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2010高考二轮复习英语考案
专题二十 阅读表达
【专题考案】 （1）
American voters went to the polls on Tuesday to elect a new president，who is also the chief executive of the US government and commander-in-chief of the US military. However，Americans do not vote directly for a presidential candidate．Instead，they choose the electors who represent them in choosing the president．In most states，the names of the electors do not appear on the ballot at a11. Instead，the ballot(选票)says that voters are selecting the “electors for”．This is followed by
the names of the candidates for office．The number of electoral votes in a state is equal to the number of senators．Each state has two senators. But the number of house representatives a state has is based on the size of its population．So, the number of electors varies from state to state．A majority of 270 electoral votes out of a total of 538 is needed for victory．
In most states, the winner of the popular vote gets all of the state’s electoral votes．This is a “winner takes all” system．The electors from each state meet and officially vote for the president and vice president on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December of the election year．But，a winner is usually declared not long after the election，based on the popular vote．This Electoral College system has been operating since 1788．It was established because some of the founding fathers wanted Congress to elect the president, while ．The system represents a compromise between these two desires.
1.What’s the title of the passage (6 words)
2． Complete the sentence in the last paragraph．
3. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese．
4.What do common Americans vote for (15 words)
5．What can decide the number of House representatives of each state (5 words)
（2）
If you are worried about things and are under a lot of stress at work or school, then you are probably not sleeping well. Worry can keep you awake, tossing and turning in bed until the early hours of the morning when you eventually fall asleep. When you wake up, you don’t feel refreshed, but tired and worn out and unable to face a new day.
Dr. Henry Winkle, in a recent newspaper article entitled Stress and Sleep, indicates that__________. Dr. Winkle says, “The more we worry, the less we sleep, the more we are unable to deal with stress. If we can find a way to get a good night’s sleep,” he adds, “we can often find the energy to deal with what’s worrying us.”
So, what is a good night’s sleep Research shows that the amount of sleep which people need in order to keep healthy varies a lot. Seven hours in about the average amount, though strangely enough, sleeping longer often gives you a headache instead of making you feel more refreshed.
Dr. Winkle believes that preparing for sleeping is important. People who work late should try to give
themselves a short break and do something restful before going to bed. This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercise earlier in the day should help you to feel physically as well as mentally tired. A bedtime drink can also help, but coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake. “When you put the light out,” Dr. Winkle says, “concentrate on relaxing your muscles, working slowly up from your feet, and you’ll be asleep before you know it.”
1. What is the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
People shouldn’t go to sleep immediately but should take a break after working late in the night.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Someone says that the longer you sleep, the better you feel. Try to find some arguments from the passage against the idea. (Please answer within 30 words) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into Chinese.
______________________________________________________________________________
(3)
You might be reading this article and saying, “Hey, that sounds just like me!” If so, we’re glad you recognize that this happens to you. Now you can start taking steps to lessen your test anxiety. Here are some ways to do that:
Ask for help. Talk to your mom or dad, your teacher, or your school guidance counselor. Just talking to someone about test anxiety can make you feel better .Describe what happens to you when you’re taking a test and these people can help you figure out some solutions. For instance, learning study skills can boost your test –day confidence.
Be prepared. Pay attention in class. Do your homework. Study for the test. On test day, you’re more likely to feel like you know the material.
Block bad thoughts. Watch out for any negative messages you might be sending yourself about the test (“I’m no good at taking tests” or “I’m going to freak our if I get a bad grade”) .These thoughts can make anxiety worse and make it harder for you to do well on the test.
_____________.Everyone makes mistakes .Be more forgiving of your own mistakes, especially if you prepared for the test and are set to do your best.
Breathe better. OK, so you already know how to breathe .But did you know that breathing exercises can help calm you down (Just try not to take in too much air because it might make you feel dizzy.) Here’s how to do it: Inhale (breathe in) slowly and deeply through your nose, and then exhale (breathe out ) slowly through your mouth. Do this two to four times and you just might breathe easier the next time you’re taking a test!
1. What is the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
Having too many negative messages in mind leads to worse test anxiety, which may stop you doing well on the test.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank in the last but one paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Which of the tips do you think is the most useful
(Please answer within 30 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentence in the 6th paragraph into Chinese.
(4)
These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U.S. Green Building Council in Washington, D.C., said .
According to Holowaka, building account for 65 percent of total U.S. electricity use.
But green building can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, ________________. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests .
Mary Dettling is project manger for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the country’s first green high-rise building. According to Dettling, “We’re reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent,”.
The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water reusing it .
Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowaka said, “It’s going to be big.” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
1. What is the best title of the passage (please answer within 10 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
Green building will become popular in future .
. _____________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank in the fourth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence .( Please answer within in 10 words .)
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think a green building is better than a common building Why (Please answer within 30 words .)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5.Translate the underline sentence in the fourth paragraph into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(5)
For most Americans, a clean glass of water is just a matter of turning on a faucet（水龙头. But for many of the world’s poorest, it’s hard to get .
On Wednesday, the United Nations(UN)marked World Water Day by trying to cut the number of people without good drinking water-one billion human beings worldwide-in half. In the next ten years ,the UN will work with governments around the world to reduce the shortage.
Without clean water nearby, many people use water _______________________ .
In India, many people bathe and wash their clothes in rivers that are polluted by human waste.
According to the UN, not having enough clean water and sanitation causes more than three million deaths a year.
“The links between water and human heath are powerful,” said Dr Lee Jong Wook, director-general of the World Health Organization(WHO). “We cannot live without clean water.”
