高考二轮语法复习精讲精练（370张）
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文档简介
(共371张PPT)
21世纪教育英语名师工作室编辑制作
从概貌着眼
朝
细
节
入
手
向
运
用
延
伸
词汇量：3500多单词 300短语 四会词语：2000多单词
构词法
简单句
并列句
复合句
词类
冠词和名词（ 2093个）
动词（ 818个）
代词和数词
介词和连词
形容词和 副词
非谓语动词
动词时态
情态动词
定语从句
名词性从句
状语从句
高
中
英
语
语言知识
语言运用
100—110 wpm 短对话，长对话，短文
教材 /《空中英语》 20—30 mpd
《疯狂英语 》 《希望英语》
1.书虫（50本） 《 21世纪报Teens》
2.每天三篇300字左右的高考阅读训练
1.课外阅读量 TW: 300,000
2. 50—60 wpm (300w/ 8m)
虚拟语气
100—120 w 记叙文 应用文 议论文等
背诵经典句型；每周一篇习作
听力
口语
阅读
写作
词法
句法
系动词
助动词
实义动词
动词语态
高考要求
方法指南
高考要求
方法指南
方法指南
方法指南
高考要求
强调
主谓一致
倒装
省略
词类
分类
重点、难点
名词、冠词
形容词、副词
代词
介词、数词
1.抽象名词、物质名词具体化
2.常见不可数名词
3. 专有名词口语交流中常见用法
1.最高级的表达方式
2.倍数表达
3.多个形容词修饰一个名词
4.加不加-ly均是副词意义有区别的词
5.比较级、同级比较级固定搭配
1.it引起的易混句式
2.one,ones,that,those
3.人称代词在短文改错中的考查
4. 不定代词的考查
1.带介词to的短语
2.序数词前的冠词使用
动词时态语态
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
1. 一般过去时和现在完成时
2. 将来时的表达及其用法
3. “本打算，希望做却没有做”的六种表达方式
4. 说话之前刚刚结束的动作
5. 完成时态的考查
动词时态
动词语态
1.根据语境，找时间点或时间段
2.紧扣概念进行选择
1. 主动形式表被动含义的情况
2. get + v-ed/-v-ing
1.根据句意辨别词义
2.主语与动词构成的主被动关系
情态动词和虚拟语气
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
3. 固定句式
1. should +动词原形
2. if 引导的虚拟条件句
理解句义
结合记忆
理解句义
记忆
3.情态动词+have done
情态动词
虚拟语气
2.表示对现在和过去的推测
1.固定搭配考查: ①can but 的用法
②can’t help but ,can’t help 的用法
一般式 被动式 进行式 完成式
to do (not) to do (not) to be done (not) to be doing (not) to have done
V-ing (not) doing (not) being done (not) having done
done (not) done
主语 宾语 状语 定语 补足语 表语 插入语
to do to make matters worse,
to put it mildly, to tell
the truth, generally speaking,considering, allowing for,
judging from
V-ing
done
形式
作用
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词
重点、难点
解题关键
１非谓语动词作状语与独立主格结构、状语从句的区分。
２非谓语动词作定语。
３with复合结构和as引导的状语从句的区别。
４既可以接不定式又接v-ing做宾语有区分的动词。
５it做形式主语和形式宾语的句式。
６使役性动词的过去分词和v-ing的理解。
７不定式各种形式的考查 。
1. 非谓语动作与主句动作发生的时间先后
2. 与逻辑主语之间的关系
准确理解语意捕捉关键词
结合基础知识解题
简单句
简单句 并列句
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
并列句
并列句中第一个句子是祈使句的考查,尤其是名词短语作祈使句
并列句中的虚拟语气
并列连词的考查
句中出现三个或三个以上动词在改错中的考查
一般疑问句的多种肯定回答
I think、I’m sure等引导宾语从句时,反意疑问句的考查
带主语的祈使句的反意疑问句
感叹句置于从句中时how 与what的选用
简单句中的虚拟语气
语法一致 原则
意义一致原则
就近一致原则
分类记忆规则联系语意解题
主 谓 一 致
重点难点
解题方法
分类
单个名词作主语 集体名词, 以-s结尾的学科名词,常见不可数 名词,复数名词,不可数名词具体化
并列主语 And连接的名词表示一个人或物用单数，多个用复数；or,not only…but ,either…or,not so much…as..,neither…nor…,not…but; every/each/no/many a/more than one…and every
量词做
主语 a quantity of, a kind of, a mountain of , a pile of, a box of,
数词修 饰主语 much, an amount of, a great deal of,lots of,plenty of,the rest,the remaining,the majority of
强调句句型
（重难点）
句中加语气词
等词汇来强调
强
调
助动词do +V．
助动词do的形式随
主语和时态而变化
特殊疑问句式
特殊疑问词＋be+ it + that …
一般疑问句式（be动词放句首）
反意疑问句式( 必须和主句一致 )
强调句用在名词性从句中
surely, really, certainly, definitely,
utter, sheer, such, so等
倒装句
a.强调句子的主语时，要与强调句的谓语动 词一致。
b.表语一般不能用这一句型进行强调
c. 条件、让步状语从句不能强调
d.强调because引导的原因状语从句，但强调的原因状语不能用as，since来引导
e.可强调so that引导的目的状语从句，但不能强调so that引导的结果状语从句
f. 对由until引起的短语或从句，要注意否定前移
注
意
陈述句句式
It is/was …that/who…
名词性从句
状语从句
定语从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
as引导
9种 时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点状语从句
复 合 句
关系词
介词+关系词
介词+which/whom
介词+where/whose +n.
