request, proposal, advice, requirement, plan, idea, decision.
His order is that the cloth(should) be woven right now.
4 .虚拟语气还可用于某些同位语从句中,能这样做同位语中心名词的名词与上面中的名词相同
同位语从句中的谓语动词形式用(should)+v.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English Evening
三 虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法
1 .由as if/as though (好像)引导的状语从句,谓语动词用过去时或过去完成时表示虚拟语气.
He looks as if he were ill.
He looked as if he had been abroad.
误区警示：
as if 从句虚拟语气动词的时态不受主句动词的支配,时态的确定有以下几种:
①主.从句同时,从句用一般过去时.
He passed the soldiers as if they didn’t exist. 他走过哨兵,好像他们不存在一样
②主.从句同时,且在进行,从句用过去进行时.
He heard a noise, as if someone were breathing. 他听到一种声音,好像有人在呼吸.
③从句先.主句后发生的动作,从句用过去完成时.
He looked as if he had been ill. 他看上去像是生过病.
④as if从句中表达的意思是真实的要用陈述语气.
It looks as if it is going to rain. (真的就要下雨)
2．It is time/high time /about time that 从句中用虚拟语气,过去时或should+v., should不能省略.
It is high time that I went home .=It is high time that I should go home .
3.表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你.
【典型例题】1.--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.--- Oh, did you You wit Barbara.（NMET1998）A. could have stayed B. could stayC. would stay D. must have stayed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--- Oh, did you You wit Barbara.（NMET1998）
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
【答案】A 该题的考点是虚拟语气。
【点拨】从上句所提供的信息可知，谈论的是过去的事情，故正确答案A 项，could have done表示“ 本可以做某事，而实际上没做”。
2. How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden.（NMET2002上海）
A. has B. had C will have D. had had
【答案】B该题的考点是虚拟语气
【点拨】Wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气， 故排除A和C 项；该句谈的是现在的愿望，应用一般过去时，所以选B。
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1．If Richard hard next time, he the exam.
A. works; would pass B. worked; passed
C. had worked; passed D. worked; would passed
2.I would have come earlier, but I that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. would have known D. haven’t known
3. We our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. had lost
4. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
5—Our sister nearly devoted all her spare time to her course during the three years.
---That’s all right, or she the first place in her school in the 2002College Entrance Examination.
A. wouldn’t take B. wouldn’t have taken C. hadn’t taken D. couldn’t take
6. If I you how to do it yesterday, you it now.
A. told; had finished B. had told; have finished
C. had told; would finished D. have told; will finished
7. If Wang Kenan hadn’t made a fatal mistake in the final dive of the men’s 3m synchronized springboard, the dream of winning China’s 11th gold at the 28th Olympic Games
A. would have been realized B. should be realized
C. was realized D. had been realized
8. What do you think would happen if there no light during the day
A. were B. would be C. will be D. is
9. If you here tomorrow, we would hold a meeting to discuss this question.
A. are B. should be C. are to be D. had been
10.If you here yesterday, he a good beating.
A. were; would be given B. were to be; would have been
C. had been; would be given D. had been; would have been given
11.Don’t come this morning. I would rather you the day after tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. are to come D. will come
12.The thief insisted that he my mobile phone.
A. hadn’t stolen B. should not steal C. not steal D. not to steal
13.But for the Party, he of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die
14.I would love to to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. have gone C, going D. having gone
15. Robert wishes that he business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studies B. studied C has studied D. had studied
参考答案： 1-5 DAABB 6-10 CAABD 11 -15B AABD
三、it 的用法【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
一.代词it
1.用作人称代词,代替上文提到的事物
My pen is missing.I can’t find it anywhere.
2.用来代替指示代词this,that
—Whose umbrella is this —It’s mine.
3.用作非人称代词,表示时间,日期,地点,温度,距离,环境等.
It’s time for the meeting.
It’s a beautiful day here.
二.引导词it
1.用作形式主语,代替不定式,-ing形式或从句表示的真正主语.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
2.用作形式宾语,代替不定式,-ing形式或从句表示的真正宾语.在think,make,believe,consider,take,find,feel等动词后跟复合宾语时,多用it作形式宾语.
I think it no use arguing with him.
在like,enjoy,love,hate,appreciate等表示 “喜,怒,哀,乐”的动词后跟宾语从句时,多用it作形式宾语.
