2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品：sb3(unit1-16)专题四
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2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品
SB3 (unit1——unit16)专题四 语法高考解读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
专题四 语法
高考解读
2010高考命题趋向分析：
【高考导航】
1. 动词的时态是高考中必考的内容之一。巧设语境，在具体情景中考查动词的时态，是近几年对动词时态考查的一大特点。由于语境型时态填空题受到特定语用场合的限制，分析起来比较困难，而且易受其情景中个别因素的干扰而误入“陷阱”。2010年考生在备考时，应注意：准确理解语境意义，捕捉隐含的时间信息；把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态间的差异；注意巧变语境，培养发散性思维 09年高考，对时态语态的考查就多达27个题。考生应重视
2. 非谓语动词是高考必考的必考的内容之一。2010年考生在备考时，应注意以下几点：（1）分词作状语，须注意与所修饰的句子的主语之间的逻辑关系。（2）形容词化的分词（短语）作状语时，应考虑其固定搭配。（3）应注意非谓语动词的完成时的用法（4）分词不作目的状语，不定式不作伴随状语。（5）应注意不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别：不定式常表示出人意料，令人不快的结果，前可跟only；而现在分词常表示意料之中，自然而然的结果。（6）with 的复合结构：“with +宾语(名词或代词) + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语” 做伴随状语或定语。09年高考，对非谓语动词的考查有29个题
3. 名词性从句是高考的热点。2010年考生在备考时，应注意以下几点：（1） 所有名词性从句都应用陈述句的语序（2）从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但当从句表达的是复数含义时，谓语动词则用复数形式（3）主句与从句的时态应保留一致（4）关于何时用that，何时用what的问题：that一般不充当句子成分，只作引导词，无实在的意义；what除起引导作用外，在句子中有意义，并充当一定的句子成分。09年高考，对名词性从句的考查共有10题
4. 定语从句是高考必考内容之一。也是高中语法中的重难点。2010年考生在备考时，应注意以下几点：（1）定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性（2）定语从句与同位语从句以及其他从句的区别（3）用that不用which的情况。（4）as引导的定语从句。（5）关系代词或关系代词的选择取决于从句所缺的成分而非先行词。09年高考，对定语从句的考查有12个题。
5. 状语从句是高考的热点。高考状语从句考查重点：1从属连词的选择；2 同类状语从句中连词的辨析。从属连词的选用应根据从句与主句的逻辑关系和根据从属连词的词义。2010年考生应该注意以上考点，还要注意它与定语从句的区别。09年高考，对定语从句的考查有13个题
6. 虚拟语气既是热点也是难点，主要因为它的种类特别多，所以它要求大量的记忆和理解。2010年考生应注意以下要点：（1）虚拟语气在if条件句中的用法。（2）通过上下文或介词短语表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气的用法（3）虚拟语气在as if 引导的方式状语或表语从句中的用法（4）考查虚拟语气在wish 后面宾语从句的用法（5）考查虚拟语气用于宾语从句的用法
【真题品析】
（09 天津卷）My parents _____ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live
【答案】A
【点拨】考查时态的用法。句意为：我父母居住在香港，他们出生在那里从未去过任何地方。叙述过去的事实，应用过去时态
（09 天津卷）______ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Competing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete
【答案】D
【点拨】考查非谓语动词的用法。句意为：为了按时完成工程，全体员工周末正在工作。动词不定式用于作目的状语，表将来。故选D
（09 山东卷）Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which C. when D. that
【答案】B
【点拨】本题考查连词的用法，非限制性定语从句，指代前面一个句子，故用which.
（09 湖南卷）Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. 21世纪教育网
A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired 【答案】C
【点拨】考查省略句式。在if引导的条件状语从句中，从句中还原应为if am not tired from work，根据省略的原则，所以答案选C
（09 全国卷）Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please
A. who B. what
C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】，C 考查名词性从句【点拨】根据句意：我能和主管国际贸易的人讲讲吗？而whoever=anybody who,语义上比who更合适，故正确答案是: C（09 福建卷）But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【点拨】根据句意：我能和主管国际贸易的人讲讲吗？而whoever=anybody who,语义上比who更合适，故正确答案是: C
（09 福建卷）But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition. 21世纪教育网
A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 21世纪教育网
【答案】B
【点拨】考查虚拟语气。此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构，故选B
知识网络语法知识 1.动词的时态和语态 2. 非谓语动词 3. 名词性从句 4. 定语从句5.状语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
语法知识
1.动词的时态和语态
2. 非谓语动词
3. 名词性从句
4. 定语从句
5.状语从句
6、虚拟语气
7、省略句
一、动词的时态和语态【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
动词的时态
1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go, come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词）
2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作
3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。
4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行）
5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作
8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用
9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
动词的语态
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn't know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn't know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn't been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
【拓展延伸】
由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：
（1）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→ They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.
（2）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of.
（3）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
（4）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
【典型例题】（09陕西卷）. His sister left home in 1998, and since.A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard ofC. had not heard of D. has not heard of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
（09陕西卷）. His sister left home in 1998, and since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
【答案】B。
【点拨】句意为：他的妹妹在1998年离开家，自从那时就没有音讯了。考查现在完成时的被动语态，since 为关键词。
（09陕西卷）Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t known
C. don’t know D. haven’t known
【答案】A。考查动词的时态。
【点拨】句意为：爱德华,你打得好。但我不知道你弹钢琴。所谈论的是指过去的行为。
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
2. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writing it
3. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
4. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
5. "How long haven't we seen each other ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. " A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
6. This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "
A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting
7. By this time next year he ______ from the college.
A. will be graduating B. should be graduating
C. will have graduated D. is graduating
8. "Come on, Peter, I want to show you something."
"Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift."
A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going
C. didn't think/ are going D. hadn't thought/ were going
9. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold
10. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened
11.Why do you call your son Mouse ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called
12. . Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly
13. I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes
14． He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
15. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter
参考答案1----5CBACC 6-----10ACBBC 11------15BABCC
二、非谓语动词【基础过关】 一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、 动词的过去分词：done
二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）
不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
一般式 完成式 进行式
定式 主动 to do to have done to be doing
被动 to be done to have been done
i ng 主动 doing having done
被动 being done having been done
过分 被动 done
四、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
五、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)
【拓展延伸】
学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些
一 不定式、动名词作宾语的比较
1、只能接不定式的动词：
a. （想要）want, would like, would prefer, ask, demand, intend, desire,
b. (希望) wish, hope, expect,
c .happen, learn, fail, pretend, refuse, afford
2、只能接动名词的动词：
suggest, advise(建议), finish, mind(介意)，enjoy (喜欢)，appreciate (鉴赏，感激)，forbid禁止），avoid (避免)，can’t help doing (忍不住)，risk (冒险)，feel like (想要)，delay, put off （推迟），give up (放弃)，be busy (忙于)，be worth (值得)，practise (反复练习)，
3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：
remember to do 记得去做， remember doing 记得做过 forget to do 忘记去做， forget doing 忘记做过了, regret to do 遗憾去做，regret doing 后悔做过, try to do 设法去做，try doing 试着做, go on to do 接着做另一件事， go on doing 继续做同一件事,
mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着做, stop to do 停下来去做，stop doing 停止做,cant help (to) do 不能帮助做，can’t help doing 忍不住做。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
4、含介词to 的短语
look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致力于、献身于，be / get used to 习惯于， lead to 导致，get down to 着手做，pay attention to 注意，refer to 谈到，所指，参考，equal to 等于，能胜任，belong to 属于
二、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较
1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语
a.作目的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)
b.原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首
如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
c. 结果：常用 only to do…来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外 固定结构：too… to do, enough to do, so / such… as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语
d.在形容词后作状语，只用不定式 如：
The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)
We find the lake safe to swim in. (注意尾介词)
2、现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果状语，就不作目的状语。注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although）
1）_____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
2）I won’t attend his wedding _____ .
A. unless invited B. if invited C. unless inviting
三、三种非谓语形式作定语定语的比较
1、不定式作定语 常表示“用…要做”和“修饰the +序数词”。常用句型：
have / there be… / with +宾语+ to do
分析：以 I have homework to do. 为例：不定式作定语有两种关系：
a.主谓关系：I do homework
b.动宾关系：to do 与 homework 构成动宾关系
2、分词作定语：单个的分词作定语，放在被修饰的名词前，而分词短语常放在后面
（1）They made efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China. (过去分词表被动和完成)
(2) I want to write about people addicted to drugs.
