现在完成时和现在完成进行时
一、现在完成时用来表示发生在过去的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系。
现在完成时由“have / has + 动词过去分词”构成，现在完成时的被动语态的基本构成为“have / has been + 动词过去分词”。
现在完成时常用于以下几种情况：
1．动作开始于过去，结束于过去，但对现在仍有影响。
2．动作发生于过去一直延续到现在，这个动作可能是某种状态习惯性动作。
3．现在完成时还可以用来表示过去某一时间到现在这段时间内反复发生的动作。
和现在完成时态连用的时间状语主要有以下三种：
1．句中出现just，never，ever，already，yet，lately , recently，before, these years / months / days等词时。
2．句中出现“for + 时间段”或since + 时间点或since引导的时间状语从句（一般多为过去时）。
3．句中出现up to now（直到现在），so far（到目前为止），since then，in the past / last + 表示一段时间的词语时。
【注意】含有终止或短暂意义的动词在肯定句中不能和一段时间搭配，这类动词常见的有：begin，end，come，go，leave，join，die，marry等。
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1．现在完成时常表示动作或状态延伸到现在，如：
He has lived in Tianjin for ten years.
一般过去时虽也可指延伸，但它不能延伸到现在。
He lived in Tianjin for ten years.
2．一般过去时只表示某个动作或状态曾经发生过，与现在并无联系，而现在完成时则表示过去的动作或状态对现在有影响。
We’d better stop her from doing such hard work, for she has been seriously ill.（过去的动作对现在造成了影响）
He was ill last week.（并没有涉及现在的情况）
3．现在完成时的时间状语可以同不确定的过去时间状语连用（如already，just，before，recently等），还可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用（如today，this morning，this month，this year等），还可以和时间段连用。
一般过去时一般与表示过去的时间状语连用（如yesterday，last week），也可以和today，this morning等连用，但是动作发生在过去。
I’ve seen him this May.（说话时还是五月）
I saw him this May.（说话时五月已经过去）
二、现在完成进行时由“助动词have / has + been + 动词的现在分词”构成，即have / has been doing，其否定形式是在have / has后面加not，一般疑问句把have / has提到句首即可。
1．表示从过去某时开始一直延续到说话时还在进行的动作，可能还会继续进行下去，它通常和“for + 时间段”或“since + 时间点 / 从句”连用。
2．表示从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话的时刻，刚刚结束的动作，在某种情况下与现在有关联。
【注意】1）有些不能用于现在进行时的动词（如be，have，like，love，know，see，hear等），同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，而应使用现在完成时。
2）表示短暂动作的动词（如finish，marry，come，go等）不能用于现在完成进行时。
时态对比：
1．现在完成进行时与现在进行时比较：现在完成进行时强调某一动作从过去一直延续到现在，而现在进行时只指目前正在发生的动作。
Susan has been reading that storybook since last night.
Susan is reading a storybook now.
2．现在完成进行时与现在完成时比较：现在完成进行时和现在完成时都表示动作从过去开始，但是现在完成时表示动作刚结束，而现在完成进行时则强调动作仍在继续。
They have been repairing the broken road.
他们一直在维修那条被损坏的道路。（动作仍在继续）
They have already repaired the broken road.
他们把那条被损坏的路修好了。（动作已经结束）
3．现在完成进行时通常与all morning / afternoon / day或the whole day等连用，never，yet，already和ever等词可用于现在完成时，不能用于现在完成进行时。
4．现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性行为，提问时用how long；如果表示动作反复发生用现在完成时，提问时用how many times。
—How long have you been writing this letter
—I’ve been writing it for two hours.
—How many times have you written to him
—I’ve written to him three times, but I haven’t heard from him up till now.
Multiple Choice:
1. I ________ in Nanjing for 20 years. I like everything here.
A. work B. worked C. has worked D. have worked
2. —Jenny ________ to New York for an important meeting. She will be back next week.
—Really Do you know when she ________
A. went; has left B. went; had left C. has been; left D. has gone; left
3. This is the third time that the great scientist ________ the city of Shanghai.
A. is visiting B. has visited C. visited D. had visited
4. —She ________ to play the piano already.
—Great! When ________ she start
—Last month.
A. learned; has B. learned; did C. has learned; has D. has learned; did
5. The student has been _______ the novel since he finished school.
A. wrote B. writing C. written D. writes
6. —Hi, David. You look so tired. What’s going on
—I ________ the classroom for 2 hours.
A. am cleaning B. was cleaning C. have been clearing D. had cleaned
7. Lily can’t go to the theatre with me because her report ________ yet.
A. didn’t finish B. isn’t finished C. hasn’t finished D. hasn’t been finished
8. Visitors are asked to make sure that they ________ the right ticket before leaving the room.
A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given
9. The young girl sitting next to me at the airport is very nervous, for she ________ so far.
A. hasn’t flown B. didn’t fly C. hadn’t flown D. wasn’t flying
10. The house belongs to my sister, but she ________ here for two years.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live
11. —Are you busy recently, Ken
—Yes, I ________ the coming speech contest. It will be held next week.