In fact, the International Federation of the Red Cross said that quick reaction after last year’s Asian tsunami(海啸)had stopped disease. The agency provided clean water to nearly 500,000 people in Indonesia and Sri Lanka after the tsunami.
World Water Day was first celebrated in 1993. Since then, it is celebrated each year on March 22.
1. What is the best title of the passage
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by this one
The quality of the water is closely connected with human health.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What did the International Federation of the Red Cross do after the tsunami And why
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Please fill in the blank in the third paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the first paragraph into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(6)
In the United States, train transportation is unpopular compared with cars and airplanes. Most people like traveling by car or by air.
Officials of the United States Department of Transportation made a study in 2001. The study is about how many miles Americans traveled by different means of transportation. They only studied trips longer than 50 miles. The study showed that fifty-six percent of all miles were traveled in personal vehicle. Forty-one percent were traveled in an airplane. Two percent were traveled in a bus. And less than one percent of miles were traveled in a train.
Amtrak is the national provider of train transportation in the United States. In the past ten years, the number of its passengers has increased by eighteen percent. Although the number of passengers has increased, it is still very small now. In countries such as France, Germany, or Japan, more people use trains.
There are several reasons why many people __________________________.
Firstly, Americans love to drive their own cars. On highways, cars can travel as fast as trains. These highways connect all major cities in America．Secondly, many travelers like to be independent. When they use their own cars they can decide when to travel. Thirdly, many buses travel between major cities. Bus travel is less costly than train travel.
In a huge country like the United States, cities are far away from each other. In some cases, travel from one city to another by train may take more than a day. Airplanes can carry passengers over long distances much faster. People who do not want to spend long time traveling by train decide to fly. For these people saving time is the most important thing.
1. What is the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words.)
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
It’s convenient for people to decide the start-off time when they travel in their own cars.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank in the fourth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.( Please answer within 10 words.)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What means of transportation do you like best when traveling, trains, cars, or planes Why ( Please answer within 30 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentences in the last paragraph into Chinese.
_____________________________________________________________________________
(7)
We often feel trapped within the routines of our everyday lives. In order to achieve a true state of relaxation, we must make time for uninterrupted leisure. Set aside an hour a day, or even a day a week if you can, for your chosen leisure pursuit. Take all the necessary steps to make sure that you will not be called away or interrupted, and leave the telephone off the hook—then, set your spirit free.
Accept Change
Sometimes it seems safer to stay where we are than to risk going into the unknown or to accept change. But in reality, true relaxation comes not from trying to control life’s natural flow, but from allowing ourselves to be carried along by that flow without fear of the future, or nostalgia（留恋）for the past.
Believe in Yourself
Each of us has unlimited potential to achieve our goals—even those that seem the most far-reaching. Mark out realistic stepping stones toward your aims, and try each day to work toward reaching another stone. Most importantly, do not feel disappointed if, on one day, you make only half your intended progress, or even ________________at all—the act of thinking about your goals will help to bring you closer to them.
Value Your blessings
We are all gifted with spiritual blessings, among them happiness, health, truth, and inner stillness. Spend today bringing happiness to yourself and your friends and family. Tomorrow, eat especially healthily. The next day, be true to yourself—if something makes you unhappy, try something else. The day after, spend time in quiet thinking. The reward for being rich in these blessings is a fulfilled and peaceful life.
1. What is the best title of the passage （Please answer within 10 words.）
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
All the wishes will bring you a quiet and meaningful life.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank in the third paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.（Please answer within 10 words.）
____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Which of the suggestions do you think is helpful to you Why （Please answer within 30 words.）
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentence in the second paragraph into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(8)
Exchange a glance with someone, and then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement Hold the glance for a second longer and you have made _____________. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person’s gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive. If you are on an elevator, what gaze-time are you permitted To answer this question, consider what you typically do. You may likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you
mean no threat. Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interaction, you need to send out a signal telling others you want to be left alone. So you cut off eye contacts what sociologist Erving Goffiman（1963）calls “a dimming of the lights”. You look down at the floor, at the indicator lights, anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes. Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person extremely uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.
If you hold eye contacts for more than 3 seconds, what are you telling another person Much depends on the person and the situation. For instance, a man and a woman communicate interest in this manner. They typically gaze at each other for about 3 seconds at a time, and then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their eyes meet again. But if one man gives another man a
3-second-plus stare, he signals, “I know you”. “I am interested in you.” or “You look peculiar and I am curious about you.” This type of stare often produces hostile feelings.
1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph (within 10 words).
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Please translate the underlined part into Chinese.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Fill in the blank with proper words(within 10 words).
________________________________________________________________________
4. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following
You might have a glimpse of the others to let them make sure that you are not a danger.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. What does the passage mainly talks about (within 15 words).
———————————————————————————————————
(9)
Comic book superhero Spider – Man uses tiny hairs on his fingertips to climb up walls. But he could have had another secret weapon to help him stick.Scientists have now found that some spiders can also make silk in their feet, which may sometimes help them get a firmer grip on a surface. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
Spiders are good at gripping walls with their legs. Thousands of little hairs on their feet make it possible. To test whether spiders also make these hairs wet to improve grip, scientists watched zebra tarantulas crawl up glass slides.
When they tilted (使倾斜) a glass slide until it was almost vertical, the spider slipped a few millimeters before attaching itself again. The scientists were surprised to see little threads stretching from its feet to the slide. When they studied the spider’s feet under a special microscope, they found tiny silk – shooting spouts (吐出) among the hairs.