比较：
a sleeping boy (= a boy who is sleeping); a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming)
falling leaves (leaves that are falling); fallen leaves (leaves that have fallen down)
a developing country (发展中国家)； a developed country (发达国家)
3、to be done, being done, done 作定语的区别
这三个都表示被动，就是时间不同。To be done 表将来，being done 表同时进行，done表完成。注意：having been done 也表完成被动，但不用作定语
四、几个特殊句式
1)Why not do sth =Why don’t you do sth
2)had better (not) do sth. 最好做
3)would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿做
4)woud do… rather than do… = would rather do… than do…= prefer to do …. rather than do…= prefer doing… to doing… 宁愿做…. 而不愿做
五、特殊的独立结构
有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度
1）现在分词的独立结构
judging from / by…, generally speaking, strictly speaking
2)不定式的独立结构
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with
3)动词原形： Believe it or not (信不信由你)
4)作连词的分词considering （考虑到，就…而言），providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句
六、不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数
【典型例题】
（09辽宁）When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back
A. flooding B. to flood
C. flood. D. flooded
【答案】A
【点拨】考查现代分词作伴随状语。flooding 伴随came 意思为“记忆洪水般地涌现”，选A恰当。
（09辽宁） , you need to give all you have and try your best.
A. Being a winner B. To buy a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
【答案】B【点拨】考查不定式作目的状语。根据后句你需要付出你的一切和努力，前面应该是后句的目的，意思“为了去当冠军，”buy 意思是“obtain at a sacrifice”符合句意，选B。【实战演练】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【点拨】考查不定式作目的状语。根据后句你需要付出你的一切和努力，前面应该是后句的目的，意思“为了去当冠军，”buy 意思是“obtain at a sacrifice”符合句意，选B。
【实战演练】
1． __________ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.
A . To be given B. Giving C. Having given D. Having been given
2． There is more land in Australia than the government knows __________.
A. what to do with B. how to do C. to do with it D. to do it
3． At last she left her house and got to the airport, only __________ the plane flying away.
A. having been B. to see C. to have seen D. saw
4． John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly __________ his English.
A. to improve B. improving C. to have improved D. improved.
5． Could you find someone __________
A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennis
C. play tennis with D. playing tennis with
6． __________ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
7．I am not accustomed __________ after dark.
A. seeing B. to seeing C. to see D. for seeing
8 She was so angry that she felt like __________ something at him.
A. to show B. have thrown C. throwing D. having thrown
9． Mark often attempts to escape __________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A. having been fined B. to have been fined
C. being fined D. to be fined
10.I regret __________ you that all the rooms in our hotel are reserved for the conference to be held in our town tomorrow.
A. telling B. to tell C. being told D. to have told
11.The man in the corner confessed __________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. tell C. being told D. to have told
12.I appreciate __________ to your home.
A. to be invited B. to have invited C. having invited D. being invited
13. I remember __________ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A. once offering B. him once offering
C. him to offer D. to offer him
14. Your hair wants __________. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
15.It is no use __________ me not to worry.
A. you tell B. your telling C. for you to have told D. having told
参考答案 1----5DABAA 6---10ABCCB 11----15DDBCB
三、名词性从句【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
名词性从句是由连接词whether, if ,that和各种疑问代词或副词what, who, which, where, when, how , why等充当连接词所引导的从句, 其功能同名词一样。包括宾从，表从，主从和同位语从句
四种从句的共性:
1.引导词基本一样,,如that , whether, when ,where, how. 但as if引导的是表语从句.
2.陈述句语序.
3.疑问代词,疑问副词保留自身的疑问含义,如疑问代词who在宾语从句中仍译为是谁,疑问副词where译为哪里.
4.which表示选择,that无意义
5. what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用例如：
(1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.
一．宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后
如：I don’t remember when we arrived.
宾语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, if, who, whose, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
在宾语从句中的that可以省略，第2次出现就不能省如：
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
2.在及物动词或介词之后
3．陈述句语序.如:The photographs will show you what our village looks like.
4．引导词that与what的区别
what引导宾语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用,无意义例如：
(1) I know that he will come. (2) I don’t know what he will choose.
5.whether与if同用, 但介词后用whether. It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
二.表语从句 在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句
表语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, as if, who, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
在表语从句中的that不能省
2.放在系动词之后, 表示状态持续，变化的系动词有be, stay, keep, remain, get, become, seem,go,
感官动词也属系动词如look, sound, taste, smell, feel.等. 3．陈述句语序.
4．引导词that与what的区别
what引导表语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用,
5.表语从句可用whether引导,不用if.
三.主语从句 在从句中作主语的从句称作主语从句
主语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, who, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
一般情况下主语从句中的that不省略.
2.为了避免头重脚轻,往往用it代替主语从句,放在句首,如
It is + 名词/形容词/过去分词+ 主语从句
It is reported/said/still a question/ that … (P306)
如: It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him. It is said / reported that he is the winner.
3．陈述句语序.
4．引导词that与what的区别。what引导主语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用5. whether引导的主语从句可以放在句首, if不能.四.同位语从句 一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion, report, hope, belief 等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词. 如：The news that our team has won the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
what引导主语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用
5. whether引导的主语从句可以放在句首, if不能.
四.同位语从句 一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion, report, hope, belief 等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词. 如：The news that our team has won the match is true.
如:1.The thought that we might succeed excited us.
2.The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.
3.They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.
同位语从句特点：
1．连接词that虽在从句中不充当任何成分,但不省略.
2．先行词通常是一些具有一定内容含义的概括性名词如:conclusion, evidence, fact, hope, idea, word(news), opinion, problem, promise, reason, truth, 等.
3．that 无实际意义,which表选择
Word came ___ our army defeated the enemy.
4. 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.
I have no idea where he has gone./ I have no idea when he did it./I have no idea what he did.
5. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
a.同位语从句与定语 从句的相似之处
1）、两种从句都可以译成定语
The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞
The news that you told us is really encouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。
2）、两种从句都可以用that引导
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. （同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑
The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西
b、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处
1）、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词
e.g. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）
The news that you told us is really encouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知）
2）、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分
e.g.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分）
2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语）
注：名词性从句中的whether与if 的总结：
① 关联词只能用whether不能用if 表示 “是否”的情况如下：
A) 在表语从句和同位语从句中如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B) 在主语从句中，只有用it 作形式主语时, whether和if 都能引导主语从句, 否则, 也只能用whether。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.
C) 在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略) 如:It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D) 后面直接跟动词不定式时如： He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E) 后面紧接or not 时如：We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
② 关联词if, whether均可使用的情况如下：
A) 引导宾语从句如：I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not.
B) 在 “be+形容词” 之后。如：He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong.
同步练习题1.They expressed the hope ___they would come over to China. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.They expressed the hope ___they would come over to China.
A. which B. that C. whom D. when
2.The fact___ he didn’t see Tom yesterday is true.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
3.I have no idea ____he will come back.
A. where B. when C. what D. that
4.The news ___ surprised everybody yesterday now proves to be false.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
5.One of the men held the view ___ the book said was right.
A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that
6.Word has come ___ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week.
A. what B. whether C. that D. which
7.The photographs will show you ____ ．
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
8.He asked ____for a violin.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
9.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.
A. if B. what C. whether D. how
10.They received orders _____ the work be done at once.
A .which B. when C. / D .that
11.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.
A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because
12. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.
A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because
13. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if
14. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
15. I have the information ____.
A. of what he’ll come soon B. that he’ll come soon
C. of that he’ll come soon D. his coming soon
参考答案 1-5 BABAC 6---10 CBD CD 11-15 CAB DB
四、状语从句【基础过关】 状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句
1、 时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有:after， as， before， once, since， till， until， when， whenever， while， as soon as;另外有些词如:immediately(立刻)， directly(直接的)， instantly(立即地)用于as soon as 意义时,有些名词词组如 the moment(片刻)， the instant(立即的)， the minute， the day， the year， every time， next time,each time 等也用来引导时间状语从句:
The mother didn't go to bed until her little daughter returned home last night. 昨晚母亲等到她的小女儿回家才睡觉
No sooner ... than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely ... when 也用来引导状语从句,意思是“一……就……”;如果将no sooner， hardly, scarcely， barely放在句首,就用倒装结构。例:when， while， once， until,till 等后接介词短语或形容词,相当于这些词引导的状语从句:
Hiram had read Lu Xun's works when （he was） in London.
海勒姆在伦敦时就读过鲁迅作品
When， whenever， where， wherever 常常后接 possible， necessary :
She tried her best to speak English whenever possible. 只要可能,她就尽量说英语
二、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的主要有:where, wherever及- where构成的复合词。例:
We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived.