复合介词短语+which
介词+which=关系副词
as与which引导非限制性定语从句 区别
such…as/ the same …as
限制性与非限制性
关系副词
关系代词
陈述语序
引导词
从属接连词that/whether,在句中不成分作
连接代词 what/who/whom/whose/which/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
连接副词 when/where/why/how/whenever/wherever/however在句中作状语
分类
主从复合句
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
状语从句
名词性从句
定语从句
1. 介词后的宾语
2. 引导词的选择
3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的句式
常考引导词
细读题干
划分句子成分
不缺成分用that，”是否”用whether，缺什么成分补什么成分+语意
记忆
翻译
1. 关系词考查，尤其是as,which等，特别注意引导定语从句时与其他句式的转换
2. 介词+关系词
3. position, case, situation, point, condition作先行词，关系词在定语从句中作状语用where
1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.
a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the
解析
在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，一般不加冠词，如have dinner，play chess。但是如果是指具体的某一顿，需要加冠词。如：I had a very big breakfast.
c
冠词和名词
2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.
a. a tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos
解析
物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：
Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。
b
冠词和名词
3.______ usually go to church every Sunday.
a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns
解析
用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）。
d
冠词和名词
4. He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.
a. at the flute b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute
用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：
She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
解析
a
冠词和名词
5. You look in ___ high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.
a. a/wonderful time b. x/a wonderful time c. a/the wonderful time d. x/some wonderful time
b
b
解析
in high spirit 固定搭配，不加冠词；a wonderful time 指某人在某段时间或某个场合中的经历。
冠词和名词
6.The city assigned a policeman to ____ school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy.
a. the/a b. a/the c. the/the d. a/one
c
c
解析
The school crossing 是特指，从the traffic there 可以看出。
冠词和名词
7 .Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.
a. the former…latter b. a former…a latter c. the former…the latter d. former…latter
解析
the former, 前者,指virtue 美德，the latter，后者,指vice恶习。
c
c
8 .The children in the kinder-garden soon took ______ to their teachers.
a. quite fancy b. a quite fancy c. quite a fancy d. the quite fancy
解析
C
quite 修饰的单数可数名词要前置。Take a fancy to sb喜欢某人
冠词和名词
9. I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of office routine.
a. the…the b. a…the c. a…an d. the…an
解析
a knowledge of French “了解；熟悉” 的意思，此处knowledge 为可数名词。an experience of 泛指某方面的经验。
c
c
冠词和名词
10. Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed ____ and ______ they took her to the court.
a. the neighbors /in the end b. neighbors /at the end c. the neighbors /in an end d. neighbors /in end
a
a
解析
Ann骑摩托车惹恼了她的邻居，应该是特指。
冠词和名词
11.____ Chinese people are ____ brave and hard working people．
a. the/a b. the/the c. x/the d. x/a
a
a
解析
定冠词和表示民族的词连用时指“整个民族”。例如：The English have a wonderful sense of humour．英国人十分富有幽默感。a brave people 表示一个勇敢的民族。
冠词和名词
12. That is ____phrase to be used ____way．
a. a/the b. the/the c. the/this d. a/ that
c
c
解析
当表示“那唯一的”、“那正是”和“那理想的”等意思时，已含“特指”之意，需用定冠词。例：
That is the person I was looking for．那正是我刚才在找的词典。
那是可以这样用的唯一的短语。
冠词和名词
13 .____ horse has been praised by many poets as ____ noble animal.
a. a/a b. a/the c. the/a d. the/the
c
c
解析
这里的the horse 是马的总称，指一类. 下面的例句泛指一类，并非某只老虎。
例如：The tiger is in danger of dying out.
冠词和名词
14. Many people are still in habbit of writing silly things in public places.
A. the,the B. x,x C. the,x D. x,the
c
c
解析
In the habbit of doing sth. 是一个短语，特指某方面的习惯；而public places 表示泛指，故选C。
冠词和名词
15. She is new comer to Chemistry, but she has already made some important discoveries .
A. the,the B.the, x C.a,x D.a,the
A new comer 表示她的身份。例如：She is a worker. Chemistry 为泛指，故选C。
解析
c
c
冠词和名词
16. However good ____radio you have, you will never get perfect sound.
a. the b. a c. this d. x
b
解析
若修饰名词的形容词受too, so, as, how, however等副词的修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之间。
冠词和名词
17. you’re going quite ____wrong way. It is quite ___ good book.
a. the/ the b. a / the c. a/a d. the/a
d
d
解析
不定冠词与副词quite，rather连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但其前有形容词时，则a/an放在quite/rather之前或之后都可以。
例如：He is rather a fool .
冠词和名词
18. ① I know both ____ brothers.
② All ___ children have gone home.
③ Your house is twice ____ size of mine.
the
the
the
解析
与both/all/half/twice等连用时，冠词常置于其后.
冠词和名词
19. ① Soon I saw ____ second plane.
② I want to read the novel ____ third time.
a
a
解析
1.a/an 用于序数词之前,表示数量或序数的增加, 但是：He went to Beijing for the second time in 1989.
冠词和名词
20. I have two favorite places in China, Sanya and Shanghai. Sanya in Hainan has ____most beautiful beaches I have ever seen. Shanghai is ____ most energetic and exciting city.
a. the/a b. a/the c. the/the d. a/a
a
a
解析
the most beautiful…特指；a most energetic =a very energetic…
冠词和名词
21. ① ____ old ____ more likely to catch cold than the young.
② ____ beautiful ____not always the same as the good .
The
are
The
is
“the+形容词”表一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。
表一类物，作主语时，谓语用单数
解析
冠词和名词
22. He moved to the south in _________seventies.
the
his
/
the用于逢整十的数词的复数前，指世纪中的年代；而his or her等表示年龄。
解析
冠词和名词
用于“hit + sb+介词+the +身体部位”及“catch/hold/take sb bythe+身体部位”。eg
① “他打了我的脸”，不能说He hit my face，而应说：He hit me in the face.
23 . Which of the following is correct
I hit his face.
I caught him by the collar.
I saw a boy leading a cow by the nose.
冠词和名词
24. ① He is paid by ___ hour.他拿计时工资。
② The eggs is sold by ___ dozen.
the
the
表示计算单位，用the,主要用于by the 十计量单位，含有a/each/per的意义
解析
冠词和名词
注1：关于湖泊前是否用冠词，分两种情况，
①中国的湖名在英译时，常加the. eg。
The West Lake，the Dongting Lake。
②外国的湖名前，多数不加定冠词，少数加，视情况而定，主要是习惯用法。Eg。
Lake Success 成功湖。The Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖
注2：山名的构成有两种方式：
①若用于“山名+Mountains”，前常用the ，eg.