This was a surprise because scientists had previously thought spiders only use special organs near their stomachs to make silk.
It’s possible that, a long time ago, feet were the first body parts of spiders to produce silk. Only later in their evolutionary history did spiders develop spinnerets on their abdomens to produce silk for webs.
If so, the researchers say, this could mean that the silk’s original purpose was to _____________ , rather than to build homes or trap prey (猎物).
1. What is the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words.)
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be best replaced by the following one
It has been discovered that the silk spouted from the feet of the spiders can assist them to get attached on objects.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Fill in the blank with proper words or phrases. (Please answer within 10 words.)
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. What can you learn from this discovery (Please answer within 20 words.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
(10)
Scientists have revealed the 10 commandments（法则）for a long and happy life. And the rules even allow for sunbathing, drinking alcohol and eating chocolate.
The first rule, as published in the New Scientist magazine, is to enjoy yourself.
Married
Second on the list is remaining sociable, with a happy marriage and good family life being essential for health.Studies have shown that marriage can add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two years to a woman’s life. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
Studies have shown that marriage can add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two years to a woman’s life.
A Drink
So called vices like wine, partying and chocolate provide the fourth rule, with countless studies showing that a little of what you fancy does you good rather than harm.
Work Your Brain
The fifth rule says that you should exercise your brain to stay active.
Last month scientists at Cambridge University said puzzles could help prevent a range of conditions, from depression to schizophrenia（精神分裂症）.
Knitting, doing crosswords or just walking also help.
See the Doctor
It’s simple really. If you’re sick, get treatment fast .
Eat Healthily
As is well-known, you are what you eat.
Scientists have recommended that the low-fat, high-fiber Mediterranean diet is a model for healthy eating and a long life.High in fruit and vegetables, the diet also uses beans ,breads and cereals. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
High in fruit and vegetables, the diet also uses beans ,breads and cereals.
Small amounts of meat and moderate amounts of fish are also eaten.
Take Risks
Rule eight urges people to put more excitement into their lives.
Intellectual challenges, traveling, or learning a new language can
all______________.
Embrace Technology
Rule nine advises those seeking a long life to embrace new technologies.
Be Happy
Rule ten is that you should smile and feel happier in life.
Research showed that older men with an optimistic attitude towards life were only half as likely to suffer from cardio-vascular disease（心血管疾病）as those whose world view was more negative.
1. What’s the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words.)
________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
Everybody knows that good health depends on a good diet.
_______________________________________________________________________________3. Please fill in the blank in Rule 8 with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words.)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Which of the suggestions do you think is the best for you Why (Please answer within 30 words .)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(11)
Many high schools and colleges with a football team in the United States usually have a homecoming day. This can be the most important event of the year next to graduation. Students plan homecoming day for many weeks. When the day arrives，they begin before dawn to decorate the schools. There are signs to wish luck to the team and many other signs to welcome back the graduates from other years. Many people still come to homecoming clubs build booths and sell lemonade，apples or sandwiches. Some clubs help to welcome visitors. During the day people like to look for teachers that they remember from long ago. Often they see old friends and they talk together about those happy years in school. Everyone soon comes to watch the football game. When the game is half over，the band comes onto the field and plays school songs. Another important moment is when the homecoming queen/king appears. All the students vote for another student who is popular.
It is a great honor to become______________. Homecoming is a happy day. Even if the team loses，the students still enjoy homecoming. Some stay at the school to dance，and others go to a party. For everyone it is a day to remember for a long，long time.
1. What is the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Of all the events，what are the two things that all the students do on this day (Please answer within 15words.)
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words.)
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do the students still enjoy homecoming even if the team loses (Please answer within 15 words.)
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
参考答案：（1）
1. America’s voting system / How Americans elect their president.
2. wanted the president to be elected by popular vote.
3 12月份的第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一，来自各州的选举者一起正式选出总统和副总统。
4.They choose the electors who represent them in choosing the president.
5.the size of the population.
(2)
1. Sleep and Your Life / Stress and Sleep /Sleep is Important
2. People who work late should try to give themselves a short break and do something restful before going to bed.
3. stress / worry and (lack of ) sleep are directly related.
4. Seven hours is about the average amount, though strangely enough, sleeping longer often gives you a headache instead of making you feel more refreshed.
5. 当你醒来时，你不但没有感到精力充沛（旺盛），反而疲惫不堪，难以面对新的一天。
(3)
1. How to Lessen/Reduce Test Anxiety OR: Steps/Ways to Lessen/Reduce Test Anxiety
OR: Tips on Lessening/Reducing Test Anxiety
2. These thoughts can make anxiety worse and make it harder for you to do well on the test.
3. Accept mistakes OR: Be tolerant/forgiving of your mistakes
4. (Open question) One possible answer: I think the first .When I talk to my parents or teachers about test anxiety ,they often offer some solutions, which makes me feel much better.
5. 下次考试时这样做两到四次，你就会感到呼吸顺畅多了。
(4)
1. Green building helps save environment.
2. It’s going to be big.
3. so that people can drive their cars less.
4. I like a green building better because it can save a lot of energy such as electricity as well as water, though it will cost more money.
5. 绿色环抱的房子经常建在已经开发的地区，因此他们不会破坏森林。
(5)
1. World Water Day.
2. The links between water and human health are powerful
3. It provided clean water to the people in Indonesia and Sri Lanka to stop disease from spreading.
4. that/which is harmful to their health ;that /which is bad for their health ;that/which isn’t fit to drink.
