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初中英语语法归纳:被动语态
初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。其中被动语态是初中英语学习的重点和难点。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语被动语态特点和用法。
一、被动语态的构成形式
1.
被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,
被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:2·1·c·n·j·y
1)
am/is/are
+done
(过去分词)
一般现在时
例Visitors
are
requested
not
to
touch
the
exhibits.【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
2)
has
/have
been
done
现在完成时
例All
the
preparations
for
the
task
have
been
completed,
and
we're
ready
to
start.
3)
am/is
/are
being
done
现在进行时
例A
new
cinema
is
being
built
here.
4)
was/were
done
一般过去时
例I
was
given
ten
minutes
to
decide
whether
I
should
reject
the
offer.
5)
had
been
done
过去完成时
例
By
the
end
of
last
year,
another
new
gymnasium
had
been
completed
in
Beijing.
6)
was/were
being
done
过去进行时
例A
meeting
was
being
held
when
I
was
there.
7)
shall/will
be
done
一般将来时
例Hundreds
of
jobs
will
be
lost
if
the
factory
closes.21·世纪
教育网
8)
should/would
be
done
过去将来时
例The
news
would
be
sent
to
the
soldier's
mother
as
soon
as
it
arrived.
9)
shall/will
have
been
done
将来完成时(少用)
例The
project
will
have
been
completed
before
July.www-2-1-cnjy-com
2.
被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
例The
baby
should
be
taken
good
care
of
by
the
baby-sitter.21
cnjy
com
2)
有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例His
mother
gave
him
a
present
for
his
birthday.
可改为
He
was
given
a
present
by
his
mother
for
his
birthday.【出处:21教育名师】
3)
当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例Someone
caught
the
boy
smoking
a
cigarette.
可改为The
boy
was
caught
smoking
a
cigarette.21教育名师原创作品
4)在使役动词have,
make,
get以及感官动词see,
watch,
notice,
hear,
feel,
observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
例Someone
saw
a
stranger
walk
into
the
building.
可改为A
stranger
was
seen
to
walk
into
the
building.21
cnjy
com
5)
有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The
meeting
is
to
be
put
off
till
Friday.
3.
非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing
形式及不定式
to
do
也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)
。
例I
don't
like
being
laughed
at
in
the
public.
二、
如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1.
讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者
(这时可省
by
短语)。
例
My
bike
was
stolen
last
night.
2.
借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
例
I
was
given
ten
minutes
to
decide
whether
I
should
accept
the
offer.
3.
为了更好地安排句子。
例The
well-known
person
got
on
the
bus
and
was
immediately
recognized
by
people.
(一个主语就够了)21教育网
三、
It
is
said
that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,
consider,
expect,
report,
say,
suppose,
think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to
do
sth.”。有:
It
is
said
that…
据说,It
is
reported
that…据报道,It
is
believed
that…大家相信,It
is
hoped
that…大家希望,It
is
well
known
that…众所周知,It
is
thought
that…大家认为,It
is
suggested
that…据建议。21·cn·jy·com
例It
is
said
that
the
boy
has
passed
the
national
exam.
(=The
boy
is
said
to
have
passed
the
national
exam.
)
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如
break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式
表达被动意义,主语通常是物。【版权所有:21教育】
例
This
kind
of
cloth
washes
well.
注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较:The
door
won't
lock.
(指门本身有毛病)
The
door
won't
be
locked.
(指不会有人来锁门,
指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.
表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen,
last,
take
place,
break
out,
come
out,
come
about,
come
true,
run
out,
give
out,
turn
out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
例
How
do
the
newspapers
come
out
这些报纸是如何引出来的呢
3.
系动词没有被动形式,
但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,
sound,
taste,
book,
feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。21世纪教育网版权所有
例Your
reason
sounds
reasonable
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义
。
1.
在need,want,require,
bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。2-1-c-n-j-y
例The
house
needs
repairing(to
be
repaired).这房子需要修理。
2.
形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例The
picture-book
is
well
worth
reading.(=The
picture-book
is
very
worthy
to
be
read.)
3.
动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,
不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。www.21-cn-jy.com
例
I
have
a
lot
of
things
to
do
this
afternoon.
(to
do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)
试比较:I’ll
go
to
the
post
office.
Do
you
have
a
letter
to
be
posted
(
此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4.
在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
例This
problem
is
difficult
to
work
out
.(可看作to
work
out省略了for
me).
5.
在too…
to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
例This
book
is
too
expensive
(for
me)
to
buy.
6.
在there
be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。21cnjy.com
例There
is
no
time
to
lose(to
be
lost).(用
to
lose可看成for
us
to
lose;用to
be
lost,谁
lost
time不明确。)【来源:21cnj
y.co
m】
7.
在be
to
do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,
被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例
Who
is
to
blame
for
starting
the
fire
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