The Jinggang Mountains。
②若用于“Mount/Mt+山名”，其前不用冠词，eg.Mt Tai。
另外，若不出现mountain一词时，则常用the，eg，the Alps,阿尔卑斯山。
冠词和名词
12.the用于由普通名词构成（或含有普通名词）的专有名词，如国名、地名、政党、团体、组织机构以及旅馆、商店、学校、文娱场地、建筑物等之前，eg。
The United Nations. The Peace Hotel.
The Red Cross Hospital, the Friendship Store.
The People＇s Republic of China .
The National People’s Congress.全国人民代表大会
注1：对于以地名命名的大学，有两种形式，eg
the University of London/London University.
2.对于人名命名的大学，则不用冠词，eg。
Yale University 耶鲁大学，Brown University 布朗大学。
冠词和名词
1 I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left______city, I only remember it was _____ Monday.
A.the,the B.a,the C.a,a D.the,a
D
2 For a long time they walked without
saying word.Jim was the first to break silence.
A.the,a B.a,the C.a,x D.the,x
B
冠词和名词
3.The sign reads “In case of fire, break the glass and push ___ red button
A.x,a B.x,the C.the ,the D.a,a
B
4.Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand
feet is quite __ exciting experience
A.x,the B.x,an C.an,an D.the,the
C
冠词和名词
5.Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in thirteenth century .
A.the,x B.the,the C.x,the D.x,x
C
6.Most animals have little connection
with animals of _____different kind unless
they kill them for food.
A.the,a B.x,a C.the,the D.x,the
B
冠词和名词
7.Peter won’t drive us to the station.He has to
drive us all
A. a very small car B. too small a car
C. a too small car D. such a small car
.
B
8.I often have conversations with John over____ telephone,
while keep in touch with Tom by ___letter.
A.x,the B.x,a C.the,x D.the,a
C
冠词和名词
9. England of those years was England in peace.
A.x,x B.The,an C.The,x D.x,an
B
10.I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm,
but I knew it was Sunday because everybody
was at church.
A.a,the B.a,x C.x,a D.x,x
B
11.In the market,vegetables are sold by kilogram,I mean, by___ weight.
A.the,x B.x,x C.the,the D.x,the
A
冠词和名词
12.-“What about school ”
-“It is as good,as anybody can see, school as the one attached to Hunan Normal University.”
A.a,the B.the,a C.a,a D.the,the
13.The cakes are delicious,I’d like to have _____ third one as _____second one I ate was too small.
A.the,the B.a,the C.the,a D.a,a
B
B
冠词和名词
名词
专有名词(Proper Nouns)
普通名词
(Common Nouns)
个体名词(Individual Nouns)
集体名词(Collective Nouns)
物质名词(Material Nouns)
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)
不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)
可数名词(Countable Nouns)
冠词和名词
Proper Nouns:
指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称
Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Year’s Day
注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写
冠词和名词
Common Nouns：
专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词
1。Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西。
可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments
也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream
冠词和名词
2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。
Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。
Eg: His family isn’t large.
Cf: His family are all music lovers.
在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。
Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.
冠词和名词
有少数集体名词通常用作单数。
Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
个别集体名词则多作复数看待。
Eg: The police are looking for him.
冠词和名词
3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的东西。
Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil
一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”
Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）
Three beers, please. (三杯）
It was a special tea. (一种）
2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。
Eg: rains （雨季）snows (积雪）waters(海域)…
（see note paper)
冠词和名词
4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。
Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.
多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。
Eg: He’s learning French for fun.
I wish you good luck.
有时也可以加冠词。
He works hard for the welfare of the poor.
After a brief peace, war broke out again.
冠词和名词
有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。
glass ( 玻璃 )
copper ( 铜 )
tin ( 锡 )
paper ( 纸 )
iron (铁 )
wood ( 木头 )
gold (金子 )
youth (青春 )
power ( 力量 )
beauty ( 美 )
pleasure( 愉快 )
relation(关系）
a glass ( 玻璃杯 )
a copper ( 铜币／板 )
a tin ( 罐头，听头 )
a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 )
an iron (熨斗 )
a wood ( 树林 )
a gold (金牌 )
a youth (年青人 )
a power ( 大国 )
a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 )
a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )
a relation(亲戚）
英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。
a poem(一首诗 )
a machine(一台机器 )
a job(一件工作 )
a laugh(一个笑声 )
a permit(许可证 )
a garment (一件衣裳 )
a bag(case) (一件行李 )
a loaf (一只面包 )
a hair(一根头发 )
poetry(诗歌总称 )
machinery(机器总称 )
work(工作 )
laughter(笑声 )
permission(允许 )
clothing(衣裳总称 )
luggage, baggage(行李 )
bread(面包 )
hair( 头发)
冠词和名词
名词复数
情况
加法
例词
一般情况
以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词
以辅音＋y结尾的词
以辅音+o 结尾的词
以f或fe结尾的词
加-s
加-es
去y加-ies
多数加-es
把f/fe改成ves
Brothers;schools
Buses;watches;dishes*1
Ladies;countries;*2
Heroes; tomatoes*3
Halves; leaves;*4
Notes:
*1:stomach
stomachs
*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.
Eg:boys; toys; Germanys; Henrys
*3: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios
以oo结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos
一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos
一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos
一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos
直接在词尾加-s.
*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：
proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs;chiefs
不规则复数：
1.man
men
Eg: woman– women; chairman-chairmen
2.oo
ee
Eg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese
3.+en
Eg:child-children; ox-oxen
4.ouse
ice
Eg: mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）
有些外来词的不规则复数形式：
Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises
criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media
冠词和名词
单复数相同的情况：
sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese
以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。
Eg: yuan,jiao,fen, jin, mu
复合名词的复数形式：
1.词末+-s eg:film-goers ; forget-me-nots
2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law
3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman
冠词和名词
名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
some patterns:
I’ll take the risk for friendship’s sake.
She was at her wit’s end.
Now they could sing at their heart’s content.
We should get the children out of harm’s way.
We had best keep them at arm’s length.
For goodness’ sake,stop arguing.
Jane got the money’s worth out of the coat.