I hate it when you talk with your mouth full.
部分由动词加介词构成的短语如:answer for, depend on ,rely on, see to等,常用it作形式宾语,而把that引导的宾语从句放在后面.
You may depend on it that he will come in time.
3.it用于强调结构中:强调句的基本结构形式:
Is is/was +被强调部分+that/who+句子其他部分.
It was him who/that you should ask.
【拓展延伸】1. It is/was well-known that…众所周知例如：
It is well-known that Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国
It is well-known that the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
众所周知，长城是世界上最长的墙。
] 在这个句型中，that引导的是主语从句，此句型可以转换为as引导的定语从句， It is/was well-known that…相当于as we all know。例如;
As we all know, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
众所周知，长城是世界上最长的墙
[问题探究] 你还知道类似的结构吗？
提示：常见的结构有：It is hoped that… 人们希望；It is said that…据说；It is reported that… 据报道；It is believed that…人们相信。例如：
It is said that he died from cancer last month.
据说，他上个月死于癌症
It is reported that that singer has been in prison for one year.
据报道，那位歌星曾经坐过一年监
［考题链接］_________is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001NMET)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析：答案为B。本句中间有逗号，所以不能选A。
2.强调句型十要素：
一、如果强调句型指现在或未来情况用It is，指过去情况用It was
二、被强调部分往往是句子的主语、宾语、时间状语和地点状语，但有时也可强调比较复杂的内容，如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、not until...、not only...but also...、...as well as...等结构
三、被强调部分是人称代词时，原句用什么格，强调句也用什么格
四、被强调部分如果是主格人称代词时，who/that后的动词应和该主格人称代词在人称和数上保持一致
五、关于强调词的选用，强调人时可用who或that；如果不强调人一律用that。此时绝不能和定语从句混淆，被强调部分为时间状语、地点状语或者原因状语时不能误用when、where或why
例1：It was him who/that I saw the day before yesterday.
析：该句原句为：I saw him the day before yesterday.该句指过去情况，所以强调句型应使用It was开头；被强调部分为原句宾语-宾格人称代词him，所以强调句型仍用him作被强调部分；被强调部分指人，所以用who或that
例2：It was in the street that I met him yesterday.
析：该句原句为：I met him in the street yesterday.该句仍指过去情况，所以强调句型仍以It was开头，被强调部分虽为地点状语，但不能用where,只能用that。
例3：It was because he was seriously ill that he died.
析：该句原句为：He died because he was seriously ill.被强调部分为结构复杂的原因状语从句，但不能用why，只能用that
六、强调句型的一般疑问句结构为：Is /Was it…who／that…
例4：Was it during the Second World War that he died？
析：该句虽不以It was开头，而以Was it开头，是强调句型的一般疑问句形式。所以当被强调部分为时间状语时，应用that
七、强调句型的特殊疑问句结构为：特殊疑问词＋is /was it that… (强调句型的特殊疑问句只能强调特殊疑问词)
例5：Where was it that you found your lost pen？
析：该句虽以Where开头，但后边的was it仍说明该句使用的是强调句型，被强调部分为特殊疑问词where，表地点，所以应使用that
八、强调句型中的is /was前面可用must /may /might等表推测的情态动词
例6：It might be in this room that he met her.
析：该句It was的was前面虽用might，但该句仍然是强调句
九、被强调部分为时间状语和地点状语时，有可能先接定语从句，再接强调句型，应多加思考，不能混用
例7：It was on October 1st,1949when he joined the Party that he was killed.
析：该句的中心不是说明1949年10月1日他入党，而是说1949年10月1日他被杀害，he joined the Party是定语从句，所以，首先是when引导的定语从句，然后是that强调句。
十、判断强调句型的使用是否正确的方法是将强调结构去掉，如果去掉强调结构后的句子仍然正确，强调句型就正确，否则就不正确
例8：It was six years ago that he went to Tokyo.
析：该句强调句型使用正确，因为去掉强调结构后，该句仍然是一正确句子。即：Six years ago he went to Tokyo.
[问题探究] 强调谓语用什么句型结构？
提示：强调谓语一般用助动词does/do/did+动词原形。例如：
Olive did come running to the building.
奥丽夫确实是跑步来到大楼前的
He does take ages to dress.