5. 对大多数美国人来讲，只需打开水龙头，就可以拥有一杯干净的水，但是对于世界上的很多穷人来讲，却很难。
(6)
1. Train transportation in the USA is less popular.
2. When they use their own cars they can decide when to travel.
3. don’t like to travel by train
4. Usually ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )I’d like to travel by car, because I can decide when to travel.
If it is a long distance, I’ll travel by air, because it is faster.
5. 那些不想花长时间坐火车旅行的人就决定乘飞机,对这些人来说，节约时间是最重要的。
(7)
1. Enjoy your life/Set your spirit free/ Try to relax yourself/ Give yourself a relaxation2. The reward for being rich in these blessings is a fulfilled and peaceful life.3. no progress/make no progress/achieve nothing/do nothing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
2. The reward for being rich in these blessings is a fulfilled and peaceful life.
3. no progress/make no progress/achieve nothing/do nothing
4. 略
5. 我们每个人都具备无限的潜能去实现我们的目标——甚至那些看起来遥不可及的目标。
(8)
1. Every glance has its meaning./ Every glance carries more meanings than words.
2. 万一你破坏了这个不能在电梯里注视别人的规矩，你会让别人感到极为不自在，同时你本人也有可能觉得很奇怪。
3. another statement/ a different statement
4. You may likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat.
5. The role of eye contacts in interpersonal communication.
(9)
1. Sticky Silky Feet / Spiders with Silky Feet
（评分要求：依据与文章整体内容的相关程度酌情给分，关键词silky feet）
2. Scientists have now found that some spiders can also make silk in their feet, which may
sometimes help them get a firmer grip on a surface.
（评分要求：要求准确找出以上的句子）
3. Help spiders climb and stick
（评分要求：要求给出的答案要保持与上下文的连贯性，而且与参考答案的意思相近）
4. 当他们把玻璃幻灯片倾斜到几乎垂直的时候，这只蜘蛛才往下滑了几毫米，然后很快又粘住了。
（评分要求：要求在准确、全面的基础上，翻译成较为通顺的汉语）
5. From this discovery we can see that there is no limit to the development of science. / We can learn that people need to observe carefully if they want to make any discovery. / It can be concluded from this story that curiosity can be the eternal motivation of science.
(10)
1. How to live / enjoy a long life / Ten commandments for a long and happy life.
2. As is well-known, you are what you eat.
3. add years to your life/help make you live longer4. 略5.研究表明，与悲观的老人相比，持乐观生活态度的老人患心血管疾病的几率要减少一半。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
4. 略
5.研究表明，与悲观的老人相比，持乐观生活态度的老人患心血管疾病的几率要减少一半。
(11)
1. Homecoming Day
2. Watching the football game and voting for homecoming queen or king.
3. homecoming queen or king.4. Because they come to meet their teachers or classmates and have fun.5. 有些标语是祝球队好运，还有很多欢迎往届毕业生回校的标语。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
4. Because they come to meet their teachers or classmates and have fun.
5. 有些标语是祝球队好运，还有很多欢迎往届毕业生回校的标语。
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2010高考二轮复习英语学案
专题二十 阅读表达
【典例精析】 (1)
（2009.山东卷） 阅读表达（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的字数要求）。
[1] Hello. It’s one of the first words we learn as babies, yet it’s one of the last ones we think to use as adults. That’s unfortunate, because saying hello is more than just saying hello—it is recognition of another’s worth. How might the world change—how might we change—if we mastered this word To find out, I spent one month saying hello to every person I met. Here’s what I’ve learned.
[2] It can boost（促进）productivity. In one of the few studies ever done on this subject, Allan Allday, an assistant professor of special education at Oklahoma State University, had middle school teachers greet their students individually each morning. This exchange of greetings raised the kids’ productivity. School went from impersonal to personal, and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.
[3] Environments influence friendliness, One study found that people in the city were kiss likely to one hands with a stranger than those in the countryside. And researchers say, pleasure environments generally encourage more smiles and hellos than unpleasant ones. My experience was similarly. Whatever the reason, my urban hellos were answered far less often than my rural one. Similarly, people in vacation spots, like the Jersey Shore, were far friendlier than those hurrying work downtown.
[4] It’s a form of universal health insurance. It’s impossible to say hello without smiling. And smiling has been shown to lower blood pressure, relieve stress and boost happiness. Apparently, a smile creates a similar effect in the recipient （接受者）。 [5] So maybe we can make the world a better place by____________. After a month of doing it. I feel lighter and more connected and I have a better sense of well-being. 76. What does the author say about the adults according to Paragraph 1 （within 8 words） _________________________________________________________________________ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
[5] So maybe we can make the world a better place by____________. After a month of doing it. I feel lighter and more connected and I have a better sense of well-being.
76. What does the author say about the adults according to Paragraph 1 （within 8 words）
_________________________________________________________________________
77. Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one
Teachers and students got friendlier so that the students became more active in learning and scored higher in tests.
____________________________________________________________________________
78. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words. （within 5 words）
79. List three effects of smiling on health according to the text. （within 8 words）
① ② ③
80. Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
（2）
（2009.天津卷原创解析）第一节:阅读表达（共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分）
阅读下面短文,并按照题目要求用英语回答问题.
Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（购物手推车）. They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.
Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地携带） groceries around in baskets they had to carry.
One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.
On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention.
But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.
After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts. “Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket ” one shopper replied.
But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony（假冒的） customers.
As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come—those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.
Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model. Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart.
56. The underlined words “chrome-plate contraptions” in Paragraph 1 refer to ______________________________________________________________________________.