(为了友谊）
（黔驴技穷）
（尽情地）
（不受损害）
（保持距离）
（看在上帝的份上）
（很合算）
冠词和名词
主谓一致
１。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）
２。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)
（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg: news;economics)
3.就近原则： either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also
4. 单复数视情况而定。
１）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数
２）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg: means, species
３）中心词是all, most, half, rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。
４）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table.
5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数） none, all, some, more,
６）分数，量词，half of, part of 作主语，于中心词保持一致。
７）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。
８）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。
冠词和名词
５。 谓语用单数的情况。
１）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg: The doctor’s, my uncle’s, the baker’s
2) 中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai;
3) each, every, no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。
Eg: each boy and each girl ; every man and woman
4) 主语有more than one…; many a
5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of…
冠词和名词
6) This kind of…
7) The number of…
8) A great deal of…; a large amount of… +un
9) One and a half +可数名词复数
eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table.
10) The departed (死者）意义上指个体
11) the only one of +可数名词复数＋定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。
冠词和名词
６. 谓语用复数的情况。
１）police,;people;cattle; militia(民兵）作主语。
２）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg: glasses; chopsticks…
3)these kind of men（口语); men of this kind 作主语
４） both…and…. 修饰主语
5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修饰主语
６） the+ 形容词作主语，一般情况下
７） one of the+可数名词复数＋定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。
冠词和名词
Assignment:
1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词）
scissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录
compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器
earphones耳机; pyjamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬
scales天平; overalls工装裤; tropics热带
spectacles眼镜; braces背带; stairs楼梯
nail-clippers指甲刀； slacks便装裤; brains头脑
belongings所有物； savings积蓄； tidings消息
doings行为； writings作品； findings调查结果
系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况…说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday. （fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） He fell off the ladder. fell是实义动词，单独作谓语
1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心
4）感官系动词..感官系动词主要有feel, smell,sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft.
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香
5）变化系动词..这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time.
6）终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false.The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn‘t like English. （doesn’t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
表示时态，例如：He is singing. He has got married.
表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.
构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life Did you study English before you came here
与否定副词not合用，例如：I don‘t like him.
加强语气，Do come to the party tomorrow evening. He did know that.
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，
They are having a meeting.English is becoming more and more important.
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态
The window was broken by Tom. English is taught throughout the world.
3） be + 动词不定式，
表示最近、未来的计划或安排，
He is to go to New York next week..
We are to teach the fresh persons.
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，
You are to explain this.
He is to come to the office this afternoon.
c.征求意见，How am I to answer him Who is to go there
d. 表示相约、商定
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow.
助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London..By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被语态，例如：English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。
助动词do 的用法
1） 构成一般疑问句。Do you want to pass the CET Did you study German 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句。 I do not want to be criticized. He doesn't like to study. In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
3) 构成否定祈使句。Don't go there.不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded.这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如： Do come to my birthday party. I did go there. I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如： ---- Do you like Beijing --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
助动词
助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English.
He will go to Shanghai.
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.（shall有命令的意味。） He will come.（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
助动词should,would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.比较： "What shall I do next week " I asked.
（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成should。）
2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：He said he would come.比较： "I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了：He said he would come. 原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
过去分词
不定式
-ing 形式
非谓语动词
高考题
巩固 题1
巩固 题2
____ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.
To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
2001春季高考 第21题
Multiple choice
2.___ a letter from her parents, Lily is now looking forward
to ___ from them.
Having not received; hear B. Not received; hear
C. Not having received; hearing D. Receiving not; hearing
V/phrases +ing: appreciate; avoid; can’t help; consider; enjoy; escape; finish; give up; imagine; insist on; keep(on); mind;miss…
devote oneself to; pay attention to; be used to; get down to, stick to, lead to…
1.作状语
2.作定语
3.作表语
4.作补语
过去分词
不定式
不定式的作用
1
[例1] NMET 2000 第19题
I’ve work with children before, so I know what ___ in my job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
B
解析
该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词 后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：
tell, discuss, know, show, learn, decide, wonder, explain…
解析
[例2] NMET 1999 第21题
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make.
B
不定式
不定式的作用
1
因为主语是the purpose，在（purpose, wish, promise, plan）后常跟不定式，故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成the purpose is to…not to…do 句型，故选B 。
不定式的时态
2
[例3] NMET 1997第12题
I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone
D
不定式
常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：
would love, meant, hoped, planned, expected, promised, wish等
例如：I meant to have telephoned you, but I forgot.
[例4] NMET 1999 第14题
Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
to have studied B. to study
C. to be study D. to have been studying
A
不定式
不定式的否定形式
3
[例5] NMET 1996年
The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eat
C
解析
该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式， ① warn sb. not to do sth. ②warn sb. against doing sth. 该题应该用①结构另外，not 应放在to之前。
在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice, observe,look at；三使役make,let, have;二听listen to,hear等）须接不带to 的不定式做宾补。
不定式的作用
不定式的时态
不定式的否定形式
不定式
近五年不定式考查了5道题，主要考查了不定式做宾语和
表语。此外还考了不定式的时态和否定形式。
过去分词
过去分词主要考查其在句中作状语、定语、表语和补语的用法。
1.作状语
[例1] NMET1996第23题
_____ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
C
解析
1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。
2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法， A.Lose oneself in thought B.be lost in thought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.
过去分词
2.作定语
[例2] NMET1997第17题
The Olympic Games,___ in 776 B.C.did not include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played
C. first playing D. to be first playing
A
解析
①过去 分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。
② 现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。
③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。
所以A是正确的。First played in 776B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C.
过去分词
3.作表语
[例3] NMET1998第23题
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
C
解析
该题考查分词作表语的用法。“to pay sb. by the hour” 计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：get burnt, get hurt , get wounded.
过去分词
4.作补语
解析
该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。The plan 与carry out 的关系是被动关系。See sth.done 这结构常见的还有watch(notice, observe,have 和make)sth. done.
[例4] NMET2000第22题
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
C
时 态 和 语 态
类 别 及 物 动 词 不及物动词
形式 主 动 被 动 主 动
一般式 doing being done doing
完成式 having done having been done having done
-ing 形式
作主语：动名词
Teaching is my full-time job.
Writing an English composition is not easy.
It’s useless taking this kind of medicine.
作表语
（1）动名词
My job is teaching.
= Teaching is my job.
Her full-time job is laying eggs.
