中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略
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中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略
完形填空题实际上是恢复原貌式的阅读理解题，各种短文结构严谨，段落清楚，而且首句一般不挖空，便于学生依据首句提示进行整体理解。解答完形填空题要求学生具备快速阅读的各种能力和技巧，如视读、跳读、查读、猜词等。
侧重基础知识，考查语言知识的掌握能力
完形填空题以文入手，结合文章内容考查基础语言知识，主要是考查学生词语搭配，近义词辩异，正确辨析句子结构，掌握语法规则的能力。
【例1】
His friend ______ the engine(发动机) and the plane began to move.
A. began B. carried C. moved D. started
此题主要考查学生辨析四个动词的用法。从句子分析可看出B、C明显不对，他的朋友不可能“搬运、移动”发动机。此题实际上是考查学生辨析began和started的用法，这两个动词作“开始”解是同义词，但只有start可表示“发动、开动”的意思。D是正确答案。
【例2】
He and saw a noisy square (广场) not far from here.
A. looked for B. looked after C. looked at D. looked around
此题主要辨析由look构成的四个短语，A、B、C三个选项中looked后的词均为介词，而介词后无宾语，所以是错的。around是副词，所以D为正确答案。
【例3】
Mr Green ______ his children that Father Christmas is a very kind–hearted man.
A. asks B. talks C. tells D. says
辨析四个意义相似的动词。Ask意为“问”，其后的宾语从句应该有whether或if。talks是不及物动词。say后跟某事，不跟表示“人”的宾语。tell的句式是否tell somebody something，所以C是正确答案。
【例4】
John sent for a doctor because his wife was ill. He called the doctor and made sure they _____ neat at five.
A. should B. shall C. would D. will
此题考查情态动词以及时态。分析此句中可看出，要用过去时，所以B、D可排除。Make sure后是宾语从句，宾语从句的动作meet没发生，要用过去将来时，所以要选C。
上下对照，考查学生捕捉关键词的能力
完形填空题设计时，有时单看一句是得不出正确答案的，需要阅读下句、甚至若干句后才有“茅赛顿开”之感。上下对照，即在上文或下文中找到与正确答案相同的关键词。学生在答题中要有边读边在大脑中储存上下信息的能力，捕捉关键词。
【例1】
First they wash their ______ hands in a bowl of water—they only eat with right hands.
A. dirty B. right C. left D. big
此题四个形容词填入空格语法都正确，但阅读下句可发现right一词与选项B一词相对照，根据句意应该选B。
【例2】
I really do make a living by _____ ,and a good one ,too. I can laugh like a king or like a school bay.
A. laughing B. writing C. speaking D. working
此题下文第二句中的laugh与正确答案A相对应，而且laugh是该篇完形填空的关键词，所以A为正确答案。
【例3】
Mr Baker loved planting _____ . The week before last, he bought a few trees home..
A. flowers B. grass C. vegetables D. trees
此题下文说明了Mr Baker买了几棵树回家；上下对照，可看出是“种树”，trees和trees上下对应，所以D是正确答案。在解题中，往往断章取义，总想急于求成，就句论句，就题论题，“一步到位”。学生未通读全文就边读边填，无法形成连贯的思路，“见木不见林，达不到上下对照，导致出错。实际上学生在解题中应满怀信心，全神贯注，集中目光，越过空格，注重把握文章的整体内容，注意关键词。开始阅读可能会有模糊的感觉，类此“钻出洞”之感，但越往下读，文意会逐渐显露，读完全文心里住往会有“豁然开朗”的感觉。
设置语境，考查分析推理能力
完形填空题中，有时答题无上下对照的关键词作参考，而是考查分析前后语境去推理出正确答案。在这种试题中，四个选项填入句中语法、句子结构都正确，但分析前后语境，只有一个正确答案。
【例1】
So one day when a friend came to his house and offered to take him for a ride in his own small plane, Mr. Lee was very ______.
A. excited B. grateful C. worried D. glad
从此句看，无法作出正确的选择，四个形容词都可表示Mr. Lee的心情。但阅读下文逐步可看到”I am really afraid that there might be some danger.”这一句，这说明Mr. Lee害怕坐飞机，C为正确答案。
【例2】
It s a beautiful place. I was always very _____ there.
A. busy B .interested C. healthy D. happy
此题四个选项都是形容词，都可作主语“I”的表语。如要选择正确答案，要分析语境。此句前面提供了一个语境，即“这是一个美丽的地方”，言外之意是旅游的好去处，所以去那儿会开心的，因此要选happy。
【例3】
The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf _____ the children. They were a nice, happy family!
A. shouted at B. looked into C. laughed at D. played with
此题四个选项是四个动词短语，四个选项放入句中语法都正确，但前后语境分析只有D正确。前后分析，可看出wolf家庭是幸福的大家庭，年轻的wolf应常常带children玩耍，而不应该对孩子“大喊大叫”、“询问调查”和“嘲笑挖苦”。因此要选D。
结合生活，考查学生利用常识解题的能力
完形填空题中，有时命题者在完形填空题中考查学生的生活常识，看看学生是否能善于观察生活，积累生活常识，能否利用常识去做出恰当的选择。这类题的设计，四个选项放入句中语法、句子结构都正确，而且不一定需要上下联系，而是依据常识解答。
【例1】
When someone asks me what business I am in ,my face feels _____.
A. warm B. cool C. hot D. cold
该篇完形填空题的短文，描写一个在夜总会为歌舞助兴提供笑声的人。当人问他从事什么工作时，他总难以启齿，他脸部总有一种“感觉”。按常识，人感到害羞，不好意思等，脸就“发热、发烧、发烫”，或“脸红”，所以C是正确答案。其它答案的形容词都不适合这种脸部的感觉。
【例2】
One afternoon just before Christmas an old man was walking through the city center. Theshops were all filled with good things and crowded with _____ shoppers.
A. angry B. cheerful C. sad D. surprised
圣诞节前夕，商店物品丰富，购物者为节日选购商品，按常识这些shoppers应带着节日的喜悦心情，应选cheerful。
【例3】
Children in theU.S.Will _____ their parents’home when they grow up.
A. leave B. reach C. love D. hate
人们常说美国的年轻人独立性强，不依靠父母生活。当孩子长大后，他们通常离开家，自找工作，这是大家都知道的美国人的生活方式，是常识。该题A为正确答案。
关注连词，考查对行文逻辑、句子关联的理解能力
从近几年中考英语完形填空题的分析来看，命题者有时就有关连词进
行挖空，以此来考查学生通过阅读能否理解句与句之间的关联关系，是否了解行文逻辑的要求，能否掌握因果、转折、并列、条件、让步等连词的用法。
【例1】
They are served in bowls which everyone shares(共享), ______ each person has their own bowl ofrice.
A. because B. though C. since D. until
此篇完形填空谈到泰国饮食文化。前句意为“泰国人在共用的碗中就餐”，而后句意为“他们每人都有自己的碗”。前后分析可看出，后句是前句的转折，所以B为正确答案。
【例2】
Parents now spend more time in the office, _____ they don’t have much time to stay with their children.
A .because B. if C. but D. so
该题考查了四个连词，确定哪一个是正确答案，要分析句与句之间的关系。从前后分析来看，因父母把很多的时间花在办公室，所以他们与孩子相处的时间就少了，此句是因果关系，D为正确答案。
【例3】
The shops are bigger in London than in Moscow, _____ it’s very dear to enjoy yourself in London.
A. Then B. So C. Or D. But
前后句子分析，它们并非是时间先后，并非因果关系，并非两者选择。伦敦商店大而豪华，但是呆在伦敦花费是很大的，前后应该是转折关系，D是正确答案。
完形填空(共15分,每小题1分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Kate wants to be a nurse and 1 for sick people. She knows they need her help. When Kate goes to the hospital, she always sees many 2 there.
Last summer, Kate broke her leg. The pain was very great and she could not 3 walk. Her parents 4 her to the hospital 5 and she 6 stay there for about two weeks. One day a nurse came to Kate’s bed and said with 7 . “You’ll be 8 soon. You can walk again, so don’t think only about bad things. Try to be 9 !” The nurse was very kind and they became friends.
After Kate left the hospital, she thought 10 of the kind nurse. She now understands that the nurse job 11 very important, 12 the nurse can often give hope to 13 people.