他确实是穿衣要用好长时间
We do admire him for his success in business.
我们确实是佩服他事业有成。
【典型例题】
1. Why! I have nothing to confess. _______ you want me to say
A. What is it that B. What it is that
C. How is it that D. How it is that
【答案】A。此题考查强调结构的特殊疑问句句式
【点拨】按照特殊疑问词＋is/was+that+其他部分。根据从句中say后缺宾语，所以选择A。
2. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter ______ I’m talking to. A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom
【答案】B。此题考查强调结构的特殊疑问句句式【点拨】按照特殊疑问词＋is/was+that+其他部分。同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【点拨】按照特殊疑问词＋is/was+that+其他部分。
同步练习
1.____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．（NMET95）
A．There B．This C．That D．It?
2.I hate ____ when people talk with their mouths full．（NMET98）
A．it B．that C．these D．them
3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．（MET90）
A．this B．that C．its D．it
4. （05全国卷3）The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.
A．it B．she C．which D．he
5. （05全国卷1）The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .
A．that B．it C．this D．him
6. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _________her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.(06湖南)
A. this B. that C. one D. it
7. I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.（06山东）
A. that B. it C. this D. you
8. If I can help_______, I don't like working late into the night.（06全国）
A. so B. that C. it D. them
9 It is ________ who ____________ wrong.
A. me; me B. me; is C. I; am D. I; is
10.I don’t know _________ makes her afraid of having her business discussed.
A. what it is about Mary that B. that is it about Mary that
C. what is it about Mary that D. that it is about Mary that
参考答案：1-5 DADAB 6-10 DBCCA
四、 介词【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的虚词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。并且在定语从句“介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用that 代替whom/which。She is a good student from whom we should learn.
介词分为时间介词.地点位置方向介词.方式介词.原因介词和其他介词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强，可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的介词在句中一般不重读
1.表示地点位置的介词
1)at ,in, on, to，for
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”
to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……”
2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触
on表示某物体上面并与之接触
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under 在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
4)in front of, in the front of在……前面
in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）
There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。)
in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）
There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.
我们的教室前边有一块黑板
Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom.
我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里)
5）beside，behind
beside 表示在……旁边
behind 表示在……后面
2.表示时间的介词
1)in , on，at 在……时
in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。
如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚
如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等
at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等
如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.
2)in, after 在……之后
“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后；
“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后；
“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
3)from, since 自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；
since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。since表示"自（某具体时间）以来"，常用作完成时态谓语
的时间状语。
since liberation（1980）自从解放（1980年）以来 They have been close friends since childhood．
他们从小就是好朋友 （1）since the war是指"自从战争结束以来"，若指"自从战争开始以来"，须说"since the
beginning of the war"
（2）不要将since与after混淆。
比较：He has worked here since 1965．（指一段时间，强调时间段）自从1965年以来，
他一直在这儿工作。 He began to work here after 1965．
（指一点时间，强调时间点）从1965年以后，他开始在这儿工作。
4)after, behind 在……之后
after主要用于表示时间；
behind主要用于表示位置。
3.表示运动方向的介词：
across, through 通过，穿过
across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关；
through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关
4.表示“在……之间”的介词：
表示“在……之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词，如in front of behind on in near under up
between, among
between指在两个人或两个事物之间；
among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。
5.表示其他意义的介词
1)on ,about 关于
on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读；
about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式
2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；
with 表示用 …工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；
in 表示用…方式，用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；
3)except, besides 除了
except 除……之外，不包括在内；
besides 除……之外，包括在内。
Except for Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)
Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)
【拓展延伸】
有些英语介词可以表示否定意义。稍不注意，一个原本完全没有生词的句子也可能难住你，原因很简单，你不知道这个含否定意义的英语介词该如何翻译。下面我们对此作一简明扼要的介绍
1.above表示“超出……之范围或能力”
如：The problem is above me. 这问题非我能力所及。
2.against表示“提防”引申为“不利于”
如She stands firm against any temptation.
她立场坚定，不为任何诱惑所动摇
3.before表示选择，意为“与其……宁愿”
如：He’d choose death before dishonor.
他宁死而不受辱。
4.behind 表示“落后于，不如”
如：He is behind others in ability.
他的能力不如别人
5.below表示位置，职务，数量，价值等“低于”
如：His achievements are far below his brother’s.