（No more than 3 words）
57. What was the purpose of Goldman’s invention （No more than 10 words）
_______________________________________________________________________________
58. Why was Goldman disappointed at first （No more than 10 words）
______________________________________________________________________________
59. Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market （No more than 10 words）
60. What do you think of Goldman Please give your reasons. （No more than 20 words）
_______________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
（1）
76.【解析】Adults are not willing to say hello.
由Hello. It’s one of the first words we learn as babies, yet it’s one of the last ones we think to use as adults.可知。
77.【解析】 School went from impersonal to personal, and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.由所给句子关键词friendlier, scored higher可知第二段的最后一句合适。78.【解析】saying hello to each other/ greeting each other/ saying hello由整体文意和五段上下文可知。79.【解析】①lowering blood pressure ②relieving stress ③boosting happiness从文中2、3、4可知。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
78.【解析】saying hello to each other/ greeting each other/ saying hello
由整体文意和五段上下文可知。
79.【解析】①lowering blood pressure ②relieving stress ③boosting happiness从文中2、3、4可知。
80.【解析】不管出于什么原因，我在城里打招呼得到的回应比在乡村少得多。
（2）
56.【解析】 shopping carts；词义猜测题。由上句----a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（购物手推车）可以得出谈的是.购物手推车。
57.【解析】It was to make shopping easier and attract more business；细节理解表达。由二段的Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地携带） groceries和第三段可知他做购物手推车的目的。
58.【解析】Because few customers used his carts；细节理解表达。由第五段可知。
59.【解析】Because he wanted to promote his shopping carts；细节推理表达题。由第七段关键词---persuade people to give them a try.可知。
60.【解析】He was a smart businessman. He invented the shopping cart and made it accepted by customers.
Or: He was smart but he shouldn’t have used tricks to attract customers.
主旨大意表达题。通读全文把握大意，本文主要介绍Goldman和他的购物手推车。
【专题突破】阅读表达题是自2007年开始山东省高考试题中增加的一种新的测试题型，要求考生在阅读所给短文，然后按照题目要求回答文后的五个问题，每个问题3分，总分15分。该题型的测试目的是从多方位多角度考查考生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性，更能体现对考生的综合语言运用能力的考查。考生在做阅读表达题时，注意如下解题方法与技巧：
1、主旨概括：主要考查考生对文章内容的整体把握能力。要想答好该题，考生必须有很强的概括能力或归纳能力，要善于寻找能够概括全文的主题段落或者主题句，剔除文中的细节事实或者作者所用的论据，即要分清主旨和细节，概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可太笼统离题太远或者以偏概全；文中标题格式可以是完整的句子，简洁
的短语，也可以用问题的形式，同时要注意字数要求。具体的表达可以先根据文章内容找出关键词，再在此基础上确定文章标题或者文章的main idea。
2、同义句替换：只有准确理解所给句子的意义，才能准确快速地找出原文中意义相同的句子。
3、填空：回答此类问题时，一定首先注意弄清楚上下文的逻辑关系，如递进、转折、并列、对比、因果等等；然后根据上下文的含义搞清楚空白处该填句子还是短语或者单词，再读上下文，最后确定答案。
4、翻译句子：在该类题目中要求翻译的句子往往是结果较为复杂或者包括一些特定习语的句子。因此再翻译之前一定要先分析句子结构，并结合文章中心思想以及上下文弄清句子所在的语境，同时还要注意英、汉两种语言及其问题特征的差异，最后在忠实于原文的基础上，把画线部分的句子翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的句子。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
5、封闭性问题：封闭性问题是指答案是固定或唯一的问题，一般可在文章中找到明确的答案或依据，包括常见的wh-questions。
6、开放性问题：开放性问题是阅读表达中主观性最强的试题，要求考生结合个人的观点、经验来回答相关问题。
7、其他类型：该题是结合文章的不同题材和体裁给出的除以上6种类型以外的类型的题。比如设计图表题，推理判断题等。
（1）
Our little boy came up to his mother in the kitchen one evening while she was fixing supper，and handed her a piece of paper that he had been writing on. After his mom dried her hands on an apron，she read it，and this is what it said：
For cutting the grass $5.00
For cleaning up my room this week $1. 00
For going to the store for you $0. 50
Baby－sitting my kid brother while you went shopping $0. 25
Taking out the garbage $1. 00
For getting a good report card $5. 00
For cleaning up and raking the yard $2. 00
Total owed： $14.75
Well，I’ll tell you，his mother looked at him standing there expectantly，and boy，could I see the memories flashing through her mind. So she picked up the pen，turned over the paper he’d written on，and this is what she wrote：
For the nine months I carried you while you were growing inside me，No Charge.
For all the nights that I’ve sat up with you，doctored and prayed for you，No Charge.For all the trying times，and all the tears that you’ve caused through the years，there’s No Charge.For all the nights that were filled with dread，and for the worries I knew were ahead，No ChargeFor the toys，food，clothes，and even wiping your nose，there’s No Charge，Son. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
For all the trying times，and all the tears that you’ve caused through the years，there’s No Charge.
For all the nights that were filled with dread，and for the worries I knew were ahead，No Charge
For the toys，food，clothes，and even wiping your nose，there’s No Charge，Son.
When you___________________，the cost of my love is No Charge.
Well，friends，when our son finished reading what his mother had written，there were great big old tears in his eyes，and he looked straight up at his mother and said：“Mom，I sure do love you. ”And then he took the pen and in great big letters he wrote：“PAID IN FULL”.