Kate is now thinking about her 14 future. She often talks with her parents about it. Kate knows what she should do 15 a good nurse, and she is studying very hard at school.
( )1. A. work B. worker C. working D. worked
( )2. A. girls B. students C. workers D. patients
( )3. A. still B. yet C. even D. ever
( )4. A. made B. took C. brought D. let
( )5. A. with car B. by a car C. by car D. in car
( )6. A. must B. had to C. need D. could
( )7. A. a smile B. smiling C. smile D. smiles
( )8. A. good B. nice C. free D. better
( )9. A. pleasure B. sad C. happy D. happily
( )10. A. lot B. a lot C. lots D. a little
( )11. A. be B. are C. am D. is
( )12. A. because B. if C. but D. when
( )13. A. young B. old C. sick D. poor
( )14. A. self B. self’s C. own’s D. own
( )15. A. to be B. be C. being D. to being
. 1-5 ADCBC 6-10 BADCB 11-15 DACDA
在完形填空中,为使学生更易于理解文章内容,首句不设空.首句往往是主题句,也有主题句放在文中和文后的.把握主题句,就容易把握文章的中心.
(二)实例分析
1. 考查英语固定搭配,习惯用语的运用.此时,考生不需对句意有太多的理解,一眼就能锁定答案.如:
She 38__ the radio and sang songs while she was driving. (2003江西省中考卷)
38. A. turned on B. turned over C. turned off D. turned down
根据这句的句意:她一边开车一边打开收音机(跟着)唱歌,很容易就能选出turn on(打开),故答案为C.又如:
He 43 (killed three people) at Atlanta courthouse on March 11. The police were 44 him. (2005江西省中考卷)
44. A. waiting for B. thinking of C. looking at D. searching for
结合前后两句意义,他既然杀了三个人,那说明警察一定是在搜捕他,所以用searching for就符合题意,故选D.
2. 考查对文段语境的理解能力.考生必须通过语境作出判断,一般要看懂一两句话作情景铺垫.例如:
His coughing stopped my thinking. What was left to say How could I say 53 to the person who taught me everything (2004江西省中考卷)
53. A. goodbye B. hello C. yes D. sorry
如果仅从短语搭配上看,这四个选项都可以与say … to sb. 构成短语,这就要求考生结合这篇文章的意思和上下文逻辑关系来判断选A项.整篇文章都在叙述他对哥哥的依赖之情,他舍不得哥哥离开他,所以他怎么能跟哥哥说出"再见"这个词.又如:
The next morning I 54 (woke up), looked at my alarm clock, and realized he had left 55
ago. We never even said goodbye. (2004江西省中考卷)
55. A. minutes B. hours C. days D. weeks
文章开头哥哥就说了他明天离开,到第二天早上我醒来,意识到哥哥走了,这期间只能用小时计算,所以B项最符合语境需要.
3.考查对文章内容进行逻辑分析,推理判断的能力.要求考生能理解上下文的内在关联和连贯意义.例如:
It was almost 9:00p.m. when Mia Janson left her office to go home. It was 36 . She started her car and she 37(drove) down the dark road that led to her house in the country. She 38 (turned on)__ the radio and sang songs while she was driving. The heater wasn't working, …(2003江西省中考卷)
36. A. raining B. cool C. snowing D. late
单从前一句不易判断正确选项,但是通过分析后一句,暖气机不能工作了,推理出那天的天气是下雪的,故选C项.又如:
The latest attraction is a big 51 tunnel(隧道) you can through. All around you ,you will see fish swimming –sometimes even over your head. (2007江西省中考卷)
A. metal B. wood C. glass D. stone
根据文章信息可知,最新的景点是一个大的玻璃隧道,因为后面一句说在你的周围,你能看见鱼儿在游泳,而其它三个选项我们无法看到周围的东西的,故选C项.
二,完形填空的解题策略
1. 细读开篇首句,推测全文内容
中考完形填空所选短文一般没有标题,但其首句一般不挖空,这就为考生探索短文全貌打开了窗口.根据首句可以推断文章体裁.预测全文大意及主要思想.中考完形填空大多取自记叙文,人物,时间,地点以及其他重要信息都可以从首句得到,而且也可以推断作者大致要写一个什么样的故事.其他体裁的文章也可以根据首句对全文有一个大概的了解.
2. 通读全文,掌握文章主旨大意
在选择答案之前,依据首句的启示作用,跳过空格,不看选项,迅速通读全文,以便从整体上感知全文,掌握文章的主旨大意.在阅读过程中,要充分注意推理判断的信息词和承上启下的关键词,抓住文章的脉络主线,以便了解文章的内容,背景,结构,情节,前因后果以及论点论据等内容,理清作者的写作意图.抓住文章主旨大意去"完形",可避免思维中断,有利于提高"完形"的准确性.
3. 围绕大意,对照选项,逐句阅读,初选答案
掌握文章的主旨大意后,参照选项开始逐句细读,依靠平时掌握的词汇及语法,借助于上下文语境,进行判断推理,初选出语境和搭配均佳的答案.此外,还有一些题涉及到文化,常识方面的东西,考查学生的阅读面.
4. 先易后难,瞻前顾后
同一篇完形填空中,各题难度差异很大.有的题目初读就能选定答案,有的题目则需反复推敲.做题目时,先把较简单的自己有把握的题目选上,一时没有把握的题目先放一放,接着往下读,然后再回过头来选择.往往有这样的情况:前面的空白,会在下文中找到答案.选定好了一部分答案后,整篇文章的思路逐渐明晰,对文章的理解也会逐渐深入,再加上合理的判断推理,综合分析,个别难题也就不难解决了.所以在选择答案时,一定要前后照应,注意上下文的联系.要善于运用已有的知识,生活经验和常识,逻辑推理等手段,借助于上下文出现的事实和观点来确定和证实,使自己的选择有理有据.
5. 复核全文,看文章是否上下连贯,合乎逻辑,同时消除疏漏
填空完成后,要复核全文,再通读一遍,看是否上下连贯,合乎逻辑.如觉得某处含混或矛盾,就应重新思考和修补.再者完形填空虽不是考查语法,但一篇文章能离开语法吗 因此,也需要从语法角度检查.尽量减少疏漏.
三,完形填空题的备考方案
复习备考需从这几方面着手:
1. 扩大词汇数量,巩固语法知识
词汇是语言的基本要素之一,词汇量的大小直接影响到阅读和理解的能力及信息传递.学生要记住积极词汇问题不大,但是要在考试中认出识忆词汇却不容易.这主要是因为识忆词汇在教材中出现的频率不高,学生们往往只记住了识忆词汇的含义,却缺乏举一反三的运用能力,时间一长会产生遗忘,从而使得这些单词成为考试中的拦路虎.针对这一问题,教师可以让学生进行大量阅读,因为大量阅读,可以弥补识忆词汇在教材中出现频率较少的缺憾,而且还能够通过大量阅读不同的语篇,领会同一词汇方方面面的不同含义,以及派生出来的各种词性,为将来灵活运用这些词汇打下坚实的基础.
帮助学生记忆单词还可以从构词法入手,通过了解英语单词的内在规律,而有机掌握单词.英语主要的构词法是派生法(即把词缀(前后缀)附加在词根上构成新的词汇).因此,学生一旦了解常用词根和前后缀的含义,对于记忆单词和掌握词汇是大有好处的.此外,学生还需要掌握由基本单词派生而来的新的词汇,以扩大词汇量.在日常教学中,教师还可以教会学生采用合并,归类的方法,注意积累同义词,反义词等,提及语法知识,许多学生自以为学得扎实的就是语法知识.但是传统的英语语法,无论是在教学过程中,还是在学习的过程中,往往只局限于句子的框架,而没有注意到语篇结构问题,这也就难怪学生在遇到段落较长,结构较为复杂的"完形填空"时,手足无措.因此,教师应教会学生改变自己的学习习惯,树立语篇的概念,从句子入手,注意学习连句成段,连段成章的方法,提高自己在语篇结构上的语法运用能力.