我们每一个地方都受到热烈的欢迎
三、原因状语从句
最常用的连词是:because， since， as， now （that）， seeing that ，consider that 等;注意 in that是复合连词,意思是because或“在……方面”; since也用来引导原因状语从句
四、目的状语从句
主要的引导词有:so that， in order that， so,less， in case 等。目的状语从句常常含有情态动词例:
They are hurrying so that / in order that they may not miss the train. 他们为了赶上火车而匆匆忙忙
He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 他记下了我的名字,以免忘记。
五、条件状语从句
1.最常用的引导词有: if， if only（if 的强调式）,unless， as long as， so long as， in case， providing， provide （that）， supposing， in the event that， on condition （that）等:
2.provided （that）是书面语,有时与if 同义,有时有区别。provided （that）常常表示说话人所希望的条件,而 if 不一定有此含义:
We can sell a lot of garments， provided /if your price is highly competitive.如果你方服装价格很有竞争性,我们就能大量出售
Provided / If we receive your order by 30 October， we make you a firm offer for delivery by the middle of November at the price quoted. 如果我方在十月三十日前收到你方定单,就可以给你实盘,按所报价格,十一月中旬发货
We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the L/C before the end of this month.如果你方在本月有不能开出信用证,我们就撤销合同。(if不能换成provided, fail to open the L/C...不是we 希望出现的情况)
3.unless 与 if...not 的比较:
unless 有时等于if...not，例:
Don't come unless I telephone. = Don't come if I don't telephone. 如果我不打电话,就不要来。
然而,unless的语气比 if...not 更强,往往表达最后通牒或类似的意思:
Unless you return these books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. 除非你立刻把书还给图书馆,否则你就要被罚款
如果if 从句表达的是一种非真实的情况,就不能用unless来替换,这是因为unless总是表示“在某种条件下”:
She'd be a good wife if she didn't smoke. 如果她不抽烟,她会是个好妻子。(因为她抽烟,所以她不是好妻子)
Unless 还用在破折号之后,添补一种“例外的特殊情况”,这种句子不能用 if ... not替换:
He couldn't have seen the accident -- unless he had been in London. 他不可能目睹这一事故---- 除非他当时在伦敦。(他没有目睹这一事故,因为他不在伦敦)
试比较:
He couldn't have seen the accident if he hadn't been in Beijing. 如果他不在北京,他就不可能目睹这一事故。(他目睹了这一事故,因为他当时在北京)
六、让步状语从句
主要的引导词有:though， although， even if， even though， in spite of the fact that， despite the fact that， 与及“wh-ever”词和“no matter wh-”。例:
Nowadays we know that everything he wrote was true even though some of it was second-hand information. 现在我们知道了:他所写的一切都是真的,尽管其中有些是间接得来的信息
However troublesome the problem is ， he always faces it with patience. 不管问题多么棘手,他总是耐心面对它们
When anyone does something for you， no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or servant ， it is proper to say “ thank you”. 当有人为你办了事,不管这事多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上级还是服务员,你说一声“ 谢谢 ” 总是得体的
while 也可以引导让步状语从句,其意义相当于 although:
While I understand what you say， I can't agree with you.尽管我理解你说的话,但是我不能同意你的看法
七、方式状语从句
主要由as， as if， as though, in the same way as 来引导，在非正式文体中,也用like(= in the same way ):
Please do the exercises as I show you. 请按照我演示给你看的办法去做练习
Tom was behaving as though he had grown up. 汤姆现在的表现好象他已经长大了
as 引导的方式状语从句中,常常省略去一部分;“as + 过去分词”的结构是很常见的:
Should the Chinese firm fail to deliver the Gear Boxes in time as contracted ， all the losses thus incurred shall be borne by them. 如中国公司未能按合同规定时间交货，应负担一切由此而产生的损失 (as contracted = as it contracted)
The import prices show a 4% rise in average as compared with the average price level in the first six months.与头6个月的平均价格相比,进口价增长了百分之四（as compared = as it is compared）
八、比较状语从句
主要由than， as...as引导,这类从句常常有一些成分没有表示出来:
On the top of a mountain our lung would not take in as much oxygen at each breath as they would at the bottom. 在山顶,我们的肺每次呼吸吸入的氧气没有在山脚时吸入那么多
九、结果状语从句
可以由 so that， so...that， such...that 引导,这类从句也可以理解为表示程度的状语从句:
so 副词 such 代词 so副词 后跟 形容词， such代词后跟 名词
He was so angry that he left the room without a word. 他很生气,一句话不说就离开了房间
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. We are watching TV ______ we caught sight of a friend of ours .
A. as soon as B. while C. when D. once
2. The price of diamond rings has risen sharply _______ the price of gold rings has gone down.
A. when B. as C. while D. otherwise
3. It is a long time since I last saw you . This sentence means _______
A. I had seen you for a long time B. I have seen you for a long time
C. I haven’t seen you for a long time D. I saw you again before long
4. _______ reason you may give , you ought not to have left homework unfinished.
A. What B. No matter C. However D. Whatever
5. It seemed only several minutes _______ he finished this painting .
A. after B. before C. when D. until
6. I’ll lend you my car _______ you return it intact.
A. so far as B. as long as C. unless D. until
7. The secretary made a note of it _______ she should forget.
A. in order that B. in case C. So that D. ever when
8. No matter ______ says no to us , we will return to our motherland.
A. whoever B. who C. what D. whatever
9. It was _______ that they planned to have a picnic.
A. such fine weather B. so fine a weather
C. such a fine weather as D. such a fine weather
10. Smith has made _______ that we are all surprised .
A. such much progress B. so fine a progress
C. such a great progress as D. so much progress
11. We are going to have a barbecue _______ it rains .
A. if not B. when C. except that D. unless
12. He wouldn’t give up smoking _______ his doctor told him it was a matter of life and death.
A. except B. after C. until D. in case
13. I sent the letter early that morning _______ she got it that afternoon.
A. in order that B. so that C. for purpose that D. in order for
14. ______ did it , I didn’t.
A. Who B. Whoever C. No matter whom D. No matter when
15. _______I know , the computer can never take the place of the human brain.
A. As for B. As long as C. So far for D. So /As far as
16 I paid only 5 pounds for the book , _______I expected it would cost.
A. not as many as B. not so much as C. cheaper than D. not so expensive
17. _______ you have got used to it , you’ll like it .
A. While B. On the condition C. Once D. Unless
18. We’ll carry the work through , cost _______ it may .
A. what B. when C. where D. how
19. Persist to the end , _______ you are the only one left.
A. even if /though B. but C. however D. in spite of
20. He always talks _______ he had been to outer space.
A. like B. as if /though C. because of D. as
参考答案 1—5 CCCDB 6---10 .BBBBD 11—15 DCBBD 16---20 BCAAB
五、定语从句【基础过关】 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有： when, where, why等。
1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)
限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式
what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
参考答案 1----5 ACDCA 6----10 CAAAA 11----15 CDDAD
六、虚拟语气虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。如：So much homework again. I wish I were a bird. 虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与事实相反的行为状态，其谓语动词的变化不同于陈述语气，这也是大家感到困惑和容易出错的地方。解此类试题时，关键是要迅速发现解题信息词，确定虚拟语气类型，然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式，或根据结构与句子中的其他暗示，确定动词的形式。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。如：So much homework again. I wish I were a bird.
虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与事实相反的行为状态，其谓语动词的变化不同于陈述语气，这也是大家感到困惑和容易出错的地方。解此类试题时，关键是要迅速发现解题信息词，确定虚拟语气类型，然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式，或根据结构与句子中的其他暗示，确定动词的形式。
1．条件从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟情况 从句（以do为例） 主句（以do为例 备注、示例
与现在事实相反 did(be动词常用were) would/should/could/might + do 1.主句should用于第一人称，would用于第二人称。2. if 从句中若含有should, had或were,那么就可以省略if,把这些词放在句首，与主语颠倒形成倒装。如：Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
与过去事实相反 had done Would/should/could/might+have done
与将来事实相反 did(be动词常用were) would/should/could/might + do
were to do
should do
混合虚拟 从句与过去相反 主句与现在相反 If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.
含蓄条件句 用without, but for, otherwise, even if 等。 （1）Without water, there would be no living things. （2）But for your help, we could not have succeeded.
2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
动词 宾语 从句的谓语形式 示例 备注
wish 现在 did I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 如wish改为过去式wished, 其后that从句中的动词形式不变。如：I wished I hadn’t spent so much money.
过去 had done He wishes he hadn’t lost the chance.
将来 would/should/could/might + do I wish you would be quiet
建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词 should do (should常被省略) 1. She suggested we (should)leave here at once.2. The doctor ordered she （should） be operated. 这些词有：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, order, urge, insist
suggest表示“暗示，表明”，insist表示“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
would rather 与现在或将来事实相反用did To be frank, I’d rather you were not involved in the case. 1. would rather之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用来表示主观愿望，表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事表示后悔”。
与过去事实相反用had done I would rather you had returned the book yesterday.
3. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“(should) + do”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等如：
①It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that we (should) clean the room every day.
②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should) + do如：
She suggested we (should) leave here at once.
The doctor ordered she should be operated.
4. 虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。表示建议、要求、命令等
It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she (should) finish her homework this afternoon.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气如：
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
5. 虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
He did it as if he were an expert.
Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
6. 虚拟语气用于句型“It is (high)time (that) …
It’s (high/ about) time that sb. should do / sb. did sth.
It’s time that I should pick up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
7. 虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中如：
If only I were a bird.
If only I had taken his advice.
8. 虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to close the door
②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea
I would rather not tell you.
【典型例题】
1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
【答案】C。
【点拨】本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
【答案】 D。
【点拨】本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
同步练习题— Don’t you think it necessary that he _____ to Miami but to New York I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. — Don’t you think it necessary that he _____ to Miami but to New York
— I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
2. If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
3. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ______ your advice.