他的成就远不如他的兄弟
6.beneath “低于、小于、差于、次于”
如： He is beneath me in education .
他所受的教育不如我
Such behavior is beneath you .这种举止与你的身份不相符合。
7.beside “在……之外，与……无关”
如：It’s no use saying that . That is beside the question.
说这无用，这和讨论的问题无关
8.beyond “超越，超出”
如： My gratitude is beyond my words.我的感激之情无法用言语来形容。
9.but “除……之外”。
如：What is he but a student 他不是学生是什么？
10、but for “要不是，要是没有” （谓语多用虚拟语气）
如：But for your umbrella, I should have been caught in the rain .
要不是你的伞，我就被雨淋湿了
11.except “除……之外”
如：I looked everywhere except in the bedroom .
我到处找了，就是没有在卧室里找
12.from表示脱离、阻止、免除等
如：Nothing can prevent Jack from being a doctor.什么也不能不让杰克当一名医生
13、in spite of “尽管，不顾”
如：They went in spite of the rain .他们不顾下雨也去了。
14、instead of “代替，而不是”
如：They went there on foot instead of by bus .
他们是步行而不是乘公共汽车去那里。
15、off “从……离开”
如： I’m off duty tonight. 我今天不值班
16、out of “超出，脱离”
如：People sometimes invent excuses to get out of work.
人们有时候编造借口而不去上班
17、past “超过，超出”
如：The young man was past all reason .和这年轻人没法讲理。
18、to 表示比较、对比、选择等
如：The majority of people prefer peace to war.
大多数人喜欢和平，而不要战争
19、under 表示数量、年龄、程度、级别等。“在……之下” “不是……”
如： The population of Australia is under twenty million.
澳大利亚的人口不到两千万。
20、within “不超出（距离、时间、范围等）”
如： This task is not within my power.这项任务不是我能力所及的。
同步练习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. The play begins at 6: 40 pm. So we have to be at the theatre ________ 6:30 pm at the latest.
A. after B. around C. until D. by
2. They held a ceremony ________ those killed in the battle.
A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
3. After finishing middle school, my sister did nothing ________ at home.
A. but to read B. but read C. besides reading D. except to read
4. Write your name and address on your bag ________ you lose it.
A. in any case B. in case C. in no case D. in that case
5. — ________ did the professor give you much advice
— The choice of a career.
A. On what B. In what C. What D. For what
6. I made coat ________ my own hands. It was made ________ hand not with a machine.
A. in; in B. in; with C. with; by D. with; with
7. He is running ________ the wind towards the east of the station ________ Tom running ________ the right.
A. down; and; on B. against; with; on
C. for; with; in D. with; while; to
8. Not all of us know the difference ________ wheat, oats and barley.
A. among B. between C. from D. in
9. The young singer is quite popular ________ the public. She’s made a remarkable achievement ________ a girl of her age.
