被动语态

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被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者(或执行者)；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才能用于被动语态。例如：
例如：许多人都踢足球。
Many people play football. （主动语态）
Football is played by many people. （被动语态）
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态是由“be+过去分词”构成的，如果需强调动作或行为的发出者时，在其后接“by ...”，意为“被……”。这里be是助动词，必须与主语的人称和数相一致，并有时态的变 化(be有时也可以使用get, become等词来代替)。
1.被动语态的句型
肯定句：主语+be+过去分词+(by...)
否定句：主语+be not+过去分词+(by...)
一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+(by...)
特殊问句：疑问词+be+过去分词+(by...)
这里be决定了被动语态的时态，be后面的过去分词没有变化。
2.被动语态的八种时态
(1)一般现在时：am (is, are)+过去分词
Football is played all over the world.
足球运动遍及全世界。
English isn't spoken by people here.
这里的人不说英语。
(2)一般过去时：was (were)+过去分词
These new books were published last month.
这些新书是上个月刚出版的。
Were these computers made in the U.S.A.
这些电脑是美国造的吗
(3)一般将来时：will be+过去分词
Prof. Wang will be asked to attend the lecture.
王教授将被邀请参加讲座。
That film will be directed by Zhang Yimou.
那部电影将由张艺谋执导。
(4)现在进行时：am (is, are)+being+过去分词
A new free way from Beijing to Shanghai is being built now.
一条从北京到上海的新的高速公路正在建设之中。
I'm slowly being driven mad by the noise of passing plane.
我正在慢慢地被过往飞机的噪音逼得发疯。
(5)过去进行时：was (were)+being+过去分词
The wounded was being operated by Prof. Wang this time yesterday.
昨天这时候，那伤员正由王教授做手术。
The car wasn't being repaired by me then.
那时这辆车不是由我修的。
(6)现在完成时：have (has)+been+过去分词
The graduates in the university have been sent to work all over t he country.
这所大学的毕业生已被派往全国各地工作。
Has the bridge in Yangzhou been built
扬州的那座大桥建成了吗
(7)过去完成时：had+been+过去分词
The bridge had been built by the end of 1998.
那座桥1998年年底以前就建好了。
Supper had not been cooked when I got there last time.
上次我到那儿时，晚饭还没有做。
(8)过去将来时：would+be+过去分词
She told me that a new English teacher would be sent to our class in a week.
她告诉我一周以后要给我们班派一位新的英语老师来。
They asked the mayor what would be done to control the water pollution.
他们问市长将采取什么措施控制水污染。
3.由情态动词构成的被动语态
这种被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词
The car she drove into the post can't be repaired.
那辆她撞在电杆上的车修不好了。
All these exercises must be finished before school is over.
所有这些习题必须在放学以前做完。
The music of the film may be composed by him.
这部电影的音乐可以让他进行创作。
This sketch of the building ought to be corrected immediately.
大楼的这张图纸应该马上修改。
4.含有双宾语的句子的被动语态
有一些动词如give, buy等，后面常跟两个宾语--直接宾语和间接宾语；通常直接宾语指 物，间接宾语指人；指物或指人的宾语都可以作为被动句子的主语。例如：
He gave her a painting.
他给了她一幅画。
→She was given a painting by him.(以人she作主语)
→A painting was given (to) me by him.(以物作主语)
She told me the reason just now.
她刚才告诉了我原因。
→I was told the reason by her.(以人I作主语)
→The reason was told (to) me by her.(以事作主语)
Father bought him a computer.
爸爸给他买了一台电脑。
→A computer was bought for him(by father).(以物作 主语)
→He was bought a computer (by father).
(以人作主语，虽语法正确，但实际不这样使用。)
将这些带双宾语的动词背下来：
1.动词后加to的：
give 给，show 给……看， send 寄， bring 带……， pass 递给……，
lend……借给， leave 留给……， hand…… 交给……， tell 告诉，
return 归还， write 写给……， throw 扔……， promise 答应，
refuse 拒绝……；
2.动词后加for的：
pay 付钱给……， buy 买， sing 给……唱歌， make 制，做， do 做， get 得到。
5.含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态
有一些动词如make，call等，常伴有定语补足语(或称为复合宾语)；在变为被动语态时，宾 补的位置不变。
He named the baby(宾) Lily(宾补).
他给这个婴儿起名叫莉莉。
The baby was named(谓语)Lily(宾补)(by him).
(莉莉的位置不变)The teacher made me(宾)help you with your English(宾补).
老师让我帮助你学英语。
I was made(谓语)to·help you with y our English.( 宾补)(by the teacher)
（“帮助你学英语”的位置不变）
注意：所有要求不定式作宾语补足语而不带to的动词，包括感官 动词see, hear, watch, feel, look at, listen to及使役动词make, let, have和动词help,在变为被动语态时，还要把to加上。
例如：
I saw him(宾) enter the Room 102(宾补).
He was seen(谓语)to enter the Room 102(宾补).
我看见他进入102室。(他被看见进入了102室。)
6.不及物动词+介词或副词的被动语态形式
有一些不及物动词，其后接上一个介词或副词以后形成一个动词短语，这个短语的作用和一 个及物动词一样，在变为被动语态时，一定不要把介词或副词去掉。
They laughed at her.
他们都笑话她。
→She was laughed at (by them).
Who is taking care of your baby
谁在照看你的孩子
→Who is your baby being taken care of by
They cut down many trees every year.