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
4. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
5. ______ be sent to work there
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should
6. How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
7. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _____ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
8. What would have happened, ______ as far s the river bank
A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
9. — We could have walked to the doctor’s; it was so near.
— Yes. A ride ______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t D. won’t be
10. The guard of the meeting insisted that everybody ______ the rules.
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
11. Had I got to the airport earlier, I _______ you.
A. might not miss to see B. would not have missed to see
C. should not miss seeing D. would not have missed seeing
12. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you _____ you ate not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily.
A. have realized B. realized C. realize D. would realize
13. ______ for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand.
A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been
14. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _____ now.
A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled
C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile
15. ______ the thick fence, he would have been more fearful.
A. But for B. Without C. If it were not for D. Both A and B
参考答案1—5 ＢＢＣＢＡ ６－－１０ ＢＤＣＡＢ １１－１５ＤＢＢＡＤ
七、省略句式【基础过关】省略是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。
1.简单句中的省略。
(1)省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和助动词一起省略。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
省略是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。
1.简单句中的省略。
(1)省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和助动词一起省略。
(It) Doesn’t matter. 没关系。
(I)Beg your pardon. 请原谅。
(You)Had a good time？你玩的痛快吗？
(I’m)Sorry. 对不起。
(Have you)Got any idea？你有什么注意吗？
What a beautiful view！多美的景色啊！
(2)省略谓语
Who (comes) next 谁下一个来？
(3)省略表语
---Are you ready —你准备好了吗？
---- Yes, I am —是的，我准备好了。
(4)省略宾语
---Let’s do the dishes. —让我们刷盘子吧。
---OK. I’ll wash (dishes). You’ll dry (dishes). —好的。我刷盘子，你把盘子擦干
(5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be常常可省略
We found the situation (to be) serious.
我发觉形势严重
He was thought (to be) the person responsible for the matter.
他被认为是对这件事负责的那个人
(6)在复合宾语结构中省略不定式符号to。
不定式作动词make/let/have以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to，但变成被动语态时不能省略
The boss made the workers work all day and all night.
老板让工人整日整夜工作
(7)省略介词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.
他花了四小时来复习功课
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.
我学英语五年了
We can stop them (from) moving in.
我们能够阻止他们搬进来
(8)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略
She is going to her uncle’s (house).
她要去她的叔叔家
Today I met her at the tailor’s (shop).
今天我在裁缝店遇见了她
2.并列句中的省略（通常为承前省略）。
通常并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语，不管它在句子中作何种成分，都可以省略，反之亦然
His father is a doctor, and his mother (is) a nurse.
他的父亲是个医生，母亲是个护士
3.复合句（状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句）中的省略
(1)状语从句由(al)though, as if, until, once, unless, when, whether, where, while等引导，且同时具备下列两个条件：
1)主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；2）从句中的主要动词是be的某种形式，则从句中的主语和be动词常可省略
If（you are）in doubt，don’t hesitate to ask me.
如果你有疑问，请立刻问我
I did not notice it until (it was) very late.
直到很晚，我才注意到它
He won’t come unless (he is) invited.
除非他被邀请，否则他不会来
If (it is) possible, I’ll go outing.
如果可能的话，我将去郊游
He opened his mouth as if (he were) to say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么
【提醒】比较状语从句中的省略
than和as引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than和as后面的任何部分都可省略。
I’m taller than he (is tall).我比他高
I know you better than (I know) him.我了解你胜过了解他。
This coat is better than that one, but it costs twice as much (as that one).
这件上衣比那件好，但这件是那件价格的两倍
(2)名词性从句
1)名词性wh-从句中的省略现象。如果从句谓语与主句谓语相同，从句可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，只保留一个wh-词
She will go to Beijing, but I don’t know when (she will go to Beijing).
她要去北京，但我不知道是什么时候
She can’t come, but I don’t know why (she can’t come).
她不能来，但我不知为什么
wh-从句若是被动结构，主谓语也可全部省略，只保留by＋wh词。
The cup was broken by someone, but I wonder (the cup was broken) by whom．
这个杯子被某人打碎了，但我纳闷是被谁打碎的
如果从句相同而wh-词不同，则可省略第一个从句而把两个wh-词连接起来。
I don’t know when (to meet him) and where to meet him.
我不清楚什么时间、什么地点见他
2)在与表示命令、愿意、建议等相关的名词性从句中，常用should型虚拟，而从句谓语部分中的should常省略
We require that he (should) tell us the truth.
我们要求他告诉我们真相。
3)在句型“It is necessary/surprising/suggested/natural /strange…+ that从句”中，从句通常用should型虚拟，而should常常可以省略
Everyone thinks it is necessary that our research group（should）begin the experiment at once．
每个人都认为我们的研究小组立刻开始实验是必要的
4)在宾语从句中，连词that常可省略。但如果有两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的that不能省；如果宾语从句和主句谓语之间有插入语时，that也不能省略
I believe (that) you will succeed.
我认为你会成功。
5)名词性从句的省略结构，即 “wh- + to do sth.”。通常这样的省略结构适应于从句的主语与主句的主语一致的情况
I don’t know what to do next.
我不知道下一步做什么
How to deal with the matter has not been decided.
如何处理这件事还没有定下来
(3)定语从句中的省略
1)当关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，常被省略
Do you remember the place (which /that) we visited last year
你记得我们去年参观的那个地方吗？
2)当先行词为way, direction等词时，其后面定语从句中的that, which, 或介词＋which等常被省略
Do you know the way (in which) work is measured？
你知道衡量工作的方式吗？
3)某些定语从句的省略结构，即“介词+ which/whom +不定式”
Can you find me a room in which to live
你能给我找个住的房间吗？
He is a good person to whom to turn.
他是一个能向他求助的好人
4.与不定式相关的省略
(1)通常为了避免重复，在联系密切的语境中，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留不定式符号to。
----Will you come to have supper with me —你来和我一起吃晚饭好吗？
----I’d like / love to (come to have supper with you). —我愿意。
She went teaching because she wanted to (go there).
她去教书，因为她想去
Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
除非你老师告诉你，否则不要触摸任何东西
(2)注意：如果不定式符号to后面是be时，要保留be。如果不定式用了完成式，要保留到助动词have
The city now is much noisier than it used to be.
这个城市比过去喧闹多了
---- It seems that he has known the truth. —看来他已经知道了事实
---- Yes, he seems to have. —是的，看来他好像知道了
(3)如果不定式作表语，用于解释“do”的内容，to 也常可省
What I did was (to) lay the table.
我所做的是摆桌子
5.与特殊疑问句相关的省略
(1)特殊疑问句的回答形式有两种，一种是部分回答（即省略结构），一种是完全回答。
----What do you suggest —你有什么建议？
----(I suggest )Going fishing on Sunday. —周日钓鱼。
(2)由固定词组引导的疑问句。
What about having a walk after supper
饭后散步怎们样？
How come they left you alone here
他们怎么会把你一个人留在这儿？
What if it rains
倘若下雨怎么办？
Why not try again
为什么不再试一次呢？
6.独立主格结构中的分词若为being或having been时，通常省去不用，意义不受影响。
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.
会议结束了，我们都离开了房间
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to go again the next day.
所有的票都卖完了，我们不得不第二天再去
7.与助动词相关的省略
---- Do you enjoy reading novels —你喜欢读小说吗？
---- Yes, I do. —是的，我喜欢
【提醒】有时为了句意或时态的需要，要保留两个助动词。
---- Did he attend the meeting
----No, but he should have. He was supposed to give a speech at the meeting.
—他参加那个会议了吗？
—没有，但他本来应该参加的。他应该在会上作报告。
8. “so, not” 常用来替代从句，形成一种别样的省略结构。
so用于替代肯定形式的从句，表示说话者赞同前述的事实，常和表示看法、意见等的动词(think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear)等连用。not用于替代否定形式的从句，表示说话者不赞同前述的事实
【提醒】当表示说话者不赞同前述的事实时，也可用借助于上述动词的否定形式和so 连用，但afraid, fear, hope等不能用此形式。
----- I hope he will win. —我希望他会赢
----- I hope so, too. —我也希望如此。
-----It will rain tomorrow. —明天会下雨。
-----I believe not./ I don’t think so. —我不这样认为。
9.在条件句中的虚拟语气中，若if从句中含有should, had 或were，那么就可省略if，把这些词提到主语前，使用部分倒装结构。
Were I you /If I were you, I would go with her.
如果我是你的话，我就和她一起走
Had you taken part in the party, you would have met the man.