1.What’s the best title of the passage
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one
Although you have broght me hard thimes andmany tears in these years , you needn’t pay for them.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3.Please fill in the blank in the passage with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.(within ten words)
___________________________________________________________________________
4.What do you learn after reading the passage (within 30 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
____________________________________________________________________________
（2）
An American friend of mine who was high up in a big corporation had worked out a way of handling a flood of e-mails before most of us had even heard of the concept. If any information he was sent was vital enough, his lack of response would ensure the sender rang him up, if the sender wasn’t important enough to have his private number, the communication couldn’t be that important, my friend is now even more senior in the same company so the strategy must work.
Almost every week now there seems to be a report suggesting that we are all being driven crazy by the bother of e-mail. If this is the case, it’s only because we haven’t developed an appropriate discrimination in dealing with it.
_________. Firstly, you junk nothing with an exclamation mark or a string of capital letters, or from any address you don’t recognize or feel confident about.
Secondly, e-mails don’t all have to be answered. Because e-mailing is so easy, there’s a tendency for correspondence to carry on for ever, but it is permissible to stop an endless discussion or to accept a point of information sent by a colleague without acknowledging it.
Thirdly, a reply e-mail doesn’t have to be the same length as the original. We all have e-mail pals who send long, chatty e-mail, which are nice to receive, but who then expect an equally long reply. The charm of e-mail can consist in the simple, incomplete sentence, totally regardles ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )s of the format of the letter sent by post. You are perfectly within the bounds of politeness in responding to a marathon e-mail with a better reply.
1．Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one
The possible existence of annoyance results from our inability to sort out e-mails
_______________________________________________________________________________
2．Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with a proper sentence.(within 10 words )
_______________________________________________________________________________
3．What advice is given in the last paragraph (within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4．For what purpose does the author mention his American friend in Paragraph 1 (within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5．Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese.
_______________________________________________________________________________
参考答案:(1)
1.No Charge
2.For all the trying times ,and all the tears that you’ve caused through the years , there’s No Charge.
3.add it all up
4.Love of our mothers is great and we should appreciate it from the bottom of our hearts.
5.然后，他拿起笔写了几个大字：“全部偿付”
(2)
1.【解析】If this is the case, it’s only because we haven’t developed an appropriate discrimination in dealing with it.该题为同意句替换题，细读所给句子，不难得出其意义“这些令人恼火的情况之所以存在，是因为我们没有对电子邮件进行分类的能力”。然后对照原文，就很容易找到其同意句了。
2.【解析】E-mail(s) can be handled in the following ways. / Here are the ways to deal with e-mail(s). / handling e-mail(s) is an art. 该题为填空题。做该类题目首先要根据上下文搞清楚所填内容是句子还是短语或单词。从该题要求来看我们可以知道此处要填入合适的句子。联系上下文可知，下文所列三条都是处理电子邮件的方法，那就不难知道，此处所填句子内容应该是一个概括性较强的topic sentence，这样我们就不难知道该填什么内容了。
3.【解析】You may reply to a long e-mail briefly./ You don’t have to write a long reply e-mail.该题为封闭性问题，要求答出最后一段所给的建议。做这种类型的题目时，首先要读懂该段要告诉读者的是什么信息，然后根据要求进行总结，因为有字数限制，所以答题时要特别注意如何用词和如何组织语言。从最后一段的第一句我们就可以知道这条建议是告诉读者“在回复e-mail时，不必和对方来信的长度一样”。其实这句话就是该问题的答案，但是由于有字数限定，我们就必须改变一下说法，使答案的字数控制在10个单词以内，这样就可以避免学生照抄原文，从而达到考察学生灵活运用语言能力的目的。
4.【解析】To show a way of handling e-mail(s) with an example. / To introduce the topic of the text. 该题属于其他类型的题目，要求考生写出作者在第一段中提到他美国朋友的写作意图。纵观全文不难知道，该短文的主旨是向读者介绍处理电子邮件的方法。而作者在第一段引用他美国朋友处理邮件的方法做为例子，目的正是为了揭示文章主题。
5.【解析】用简短的话回复冗长的邮件完全不失礼节。/ 用简短的话回复马拉松式的电子邮件也是礼貌的。该题为句子翻译题。做该题时应先分析句子成分，搞清每个意群的含义，然后结合上下文以及文章的中心思想，调整成符合汉语表达习惯的通顺的汉语句子。翻译该句，关键是搞清处两个短语的含义，一个是within the bound of (在…范围内), 另一个是in responding to (作答，回复)。
【学法导航】考生在做阅读表达题时要注意如下几个方面的问题：1.阅读时理清文章的脉络、掌握文章的主旨大意，并能运用简洁的语言表达。同时对文章分层次理解，先把握结构、框架性的东西，然后理解细节。综合全篇推断作者的观点、态度、意图等。因为叙述性试题有字数的限制，因此要言简意赅，回答要符合试题要求；2.回答要有针对性观点要明确。不可以即觉得一种观点合理，又觉得另一种观点也可以；在提出对建议的看法时，要明确表达某种观点是好的，然后陈述这种观点的优势，切记在支持了某种观点后再叙述其他建议的长处；
3.不要摘抄文章原句。具体说考生在复习备考训练该题型时要依据题型特点，正确处理各种类型的题目，要做到如下几点：
1、文章标题、主旨概括类型
这类问题要求考生在理解全文后归纳文章的要点，概括中心思想。考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等，分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论，捕捉与题目有关的信息，从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。尤其要注意文章的首位段的首末句，这里往往是文章的主旨所在。主旨概括要有高度的针对性，要新颖, 语言要简练，格式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )要正确。