=Laying eggs is her full-time job.
（2）现在分词
The play is exciting.
≠ Exciting is the play.
The story he told us was very interesting.
≠Interesting was the story he told us.
作宾语：动名词
I have just finished doing my home work.
I suggested asking his brother for some money.
He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more than 200 by now.
只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有十六个：resist、mind、suggest、delay、keep on
look forward to、enjoy、include、
appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、
can’t help、miss。
太多了，怎么记呀？
别着急，我们来动动脑筋。有了，你看：
抗议推迟盼喜报，心想练成考不错
作宾语补足语：现在分词
I heard the girl singing in the classroom.
I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.
The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest.
能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些，看看有什么好方法可以将它们记住：
make、let、have、look at、see、watch、hear、listen to、notice、feel。
对了，用“三让、三看、两听、注意感觉”。多简单！
⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。
a washing machine
＝ a machine for washing
a swimming pool
＝ a pool for swimming
This is a new washing machine.
作定语
作定语
⑵现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。
a developing country ＝ a country which is developing
a sleeping boy＝ a boy who is sleeping
The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
China is a developing country.
作 状 语
现在分词作状语。表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随（方式）等。
Hearing the cry for help, he rushed out.（时间）
Being ill, he went home. （原因）
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET 98)（结果）
He read a magazine waiting for the bus.（伴随）
Seeing from the hill, you can get the whole town.(条件）
-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法
[例 ] NMET1998
European football is played in 80 countries, ___ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
A
解析
making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed.
1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself____ . (NMET91 34)
A.hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
2. On afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, ____ some bananas and visited her cousin. (NMET91 23)
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. writing
3. --I usually go there by train.
--Why not ____ by boat for a change (NMET92 14)
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
4. ____ a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92 39)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
5. How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden (MET93 17)
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
6. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
(MET93 24)
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
7. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.
(MET93 34)
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
8. ---I must apologize for ____ ahead of time.
---That’s all right. (MET94 21)
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
9. Rather than ___ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle. (NMET94 22)
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
10. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.(NMET94 25)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
11. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (NMET94 34)
A.having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
12. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ____ that. (NMET95 26)
A. to do b. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
13. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told
him_____. (NMET95 35)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
14. ---What do you think made Mary so upset
---____ her new bicycle. (97上海 13)
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
15. She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
(97 上海12)
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
16. She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden.
(95 上海20)
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in
17. While shopping, people sometime can’t help ____ into buying
something they don’t really need. (96上海14)
A. to pursue B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
18. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. (NMET99 21)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
19. A computer does only what thinking people _____. (99上海19)
A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done
20. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ____
“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” (NMET99 25)
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
5.Mrs.Smith warned her husband_____after drinking again and again. A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never rive
6. To master a foreign language,______.
A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice
C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
1.He gave us some advice on how____ English.
A.learning B. learned C. to learn D. learn
2. It ’s a pay day，and they are waiting____.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to be paid
3. --- A letter may be too slow.
---- Why not ____ a telegram.
A.try sending B.try to send C.to try sending D.trying to send
巩固练习
C
D
A
A
D
1._____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk
2.When and where to build the new power station______yet. A.is not decided B.are not decided
C.has not decided D.have not decided
3.Is______necessary to change trains at Beijing
A. this B. that C. it D. he
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen
5.She pretended____the letter I wrote the day before yesterday. A.not to receive B.not receiving
C.not to hear from D.having not received
6.I can’t imagine_____that with such a famous author.
A.work B.to work C.to be working D.working
Non-infinitive
7.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____on a big rock by the side of the path.
A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest
8.Do you consider___any good attempting many scientific experiments
A.there B.it C.this D.that
9.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something________.
A.drunk B.to drink C.to be drunk D.for drinking
10.There was a terrible noise_______the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
11．Mrs.Smith warned her husband_____after drinking again
and again.
A.never to drive B.to never drive
C.never driving D.never rive
12.They knew her very well.They had seen her____up from childhood.
A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow
13. Believe it or not, he was seen______upstairs just now.
A.to go B.to going C.having gone D.go
14. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________all night.
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
15. The murderer was brought in ,with his hands _____behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
16. To master a foreign language,______.
A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice
C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice
17._________a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.
A. Not receiving B. Not to receive
C. Not having received D. Having not received
18. Little Jim should love _____to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
19. —What do you think of the book
—Oh, excellent. It’s worth ______a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
20. The library needs ______,but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
16种时态（主动语态Active voice）
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
did
does/do
will/
shall do
would/
should do
一般
进行
完成
完成
进行
is/are/am
doing
were/was
doing
will/shall be doing
would/
should
be doing
have/has
done
had
done
will/
shall have done
would/
should
have done
have/has
been doing
had
been doing
will/
shall have been doing
would/should
have been
doing
时间
方式
结构式
Verb的时态
肯定句：主语+ V （时态） +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V +not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V +主语+ V原 +… (对主语提 问，谓语同陈述句.）
mary, study, abroad, next month
2. My brothers, read, a book, now
3. she/ they, watch, TV, at that time.
4. Tom/ we, live, in Beijing, since 1999
5. The workers, build, two bridges, by last month.
Mary will study abroad next month.
My brothers are reading a book now.
She was watching TV at that time.
Tom has lived in Beijng since 1999.
The workers had built two bridges by last month.
1. 一般现在时：动词的原形或三单
肯定句：主语+ V （原形/三单） +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (do / does) + not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V (do / does) +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (do / does) +主语+ V原 +…
Mary/ they, study, English, every day
2. 一般过去时：动词的过去式 （V-ed）
肯定句：主语+ V （-ed） +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (did) +not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V (did) +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (did) +主语+ V原 +…
Mary / they, study, abroad, last year
3. 一般将来时：助动词will + V原
肯定句：主语+助V (will)+ V原 +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (will) + not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V (will) +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (will) +主语+ V原 +…
Mary, study, abroad, next month
4. 现在进行时：助动词am / is/are + V-ing
肯定句：主语+助V (am/ is/ are)+ V-ing +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (am/ is/ are) + not + V-ing +… .
一般疑问句：助V (am/ is/ are) +主语+ V-ing +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (am/ is/ are) +主语+ V-ing +…
My brothers/ I / she , read, a book, now.