如果你参加了那个聚会，你就会见到那个男人
10.与强调句式有关的省略
强调句式“It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子的剩余部分”有时承接上文，可以把句式中的“that+句子的剩余部分”省略
---- Where did you find him —你在什么地方找到的他？
----It was in the lab (that I found him). —是在实验室。同步练习题1．----Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework -----I am doing these
2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品
SB3 (unit1——unit16)专题四 语法高考解读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
专题四 语法
高考解读
2010高考命题趋向分析：
【高考导航】
1. 动词的时态是高考中必考的内容之一。巧设语境，在具体情景中考查动词的时态，是近几年对动词时态考查的一大特点。由于语境型时态填空题受到特定语用场合的限制，分析起来比较困难，而且易受其情景中个别因素的干扰而误入“陷阱”。2010年考生在备考时，应注意：准确理解语境意义，捕捉隐含的时间信息；把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态间的差异；注意巧变语境，培养发散性思维 09年高考，对时态语态的考查就多达27个题。考生应重视
2. 非谓语动词是高考必考的必考的内容之一。2010年考生在备考时，应注意以下几点：（1）分词作状语，须注意与所修饰的句子的主语之间的逻辑关系。（2）形容词化的分词（短语）作状语时，应考虑其固定搭配。（3）应注意非谓语动词的完成时的用法（4）分词不作目的状语，不定式不作伴随状语。（5）应注意不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别：不定式常表示出人意料，令人不快的结果，前可跟only；而现在分词常表示意料之中，自然而然的结果。（6）with 的复合结构：“with +宾语(名词或代词) + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语” 做伴随状语或定语。09年高考，对非谓语动词的考查有29个题
3. 名词性从句是高考的热点。2010年考生在备考时，应注意以下几点：（1） 所有名词性从句都应用陈述句的语序（2）从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但当从句表达的是复数含义时，谓语动词则用复数形式（3）主句与从句的时态应保留一致（4）关于何时用that，何时用what的问题：that一般不充当句子成分，只作引导词，无实在的意义；what除起引导作用外，在句子中有意义，并充当一定的句子成分。09年高考，对名词性从句的考查共有10题
4. 定语从句是高考必考内容之一。也是高中语法中的重难点。2010年考生在备考时，应注意以下几点：（1）定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性（2）定语从句与同位语从句以及其他从句的区别（3）用that不用which的情况。（4）as引导的定语从句。（5）关系代词或关系代词的选择取决于从句所缺的成分而非先行词。09年高考，对定语从句的考查有12个题。
5. 状语从句是高考的热点。高考状语从句考查重点：1从属连词的选择；2 同类状语从句中连词的辨析。从属连词的选用应根据从句与主句的逻辑关系和根据从属连词的词义。2010年考生应该注意以上考点，还要注意它与定语从句的区别。09年高考，对定语从句的考查有13个题
6. 虚拟语气既是热点也是难点，主要因为它的种类特别多，所以它要求大量的记忆和理解。2010年考生应注意以下要点：（1）虚拟语气在if条件句中的用法。（2）通过上下文或介词短语表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气的用法（3）虚拟语气在as if 引导的方式状语或表语从句中的用法（4）考查虚拟语气在wish 后面宾语从句的用法（5）考查虚拟语气用于宾语从句的用法
【真题品析】
（09 天津卷）My parents _____ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live
【答案】A
【点拨】考查时态的用法。句意为：我父母居住在香港，他们出生在那里从未去过任何地方。叙述过去的事实，应用过去时态
（09 天津卷）______ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Competing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete
【答案】D
【点拨】考查非谓语动词的用法。句意为：为了按时完成工程，全体员工周末正在工作。动词不定式用于作目的状语，表将来。故选D
（09 山东卷）Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which C. when D. that
【答案】B
【点拨】本题考查连词的用法，非限制性定语从句，指代前面一个句子，故用which.
（09 湖南卷）Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. 21世纪教育网
A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired 【答案】C
【点拨】考查省略句式。在if引导的条件状语从句中，从句中还原应为if am not tired from work，根据省略的原则，所以答案选C
（09 全国卷）Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please
A. who B. what
C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】，C 考查名词性从句【点拨】根据句意：我能和主管国际贸易的人讲讲吗？而whoever=anybody who,语义上比who更合适，故正确答案是: C（09 福建卷）But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【点拨】根据句意：我能和主管国际贸易的人讲讲吗？而whoever=anybody who,语义上比who更合适，故正确答案是: C
（09 福建卷）But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition. 21世纪教育网
A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 21世纪教育网
【答案】B
【点拨】考查虚拟语气。此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构，故选B
知识网络语法知识 1.动词的时态和语态 2. 非谓语动词 3. 名词性从句 4. 定语从句5.状语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
语法知识
1.动词的时态和语态
2. 非谓语动词
3. 名词性从句
4. 定语从句
5.状语从句
6、虚拟语气
7、省略句
一、动词的时态和语态【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
动词的时态
1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go, come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词）
2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作
3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。
4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行）
5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作
8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用
9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
动词的语态
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn't know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn't know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn't been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
【拓展延伸】
由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：
（1）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→ They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.
（2）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of.
（3）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
（4）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
【典型例题】（09陕西卷）. His sister left home in 1998, and since.A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard ofC. had not heard of D. has not heard of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
（09陕西卷）. His sister left home in 1998, and since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
【答案】B。
【点拨】句意为：他的妹妹在1998年离开家，自从那时就没有音讯了。考查现在完成时的被动语态，since 为关键词。
（09陕西卷）Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t known
C. don’t know D. haven’t known
【答案】A。考查动词的时态。
【点拨】句意为：爱德华,你打得好。但我不知道你弹钢琴。所谈论的是指过去的行为。
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
2. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writing it
3. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
4. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
5. "How long haven't we seen each other ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. " A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
6. This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "
A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting
7. By this time next year he ______ from the college.
A. will be graduating B. should be graduating
C. will have graduated D. is graduating
8. "Come on, Peter, I want to show you something."
"Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift."
A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going
C. didn't think/ are going D. hadn't thought/ were going
9. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold
10. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened
11.Why do you call your son Mouse ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called
12. . Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly
13. I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes
14． He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
15. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter
参考答案1----5CBACC 6-----10ACBBC 11------15BABCC
二、非谓语动词【基础过关】 一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、 动词的过去分词：done
二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）
不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
一般式 完成式 进行式
定式 主动 to do to have done to be doing
被动 to be done to have been done
i ng 主动 doing having done
被动 being done having been done
过分 被动 done
四、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
五、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)
【拓展延伸】
学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些
一 不定式、动名词作宾语的比较
1、只能接不定式的动词：
a. （想要）want, would like, would prefer, ask, demand, intend, desire,
b. (希望) wish, hope, expect,
c .happen, learn, fail, pretend, refuse, afford
2、只能接动名词的动词：
suggest, advise(建议), finish, mind(介意)，enjoy (喜欢)，appreciate (鉴赏，感激)，forbid禁止），avoid (避免)，can’t help doing (忍不住)，risk (冒险)，feel like (想要)，delay, put off （推迟），give up (放弃)，be busy (忙于)，be worth (值得)，practise (反复练习)，
3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：
remember to do 记得去做， remember doing 记得做过 forget to do 忘记去做， forget doing 忘记做过了, regret to do 遗憾去做，regret doing 后悔做过, try to do 设法去做，try doing 试着做, go on to do 接着做另一件事， go on doing 继续做同一件事,
mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着做, stop to do 停下来去做，stop doing 停止做,cant help (to) do 不能帮助做，can’t help doing 忍不住做。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
4、含介词to 的短语
look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致力于、献身于，be / get used to 习惯于， lead to 导致，get down to 着手做，pay attention to 注意，refer to 谈到，所指，参考，equal to 等于，能胜任，belong to 属于
二、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较
1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语
a.作目的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)
b.原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首
如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
c. 结果：常用 only to do…来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外 固定结构：too… to do, enough to do, so / such… as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语
d.在形容词后作状语，只用不定式 如：
The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)
We find the lake safe to swim in. (注意尾介词)
2、现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果状语，就不作目的状语。注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although）
1）_____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
2）I won’t attend his wedding _____ .
A. unless invited B. if invited C. unless inviting
三、三种非谓语形式作定语定语的比较
1、不定式作定语 常表示“用…要做”和“修饰the +序数词”。常用句型：
have / there be… / with +宾语+ to do
分析：以 I have homework to do. 为例：不定式作定语有两种关系：
a.主谓关系：I do homework
b.动宾关系：to do 与 homework 构成动宾关系
2、分词作定语：单个的分词作定语，放在被修饰的名词前，而分词短语常放在后面
（1）They made efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China. (过去分词表被动和完成)
(2) I want to write about people addicted to drugs.