2. 扩大背景知识,提高阅读技巧
扩大背景知识的最好的方法是扩大阅读量,大量接触各种英语材料,培养良好的语感.要大量阅读英语材料就必须提高阅读能力,学会根据不同的阅读目的采取不同的阅读方法.一般而言,阅读方法可以大致分为快读,查读和精读三种方法.快读主要用于获得一般性的信息.如文章的大意,主题和总体结构,而无需强调细节.快读时应特别注意浏览含载全段精髓的各段第一句,以获得充分的信息;浏览时要以意群为单位,眼睛迅速扫描全文.查读用来获得特殊信息或具体细节.为了确保阅读的速度和效率,查读时眼睛应作纵向移动,迅速查找与查读内容有关的词句.采用这种方法时,要仔细领会文章作者对词汇和句型的甑别和选择,分析理解文章的结构篇章,欣赏文章的体裁和作者风格.通过精度的方法,学生既可以扩大词汇量,提高自己的语言组合能力,还可以增加自己的逻辑思维能力和分析推理能力.
四,做完形填空的注意事项
1. 认真阅读首尾句,利于全文助理解
完形填空短文通常没有标题且文章的首尾句一般不设空.但我们却要特别注重对首尾句的理解因为他们往往会提示或点明文章的主题对理解全文有较大帮助.阅读中要能够准确地找出文章的主旨大意,通常主题句能够表达主旨大意.主题句是高度概括文章的主旨大意的句子,它的位置可以在文章的开头,段落中间,结尾有时甚至需要归纳出来.况且,完形填空的短文通常第一句是不设空的,可以提供完整的信息,必须认真阅读,但是这一现象也在变化.2006年的中考,就有所不同.背景的考题,增加了文章的标题,使考生对文章的主题一目了然,有利于解题.
2. 一旦开始做题,切勿因某道难题停留太久
做题以了解文章的大意为前提,一旦开始做题目,就应该根据你所抓住的线索,快速作出反应,趁思路清晰,语感流畅,把握好整篇文章的大局.第一遍通读带有空缺的短文时,可能一时把握不住短文内容,弄不清头绪,这是很正常的,此时要注意克服畏难情绪和急躁情绪.再将短文读一两遍,直到明确大意为止,如遇到个别难题,可以暂时跳过去,或初拟一个答案,说不定后面会有对这道题目的提示.如果停止不前,不但会打断思路,造成时间上的紧张,而且往往无济于事.要知道,随着文章的空越来越少,整篇文章的思路会越来越清楚,意思越明白做题就越顺手.如果出现实在不会的空,可以根据自己的知识,猜出答案,千万不可空在那里.
3. 切忌缺乏全局观念
做题时,切勿一看到一个空格就急着去选答案,这样往往会只见树木不见森林.从表面上看,好像节约了时间,实际上由于缺乏对全文整体的了解,极易造成错选.因为完形填空不同于单项填空,它有整个文章的背景,因此必须通篇考虑.
4. 解法多种多样,取法是关键,恢复原貌为上
完形填空重在完形.首先,在阅读中要尽量记忆最能表现文章的关键句段,重点短语,时间,人物,地点等,力求把文章的内容串联起来,构成整体概念,明确文章内容的逻辑关系及来龙去脉;其次,应该认真分析句子的意思是否完美,凡是不连贯,内容不明确的句段要重点思考,重新确认空格应该填什么内容,转换思考角度,更好地理解句段是如何为中心思想服务的,心中初步确认欲选择词语的内容;最后,成功的关键在于反复阅读短文,考虑哪一个词语最合适,从而更好地为文章的主题服务.此时的方法应该是:初选→观察→分析→排除→通读→验证→确定,那种只见树木不见森林,见空就填,鼓励答题的做法是不可取的.
英语完形填空复习课课例
一,复习内容:
中考英语总复习中的完形填空题(四选一的答案)复习.
二,复习目标:
(一)知识目标:
1,了解句子,段落,篇章中的提示性词语(cue words).
2,掌握完形填空中利用提示性词语的解题技巧并利用其解题.
(二)能力目标:
让学生掌握一定的完形填空的解题方法和解题技巧,提高学生分析问题,解决问题和综合运用英语语言的能力.
(三)情感目标:
1,培养学生自主学习能力,努力培养学生探索规律的精神和不畏艰难的精神.
2,运用解题技巧获取信息,增强自信心,获得成功感.
三,复习重点难点:
教学重点:学会寻找句中的提示性词语.
教学难点:掌握利用提示性词语进行解题的技巧.
四,复习步骤:
Step 1. Warming-up (Guessing the missing words)
教学目的:通过让学生分组进行猜词比赛导入本课,以此来激发学生学习本课的热情和兴趣,锻炼学生的发散和归纳思维的能力,并为下一步学习句中的提示性词语做铺垫.
教学过程:
1,把全班分成男,女两个大组,教师在屏幕上展示句子.
1) ___________ are helpful to students.(Teachers, Books, Exercises, Doctors, Police, Parents…)
2) ___________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge. (Teachers, Books)
3) ___________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents. (Teachers)
4) ___________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy. (Doctors, Nurses)
2,分组进行猜词比赛,并让学生解释原因.
3,教师总结:A cue word is very useful in a cloze, according to the cue words, you'll find it's much easier to do a cloze.
Step 2. What is a cue word
教学目的:教师给出若干句子,让学生根据教师的解释找出句中的提示词并加以练习,让学生更进一步地了解提示词及其在完形填空中的作用.
教学过程:
1,教师先展示两个句子,告诉学生什么是提示词.
1) He is just new here, so he has few friends here.
cue word
2) Usually he is very busy, but today he is free.
cue word
2,在屏幕上展示5个句子,让学生找提示词,继续进行小组比赛.
1) Mr Black is a doctor, he works in the hospital.
2) A nurse not only works in the day, but also works during the night.
3) He is rather busy, so he has no time to have lunch at home.
4) Gina is very hungry because she hasn't had meals for 2 days.
5) We have an oral English test this term, it's very easy, most students can pass this test.
3,在此基础上把这5个句子分别挖空一个词,让学生根据提示词填空,挑战他们的记忆力,比赛继续进行.
1) Mr Black is a doctor, he works in the_______.
2) A nurse not only works in the day, but also works during the_____.
3) He is rather busy, so he has ___time to have lunch at home.
4) Gina is very______ because she hasn't had meals for 2 days.
5) We have an oral English test this term, it's very easy, most students can _____this test.
Step 3. Analyze cue words in SENTENCES and have a try
教学目的:在学生了解了提示词的基础上,进一步让学生掌握在句子中根据提示词来填空.
教学过程:
1,教师展示一例题,告诉学生在句子中我们可以根据提示词来完成句子.
Gina fell down from the tree and was badly hurt, she was sent to the hospital at once.
cue words
2,教师在屏幕上展示几个句子,让学生根据提示词填空,继续分组抢答.
1) He has a bad cold, the doctor asks him to _____more hot water.
2) Mr White is a teacher, he______ math at school.
3) They're very tired ___happy at last.
4) I bought a watch yesterday,___ was very useful.
5) It must be very__________ to go into the cage, because there're many tigers in it.
Step 4. Analyze cue words in two short PASSAGES and filling the blanks
教师挑选两小段不同内容的完形填空文章,分析文中的提示词,根据提示词完成填空,培养学生分析问题的能力和逻辑推理能力.
Passage 1:
Happiness is for everyone. You don't need to care about those who are very______ . Why Because those who have big houses may often feel ___________and those who have cars want to ______on country roads in their free time.
Passage 2:
Traffic accidents killed more than 104,000 people in China last year. Chinese cities have ______cars than before. Every day many people are ______while they cross the road. Most of ______are old people and children. Old people are often killed__________ they usually can't see clearly or hear very well. ________are killed because they are careless.
Step 5. Analyze cue words in ARTICLES and filling the blanks
目的:通过分析文章,培养学生学会在文章中寻找提示词,完成填空,小组抢答,算出总分进行表彰.
John is a famous writer now . But he said he was not a g student when he was young . He was often late for c and didn't like doing his homework . Sometimes , he slept in class while the teacher was teaching .
He didn't understand much , b he always thought he understood everything .
One day the teacher a the students a question , "When Jack was ten years old, brother Bob was twenty . Jack is fifteen now and h is his brother Bob "John said , "That's easy . Bob is twice as old as Jack , so he is now thirty . "
Another time, the t in a science class asked , "When it thunders (打雷), do we always see the light before we h the sound "
"But , Miss , "said John quickly , "don't you k our eyes are in front of our ears "
Step 6. Challenge yourself
目的:教师选用两篇完形填空(其中每篇的第一段都已经在step4中进行了分析),让学生运用所学的完形填空技巧进行练习,巩固本课所学知识,训练学生的思维能力.此项练习由学生个人独立完成,以便教师能够得到及时的反馈,同时培养学生自主学习的能力.