5. 过去进行时：助动词was/ were + V-ing
肯定句：主语+助V (was/ were )+ V-ing +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (was/ were ) + not + V-ing +… .
一般疑问句：助V (was/ were ) +主语+ V-ing +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (was/ were ) +主语+ V-ing +…
She/ they, watch, TV, at that time
6. 现在完成时：助动词have/has + V-ed
肯定句：主语+助V (have/has )+ V-ed +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (have/has ) + not + V-ed +… .
一般疑问句：助V (have/has ) +主语+ V-ed +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (have/has ) +主语+ V-ed +…
Tom/ we, live, in Beijing, since 1999
7. 过去完成时：助动词had + V-ed
肯定句：主语+助V (had )+ V-ed +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (had ) + not + V-ed +… .
一般疑问句：助V (had ) +主语+ V-ed +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (had ) +主语+ V-ed +…
The workers, finish, two bridges, by last month
1.---Fined ＄20! You know you ___ 100 km an hour, don’t you
---No, officers. I can’t have been.This car doesn’t do 80.
A.are driving B.have driven C.had driven D.were driving
2.---Is Paul playing both soccer and tennis for the school
---He __.But now he has given up playing tennis.
A.is B. has C. was D. had
3.What a shame! When we got to the cinema, the movie__________(finish), so we saw only the end.
D
C
was finishing
4.--- I wonder what has become of your company
---___ It is as good as ruined because of bad management.
A. Don’t you hear about it B. Didn’t you hear about it C.Haven’t you heard about it D. Hadn’t you heard about it
5.I’m very disappointed with my neighbour. She said she would keep her cat off my grass, but she ___. A. didn’t B. hasn’t C. wouldn’t D. hadn’t
C
B
6.---The former president was caught at last.
---Really Where____he_______(hide) himself / Where____he______(hide)
had hidden
was hidden
7.---When did he go to America
--- Oh, he ______there half a year ago.
He __________there since half a year ago.
went
has been
8. When the parents left for work, the baby __________(leave) at home playing on its own.
was left
9. We had already bought our tickets the day before, so we ___ to get to the theatre.
A.haven’t rushed B.didn’t rush C.hadn’t rushed D.don’t rush 10.—Is Lin Tao a soldier
—No, but he ___ in the army for three years.
A.has served B.had served C.was serving D.served
B
D
11.-– What’s the general attitude to smoking in public places
--People ___ less tolerant of smoking these days. A.become B.have become C.became D.are becoming 12.-- How do you find our company
--A little worried. We __ ground as a leader in the field of IT with the others speeding up development.
A. have lost B. are losing C. lose D. were losing
13.How can I fix my attention on my work if you __ continually ___ me with so many silly questions
A,have, interrupted B. had, interrupted C.are, interrupting D. were , interrupting
D
B
C
14.My train arrives in New York at 8 o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _____________(leave) by then.
15.-- May I speak to your manager at four o’clock this afternoon
--I’m sorry. He ___ to a conference long before then.
A. will have gone B. had gone
C. would go D. has gone
will have left
A
被动语态基本用法
当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
His brother washes bowls every day.
主
谓
宾(受动者)
Bowls
are washed
by
his brother
every day..
改为被动语态
They play football on Sunday.
Lucy does the homework in the evening.
They often use computers in class.
We make these machines in Xiangxiang.
People speak English as the first language in UK.
Football is played by them on Sunday.
The homework is done by Lucy in the evening.
Computers are often used by them in class.
These machines are made in Xiangxiang.
English is spoken as the first language in UK.
你知道这些被动句的否定句和一般疑问句吗？
1.They make shoes in that factory.
主语+及物动词+宾语
Shoes are made (by them) in that factory.
一般现在时：
S(主语）+ am / is / are + 过去分词
He looked after the little baby yesterday.
主
谓
宾(受动者)
The little baby
was looked after
by
him
yesterday.
They built the tall building last year.
He took good care of his little brother yesterday.
We cleaned our classroom just now.
They used this room for resting.
They planted many trees years ago.
The tall building was built by them last year.
His little brother was taken good care of by him yesterday.
Our classroom was cleaned by us just now.
This room was used for resting by them.
Many trees were planted by them years ago.
Good care was taken of his little brother by him yesterday.
2. They bought ten computers last term．
Ten computers were bought (by them) last term.
一般过去时：S + was/were + 过去分词
Tom will clean the room tomorrow.
主
谓
宾(受动者)
The room
will be cleaned
by
Tom
tomorrow.
We will hold a sports meeting next week.
Children will take some photos in the schoolyard tomorrow.
The headmaster will give a talk this afternoon.
The farmers will grow different kinds of vegetables next spring.
Uncle Wang will mend the TV set tomorrow.
A sports meeting will be held by us next week.
Some photos will be taken by children in the schoolyard tomorrow.
A talk will be given by the headmaster this afternoon.
Different kinds of vegetables will be grown by the farmers next spring.
The TV set will be mended by Uncle Wang tomorrow.
3.They will finish the work in ten days.
The work will be finished (by them)
in ten days.
一般将来时：
S + will + be + 过去分词
4．Amy can take good care of Gina ．
Gina can be taken good care of by Amy.
情态动词：
S + can/may/must/should + be + 过去分词
1.He can take care of the baby.
2.Lucy may draw the pictures.
3.You must turn off the lights.
4.They should learn English well.
5.Jim could do it yesterday.
The baby can be taken care of by him.
The picture may be drawn by Lucy.
The lights must be turned off by you.
English should be learned well by them.
It could be done by Jim yesterday.
练习：
1.Many people speak English.
2.They made computers in the U.S.A.
3.People used knives for cutting things.
4.People used metal for making machines.
5.They produce silk in Suzhou and Hangzhou.
6.They speak English in Canada.
English is spoken by many people.
Computers were made by them in the U.S.A.
Knives were used by people for cutting things.
Metal was used by people for making machines.
Silk is produced by them in Suzhou and Hangzhou.
English is spoken by them in Canada.
7.They write business letters in English.
8.They grow rice in South China.
9.They plant many trees in North China.
10.Lu Xun wrote this book.
11.The workers built some bridges.