比较：
a sleeping boy (= a boy who is sleeping); a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming)
falling leaves (leaves that are falling); fallen leaves (leaves that have fallen down)
a developing country (发展中国家)； a developed country (发达国家)
3、to be done, being done, done 作定语的区别
这三个都表示被动，就是时间不同。To be done 表将来，being done 表同时进行，done表完成。注意：having been done 也表完成被动，但不用作定语
四、几个特殊句式
1)Why not do sth =Why don’t you do sth
2)had better (not) do sth. 最好做
3)would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿做
4)woud do… rather than do… = would rather do… than do…= prefer to do …. rather than do…= prefer doing… to doing… 宁愿做…. 而不愿做
五、特殊的独立结构
有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度
1）现在分词的独立结构
judging from / by…, generally speaking, strictly speaking
2)不定式的独立结构
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with
3)动词原形： Believe it or not (信不信由你)
4)作连词的分词considering （考虑到，就…而言），providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句
六、不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数
【典型例题】
（09辽宁）When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back
A. flooding B. to flood
C. flood. D. flooded
【答案】A
【点拨】考查现代分词作伴随状语。flooding 伴随came 意思为“记忆洪水般地涌现”，选A恰当。
（09辽宁） , you need to give all you have and try your best.
A. Being a winner B. To buy a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
【答案】B【点拨】考查不定式作目的状语。根据后句你需要付出你的一切和努力，前面应该是后句的目的，意思“为了去当冠军，”buy 意思是“obtain at a sacrifice”符合句意，选B。【实战演练】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【点拨】考查不定式作目的状语。根据后句你需要付出你的一切和努力，前面应该是后句的目的，意思“为了去当冠军，”buy 意思是“obtain at a sacrifice”符合句意，选B。
【实战演练】
1． __________ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.
A . To be given B. Giving C. Having given D. Having been given
2． There is more land in Australia than the government knows __________.
A. what to do with B. how to do C. to do with it D. to do it
3． At last she left her house and got to the airport, only __________ the plane flying away.
A. having been B. to see C. to have seen D. saw
4． John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly __________ his English.
A. to improve B. improving C. to have improved D. improved.
5． Could you find someone __________
A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennis
C. play tennis with D. playing tennis with
6． __________ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
7．I am not accustomed __________ after dark.
A. seeing B. to seeing C. to see D. for seeing
8 She was so angry that she felt like __________ something at him.
A. to show B. have thrown C. throwing D. having thrown
9． Mark often attempts to escape __________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A. having been fined B. to have been fined
C. being fined D. to be fined
10.I regret __________ you that all the rooms in our hotel are reserved for the conference to be held in our town tomorrow.
A. telling B. to tell C. being told D. to have told
11.The man in the corner confessed __________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. tell C. being told D. to have told
12.I appreciate __________ to your home.
A. to be invited B. to have invited C. having invited D. being invited
13. I remember __________ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A. once offering B. him once offering
C. him to offer D. to offer him
14. Your hair wants __________. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
15.It is no use __________ me not to worry.
A. you tell B. your telling C. for you to have told D. having told
参考答案 1----5DABAA 6---10ABCCB 11----15DDBCB
三、名词性从句【基础过关】 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
名词性从句是由连接词whether, if ,that和各种疑问代词或副词what, who, which, where, when, how , why等充当连接词所引导的从句, 其功能同名词一样。包括宾从，表从，主从和同位语从句
四种从句的共性:
1.引导词基本一样,,如that , whether, when ,where, how. 但as if引导的是表语从句.
2.陈述句语序.
3.疑问代词,疑问副词保留自身的疑问含义,如疑问代词who在宾语从句中仍译为是谁,疑问副词where译为哪里.
4.which表示选择,that无意义
5. what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用例如：
(1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.
一．宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后
如：I don’t remember when we arrived.
宾语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, if, who, whose, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
在宾语从句中的that可以省略，第2次出现就不能省如：
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
2.在及物动词或介词之后
3．陈述句语序.如:The photographs will show you what our village looks like.
4．引导词that与what的区别
what引导宾语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用,无意义例如：
(1) I know that he will come. (2) I don’t know what he will choose.
5.whether与if同用, 但介词后用whether. It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
二.表语从句 在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句
表语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, as if, who, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
在表语从句中的that不能省
2.放在系动词之后, 表示状态持续，变化的系动词有be, stay, keep, remain, get, become, seem,go,
感官动词也属系动词如look, sound, taste, smell, feel.等. 3．陈述句语序.
4．引导词that与what的区别
what引导表语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用,
5.表语从句可用whether引导,不用if.
三.主语从句 在从句中作主语的从句称作主语从句
主语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, who, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
一般情况下主语从句中的that不省略.
2.为了避免头重脚轻,往往用it代替主语从句,放在句首,如
It is + 名词/形容词/过去分词+ 主语从句
It is reported/said/still a question/ that … (P306)
如: It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him. It is said / reported that he is the winner.
3．陈述句语序.
4．引导词that与what的区别。what引导主语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用5. whether引导的主语从句可以放在句首, if不能.四.同位语从句 一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion, report, hope, belief 等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词. 如：The news that our team has won the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
what引导主语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用
5. whether引导的主语从句可以放在句首, if不能.
四.同位语从句 一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion, report, hope, belief 等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词. 如：The news that our team has won the match is true.
如:1.The thought that we might succeed excited us.
2.The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.
3.They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.
同位语从句特点：
1．连接词that虽在从句中不充当任何成分,但不省略.
2．先行词通常是一些具有一定内容含义的概括性名词如:conclusion, evidence, fact, hope, idea, word(news), opinion, problem, promise, reason, truth, 等.
3．that 无实际意义,which表选择
Word came ___ our army defeated the enemy.
4. 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.
I have no idea where he has gone./ I have no idea when he did it./I have no idea what he did.
5. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
a.同位语从句与定语 从句的相似之处
1）、两种从句都可以译成定语
The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞
The news that you told us is really encouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。
2）、两种从句都可以用that引导
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. （同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑
The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西
b、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处
1）、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词
e.g. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）
The news that you told us is really encouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知）
2）、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分
e.g.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分）
2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语）
注：名词性从句中的whether与if 的总结：
① 关联词只能用whether不能用if 表示 “是否”的情况如下：
A) 在表语从句和同位语从句中如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B) 在主语从句中，只有用it 作形式主语时, whether和if 都能引导主语从句, 否则, 也只能用whether。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.
C) 在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略) 如:It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D) 后面直接跟动词不定式时如： He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E) 后面紧接or not 时如：We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
② 关联词if, whether均可使用的情况如下：
A) 引导宾语从句如：I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not.
B) 在 “be+形容词” 之后。如：He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong.
同步练习题1.They expressed the hope ___they would come over to China. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.They expressed the hope ___they would come over to China.
A. which B. that C. whom D. when
2.The fact___ he didn’t see Tom yesterday is true.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
3.I have no idea ____he will come back.
A. where B. when C. what D. that
4.The news ___ surprised everybody yesterday now proves to be false.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
5.One of the men held the view ___ the book said was right.
A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that
6.Word has come ___ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week.
A. what B. whether C. that D. which
7.The photographs will show you ____ ．
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
8.He asked ____for a violin.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
9.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.
A. if B. what C. whether D. how
10.They received orders _____ the work be done at once.
A .which B. when C. / D .that
11.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.
A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because
12. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.
A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because
13. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if
14. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
15. I have the information ____.
A. of what he’ll come soon B. that he’ll come soon
C. of that he’ll come soon D. his coming soon
参考答案 1-5 BABAC 6---10 CBD CD 11-15 CAB DB
四、状语从句【基础过关】 状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句
1、 时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有:after， as， before， once, since， till， until， when， whenever， while， as soon as;另外有些词如:immediately(立刻)， directly(直接的)， instantly(立即地)用于as soon as 意义时,有些名词词组如 the moment(片刻)， the instant(立即的)， the minute， the day， the year， every time， next time,each time 等也用来引导时间状语从句:
The mother didn't go to bed until her little daughter returned home last night. 昨晚母亲等到她的小女儿回家才睡觉
No sooner ... than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely ... when 也用来引导状语从句,意思是“一……就……”;如果将no sooner， hardly, scarcely， barely放在句首,就用倒装结构。例:when， while， once， until,till 等后接介词短语或形容词,相当于这些词引导的状语从句:
Hiram had read Lu Xun's works when （he was） in London.
海勒姆在伦敦时就读过鲁迅作品
When， whenever， where， wherever 常常后接 possible， necessary :
She tried her best to speak English whenever possible. 只要可能,她就尽量说英语
二、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的主要有:where, wherever及- where构成的复合词。例:
We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived.