A. have prepared for B. prepare for
C. had prepared for D. have been preparing for
12. The living room is very dirty because it ________ for quite a few days.
A. hasn’t been cleaned B. wasn’t cleaned
C. hadn’t been cleaned D. hasn’t cleaned
13. The country life he was used to ________ greatly since 1995.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
14. Sorry, I can’t go to the concert with you because I ________ my ticket.
A. am missing B. have lost C. was losing D. have missed
15. —When did you get go know him
—I ________ him since 1990.
A. knew B. have known C. have been knowing D. have got to know
Ⅱ. 根据所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Sorry, I’m full. I (have) supper already.
2. Li Ming (go) abroad last year. We (not hear) from each other since then.
3. —The window is dirty.
—I know. It (not clean) for weeks.
4. I’m sorry for what I just (say).
5. —Where is Tim
—He to Australia. It is said that he will come back next month.
6. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling from the east to the west when he
(see) it.
7. Now that he is out of a job, John (consider) going back to school, but he hasn’t decided yet.
8. I (fall) asleep while reading the English textbook.
Luckily, my deskmate woke me up in time!
9. Great charges (take) place in my hometown in the past three years.
10. It (be) the third time that she had been to Nanjing that year.
Ⅲ.将下列句子译成英语
1．我们从孩提时代就是好朋友。
2．自从1978年以来，我就在这所大学任教。
3．我已在此等了近两个小时，可他还没来。
4．李明是我曾经教过的最好学生。
5．他昨晚一定发生了什么事。
PAGE
1区别现在完成进行时和现在完成时
I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。
I have read the book. 我已经读了这本书。
—How long have you been writing this letter
—I’ve been writing it for two hours.
—How many times have you written to him
—I’ve written to him three times, but I haven’t heard from him up till now.
牢记：①现在完成进行时（have been doing）表示“一直”
现在完成时（have done）表示“已经”
②现在完成进行时通常与all morning / afternoon / day或the whole day等（强调动作延续性的）时间状语连用，never，yet，already和ever等词可用于现在完成时，不能用于现在完成进行时。
Exercise
一、Multiple Choice
1. This is the third time that the great scientist ________ the city of Shanghai.
A. is visiting B. has visited C. visited D. had visited
2. —She ________ to play the piano already.
—Great! When ________ she start
—Last month.
A. learned; has B. learned; did C. has learned; has D. has learned; did
3. The student has been _______ the novel since he finished school.
A. wrote B. writing C. written D. writes
4. —Hi, David. You look so tired. What’s going on
—I ________ the classroom for 2 hours.
A. am cleaning B. was cleaning
C. have been clearing D. had cleaned
5. Lily can’t go to the theatre with me because her report ________ yet.
A. didn’t finish B. isn’t finished
C. hasn’t finished D. hasn’t been finished
6. The young girl sitting next to me at the airport is very nervous, for she ________ so far.
A. hasn’t flown B. didn’t fly
C. hadn’t flown D. wasn’t flying
7. The house belongs to my sister, but she ________ here for two years.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live
C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live
8. —Are you busy recently, Ken
—Yes, I ________ the coming speech contest. It will be held next week.
A. have prepared for B. prepare for
C. had prepared for D. have been preparing for
9. The living room is very dirty because it ________ for quite a few days.
A. hasn’t been cleaned B. wasn’t cleaned
C. hadn’t been cleaned D. hasn’t cleaned
10. The country life he was used to ________ greatly since 1995.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
11. —When did you get to know him
—I ________ him since 1990.
A. knew B. have known
C. have been knowing D. have got to know
二. 根据所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Sorry, I’m full. I (have) supper already.
2. Li Ming (go) abroad last year. We ________________ (not hear) from each other since then.
3. —The window is dirty.
—I know. It (not clean) for weeks.
4. Now that he is out of a job, John _____________________ (consider) going back to school, but he hasn’t decided yet.
5. Great charges (take) place in my hometown in the past three years.
6. It (be) the third time that she had been to Nanjing that year.
三.将下列句子译成英语
1．我们从孩提时代就是好朋友。
2．自从1978年以来，我就在这所大学任教。
3．我已在此等了近两个小时，可他还没来。
4．李明是我曾经教过的最好学生。
5．他昨晚一定发生了什么事。
Key
一. 1-11 BDBCD AADAB B
二. 1. have had 2. went, hasn’t heard
3. has not been cleaned 4. has been considering
5. have taken 6. was
三. 1. We have been good friends since our childhood.