Cloze 1:
Happiness is for everyone. You don't need to care about those who are very 1 .
Why Because those who have big houses may often feel 2 and those who have cars
want to 3 on country roads in their free time.
In fact, happiness is always 4 you. When you are 5 , your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your 6 are always taking good care of your life and your 7 ; All these are your happiness.
When you are 8 , you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that 9 can't buy. When you meet with 10 , say loudly that you are happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself.
Take every chance you get, and you can be a happy and lucky person.
( )1.A. poor B. rich C. nice D. bad
( )2.A. serious B. unknown C. strange D. lonely
( )3.A. walk B. work C. knock D. talk
( )4.A. for B. to C. around D. about
( )5.A. in public B. in trouble C. at home D. at break
( )6.A. experts B. journalists C. parents D. inspectors
( )7.A. healthy B. health C. beauty D. beautiful
( )8.A. poor B. tall C. short D. angry
( )9.A. performance B. confidence C. word D. money
( ) 10.A. thieves B. animals C. problems D. signs
Cloze 2:
Traffic accidents killed more than 104,000 people in China last year. Chinese cities have 1 cars than before. Every day many people are 2 while they cross the road. Most of 3 are old people and children. Old people are often killed 4 they usually can't see clearly or hear very well. 5 are killed because they are careless.
A car, truck or bus can't stop very 6 if it is going very fast. The faster a car is traveling, 7 it takes to stop. But people walking in the street do not always understand this. It's 8 for people to know how fast a car is traveling.
The new traffic laws were put into use 9 May 1st, 2004. The new traffic laws will 10 the streets safer for walking and driving.
( )1. A. bigger B. more C. fewer D. smaller
( )2. A. killed B. caught C. shot D. attacked
( )3. A. it B. you C. them D. us
( )4. A. when B. because C. if D. though
( )5. A. Drivers B. Women C. Old people D. Children
( )6. A. quickly B. hardly C. clearly D. slowly
( )7. A. the faster B. the safer C. the farther D. the longer
( )8. A. difficult B. easy C. dangerous D. true
( )9. A. in B. at C. on D. for
( )10.A. take B. make C. stop D. find
Step 7. Summary
1.A cue word is very useful in a cloze, according to the cue words, you'll find it's much easier to do a cloze.
2. In a sentence, if one word is missing, you can complete the sentence according to the cue words.
In a passage, if some words are missing, you can complete the passage according to the cue words.
In an article, there are lots of cue words, read it carefully and find the cue words ,they will help you to get the main idea of the article.
3.In a cloze, make good use of cue words is quite important.
Step 8. Homework
让学生做07年江西省中考英语完形填空题巩固所学知识,体验中考,增强自信.
五,总结
完形填空题是学生感到最难的题目之一,因为它既考查学生的语言基础知识,又考查学生的语篇分析能力.从上面的步骤可以看出,整节课我能以学生为主体,采用比赛方式尽可能地调动学生的积极性,让课堂更加活跃,更加互动,同时也有学生的自主学习,培养他们独立完成任务的精神.整堂课的设计过程尽量符合学生的认知特点,遵循由易到难,由句子到篇章的原则,一环紧扣一环,让学生较轻松地掌握本节课的内容.
当人的视觉一接触到此图案,就会本能地意识到,这是一个三角形,虽然这一图案存在缺口,并非试一个完整的三角形,但是这一缺口并不影响人们对它的整体认识.人们很容易补上所缺的部分,使其缺口处合拢.
虽然上面的图案在视觉中不是真正的三角形,但由于这一图案的大部分与三角形类同,并早已为人熟悉,因此输入视觉的是一个不完整的三角形,经过大脑的思维后输出的便是完整的三角形.
眼球
am a teacher
I am a teacher
中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略
1. 通览全文，了解大意
答题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，了解文章的大意。每篇短文段落之间必然承上启下、前呼后应。因此通读全文时要一气呵成，只要能了解短文的大意即可，细节不理解可以跳过。要理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好缺词填空题的关键,因为缺词填空的特点是着眼于整体理解,有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达，结果往往由于"只见树木不见森林"而事倍功半,因此我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。
2. 复读短文抓信息，前后照应巧猜词
在了解文章大意的前提之下再次通读短文，目的是对短文有更进一步的了解。在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头（一般不设空）和结尾，它们能提供主要的信息，帮助了解全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想。在阅读过程中，要注意上、下文的关系，这对于把握文章的整体意义大有用处。另外，要学会跳读，即对不理解的地方采用暂时回避的方式，待真正理解全文之后再找解决的方法。有些短文填空题，有时出现约 3%~5% 的生词是很正常的，这就要求学生根据构词知识或上、下文的意思加以猜测，来确定它的词义。
3. 综合考虑，先易后难
经过复读全文，对短文有了更深的印象。在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。
4. 复读检验，消除疏漏
完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。从实际中看，很多学生能够充分利用词首字母和短文内容填写单词，但是，问题往往出现在单词的形式变化上。比首字母为 q ，要求填写 quickly ，而有些学生只知道填写 quick ，忽略了词性问题。因此，深思熟虑很重要。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，加以改正，弥补疏漏。
“台阶式”训练法
阅读教学是英语教学中的一个难点，给首字母完形填空又是阅读教学中最令人头痛的一环。它不但考查学生对语篇的理解能力，而且考查学生理解语篇过程中的分析判断、句子成分与词性的对应关系、语法结构、词义辨析等全方位的综合能力。只有具备了相当词汇量、扎实的语法知识、充分的扩散性思维和严密的逻辑推理能力的学生，才能很好地完成语篇，使文章通顺畅达，恢复原样。
不少同学经过长期艰苦的努力，可能仍达不到理想的训练效果，下面的“台阶式”教学法也许是在较短时间里提高缺词填空能力的途径之一。
台阶一：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。
(1) 对主语的判断
1. _______ are helpful to students. ( teach )
2. _____ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )
3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)
4. _______ is my favourite sport. ( fish )
5. ________ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )
Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting
分析：以上练习中，填入词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-３题）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或doing（４、５）。此外，形容词前加the，带连词的句子也可作主语。
(2) 对谓语的判断
John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,” she a_____, “Is your father at home ” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman began r_________ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home ” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”
Key: came asked answered ringing turned said say isn’t
分析：语篇中的所缺字除ringing以外均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。
(3) 对宾语的判断
1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )
2. The front is in great need of medical _____ .( work )
3. Thank you for your _______. ( kind )
4. At last he sold his ______. ( invent )
Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention
分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同主语的词性一样，代词作宾语时必须用其宾格。
(4) 对表语的判断
1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)
2. The sick man is getting ______. ( ill )
3. Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.(engine)
4. Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）
5. It’s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）
Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure
分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(5) 对定语的判断
1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)
2. On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)
3. This is an _____book. (interest)
4. The French artist said, “ it is my _____ time to visit Shanghai . I love this city so much. ( one )
5. The book _____ by Luxun is very famous. ( write )
6. It’s a _____ day ,is’t it ( sun)
Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) interesting (4) first (5) written (6) sunny
分析:：定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。动词必须变形为：to do, doing 或done 的形式。
(6) 对状语的判断
1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so ______ (easy)
2. Watch ______ , and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )
3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe )
Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely
状语：说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件，伴随情况的成分。
词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语，动词必须变形为to do, doing 或done 。
(7) 对连词的判断
在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and 连接并列的词, 词组和句子; 从属连词连接主句与从句。
台阶二：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步
台阶三：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力
Exercise : Guess the missing word.
1. ________ are helpful to students.
2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.
3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents.
4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.
分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1---4均为Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案，Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents…”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些：Teachers、Books，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。
以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：1，对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2，必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。3，良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，单复数、时态的确定建立在良好的语法基本功之上。
台阶四：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段
Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.
Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.