我们每一个地方都受到热烈的欢迎
三、原因状语从句
最常用的连词是:because， since， as， now （that）， seeing that ，consider that 等;注意 in that是复合连词,意思是because或“在……方面”; since也用来引导原因状语从句
四、目的状语从句
主要的引导词有:so that， in order that， so,less， in case 等。目的状语从句常常含有情态动词例:
They are hurrying so that / in order that they may not miss the train. 他们为了赶上火车而匆匆忙忙
He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 他记下了我的名字,以免忘记。
五、条件状语从句
1.最常用的引导词有: if， if only（if 的强调式）,unless， as long as， so long as， in case， providing， provide （that）， supposing， in the event that， on condition （that）等:
2.provided （that）是书面语,有时与if 同义,有时有区别。provided （that）常常表示说话人所希望的条件,而 if 不一定有此含义:
We can sell a lot of garments， provided /if your price is highly competitive.如果你方服装价格很有竞争性,我们就能大量出售
Provided / If we receive your order by 30 October， we make you a firm offer for delivery by the middle of November at the price quoted. 如果我方在十月三十日前收到你方定单,就可以给你实盘,按所报价格,十一月中旬发货
We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the L/C before the end of this month.如果你方在本月有不能开出信用证,我们就撤销合同。(if不能换成provided, fail to open the L/C...不是we 希望出现的情况)
3.unless 与 if...not 的比较:
unless 有时等于if...not，例:
Don't come unless I telephone. = Don't come if I don't telephone. 如果我不打电话,就不要来。
然而,unless的语气比 if...not 更强,往往表达最后通牒或类似的意思:
Unless you return these books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. 除非你立刻把书还给图书馆,否则你就要被罚款
如果if 从句表达的是一种非真实的情况,就不能用unless来替换,这是因为unless总是表示“在某种条件下”:
She'd be a good wife if she didn't smoke. 如果她不抽烟,她会是个好妻子。(因为她抽烟,所以她不是好妻子)
Unless 还用在破折号之后,添补一种“例外的特殊情况”,这种句子不能用 if ... not替换:
He couldn't have seen the accident -- unless he had been in London. 他不可能目睹这一事故---- 除非他当时在伦敦。(他没有目睹这一事故,因为他不在伦敦)
试比较:
He couldn't have seen the accident if he hadn't been in Beijing. 如果他不在北京,他就不可能目睹这一事故。(他目睹了这一事故,因为他当时在北京)
六、让步状语从句
主要的引导词有:though， although， even if， even though， in spite of the fact that， despite the fact that， 与及“wh-ever”词和“no matter wh-”。例:
Nowadays we know that everything he wrote was true even though some of it was second-hand information. 现在我们知道了:他所写的一切都是真的,尽管其中有些是间接得来的信息
However troublesome the problem is ， he always faces it with patience. 不管问题多么棘手,他总是耐心面对它们
When anyone does something for you， no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or servant ， it is proper to say “ thank you”. 当有人为你办了事,不管这事多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上级还是服务员,你说一声“ 谢谢 ” 总是得体的
while 也可以引导让步状语从句,其意义相当于 although:
While I understand what you say， I can't agree with you.尽管我理解你说的话,但是我不能同意你的看法
七、方式状语从句
主要由as， as if， as though, in the same way as 来引导，在非正式文体中,也用like(= in the same way ):
Please do the exercises as I show you. 请按照我演示给你看的办法去做练习
Tom was behaving as though he had grown up. 汤姆现在的表现好象他已经长大了
as 引导的方式状语从句中,常常省略去一部分;“as + 过去分词”的结构是很常见的:
Should the Chinese firm fail to deliver the Gear Boxes in time as contracted ， all the losses thus incurred shall be borne by them. 如中国公司未能按合同规定时间交货，应负担一切由此而产生的损失 (as contracted = as it contracted)
The import prices show a 4% rise in average as compared with the average price level in the first six months.与头6个月的平均价格相比,进口价增长了百分之四（as compared = as it is compared）
八、比较状语从句
主要由than， as...as引导,这类从句常常有一些成分没有表示出来:
On the top of a mountain our lung would not take in as much oxygen at each breath as they would at the bottom. 在山顶,我们的肺每次呼吸吸入的氧气没有在山脚时吸入那么多
九、结果状语从句
可以由 so that， so...that， such...that 引导,这类从句也可以理解为表示程度的状语从句:
so 副词 such 代词 so副词 后跟 形容词， such代词后跟 名词
He was so angry that he left the room without a word. 他很生气,一句话不说就离开了房间
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. We are watching TV ______ we caught sight of a friend of ours .
A. as soon as B. while C. when D. once
2. The price of diamond rings has risen sharply _______ the price of gold rings has gone down.
A. when B. as C. while D. otherwise
3. It is a long time since I last saw you . This sentence means _______
A. I had seen you for a long time B. I have seen you for a long time
C. I haven’t seen you for a long time D. I saw you again before long
4. _______ reason you may give , you ought not to have left homework unfinished.
A. What B. No matter C. However D. Whatever
5. It seemed only several minutes _______ he finished this painting .
A. after B. before C. when D. until
6. I’ll lend you my car _______ you return it intact.
A. so far as B. as long as C. unless D. until
7. The secretary made a note of it _______ she should forget.
A. in order that B. in case C. So that D. ever when
8. No matter ______ says no to us , we will return to our motherland.
A. whoever B. who C. what D. whatever
9. It was _______ that they planned to have a picnic.
A. such fine weather B. so fine a weather
C. such a fine weather as D. such a fine weather
10. Smith has made _______ that we are all surprised .
A. such much progress B. so fine a progress
C. such a great progress as D. so much progress
11. We are going to have a barbecue _______ it rains .
A. if not B. when C. except that D. unless
12. He wouldn’t give up smoking _______ his doctor told him it was a matter of life and death.
A. except B. after C. until D. in case
13. I sent the letter early that morning _______ she got it that afternoon.
A. in order that B. so that C. for purpose that D. in order for
14. ______ did it , I didn’t.
A. Who B. Whoever C. No matter whom D. No matter when
15. _______I know , the computer can never take the place of the human brain.
A. As for B. As long as C. So far for D. So /As far as
16 I paid only 5 pounds for the book , _______I expected it would cost.
A. not as many as B. not so much as C. cheaper than D. not so expensive
17. _______ you have got used to it , you’ll like it .
A. While B. On the condition C. Once D. Unless
18. We’ll carry the work through , cost _______ it may .
A. what B. when C. where D. how
19. Persist to the end , _______ you are the only one left.
A. even if /though B. but C. however D. in spite of
20. He always talks _______ he had been to outer space.
A. like B. as if /though C. because of D. as
参考答案 1—5 CCCDB 6---10 .BBBBD 11—15 DCBBD 16---20 BCAAB
五、定语从句【基础过关】 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有： when, where, why等。
1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)
限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式
what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
同步练习题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
参考答案 1----5 ACDCA 6----10 CAAAA 11----15 CDDAD
六、虚拟语气虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。如：So much homework again. I wish I were a bird. 虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与事实相反的行为状态，其谓语动词的变化不同于陈述语气，这也是大家感到困惑和容易出错的地方。解此类试题时，关键是要迅速发现解题信息词，确定虚拟语气类型，然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式，或根据结构与句子中的其他暗示，确定动词的形式。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。如：So much homework again. I wish I were a bird.
虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与事实相反的行为状态，其谓语动词的变化不同于陈述语气，这也是大家感到困惑和容易出错的地方。解此类试题时，关键是要迅速发现解题信息词，确定虚拟语气类型，然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式，或根据结构与句子中的其他暗示，确定动词的形式。
1．条件从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟情况 从句（以do为例） 主句（以do为例 备注、示例
与现在事实相反 did(be动词常用were) would/should/could/might + do 1.主句should用于第一人称，would用于第二人称。2. if 从句中若含有should, had或were,那么就可以省略if,把这些词放在句首，与主语颠倒形成倒装。如：Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
与过去事实相反 had done Would/should/could/might+have done
与将来事实相反 did(be动词常用were) would/should/could/might + do
were to do
should do
混合虚拟 从句与过去相反 主句与现在相反 If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.
含蓄条件句 用without, but for, otherwise, even if 等。 （1）Without water, there would be no living things. （2）But for your help, we could not have succeeded.
2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
动词 宾语 从句的谓语形式 示例 备注
wish 现在 did I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 如wish改为过去式wished, 其后that从句中的动词形式不变。如：I wished I hadn’t spent so much money.
过去 had done He wishes he hadn’t lost the chance.
将来 would/should/could/might + do I wish you would be quiet
建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词 should do (should常被省略) 1. She suggested we (should)leave here at once.2. The doctor ordered she （should） be operated. 这些词有：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, order, urge, insist
suggest表示“暗示，表明”，insist表示“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
would rather 与现在或将来事实相反用did To be frank, I’d rather you were not involved in the case. 1. would rather之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用来表示主观愿望，表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事表示后悔”。
与过去事实相反用had done I would rather you had returned the book yesterday.
3. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“(should) + do”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等如：
①It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that we (should) clean the room every day.
②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should) + do如：
She suggested we (should) leave here at once.
The doctor ordered she should be operated.
4. 虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。表示建议、要求、命令等
It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she (should) finish her homework this afternoon.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气如：
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
5. 虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
He did it as if he were an expert.
Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
6. 虚拟语气用于句型“It is (high)time (that) …
It’s (high/ about) time that sb. should do / sb. did sth.
It’s time that I should pick up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
7. 虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中如：
If only I were a bird.
If only I had taken his advice.
8. 虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to close the door
②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea
I would rather not tell you.
【典型例题】
1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
【答案】C。
【点拨】本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
【答案】 D。
【点拨】本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
同步练习题— Don’t you think it necessary that he _____ to Miami but to New York I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. — Don’t you think it necessary that he _____ to Miami but to New York
— I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
2. If I _____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
3. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ______ your advice.