A. with; to B. to; for C. with; for D. for; to
10. The apple trees have lots of big apples ________ them. And some birds are singing ________ the trees.
A. in; on B. at; in C. on; in D. with; through
参考答案： 1-5 DABBA 6-10CBBCC
五、反意疑问句 【基础过关】反意疑问句是英文中常见的一种句型，它提出情况或看法，询问对方同意与否，被广泛应用于英语口语。反意疑问句通常由两部分构成：前一部分用陈述句的形式（statement）， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
反意疑问句是英文中常见的一种句型，它提出情况或看法，询问对方同意与否，被广泛应用于英语口语。反意疑问句通常由两部分构成：前一部分用陈述句的形式（statement），后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句(也叫tag question)。所附简短问句中的主语和谓语与陈述句的保持一致，而且两部分的时态要一致。反意疑问句有四种类型：
（1）肯定陈述+否定简短问句；
（2）否定陈述+肯定简短问句；
（3）肯定陈述+肯定简短问句；
（4）否定陈述+否定简短问句。
其中，前两种运用最为广泛除此之外，反意疑问句还有“祈使句+简短问句”的形式，这种用法通常用于减弱祈使语气。如: Carry this parcel for me, can you 给我拿一下包，好吗？
【拓展延伸】反意疑问句的构成有以下几点特殊情况须注意：
1．当陈述句的主语是everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，简短问句中的主语通常用they。如果陈述句的主语是非人称的复合词，如everything, something, anything, 则简短问句中相应的人称代词是单数的中性词it例如:
Somebody borrowed my coat yesterday, didn’t they
Nobody came, did they
Everyone thinks they’re the center of the universe, don’t they
Nothing can stop us now, can it
2．当陈述句是表示存在的句子时，简短问句用there 作形式主语例如:
There isn’t a book on the table, is there
There’s something wrong, isn’t there
There won’t be any trouble, will there
3．如果陈述句中包含有如下的否定或半否定词, 如seldom, hardly, never, rarely,little, few, nowhere, nothing，则简短问句通常用肯定形式。但如果陈述句中仅包含有否定前缀，则简短问句中用否定形式。例如：
He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he
The rules are invariable, aren’t they
He seldom pays more attention to his pronunciation, does he
He hardly knows anything about computer, does he
Tom has little knowledge of how to spend money, does he
4．陈述句中是I am时，简短问句则用aren’t I例如:
I am an excellent English speaker, aren’t I
I am late, aren’t I
5．陈述句中是非限定人称代词one时，正式文体中，简短问句的主语为one，而非正式文体中用you。例如:
One must be honest, mustn’t one
6．含有宾语从句的主从复合句的反意疑问句中，简短问句一般反映主句中主、谓之间的关系。但如果主句是I think, I suppose, I believe, I suspect, I imagine 等时，则简短问句反映的是that从句中主语与谓语之间的关系例如：
They agreed that the United States shouldn’t make a war on Iraq, didn’t they
I suppose (that) he is serious, isn’t he
注意：否定词移位的情况，如：
I don’t suppose (that) he is serious, is he
7．如果陈述句的谓语动词是have (当 “拥有”讲时), 简短问句可用have形式或用do形式例如：
You have a nice house, haven’t/don’t you
但如果陈述句是否定形式时，简短问句中动词的选择则由陈述句中的动词形式而定。例如：
He hasn’t a house of his own, has he
He doesn’t have a house of his own, does he
如果陈述句中的动词 have 表示“经历，遭受，得到，吃”的意思时，则简短问句中的动词用 do的形式例如：
You often have headaches, don’t you
8．当陈述句的动词是ought to时，英国英语中简短问句用ought，而美国英语中则用should
9．陈述句中的动词是used to时，简短问句可用used 的形式或did的形式。例如:
The Smiths used to live in the countryside, usedn’t / didn’t they
He didn’t use/used to tell lies, did he
10.陈述句中动词为needn’t时，简短问句通常用 need例如:
You needn’t do it if you don’t want to, need you
You needn’t have told him the news, need you
11.陈述句中must后动词的类属和时态不同，反意疑问句也不同例如:
The food must be good, isn’t it
You must have read the book last month, didn't you
You must see the doctor, needn’t you （must表必要性，故用needn’t）
You mustn’t do that again, must you (must表示“不可以”）
12.当陈述部分是一祈使句时，简短问句则通常为 won’t you, would you, can you, can’t you, could you等，使语气婉转、客气如果陈述部分的祈使句中含有第
一人称时，如Let’s do something, 则简短问句为 shall we 例如:
Do sit down, won’t you
Shut up, can you
在否定的祈使句后， 只能用will you。例如:
Don’t forget, will you
同步练习完成句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
完成句子
1.John can hardly understand any Chinese, _________he
2.Don’t smoke in the meeting-room, _________
3.---Let’s go and play football,__________
---That’s wonderful.
4. I don’t think that the necklace is made of diamond, __________
5.No one left here yesterday,_____________
6. Birds rarely build nests in our garden,_____________
7.There’s not much news in today’s newspaper, _____________
8 They need our help badly at the moment, ______________
9.What beautiful flowers, ______________
10. Mother used to live in a poor village, ____________
11.You’d better go at once, _____________
12.Everything begins to grow in spring,
13. You think he is a good student,
14You needn’t attend the meeting, ______________________
15. We need to come on Sunday, ________________
参考答案：1 can 2 will you 3 shall we 4 is it 5 did they ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
6 do they 7 is there 8 don’t they 9 aren’t they
10 usedn’ t she/didn’t she 11 hadn’t you 12 doesn’t it 13don’t you
14 need you 15 don’t we
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