12.We can use the box as a table.
13.We should clean the classroom every day.
Business letters are written by them in English.
Rice is grown by them in South China.
Many trees are planted by them in North China.
This book was written by Lu Xun.
Some bridges were built by the workers.
The box can be used by us as a table.
The classroom should be cleaned by us every day.
被动语态中的特殊情况
1.不及物动词带介词和介词宾语时，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。
e.g. The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.
被动句：The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.
e.g. They look after the new students in the school.
被动句：The new students are looked after by them in the school.
2.当动词带有复合宾语(有宾补), 并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”
e.g. They make us do all the work.
被动句：We are made to do all the work by them.
e.g. We often hear her sing songs.
被动句：She is often heard to sing songs by us.
e.g. I saw him walk to school.
被动句：He was seen to walk to school by me.
这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to 离开，被动句中to回 来。（ let ，have ，make，see ，watch ，look at ， hear ，listen to ， feel ，observe ， notice…)
3.当动词带双宾语时(一个宾语是指人，一个是指物)，将其中指人的宾语提前作被动句的主语时，另一个宾语按顺序照抄下来；如是将指物的宾语提前作被动句的主语，在被动句中则指人宾语前应加“to”或“for” 。常见加to的动词有give ，send ， teach ，write ， show ， pass ， ask ， tell , bring…常见加for的动词有draw ， buy , make …
e.g. He gives me a flower every day.
被动1 I am given a flower by him every day.
被动2 A flower is given to me by him every day.
e.g. My mother bought me a computer.
被动1 I was bought a computer by my mother .
被动2 A computer was bought for me by my mother .
练习：
将下列句子变为被动句。
1.Li Lei listens to his father carefully.
2.The mother looked after the baby in the room.
3.We took care of the things.
4.They gave us some work.
5.The boy made them laugh all the time.
6.My mother buys me a bike.
His father is listened to by Li Lei carefully.
The baby was looked after by the mother in the room.
The things were taken care of by us.
We were given some work by them.
Some work was given to us by them.
They were made to laugh by the boy all the time.
I’m bought a bike by my mother.
A bike is bought for me by my mother.
1.People use knives for cutting things.
Knives ______ ______ for cutting things.
2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.
The windows of their classroom______ _______ twice a month.
are used
are
cleaned
(变被动语态）
3.I found the ticket on the floor.
______ ______ ______ ______ on the floor.
4.I told her to return the book in time.
She ______ _______ to return the book in time.
The ticket was found
was told
5. His doctor made him have only two meals a day.
He ______ _______ _______ _______ only two meals a day.
6.Now people can use computers to help them.
Now computers _______ ______ ______ to help them.
was made to have
can be
used
7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year
_______ ______ _______ _______ at this time last time
8.Must we finish our work today
_______ our work______ _______ today
Were many trees planted
Must be finished
9. The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.
1) _______ ______ _______ some wonderful stamps.
2) Some wonderful stamps _______ ________ _______ _______.
We were given
were
given to us
10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.
Tom _______ ________ to turn on the computer.
11.In this factory women do most of the work.
Most of the work _______ ________ by women in this factory.
was asked
is done
12.He can mend the bike in two days.
The bike ______ ______ _______ in two days.
13.You must take this medicine three times a day.
This medicine _______ _______ ________ three times a day.
can be mended
must be
taken
14.The students in this school study German.
German _______ ________ by the students in this school.
15.Do they often talk about this question
______ this question often _______ about _______ _______
is studied
Is
talked
by them
下列时态的被动语态构成
1.Lucy is watering the trees.
2.The boy was mending his bike.
3.We have finished our compositions.
Some workers are painting the rooms now．
The rooms are being painted by some workers now.
现在进行时：
S + am / is / are + being + 过去分词
I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night．
My homework was being done (by me) at 8:00 last night.
过去进行时：
S + was/were + being + 过去分词
We have made twenty more keys．
Twenty more keys have been made by us.
现在完成时：
S + have/has + been + 过去分词
1.They have finished their homework.
2.I am mending his bike now.
3.He invites me to his party every year.
4.She will buy us ten books tomorrow.
5.The old man often made us laugh.
6.We had built another bridge by the end of last month.
1. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he __for the wedding.
A. will plan B. has planned
C. would plan D. had planned
2. The house belongs to my aunt but she___ here any more.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live
C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live
3.What we used to think_____
impossible now does seem possible.
A. is B. was
C. has been D. will be
4.I was giving a talk to a large group
of people, the same talk I ____ to
half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving
C. had given D. have given
5.In a room above the store, where a party _____, some workers were busy setting the table.
A. was to be held B. had been held
C. will be held D. is being held
6.My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____ there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked
B. would work
C. would be working
D. has been working
7.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026_____off at 18:20.
A. takes B. took
C. will be taken D. has taken
8.I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour.
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
9. ---How is the deserted cat I wonder how you ___ it
--- I sent it to a friend of mine yesterday.
A. dealt with
B. did with
C. have dealt with
D. have done with
10. –Your job ___open for your return.
--Thanks.
A. will be kept B. will keep
C. had kept D. had been kept
11. I have to go to work by taxi because my car ___ at the garage.
A. will be repaired
B. is repaired
C. is being repaired
D. has been repaired
12. Customers are asked to make sure that they ___ the right change before leaving the shop.
A. will give B. have been given
C. have given D. will be given
13. It is said that the early European playing-cards ___ for entertainment and education.
A. were being designed
B. have designed
C. have been designed
D. were designed
14. The moment the 28th Olympics ___ open, the whole world cheered.
A. declared B. have been declared
C. have declared D. were declared
15.—I don’t supposed the police know who did it.
—Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and ___ now.
A. has been questioned
B. is being questioned
C. is questioning
D. has questioned
16. The construction of the two new railway lines ___ by now.
A. has completed B. have completed
C. have been completed
D. has been completed
17. Although the causes of cancer ___ , we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.
A. are being uncovered
B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering
D. have uncovered
情 态 动 词 的 定 义
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name 我能知道你的名字吗？
Shall we begin now 我们现在就开始吗？
You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
情 态 动 词 的 位 置
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中， 情态动词放在主语之前。
I can see e here. 我能看见你，过来吧。
He must have been away. 他一定走了。
What can I do for you 你要什么？
How dare you treat us like that! 你怎么敢那样对待我们!