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
4. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
5. ______ be sent to work there
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should
6. How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
7. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _____ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
8. What would have happened, ______ as far s the river bank
A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
9. — We could have walked to the doctor’s; it was so near.
— Yes. A ride ______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t D. won’t be
10. The guard of the meeting insisted that everybody ______ the rules.
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
11. Had I got to the airport earlier, I _______ you.
A. might not miss to see B. would not have missed to see
C. should not miss seeing D. would not have missed seeing
12. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you _____ you ate not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily.
A. have realized B. realized C. realize D. would realize
13. ______ for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand.
A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been
14. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _____ now.
A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled
C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile
15. ______ the thick fence, he would have been more fearful.
A. But for B. Without C. If it were not for D. Both A and B
参考答案1—5 ＢＢＣＢＡ ６－－１０ ＢＤＣＡＢ １１－１５ＤＢＢＡＤ
七、省略句式【基础过关】省略是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。
1.简单句中的省略。
(1)省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和助动词一起省略。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
【基础过关】
省略是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。
1.简单句中的省略。
(1)省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和助动词一起省略。
(It) Doesn’t matter. 没关系。
(I)Beg your pardon. 请原谅。
(You)Had a good time？你玩的痛快吗？
(I’m)Sorry. 对不起。
(Have you)Got any idea？你有什么注意吗？
What a beautiful view！多美的景色啊！
(2)省略谓语
Who (comes) next 谁下一个来？
(3)省略表语
---Are you ready —你准备好了吗？
---- Yes, I am —是的，我准备好了。
(4)省略宾语
---Let’s do the dishes. —让我们刷盘子吧。
---OK. I’ll wash (dishes). You’ll dry (dishes). —好的。我刷盘子，你把盘子擦干
(5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be常常可省略
We found the situation (to be) serious.
我发觉形势严重
He was thought (to be) the person responsible for the matter.
他被认为是对这件事负责的那个人
(6)在复合宾语结构中省略不定式符号to。
不定式作动词make/let/have以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to，但变成被动语态时不能省略
The boss made the workers work all day and all night.
老板让工人整日整夜工作
(7)省略介词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.
他花了四小时来复习功课
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.
我学英语五年了
We can stop them (from) moving in.
我们能够阻止他们搬进来
(8)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略
She is going to her uncle’s (house).
她要去她的叔叔家
Today I met her at the tailor’s (shop).
今天我在裁缝店遇见了她
2.并列句中的省略（通常为承前省略）。
通常并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语，不管它在句子中作何种成分，都可以省略，反之亦然
His father is a doctor, and his mother (is) a nurse.
他的父亲是个医生，母亲是个护士
3.复合句（状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句）中的省略
(1)状语从句由(al)though, as if, until, once, unless, when, whether, where, while等引导，且同时具备下列两个条件：
1)主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；2）从句中的主要动词是be的某种形式，则从句中的主语和be动词常可省略
If（you are）in doubt，don’t hesitate to ask me.
如果你有疑问，请立刻问我
I did not notice it until (it was) very late.
直到很晚，我才注意到它
He won’t come unless (he is) invited.
除非他被邀请，否则他不会来
If (it is) possible, I’ll go outing.
如果可能的话，我将去郊游
He opened his mouth as if (he were) to say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么
【提醒】比较状语从句中的省略
than和as引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than和as后面的任何部分都可省略。
I’m taller than he (is tall).我比他高
I know you better than (I know) him.我了解你胜过了解他。
This coat is better than that one, but it costs twice as much (as that one).
这件上衣比那件好，但这件是那件价格的两倍
(2)名词性从句
1)名词性wh-从句中的省略现象。如果从句谓语与主句谓语相同，从句可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，只保留一个wh-词
She will go to Beijing, but I don’t know when (she will go to Beijing).
她要去北京，但我不知道是什么时候
She can’t come, but I don’t know why (she can’t come).
她不能来，但我不知为什么
wh-从句若是被动结构，主谓语也可全部省略，只保留by＋wh词。
The cup was broken by someone, but I wonder (the cup was broken) by whom．
这个杯子被某人打碎了，但我纳闷是被谁打碎的
如果从句相同而wh-词不同，则可省略第一个从句而把两个wh-词连接起来。
I don’t know when (to meet him) and where to meet him.
我不清楚什么时间、什么地点见他
2)在与表示命令、愿意、建议等相关的名词性从句中，常用should型虚拟，而从句谓语部分中的should常省略
We require that he (should) tell us the truth.
我们要求他告诉我们真相。
3)在句型“It is necessary/surprising/suggested/natural /strange…+ that从句”中，从句通常用should型虚拟，而should常常可以省略
Everyone thinks it is necessary that our research group（should）begin the experiment at once．
每个人都认为我们的研究小组立刻开始实验是必要的
4)在宾语从句中，连词that常可省略。但如果有两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的that不能省；如果宾语从句和主句谓语之间有插入语时，that也不能省略
I believe (that) you will succeed.
我认为你会成功。
5)名词性从句的省略结构，即 “wh- + to do sth.”。通常这样的省略结构适应于从句的主语与主句的主语一致的情况
I don’t know what to do next.
我不知道下一步做什么
How to deal with the matter has not been decided.
如何处理这件事还没有定下来
(3)定语从句中的省略
1)当关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，常被省略
Do you remember the place (which /that) we visited last year
你记得我们去年参观的那个地方吗？
2)当先行词为way, direction等词时，其后面定语从句中的that, which, 或介词＋which等常被省略
Do you know the way (in which) work is measured？
你知道衡量工作的方式吗？
3)某些定语从句的省略结构，即“介词+ which/whom +不定式”
Can you find me a room in which to live
你能给我找个住的房间吗？
He is a good person to whom to turn.
他是一个能向他求助的好人
4.与不定式相关的省略
(1)通常为了避免重复，在联系密切的语境中，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留不定式符号to。
----Will you come to have supper with me —你来和我一起吃晚饭好吗？
----I’d like / love to (come to have supper with you). —我愿意。
She went teaching because she wanted to (go there).
她去教书，因为她想去
Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
除非你老师告诉你，否则不要触摸任何东西
(2)注意：如果不定式符号to后面是be时，要保留be。如果不定式用了完成式，要保留到助动词have
The city now is much noisier than it used to be.
这个城市比过去喧闹多了
---- It seems that he has known the truth. —看来他已经知道了事实
---- Yes, he seems to have. —是的，看来他好像知道了
(3)如果不定式作表语，用于解释“do”的内容，to 也常可省
What I did was (to) lay the table.
我所做的是摆桌子
5.与特殊疑问句相关的省略
(1)特殊疑问句的回答形式有两种，一种是部分回答（即省略结构），一种是完全回答。
----What do you suggest —你有什么建议？
----(I suggest )Going fishing on Sunday. —周日钓鱼。
(2)由固定词组引导的疑问句。
What about having a walk after supper
饭后散步怎们样？
How come they left you alone here
他们怎么会把你一个人留在这儿？
What if it rains
倘若下雨怎么办？
Why not try again
为什么不再试一次呢？
6.独立主格结构中的分词若为being或having been时，通常省去不用，意义不受影响。
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.
会议结束了，我们都离开了房间
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to go again the next day.
所有的票都卖完了，我们不得不第二天再去
7.与助动词相关的省略
---- Do you enjoy reading novels —你喜欢读小说吗？
---- Yes, I do. —是的，我喜欢
【提醒】有时为了句意或时态的需要，要保留两个助动词。
---- Did he attend the meeting
----No, but he should have. He was supposed to give a speech at the meeting.
—他参加那个会议了吗？
—没有，但他本来应该参加的。他应该在会上作报告。
8. “so, not” 常用来替代从句，形成一种别样的省略结构。
so用于替代肯定形式的从句，表示说话者赞同前述的事实，常和表示看法、意见等的动词(think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear)等连用。not用于替代否定形式的从句，表示说话者不赞同前述的事实
【提醒】当表示说话者不赞同前述的事实时，也可用借助于上述动词的否定形式和so 连用，但afraid, fear, hope等不能用此形式。
----- I hope he will win. —我希望他会赢
----- I hope so, too. —我也希望如此。
-----It will rain tomorrow. —明天会下雨。
-----I believe not./ I don’t think so. —我不这样认为。
9.在条件句中的虚拟语气中，若if从句中含有should, had 或were，那么就可省略if，把这些词提到主语前，使用部分倒装结构。
Were I you /If I were you, I would go with her.
如果我是你的话，我就和她一起走
Had you taken part in the party, you would have met the man.
如果你参加了那个聚会，你就会见到那个男人
10.与强调句式有关的省略
强调句式“It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子的剩余部分”有时承接上文，可以把句式中的“that+句子的剩余部分”省略
---- Where did you find him —你在什么地方找到的他？
----It was in the lab (that I found him). —是在实验室。同步练习题1．----Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework -----I am doing these
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