分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师.。从old 可推断他不久要退休了,所以
“ l____”应为谓语动词 leaving ;
“s____”是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students;
“ h____’’ 是give 的宾语, 判断为him ;
“ p_____”的内容是 cards, note-books… , 所以判断为名词presents;
“ t_____”是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ;
“ m____”处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made;
“h_____”位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help;
“t_____”是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time
“t_____”是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they;
“p____”是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party
“s_____”前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say
台阶五：熟能生巧阶段。要做到举重若轻，必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练，把上述知识演化为解题技能。
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中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略
完形填空题实际上是恢复原貌式的阅读理解题，各种短文结构严谨，段落清楚，而且首句一般不挖空，便于学生依据首句提示进行整体理解。解答完形填空题要求学生具备快速阅读的各种能力和技巧，如视读、跳读、查读、猜词等。
侧重基础知识，考查语言知识的掌握能力
完形填空题以文入手，结合文章内容考查基础语言知识，主要是考查学生词语搭配，近义词辩异，正确辨析句子结构，掌握语法规则的能力。
【例1】
His friend ______ the engine(发动机) and the plane began to move.
A. began B. carried C. moved D. started
此题主要考查学生辨析四个动词的用法。从句子分析可看出B、C明显不对，他的朋友不可能“搬运、移动”发动机。此题实际上是考查学生辨析began和started的用法，这两个动词作“开始”解是同义词，但只有start可表示“发动、开动”的意思。D是正确答案。
【例2】
He and saw a noisy square (广场) not far from here.
A. looked for B. looked after C. looked at D. looked around
此题主要辨析由look构成的四个短语，A、B、C三个选项中looked后的词均为介词，而介词后无宾语，所以是错的。around是副词，所以D为正确答案。
【例3】
Mr Green ______ his children that Father Christmas is a very kind–hearted man.
A. asks B. talks C. tells D. says
辨析四个意义相似的动词。Ask意为“问”，其后的宾语从句应该有whether或if。talks是不及物动词。say后跟某事，不跟表示“人”的宾语。tell的句式是否tell somebody something，所以C是正确答案。
【例4】
John sent for a doctor because his wife was ill. He called the doctor and made sure they _____ neat at five.
A. should B. shall C. would D. will
此题考查情态动词以及时态。分析此句中可看出，要用过去时，所以B、D可排除。Make sure后是宾语从句，宾语从句的动作meet没发生，要用过去将来时，所以要选C。
上下对照，考查学生捕捉关键词的能力
完形填空题设计时，有时单看一句是得不出正确答案的，需要阅读下句、甚至若干句后才有“茅赛顿开”之感。上下对照，即在上文或下文中找到与正确答案相同的关键词。学生在答题中要有边读边在大脑中储存上下信息的能力，捕捉关键词。
【例1】
First they wash their ______ hands in a bowl of water—they only eat with right hands.
A. dirty B. right C. left D. big
此题四个形容词填入空格语法都正确，但阅读下句可发现right一词与选项B一词相对照，根据句意应该选B。
【例2】
I really do make a living by _____ ,and a good one ,too. I can laugh like a king or like a school bay.
A. laughing B. writing C. speaking D. working
此题下文第二句中的laugh与正确答案A相对应，而且laugh是该篇完形填空的关键词，所以A为正确答案。
【例3】
Mr Baker loved planting _____ . The week before last, he bought a few trees home..
A. flowers B. grass C. vegetables D. trees
此题下文说明了Mr Baker买了几棵树回家；上下对照，可看出是“种树”，trees和trees上下对应，所以D是正确答案。在解题中，往往断章取义，总想急于求成，就句论句，就题论题，“一步到位”。学生未通读全文就边读边填，无法形成连贯的思路，“见木不见林，达不到上下对照，导致出错。实际上学生在解题中应满怀信心，全神贯注，集中目光，越过空格，注重把握文章的整体内容，注意关键词。开始阅读可能会有模糊的感觉，类此“钻出洞”之感，但越往下读，文意会逐渐显露，读完全文心里住往会有“豁然开朗”的感觉。
设置语境，考查分析推理能力
完形填空题中，有时答题无上下对照的关键词作参考，而是考查分析前后语境去推理出正确答案。在这种试题中，四个选项填入句中语法、句子结构都正确，但分析前后语境，只有一个正确答案。
【例1】
So one day when a friend came to his house and offered to take him for a ride in his own small plane, Mr. Lee was very ______.
A. excited B. grateful C. worried D. glad
从此句看，无法作出正确的选择，四个形容词都可表示Mr. Lee的心情。但阅读下文逐步可看到”I am really afraid that there might be some danger.”这一句，这说明Mr. Lee害怕坐飞机，C为正确答案。
【例2】
It s a beautiful place. I was always very _____ there.
A. busy B .interested C. healthy D. happy
此题四个选项都是形容词，都可作主语“I”的表语。如要选择正确答案，要分析语境。此句前面提供了一个语境，即“这是一个美丽的地方”，言外之意是旅游的好去处，所以去那儿会开心的，因此要选happy。
【例3】
The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf _____ the children. They were a nice, happy family!
A. shouted at B. looked into C. laughed at D. played with
此题四个选项是四个动词短语，四个选项放入句中语法都正确，但前后语境分析只有D正确。前后分析，可看出wolf家庭是幸福的大家庭，年轻的wolf应常常带children玩耍，而不应该对孩子“大喊大叫”、“询问调查”和“嘲笑挖苦”。因此要选D。
结合生活，考查学生利用常识解题的能力
完形填空题中，有时命题者在完形填空题中考查学生的生活常识，看看学生是否能善于观察生活，积累生活常识，能否利用常识去做出恰当的选择。这类题的设计，四个选项放入句中语法、句子结构都正确，而且不一定需要上下联系，而是依据常识解答。
【例1】
When someone asks me what business I am in ,my face feels _____.
A. warm B. cool C. hot D. cold
该篇完形填空题的短文，描写一个在夜总会为歌舞助兴提供笑声的人。当人问他从事什么工作时，他总难以启齿，他脸部总有一种“感觉”。按常识，人感到害羞，不好意思等，脸就“发热、发烧、发烫”，或“脸红”，所以C是正确答案。其它答案的形容词都不适合这种脸部的感觉。
【例2】
One afternoon just before Christmas an old man was walking through the city center. Theshops were all filled with good things and crowded with _____ shoppers.
A. angry B. cheerful C. sad D. surprised
圣诞节前夕，商店物品丰富，购物者为节日选购商品，按常识这些shoppers应带着节日的喜悦心情，应选cheerful。
【例3】
Children in theU.S.Will _____ their parents’home when they grow up.
A. leave B. reach C. love D. hate
人们常说美国的年轻人独立性强，不依靠父母生活。当孩子长大后，他们通常离开家，自找工作，这是大家都知道的美国人的生活方式，是常识。该题A为正确答案。
关注连词，考查对行文逻辑、句子关联的理解能力
从近几年中考英语完形填空题的分析来看，命题者有时就有关连词进
行挖空，以此来考查学生通过阅读能否理解句与句之间的关联关系，是否了解行文逻辑的要求，能否掌握因果、转折、并列、条件、让步等连词的用法。
【例1】
They are served in bowls which everyone shares(共享), ______ each person has their own bowl ofrice.
A. because B. though C. since D. until
此篇完形填空谈到泰国饮食文化。前句意为“泰国人在共用的碗中就餐”，而后句意为“他们每人都有自己的碗”。前后分析可看出，后句是前句的转折，所以B为正确答案。
【例2】
Parents now spend more time in the office, _____ they don’t have much time to stay with their children.
A .because B. if C. but D. so
该题考查了四个连词，确定哪一个是正确答案，要分析句与句之间的关系。从前后分析来看，因父母把很多的时间花在办公室，所以他们与孩子相处的时间就少了，此句是因果关系，D为正确答案。
【例3】
The shops are bigger in London than in Moscow, _____ it’s very dear to enjoy yourself in London.
A. Then B. So C. Or D. But
前后句子分析，它们并非是时间先后，并非因果关系，并非两者选择。伦敦商店大而豪华，但是呆在伦敦花费是很大的，前后应该是转折关系，D是正确答案。
完形填空(共15分,每小题1分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Kate wants to be a nurse and 1 for sick people. She knows they need her help. When Kate goes to the hospital, she always sees many 2 there.
Last summer, Kate broke her leg. The pain was very great and she could not 3 walk. Her parents 4 her to the hospital 5 and she 6 stay there for about two weeks. One day a nurse came to Kate’s bed and said with 7 . “You’ll be 8 soon. You can walk again, so don’t think only about bad things. Try to be 9 !” The nurse was very kind and they became friends.
After Kate left the hospital, she thought 10 of the kind nurse. She now understands that the nurse job 11 very important, 12 the nurse can often give hope to 13 people.
Kate is now thinking about her 14 future. She often talks with her parents about it. Kate knows what she should do 15 a good nurse, and she is studying very hard at school.