2. I have been teaching in this university since 1978.
3. I have been waiting for about 2 hours, but he hasn’t come yet.
4. Li Ming is the best student that I have ever taught.
5. Something must have happened to him last night.怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时
现在让我们来比较一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时。在比较这两个时态时，关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解，因为对于现在完成时我们已经有了一个基本的理解了。
现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感彩。
现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：
一、现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如：
We have been cleaning the classroom．（a）
We have cleaned the classroom．（b）
（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。
Be careful! John has been painting the door．（a）
John has painted the door．（b）
（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。
二、现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：
They have been widening the road．（a）
They have widened the road．（b）
（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a）
Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b）
（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。
三、但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：
My moth! er has been teaching English for twenty years．（a）
My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）
（a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。
四、现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：
Have you been meeting her lately？（a）
Have you met her lately？（b）
（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。
五、现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感彩可言。如：
What have you been doing？（a）
What have you done？（b）
（a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。
Have you been waiting long？（a）
Have you waited long？（b）
（a）句较（b）句生动。又，（a）句比较口语化。
I have been wanting to meet you for long．（a）
I have long wanted to meet you．（b）
（a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly．（a）
Recently Mary has done her work regularly．（b）
（a）句显然是在表扬玛丽。（b）只说明一个事实。
下面还有一例，颇为有趣:
Who's been eating my apples？（a）
Who's eaten my apples？（b）
（a）句有强烈的感彩，表示愤怒不满，（b）句只是希望回答的一个问题。又，（a）句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，（b）句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时
1. He _____ with his first teacher for quite a long time.
A. lost touch B. got in touch
C. lost in touch D. has been out of touch
2. Mary _____ Green for five years.
A. has married B. has married with
C. married D. has been married to
3. It's the third time I ______him this month.
A. had seen B. have seen C. saw D. see
4. Tom ________for more than a week.
A. has been away B. has gone away
C. went away D. has left
5. We _____each other since I left Shanghai.
A. haven't seen B. hadn't seen
C. didn't see D. wouldn't see
6. He ________with us since he returned last month.
A. lives B. lived C. had lived D. has lived
7. They _____here for more than a month.
A. have arrived B. have reached
C. have come D. have been
8. Comrade Wang ____the Party for about three years.
A. has attended B. has joined
C. has been in D. has taken part in
9. The book _____on the floor for ten minutes, but no one has picked it up.
A. is lying B. has lain C. has been lying D. lay
10. I _______from him so far.
A. didn’t hear B. don't hear C. haven't heard D. hadn't heard
11. Great changes ________in my hometown in the past few years.
A. were taken place B. have been taken place
C. took place D. have taken place
12. ________ the new color film ________this year
A. Has; been shown B. Did; show
C. Are; shown D. Will; show
13. ---Why does Mary look to be so sorry
---Because she _________by her classmates.
A. has been laughed B. has laughed at
C. was laughed D. has been laughed at
14. For this he _________on twice.
A. has operated B. has been operated
C. had been operated D. operated
15. I haven’t seen you for quite some time. What ______lately
A. were you doing B. did you do
C. have you been doing D. had you done
16. The house looks much bigger now that we _______ the walls in brighter colours.
A. are painting B. have painted
C. had painted D. have been painting
17. ---How about my food I _______ here for almost half an hour.
---I’m sorry, sir. It must be ready by now.
A. have been sitting B. am sitting
C. had been sitting D. was sitting
18. Mary ___________ at this school for thirty years but she hasn’t decided to retire.
A. has been taught B. has been teaching
C. taught D. had taught
19. I ______ always ______ of him, but I can’t see him.
A. had; been thinking B. have; been thinking
C. was; thinking D. have; thought
20. Although medical science ______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries
us is that some of them are returning.
A. achieved B. has achieved
C. will achieve D. is achieving
21. —Is it hard to drive downtown to work
—Yes, that’s why I to work by train.
A. have been going B. have gone
C. was going D. will have gone
22. Every possible means _____, but none proves successful.
A. has tried B. have been tried
C. is being tried D. has been tried
23. —It is said that another new car factory _____.
—Yeah. It _____ for nearly two months already.
A. is building; has been built
B. is built; has built
C. is being built; has been built
D. is being built; has been being built
24. —Will you go to the park now
—Not until I ____ my physics exercises.
A. will finish B. have finished C. will have finished D. had finished
25. —Alice’s second-hand computer ____ wrong although she used it only once.
—You’d better go to check it.
A. went B. is going C. has gone D. had gone
26. I can no longer put up with his way; he _____ always _____ me as a child.
A. does; treat B. 不填; treats C. has; treated D. has; been treating
27. —He ____ to the party.
—What ____ to him He said he would be here by eight o’clock.
A. hasn’t come; happened B. didn’t come; has happened
C. isn’t coming; had occurred D. hasn’t come; has happened
28. —What bad luck that we ____ the football match in the last 3 minutes.
—And we ____ hard in the last 3 years!
A. had lost; trained B. were losing; had trained
C. have lost; have trained D. lost; have been training
29. Hand in your papers when you ____ the test.
A. are finishing B. will finish
C. will have finished D. have finished
30. It __ for three hours and the ground is too damp to play on, so the sports meeting __.
A. was raining; has been put off
B. has been raining; has been put off
C. has rained, is put off
D. has been raining; has put off
31. —Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday
—No, but we ____ to get in touch with them ever since.
A. have tried B. have been trying C. had tried D. had been trying
32. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science ____ that people who don’t sleep
well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
33. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided
yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
34. The country life he was used to ____ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
35. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _____ 50 million.
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached
参考答案：
1-5 DDBAA 6-10 DDCCC 11-15 DADBC 16-20 BABBB
21-25 ADDBC 26-30 DDDDB 31-35 BBBBA