(1)必须具有高度的概括性和针对性。要抓住文章的中心要点，并结合文章讲述的范围，对文章的标题或主旨进行高度的概括。要分清文章的主旨和细节，决不能以偏概全或是毫无目的，离题千里。
(2)标题要简洁、必须新颖。作为文章的标题必须在概括全文的基础上，尽量给人以新颖、全新的感觉。
(3) 注意书写格式正确。文章标题一般不要使用标点符号，可以是完整的句子，可以是简短的短语，也可以是问题的形式，同时要注意字数的要求（标题要求一般不超过10个词）。 标题一般要求实词第一个字母大写，虚词不大写，如果虚词位于开头也大写；也可以只大写开头第一个字母；也有的所有的字母都大写。所以为了保证不出现这方面的错误，最好只把第一个单词的首字母大写，其它都小写（专有词汇需要大写的除外，如China等）。
2、同义句替换
此题型相对于其他题型较容易。对于这种类型的问题，应注意英语语言的转换理解，要对句子的意义进行正确的理解，弄透所给句子的意思，然后根据语句中的关键词，迅速找出文中意义相同的句子，然后规范的抄在指定的地方。具体步骤如下：
(1)注意语句中的关键词，迅速找到相关语句。关键词往往为表示时间、地点等的状语，然后与题目值得语句进行比对，确定其相似性。
(2)抄写规范、清晰。书写时要工整，避免抄写时粗心大意，不能够出现词汇、标点符号等的错误。
3、完成句子
语境和上下文之间的逻辑关系是回答该类问题关键。语句间的逻辑性是我们解决这类问题的着眼点，要找出语句间的一些递进、并列、对比、转折、因果等的关系，在理解全文的基础上把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，要充分考虑整句话的语言环境，特别注意上下，前后句子的弦外之意，确定需要填写的是短语还是完整句子，并注意书写时的问题，如大小写等。该类问题的字数要求会比较少，所以语言一定要简练；答完后要检查一下，看上下文是否通顺，能否恢复文章作者原本想表达的思想、内容或意图。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
4、封闭型问题
对于封闭性的问题，首先应认真审题，弄清楚题目的要求，在文章中找到明确的依据，回答应该具有针对性，紧扣题目，语言既要完整又要简洁。回答要具有针对性，要避免答非所问。
5、开放型问题
开放性问题是阅读表达中主观性最强的试题，需要考生在准确把握文章的主旨的前提下，结合个人的观点、经验设计出符合文章相关内容和题目要求的答案。该题的答案是多样性和主观性的，但同时必须符合题目的要求。具体需要注意以下几点：
(1)围绕主旨，理清要点 。在正确把握文章主旨的前提下，如果文中有相应提示，通读全文根据原文找相关答案，理清要点、言简意赅。注意词数要求，打好草稿，写明要点。
结合经验，自由发挥。如果文中没有提示，要求结合个人观点、经验自由发挥，围绕文章的。
(2)中心观点列出要点，再用加法在字数要求范围内扩点成句，润色上档。答案具有多样性，但自由发挥的同时要注意围绕文章的中心观点展开论述，防止不着边际，离题万里。
【专题综合】
阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
（1）
So you're between the ages of 13 and 24. What makes you happy Spending time with family was the top answer to that open-ended question, according to an extensive survey--more than 100 questions asked of 1,280 people aged 13-24 -- conducted by The Associated Press on the nature of happiness among America's young people.
Next was spending time with friends. And good news for parents: Nearly three quarters of young people say their relationship __________ makes them happy.
"They're my foundation," says Kristiana St. John, 17, a high-school student from Queens in New
York. "My mom tells me that even if I do something stupid, she's still going to love me no matter what. Just knowing that makes me feel very happy and blessed."
Other results are more disconcerting. While most young people are happy overall with the way their lives are going, there are racial differences: the poll shows whites to be happier than blacks and Hispanics. A lot of young people feel stress, particularly those from the middle class, and females more than males.
You might think money would be clearly tied to a general sense of happiness. But almost no one said "money" when asked what makes them happy, though people with the highest family incomes are generally happier with life. However, having highly educated parents is a stronger predictor of happiness than income.
Overwhelmingly, young people think marriage would make them happy and want to be married some day. Most also want to have kids. Finally, when asked to name their heroes, nearly half of respondents mentioned one or both of their parents. The winner, by a nose: Mom. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
Finally, when asked to name their heroes, nearly half of respondents mentioned one or both of their parents. The winner, by a nose: Mom.
1. What is the best title of the passage (Please answer within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one
Although most youths are generally happy with their present life. There are differences between different races.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you think is the most important factor that makes you happy Why (Please answer within 30 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
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（2）
阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
About 40 percent of the top students in college entrance examinations have chosen overseas universities for their postgraduate studies，according to a survey.
Most of them have stayed overseas after finishing their intended courses，showed a survey that tracked 130 top performers in college entrance exams from 1977 to 1998.
The survey， released on the China Alumni Association website， found it worrying that many of the top students would not ________ despite the country's rapid development in the past few decades. The government should find better ways to hold back talented students，said Cai Yanhou， a professor with Central South University in Changsha，capital of Hunan Province.
UNESCO figures show Chinese students comprise 14 percent of international students，the highest in the world. Their favorite destinations for higher studies are the US， Britain and Japan. Some experts said handsome scholarships，better job prospects and more opportunities to pursue further studies are the main attractions of foreign universities. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
But Cai，who also led the survey team，said "top in exams" does not necessarily mean "top in career" because the study found none of the top students at college entrance exams had become a top Chinese expert or academic. Some of them are just more adaptable to exam-oriented education than their peers，experts said.