( )1. A. work B. worker C. working D. worked
( )2. A. girls B. students C. workers D. patients
( )3. A. still B. yet C. even D. ever
( )4. A. made B. took C. brought D. let
( )5. A. with car B. by a car C. by car D. in car
( )6. A. must B. had to C. need D. could
( )7. A. a smile B. smiling C. smile D. smiles
( )8. A. good B. nice C. free D. better
( )9. A. pleasure B. sad C. happy D. happily
( )10. A. lot B. a lot C. lots D. a little
( )11. A. be B. are C. am D. is
( )12. A. because B. if C. but D. when
( )13. A. young B. old C. sick D. poor
( )14. A. self B. self’s C. own’s D. own
( )15. A. to be B. be C. being D. to being
. 1-5 ADCBC 6-10 BADCB 11-15 DACDA
在完形填空中,为使学生更易于理解文章内容,首句不设空.首句往往是主题句,也有主题句放在文中和文后的.把握主题句,就容易把握文章的中心.
(二)实例分析
1. 考查英语固定搭配,习惯用语的运用.此时,考生不需对句意有太多的理解,一眼就能锁定答案.如:
She 38__ the radio and sang songs while she was driving. (2003江西省中考卷)
38. A. turned on B. turned over C. turned off D. turned down
根据这句的句意:她一边开车一边打开收音机(跟着)唱歌,很容易就能选出turn on(打开),故答案为C.又如:
He 43 (killed three people) at Atlanta courthouse on March 11. The police were 44 him. (2005江西省中考卷)
44. A. waiting for B. thinking of C. looking at D. searching for
结合前后两句意义,他既然杀了三个人,那说明警察一定是在搜捕他,所以用searching for就符合题意,故选D.
2. 考查对文段语境的理解能力.考生必须通过语境作出判断,一般要看懂一两句话作情景铺垫.例如:
His coughing stopped my thinking. What was left to say How could I say 53 to the person who taught me everything (2004江西省中考卷)
53. A. goodbye B. hello C. yes D. sorry
如果仅从短语搭配上看,这四个选项都可以与say … to sb. 构成短语,这就要求考生结合这篇文章的意思和上下文逻辑关系来判断选A项.整篇文章都在叙述他对哥哥的依赖之情,他舍不得哥哥离开他,所以他怎么能跟哥哥说出"再见"这个词.又如:
The next morning I 54 (woke up), looked at my alarm clock, and realized he had left 55
ago. We never even said goodbye. (2004江西省中考卷)
55. A. minutes B. hours C. days D. weeks
文章开头哥哥就说了他明天离开,到第二天早上我醒来,意识到哥哥走了,这期间只能用小时计算,所以B项最符合语境需要.
3.考查对文章内容进行逻辑分析,推理判断的能力.要求考生能理解上下文的内在关联和连贯意义.例如:
It was almost 9:00p.m. when Mia Janson left her office to go home. It was 36 . She started her car and she 37(drove) down the dark road that led to her house in the country. She 38 (turned on)__ the radio and sang songs while she was driving. The heater wasn't working, …(2003江西省中考卷)
36. A. raining B. cool C. snowing D. late
单从前一句不易判断正确选项,但是通过分析后一句,暖气机不能工作了,推理出那天的天气是下雪的,故选C项.又如:
The latest attraction is a big 51 tunnel(隧道) you can through. All around you ,you will see fish swimming –sometimes even over your head. (2007江西省中考卷)
A. metal B. wood C. glass D. stone
根据文章信息可知,最新的景点是一个大的玻璃隧道,因为后面一句说在你的周围,你能看见鱼儿在游泳,而其它三个选项我们无法看到周围的东西的,故选C项.
二,完形填空的解题策略
1. 细读开篇首句,推测全文内容
中考完形填空所选短文一般没有标题,但其首句一般不挖空,这就为考生探索短文全貌打开了窗口.根据首句可以推断文章体裁.预测全文大意及主要思想.中考完形填空大多取自记叙文,人物,时间,地点以及其他重要信息都可以从首句得到,而且也可以推断作者大致要写一个什么样的故事.其他体裁的文章也可以根据首句对全文有一个大概的了解.
2. 通读全文,掌握文章主旨大意
在选择答案之前,依据首句的启示作用,跳过空格,不看选项,迅速通读全文,以便从整体上感知全文,掌握文章的主旨大意.在阅读过程中,要充分注意推理判断的信息词和承上启下的关键词,抓住文章的脉络主线,以便了解文章的内容,背景,结构,情节,前因后果以及论点论据等内容,理清作者的写作意图.抓住文章主旨大意去"完形",可避免思维中断,有利于提高"完形"的准确性.
3. 围绕大意,对照选项,逐句阅读,初选答案
掌握文章的主旨大意后,参照选项开始逐句细读,依靠平时掌握的词汇及语法,借助于上下文语境,进行判断推理,初选出语境和搭配均佳的答案.此外,还有一些题涉及到文化,常识方面的东西,考查学生的阅读面.
4. 先易后难,瞻前顾后
同一篇完形填空中,各题难度差异很大.有的题目初读就能选定答案,有的题目则需反复推敲.做题目时,先把较简单的自己有把握的题目选上,一时没有把握的题目先放一放,接着往下读,然后再回过头来选择.往往有这样的情况:前面的空白,会在下文中找到答案.选定好了一部分答案后,整篇文章的思路逐渐明晰,对文章的理解也会逐渐深入,再加上合理的判断推理,综合分析,个别难题也就不难解决了.所以在选择答案时,一定要前后照应,注意上下文的联系.要善于运用已有的知识,生活经验和常识,逻辑推理等手段,借助于上下文出现的事实和观点来确定和证实,使自己的选择有理有据.
5. 复核全文,看文章是否上下连贯,合乎逻辑,同时消除疏漏
填空完成后,要复核全文,再通读一遍,看是否上下连贯,合乎逻辑.如觉得某处含混或矛盾,就应重新思考和修补.再者完形填空虽不是考查语法,但一篇文章能离开语法吗 因此,也需要从语法角度检查.尽量减少疏漏.
三,完形填空题的备考方案
复习备考需从这几方面着手:
1. 扩大词汇数量,巩固语法知识
词汇是语言的基本要素之一,词汇量的大小直接影响到阅读和理解的能力及信息传递.学生要记住积极词汇问题不大,但是要在考试中认出识忆词汇却不容易.这主要是因为识忆词汇在教材中出现的频率不高,学生们往往只记住了识忆词汇的含义,却缺乏举一反三的运用能力,时间一长会产生遗忘,从而使得这些单词成为考试中的拦路虎.针对这一问题,教师可以让学生进行大量阅读,因为大量阅读,可以弥补识忆词汇在教材中出现频率较少的缺憾,而且还能够通过大量阅读不同的语篇,领会同一词汇方方面面的不同含义,以及派生出来的各种词性,为将来灵活运用这些词汇打下坚实的基础.
帮助学生记忆单词还可以从构词法入手,通过了解英语单词的内在规律,而有机掌握单词.英语主要的构词法是派生法(即把词缀(前后缀)附加在词根上构成新的词汇).因此,学生一旦了解常用词根和前后缀的含义,对于记忆单词和掌握词汇是大有好处的.此外,学生还需要掌握由基本单词派生而来的新的词汇,以扩大词汇量.在日常教学中,教师还可以教会学生采用合并,归类的方法,注意积累同义词,反义词等,提及语法知识,许多学生自以为学得扎实的就是语法知识.但是传统的英语语法,无论是在教学过程中,还是在学习的过程中,往往只局限于句子的框架,而没有注意到语篇结构问题,这也就难怪学生在遇到段落较长,结构较为复杂的"完形填空"时,手足无措.因此,教师应教会学生改变自己的学习习惯,树立语篇的概念,从句子入手,注意学习连句成段,连段成章的方法,提高自己在语篇结构上的语法运用能力.