他们每年砍下很多的树。
→Many trees are cut down (by them) every year.
Someone turned on the radio.
有人把收音机打开了。
→The radio was turned on (by someone)
People often make fun of him.
人们常常取笑他
→He is often made fun of (by people).
必背：把下面这些动词短语背熟：
begin with 以……开始
catch up with 赶上
fall behind 落后
fight about 为……而战斗
find out 弄清楚
jump into 跳入
laugh at 嘲笑某人，learn from 向某人学习
listen to 注意听……，look after 照顾，关照……
look at 看……，look for 寻找……
look in 查看……，look like 看起来像……
pass on to 传递某物给……，pay for 为……付钱
point at 指向……，put on 穿，戴,
put out 扑灭，send for 派人去请……
send up 发射，发送，take off 脱下
talk about 谈论某事，talk to (sb.) 与某人交谈
turn on (off) 打开，(关上)，wait for 等待
worry about 为……而担心，write down 记下，写下
7 被动语态的“by +宾语”的省略
被动误态句式中的“by +宾语”表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者，但是在遇到以下情况时，表示动作执行者的“by +宾语”常常被省略。
① 动作执行者不确定时，省略by
Many people are killed in traffic accident every year.
每年有很多人死于交通事故。
② 不必表明动作执行者时，省略by
The sports meet has been put off until next Monday.
运动会被延期至下星期一。
③ 动作执行者一般大众时，省略by
Both English and Spain are spoken in this area.
在这个地区，英语和西班牙语都通用。
特别注意：下面这些动词短语本身已经是被动形式，不再需要加“ by...”。
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be made of(from) 由……而制成
be covered with 以……覆盖着
be surprised at 对……感到惊奇
二、被动语态的基本用法
1.需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。
Magazines and newspapers in the reading-room mustn't be taken away.
阅览室的杂志和报纸都不能带走。
Susan was appointed the monitor of the class.
苏姗被指定为这个班的班长。
Water is needed very much by the crops here.
这里的庄稼非常需要水。
2.不知道或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，应使用被动语态。
He was wounded many times during the Anti--Japanese War.
他在抗日战争期间多次负伤。
Prof. Li was invited to a banquet after the meeting.
开完会以后，李教授被邀请赴宴。
The problem has to be dealt with right now.
这个问题必须马上处理。
什么情况下需用被动语态
动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的不必要，接受动作者需强调，用被动语态最为妙。
3.当说话人需要强调客观时，用被动语态。
It is said that the temperature tomorrow will be 40℃.
据说明天的气温将要达到摄氏40度。
It is reported that a typhoon is coming to the seaside of the southeast in our country.
据报道一次台风将要到达我国东南沿海一带。
It is hoped that they will be successful.
希望她们会获得成功。
特别记住：这一类用法的句型还有：
It is believed that... 据信，大家相信
It is known that... 众所周知
It is supposed that... 大家认为
It is suggested that... 据建议，有人建议
It must be remembered that... 务必记住
It is taken for granted that... ……被认为理所当然
三、被动语态应注意的问题
主动语态与被动语态不是可以随便换用的，在一般情况下，主动句比被动句更经常地使用。 但有些情况，主动句不能变为被动句。
1.反身代词、相互代词以及同源宾语不能变为被动语态。
She introduced herself as Mrs. Burke.
她自我介绍说她是伯克太太。
Liu Hulan died a glorious death.
刘胡兰死得光荣。
You should help and learn from each other.
你们应该互相帮助，互相学习。
She can't help herself crying.
她情不自禁地哭了起来。
2.谓语动词是表示状态的及物动词
have, suit, like, help, prefer, fit, contain, belong to, break out, want, take place, succeed等，不能变为被动语态。
The car belongs to Mr. Li.
这辆车是李先生的。(不能说：The car is belonged to Mr. Li.)
They had a class meeting yesterday.
他们昨天开了个班会。(不能说：A class meeting was had yesterday. 但可以说：A class meeting was held yesterday.)
Does this sweater suit you
这件毛衣你穿着合适吗 (不能说：Are you suited... )
3.被动语态与系表结构的区别。
“be+过去分词”这一结构可能是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。它们的区别在于：被动语态强调动作，而系表结构表示主语的特征和所处的状态。
The mirror in the sitting room was broken by a boy.
客厅的镜子被一个男孩子打破了。(被动语态)
The mirror was broken.
那面镜子是破的。(系表结构)
The post office will be closed at 6∶00. (被动语态)
邮局将在六点钟关门。
The post office is closed now. (系表结构)
邮局现在关门了。
注意：如果需要明确表示被动语态为表示动作的，可以用get代替be 动词。例如：
His wallet got(was) stolen in the train.
他的钱包在火车上被偷了。
The Japanese team got beaten.
日本队被打败了。
The window got broken.
窗户被打碎了
4.被动含义的句子可以用主动形式表示。
The latest model cars sell well.
这种最新型的汽车卖得很好。
This kind of ball-pens writes smoothly.
这种圆珠笔书写流畅。
Your coat doesn't wash easily.
你的外套很不好洗。
Is there anything to do now
现在有什么事情要做吗
特别记住：下面一些词组具有被动含义：
on sale 出售
on trial 试用，试验
under treatment 在治疗之中
under discussion 在讨论之中
under repair 在修理之中
under consideration 在考虑中
under control 受控制
under arrest 被逮捕
in sight 被看见
in stock 被储
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