The media fill pages and time slots with their "success" stories to gain wider readership and viewership. High schools promote their former students proudly to attract new ones，and universities want to show their superior status by recruiting them，they said.
Wang hoped future reforms would do away with the score-oriented method so that students can be judged from all aspects.
1. What is the best title of the passage？ （Please answer within 10 words）
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one？
The top students' "success" stories are widely announced by the media to attract the readers' and the viewers' interest.
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3. Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. （Please answer within 10 words）
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. If you are one of the top students in college entrance examinations，will you choose to study abroad？Why or why not？ （Please answer within 30 words）
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5. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese
______________________________________________________________________________.
（3）
阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
ORPHANS(孤儿)whose parents died of AIDS in Henan Province have been given new hope．Last week the provincial government answered the children’s cries by promising 60 million yuan to improve schools，orphanages(孤儿院)and living conditions．But without the efforts of Dr Gao Yaojie, these cries may never have been heard．
“I’m a doctor and it’s my duty to cure diseases and save lives,” said the 77-year-old grandmother．Gao was named one of the 2003 people of year on February 20 by CCTV after millions of people took part in an online poll．But in 1996，when she stared to promote AIDS awareness，using money from her own pocket，her actions were widely misunderstood．
“Although some of the children were born with HIV，90 percent of them were not infected，”Gao said.” But people still reject them．Many orphans change their names after finding a foster family(领养家庭).”
The horror of Henan’s AIDS problem became known in 1996．Frequent and unsafe blood-selling by poor farmers in the late 1980s and early 1990s had caused HIV to spread through dirty needles and infected blood use．As a doctor，Gao believed she should help：over the last eight years she has visited over l,000 AIDS and HIV patients and published thousands of pamphlets on AIDS awareness．With her help，hundreds of orphans have returned to school or found foster families．
“It’s a disaster for the whole nation，not only for those innocent patients and their families，”she explained，Gao is delighted that so many childless families offer to foster orphans．But there is still much that can be done to support these children．”I hope that warm-hearted high school students will also reach out and offer a helping hand，”she said．
1．Why was Gao Yaojie named one of the 2003 people of year
2．What is the best title of this passage
3．Translate the underlined sentence in the second paragraph．
4．What did the government promise to do for children
5．How did the HIV spread so fast in the 1980s and early 1990s
参考答案：（1）
1. Family is the top answer to youth happiness.
2. While most young people are happy overall with the way their lives are going, there are racial differences.3. with their parents4. 略。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
3. with their parents
4. 略。
5. 然而，和高收入相比较，拥有受到过高等教育的父母是一种更有力的幸福的预兆
（2）
1. 40% top Chinese students choose to study abroad.
2. The media fill pages and time slots with their "success" stories to gain wider readership and viewership.
3. stay in China for higher studies
4 略5.王希望未来的改革将会摈除以分取人的方式从而使学生得到全方位的评价。 （3）1.Because the government would not answer the children’s cry without her.2.Giving life and hope ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )
5.王希望未来的改革将会摈除以分取人的方式从而使学生得到全方位的评价。
（3）
1.Because the government would not answer the children’s cry without her.
2.Giving life and hope
3.“我是一名医生，我的职责是救死扶伤。”这位77岁的老太太说。
4.To supply 60 million yuan for children whose parents died of AIDS.
5. It spread through dirty needles and infected blood use
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2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题二十 阅读表达
【专题要点】阅读表达要求专题7要点：1．概括文章标题；2．句子代替；3．补全文章；4．开放型问题；5．封闭型问题；6．英译汉；7．其他类型。
【考纲要求】考纲对书面表达的规定：1.依据《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》命题，测试学生的英语语言知识、语言技能和综合语言运用能力，侧重对综合语言运用能力的考查，尤其是运用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题的能力和解决实际问题的能力；2.重视语言的综
合性与语境化因素，把语言知识放在放在各种实际的语境中考查，注重问题的真实性、情景性和应用性；3.体现对考生文化意识、情感态度等素养的考查；4.使学生能够展示个性发展和思维的多样性与开放性；5.重视考试和阅卷的效度、信度和可操作性；试题要有适当的难度和必要的区分度。
根据课程标准的规定，考生应在英语语言知识、语言技能、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等五个方面达到相应水平要求。针对命题的指导思想，山东省从2007年起在高考英语科考试试题中增加了第二卷试题的比例和开放性，把原来的改错题型换成了阅读表达，这样第二卷书面表达就包括了阅读表达和写作两部分。
【教法指引】教师在引导考生复习备考突破该题型时要注意该题型与传统的阅读理解试题不同的是：在考查学生阅读理解的基础上，增加了对书面表达能力的考查。该试题既考查学生的语言输入，也考查语言的输出；同时，考生对问题的回答即语言的输出应建立在对文章内容理解的前提上。该题型最显著的特点在于所问问题中包括翻译试题和开放型问题。翻译试题是要求考生结合所翻译的句子及文中的情景进行翻译；开放型问题要求考生根据自己的理解和个人的观点来进行回答。由此可见，该试题比传统的阅读理解试题更具综合性，更能体现对考生语言综合运用能力的考查。因此在训练学生应试该题型时要和阅读理解、书面表达结合在一起，从该题型的考查要点着手，抓住要点。7个类型的题目进行有针对性的训练，把培养阅读表达能力和做题技巧与培养考生的阅读理解、书面表达能力融为一起，共同提高； ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / )在练中训练考生的理解能力、表达能力；培养起他们的开放性思维习惯。
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