2. 扩大背景知识,提高阅读技巧
扩大背景知识的最好的方法是扩大阅读量,大量接触各种英语材料,培养良好的语感.要大量阅读英语材料就必须提高阅读能力,学会根据不同的阅读目的采取不同的阅读方法.一般而言,阅读方法可以大致分为快读,查读和精读三种方法.快读主要用于获得一般性的信息.如文章的大意,主题和总体结构,而无需强调细节.快读时应特别注意浏览含载全段精髓的各段第一句,以获得充分的信息;浏览时要以意群为单位,眼睛迅速扫描全文.查读用来获得特殊信息或具体细节.为了确保阅读的速度和效率,查读时眼睛应作纵向移动,迅速查找与查读内容有关的词句.采用这种方法时,要仔细领会文章作者对词汇和句型的甑别和选择,分析理解文章的结构篇章,欣赏文章的体裁和作者风格.通过精度的方法,学生既可以扩大词汇量,提高自己的语言组合能力,还可以增加自己的逻辑思维能力和分析推理能力.
四,做完形填空的注意事项
1. 认真阅读首尾句,利于全文助理解
完形填空短文通常没有标题且文章的首尾句一般不设空.但我们却要特别注重对首尾句的理解因为他们往往会提示或点明文章的主题对理解全文有较大帮助.阅读中要能够准确地找出文章的主旨大意,通常主题句能够表达主旨大意.主题句是高度概括文章的主旨大意的句子,它的位置可以在文章的开头,段落中间,结尾有时甚至需要归纳出来.况且,完形填空的短文通常第一句是不设空的,可以提供完整的信息,必须认真阅读,但是这一现象也在变化.2006年的中考,就有所不同.背景的考题,增加了文章的标题,使考生对文章的主题一目了然,有利于解题.
2. 一旦开始做题,切勿因某道难题停留太久
做题以了解文章的大意为前提,一旦开始做题目,就应该根据你所抓住的线索,快速作出反应,趁思路清晰,语感流畅,把握好整篇文章的大局.第一遍通读带有空缺的短文时,可能一时把握不住短文内容,弄不清头绪,这是很正常的,此时要注意克服畏难情绪和急躁情绪.再将短文读一两遍,直到明确大意为止,如遇到个别难题,可以暂时跳过去,或初拟一个答案,说不定后面会有对这道题目的提示.如果停止不前,不但会打断思路,造成时间上的紧张,而且往往无济于事.要知道,随着文章的空越来越少,整篇文章的思路会越来越清楚,意思越明白做题就越顺手.如果出现实在不会的空,可以根据自己的知识,猜出答案,千万不可空在那里.
3. 切忌缺乏全局观念
做题时,切勿一看到一个空格就急着去选答案,这样往往会只见树木不见森林.从表面上看,好像节约了时间,实际上由于缺乏对全文整体的了解,极易造成错选.因为完形填空不同于单项填空,它有整个文章的背景,因此必须通篇考虑.
4. 解法多种多样,取法是关键,恢复原貌为上
完形填空重在完形.首先,在阅读中要尽量记忆最能表现文章的关键句段,重点短语,时间,人物,地点等,力求把文章的内容串联起来,构成整体概念,明确文章内容的逻辑关系及来龙去脉;其次,应该认真分析句子的意思是否完美,凡是不连贯,内容不明确的句段要重点思考,重新确认空格应该填什么内容,转换思考角度,更好地理解句段是如何为中心思想服务的,心中初步确认欲选择词语的内容;最后,成功的关键在于反复阅读短文,考虑哪一个词语最合适,从而更好地为文章的主题服务.此时的方法应该是:初选→观察→分析→排除→通读→验证→确定,那种只见树木不见森林,见空就填,鼓励答题的做法是不可取的.
英语完形填空复习课课例
一,复习内容:
中考英语总复习中的完形填空题(四选一的答案)复习.
二,复习目标:
(一)知识目标:
1,了解句子,段落,篇章中的提示性词语(cue words).
2,掌握完形填空中利用提示性词语的解题技巧并利用其解题.
(二)能力目标:
让学生掌握一定的完形填空的解题方法和解题技巧,提高学生分析问题,解决问题和综合运用英语语言的能力.
(三)情感目标:
1,培养学生自主学习能力,努力培养学生探索规律的精神和不畏艰难的精神.
2,运用解题技巧获取信息,增强自信心,获得成功感.
三,复习重点难点:
教学重点:学会寻找句中的提示性词语.
教学难点:掌握利用提示性词语进行解题的技巧.
四,复习步骤:
Step 1. Warming-up (Guessing the missing words)
教学目的:通过让学生分组进行猜词比赛导入本课,以此来激发学生学习本课的热情和兴趣,锻炼学生的发散和归纳思维的能力,并为下一步学习句中的提示性词语做铺垫.
教学过程:
1,把全班分成男,女两个大组,教师在屏幕上展示句子.
1) ___________ are helpful to students.(Teachers, Books, Exercises, Doctors, Police, Parents…)
2) ___________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge. (Teachers, Books)
3) ___________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents. (Teachers)
4) ___________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy. (Doctors, Nurses)
2,分组进行猜词比赛,并让学生解释原因.
3,教师总结:A cue word is very useful in a cloze, according to the cue words, you'll find it's much easier to do a cloze.
Step 2. What is a cue word
教学目的:教师给出若干句子,让学生根据教师的解释找出句中的提示词并加以练习,让学生更进一步地了解提示词及其在完形填空中的作用.
教学过程:
1,教师先展示两个句子,告诉学生什么是提示词.
1) He is just new here, so he has few friends here.
cue word
2) Usually he is very busy, but today he is free.
cue word
2,在屏幕上展示5个句子,让学生找提示词,继续进行小组比赛.
1) Mr Black is a doctor, he works in the hospital.
2) A nurse not only works in the day, but also works during the night.
3) He is rather busy, so he has no time to have lunch at home.
4) Gina is very hungry because she hasn't had meals for 2 days.
5) We have an oral English test this term, it's very easy, most students can pass this test.
3,在此基础上把这5个句子分别挖空一个词,让学生根据提示词填空,挑战他们的记忆力,比赛继续进行.
1) Mr Black is a doctor, he works in the_______.
2) A nurse not only works in the day, but also works during the_____.
3) He is rather busy, so he has ___time to have lunch at home.
4) Gina is very______ because she hasn't had meals for 2 days.
5) We have an oral English test this term, it's very easy, most students can _____this test.
Step 3. Analyze cue words in SENTENCES and have a try
教学目的:在学生了解了提示词的基础上,进一步让学生掌握在句子中根据提示词来填空.
教学过程:
1,教师展示一例题,告诉学生在句子中我们可以根据提示词来完成句子.
Gina fell down from the tree and was badly hurt, she was sent to the hospital at once.
cue words
2,教师在屏幕上展示几个句子,让学生根据提示词填空,继续分组抢答.
1) He has a bad cold, the doctor asks him to _____more hot water.
2) Mr White is a teacher, he______ math at school.
3) They're very tired ___happy at last.
4) I bought a watch yesterday,___ was very useful.
5) It must be very__________ to go into the cage, because there're many tigers in it.
Step 4. Analyze cue words in two short PASSAGES and filling the blanks
教师挑选两小段不同内容的完形填空文章,分析文中的提示词,根据提示词完成填空,培养学生分析问题的能力和逻辑推理能力.
Passage 1:
Happiness is for everyone. You don't need to care about those who are very______ . Why Because those who have big houses may often feel ___________and those who have cars want to ______on country roads in their free time.
Passage 2:
Traffic accidents killed more than 104,000 people in China last year. Chinese cities have ______cars than before. Every day many people are ______while they cross the road. Most of ______are old people and children. Old people are often killed__________ they usually can't see clearly or hear very well. ________are killed because they are careless.
Step 5. Analyze cue words in ARTICLES and filling the blanks
目的:通过分析文章,培养学生学会在文章中寻找提示词,完成填空,小组抢答,算出总分进行表彰.
John is a famous writer now . But he said he was not a g student when he was young . He was often late for c and didn't like doing his homework . Sometimes , he slept in class while the teacher was teaching .
He didn't understand much , b he always thought he understood everything .
One day the teacher a the students a question , "When Jack was ten years old, brother Bob was twenty . Jack is fifteen now and h is his brother Bob "John said , "That's easy . Bob is twice as old as Jack , so he is now thirty . "
Another time, the t in a science class asked , "When it thunders (打雷), do we always see the light before we h the sound "
"But , Miss , "said John quickly , "don't you k our eyes are in front of our ears "
Step 6. Challenge yourself
目的:教师选用两篇完形填空(其中每篇的第一段都已经在step4中进行了分析),让学生运用所学的完形填空技巧进行练习,巩固本课所学知识,训练学生的思维能力.此项练习由学生个人独立完成,以便教师能够得到及时的反馈,同时培养学生自主学习的能力.
Cloze 1:
Happiness is for everyone. You don't need to care about those who are very 1 .
Why Because those who have big houses may often feel 2 and those who have cars
want to 3 on country roads in their free time.
In fact, happiness is always 4 you. When you are 5 , your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your 6 are always taking good care of your life and your 7 ; All these are your happiness.
When you are 8 , you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that 9 can't buy. When you meet with 10 , say loudly that you are happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself.
Take every chance you get, and you can be a happy and lucky person.
( )1.A. poor B. rich C. nice D. bad
( )2.A. serious B. unknown C. strange D. lonely
( )3.A. walk B. work C. knock D. talk
( )4.A. for B. to C. around D. about
( )5.A. in public B. in trouble C. at home D. at break
( )6.A. experts B. journalists C. parents D. inspectors
( )7.A. healthy B. health C. beauty D. beautiful
( )8.A. poor B. tall C. short D. angry
( )9.A. performance B. confidence C. word D. money
( ) 10.A. thieves B. animals C. problems D. signs
Cloze 2:
Traffic accidents killed more than 104,000 people in China last year. Chinese cities have 1 cars than before. Every day many people are 2 while they cross the road. Most of 3 are old people and children. Old people are often killed 4 they usually can't see clearly or hear very well. 5 are killed because they are careless.
A car, truck or bus can't stop very 6 if it is going very fast. The faster a car is traveling, 7 it takes to stop. But people walking in the street do not always understand this. It's 8 for people to know how fast a car is traveling.
The new traffic laws were put into use 9 May 1st, 2004. The new traffic laws will 10 the streets safer for walking and driving.
( )1. A. bigger B. more C. fewer D. smaller
( )2. A. killed B. caught C. shot D. attacked
( )3. A. it B. you C. them D. us
( )4. A. when B. because C. if D. though
( )5. A. Drivers B. Women C. Old people D. Children
( )6. A. quickly B. hardly C. clearly D. slowly
( )7. A. the faster B. the safer C. the farther D. the longer
( )8. A. difficult B. easy C. dangerous D. true
( )9. A. in B. at C. on D. for
( )10.A. take B. make C. stop D. find
Step 7. Summary
1.A cue word is very useful in a cloze, according to the cue words, you'll find it's much easier to do a cloze.
2. In a sentence, if one word is missing, you can complete the sentence according to the cue words.
In a passage, if some words are missing, you can complete the passage according to the cue words.
In an article, there are lots of cue words, read it carefully and find the cue words ,they will help you to get the main idea of the article.
3.In a cloze, make good use of cue words is quite important.
Step 8. Homework
让学生做07年江西省中考英语完形填空题巩固所学知识,体验中考,增强自信.
五,总结
完形填空题是学生感到最难的题目之一,因为它既考查学生的语言基础知识,又考查学生的语篇分析能力.从上面的步骤可以看出,整节课我能以学生为主体,采用比赛方式尽可能地调动学生的积极性,让课堂更加活跃,更加互动,同时也有学生的自主学习,培养他们独立完成任务的精神.整堂课的设计过程尽量符合学生的认知特点,遵循由易到难,由句子到篇章的原则,一环紧扣一环,让学生较轻松地掌握本节课的内容.
当人的视觉一接触到此图案,就会本能地意识到,这是一个三角形,虽然这一图案存在缺口,并非试一个完整的三角形,但是这一缺口并不影响人们对它的整体认识.人们很容易补上所缺的部分,使其缺口处合拢.
虽然上面的图案在视觉中不是真正的三角形,但由于这一图案的大部分与三角形类同,并早已为人熟悉,因此输入视觉的是一个不完整的三角形,经过大脑的思维后输出的便是完整的三角形.
眼球
am a teacher
I am a teacher
中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略
1. 通览全文，了解大意
答题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，了解文章的大意。每篇短文段落之间必然承上启下、前呼后应。因此通读全文时要一气呵成，只要能了解短文的大意即可，细节不理解可以跳过。要理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好缺词填空题的关键,因为缺词填空的特点是着眼于整体理解,有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达，结果往往由于"只见树木不见森林"而事倍功半,因此我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。
2. 复读短文抓信息，前后照应巧猜词
在了解文章大意的前提之下再次通读短文，目的是对短文有更进一步的了解。在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头（一般不设空）和结尾，它们能提供主要的信息，帮助了解全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想。在阅读过程中，要注意上、下文的关系，这对于把握文章的整体意义大有用处。另外，要学会跳读，即对不理解的地方采用暂时回避的方式，待真正理解全文之后再找解决的方法。有些短文填空题，有时出现约 3%~5% 的生词是很正常的，这就要求学生根据构词知识或上、下文的意思加以猜测，来确定它的词义。
3. 综合考虑，先易后难
经过复读全文，对短文有了更深的印象。在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。
4. 复读检验，消除疏漏
完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。从实际中看，很多学生能够充分利用词首字母和短文内容填写单词，但是，问题往往出现在单词的形式变化上。比首字母为 q ，要求填写 quickly ，而有些学生只知道填写 quick ，忽略了词性问题。因此，深思熟虑很重要。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，加以改正，弥补疏漏。
“台阶式”训练法
阅读教学是英语教学中的一个难点，给首字母完形填空又是阅读教学中最令人头痛的一环。它不但考查学生对语篇的理解能力，而且考查学生理解语篇过程中的分析判断、句子成分与词性的对应关系、语法结构、词义辨析等全方位的综合能力。只有具备了相当词汇量、扎实的语法知识、充分的扩散性思维和严密的逻辑推理能力的学生，才能很好地完成语篇，使文章通顺畅达，恢复原样。
不少同学经过长期艰苦的努力，可能仍达不到理想的训练效果，下面的“台阶式”教学法也许是在较短时间里提高缺词填空能力的途径之一。
台阶一：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。
(1) 对主语的判断
1. _______ are helpful to students. ( teach )
2. _____ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )
3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)
4. _______ is my favourite sport. ( fish )
5. ________ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )
Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting
分析：以上练习中，填入词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-３题）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或doing（４、５）。此外，形容词前加the，带连词的句子也可作主语。
(2) 对谓语的判断
John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,” she a_____, “Is your father at home ” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman began r_________ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home ” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”
Key: came asked answered ringing turned said say isn’t
分析：语篇中的所缺字除ringing以外均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。
(3) 对宾语的判断
1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )
2. The front is in great need of medical _____ .( work )
3. Thank you for your _______. ( kind )
4. At last he sold his ______. ( invent )
Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention
分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同主语的词性一样，代词作宾语时必须用其宾格。
(4) 对表语的判断
1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)
2. The sick man is getting ______. ( ill )
3. Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.(engine)
4. Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）
5. It’s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）
Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure
分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(5) 对定语的判断
1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)
2. On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)
3. This is an _____book. (interest)
4. The French artist said, “ it is my _____ time to visit Shanghai . I love this city so much. ( one )
5. The book _____ by Luxun is very famous. ( write )
6. It’s a _____ day ,is’t it ( sun)
Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) interesting (4) first (5) written (6) sunny
分析:：定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。动词必须变形为：to do, doing 或done 的形式。
(6) 对状语的判断
1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so ______ (easy)
2. Watch ______ , and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )
3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe )
Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely
状语：说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件，伴随情况的成分。
词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语，动词必须变形为to do, doing 或done 。
(7) 对连词的判断
在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and 连接并列的词, 词组和句子; 从属连词连接主句与从句。
台阶二：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步
台阶三：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力
Exercise : Guess the missing word.
1. ________ are helpful to students.
2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.
3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents.
4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.
分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1---4均为Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案，Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents…”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些：Teachers、Books，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。
以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：1，对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2，必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。3，良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，单复数、时态的确定建立在良好的语法基本功之上。
台阶四：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段
Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.
Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.
分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师.。从old 可推断他不久要退休了,所以
“ l____”应为谓语动词 leaving ;
“s____”是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students;
“ h____’’ 是give 的宾语, 判断为him ;
“ p_____”的内容是 cards, note-books… , 所以判断为名词presents;
“ t_____”是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ;
“ m____”处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made;
“h_____”位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help;
“t_____”是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time
“t_____”是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they;
“p____”是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party
“s_____”前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say
台阶五：熟能生巧阶段。要做到举重若轻，必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练，把上述知识演化为解题技能。
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