情 态 动 词 的 特 点
情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式可以用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。
He could be here soon. 他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。
情 态 动 词 的 用 法
1. can (could) 表示说话人能, 可以, 同意, 准许, 以及客观条件许可, could 为 can 的过去式。
Can you pass me the books 你能给我递一下书吗
Could you help me, please 请问, 你能帮助我吗
What can you do 你能干点什么呢
Can you be sure 你有把握吗
can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。
He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。
With the teacher’s help, I shall be able to speak English correctly. 有老师的帮助, 我将能准确地讲英语。
2. may (might) “可以”，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。
You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去。
May I come in 我可以进来吗
May I use your dictionary 我可以用你的词典吗
You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿点衣服。
He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。
may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn’t。might 是may 的过去式，有两种用法，一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更加委婉、 客气或对可能性的怀疑。
He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来。
Might I borrow some money now 我可以借点钱吗
He might be alive. 他可能还活着。
3. must “必须；应该；一定；准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时， 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。
You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。
Must I return the book tomorrow 我必须明天还书吗
After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路, 你一定累了。
He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。
He had to go because of somebody’s calling him that day. 那天他要走，因为有人叫他。
值得注意的是：
（1）must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。
He must have told my parents about it.
他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。
He must have received my letter now.
他现在一定收到我的信了。
It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.
已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。
（2）must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to “不得不,必须”，表示客观需要、客观条件只能如此。
You must do it now. 你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)
I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)
You must be here on time next time. 你下次一定要按时来。
I have to cook for my child. 我得给孩子做饭。
4. need “需要”，多用在否定式或疑问句中.
Need I attend the meeting tomorrow 我需要明天参加会议吗
You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。
need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。
Do you need a dictionary 你需要词典吗
She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。
注意：“needn‘t + have + 过去分词” 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
You needn't have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。
5. dare “敢”，多用在否定或疑问句中。
The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。
Dare you catch the little cat 你敢抓小猫吗
dare 除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用， 用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。
Do you dare to walk in the dark 你敢黑夜走路吗？
He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。
6. ought “应当；应该”，后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。
You ought to bring the child here. 你应该把孩子带来。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.
你不应该把书带出阅览室。
7. will (would) 表决心、愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, 可用于各人称。
I'll do my best to catch up with them. 我要尽全力赶上他们。
I'll never do it again, that's the last time. 我再不会做那件事情了,这是最后一次。
He said he would help me. 他说他会帮助我。
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
It's hot. Will you open the windows 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗
Will you help me to work it out 你能帮我解这道题吗
Would you like some coffee？ 给你来点咖啡怎样？
8. shall, should 表示命令, 警告, 允诺, 征求, 劝告, 建议, 惊奇。
You should hand in the exercise book. 你应该交作业本儿了。
This should be no problem. 这应该没问题。
Shall we go now 我们现在可以走了吗
Why should I meet him？ 为什么我要见他
情态动词专练题
1.Put on more clothes. You be feeling cold with only a shirt on. A. can B. could C. must D. would
2. — Must I drive to his house and pick up the children
— No, ________. A. you shouldn't B. you might not C. you needn't D. you mustn't
3.You to attend the meeting, but you didn't. A. should come B. would have come
C. came D. should have come
4.We didn't see Tom at the meeting yesterday. He it. A. mustn't have attended B. cannot have attended C. needn't have attended D. would have not attended
5.Tom went on foot, but he by bus. A. might go B. may go
C. could have gone D. ought have gone
6.We play chess than bridge. Some of us don't know how to play bridge. A. had better B. would better C. would rather D. had rather
7.There is someone knocking at the door. it be Tom A. Can B. Must C. Should D. Ought
8.There was a lot of time. He . A. mustn't have hurried B. needn't have hurried C. could have hurried D. ought to have hurried
9."We didn't study Chemistry last night, but we ." A. had studied B. could C. should D. could have
10.One ought for what one hasn't done. A. not to be punished B. to not be punished C. to not punished D. not be punished
11."May I pick a flower in the garden " " ." A. No, you needn't B. Not, please
C. No, you mustn't D. No, you won't
12."Could I call you by your first name " "Yes, you ." A. will B. could C. may D. might
13.Two years ago, my husband bought me a bicycle. If you live in town, it is often faster than a car and you worry about parking.
A. must not B. may not C. should not D. don't have to
14.I didn't see her in the meeting-room this morning. She at the meeting. A. mustn't have spoken B. shouldn't have spoken C. needn't have spoken D. couldn't have spoken
15.I wonder how he that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say
16.You take your umbrella. I am sure it won't rain. A. shouldn't B. can't
C. don't have to D. mustn't
17.The dog hibernate in winter. A. don't need B. doesn't need to
C. needs not to D. needs not
18.Look what you have done. You have been careful. A. should B. can C. must D. may
19.Tom did not go to the party yesterday, or I him. A. would see B. could meet
C. might have seen D. might see
20. — Let's go to the cinema, shall we
—
A. No, I can't B. Yes, I will
C. Yes, thank you D. No, we'd better not
21.If you had been more careful, you have made so many mistakes. A. won't B. wouldn't C. may not D. mustn't
22.Whenever Mother was not here, the children make a lot of noise. A. will B. would C. were to D. were going to
23.Why is it so dark. There be a heavy rain coming. A. shall B. may C. should D. will
24.Tom is late. What to him A. should have happened B. must have happened C. can have happened D. would have happened
25.Tom, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself. A. won't, could B. mustn't, may
C. shouldn't, must D. can't, should
26. “Can you imagine how about it ” “No, I can't.” A. could they know possibly B. could they possibly know C. they could possibly know D. possibly they could know
27.Tom full marks, but he was too careless a spelling mistake. A. could gain, to make B. could have gained, to make C. could have gained, and made D. could have gained, as to make
28.I wonder how she the drunken sailor the other day. A. dare fighting off B. dared fight off
C. dare to fight off
21世纪教育英语名师工作室编辑制作
从概貌着眼
朝
细
节
入
手
向
运
用
延
伸
词汇量：3500多单词 300短语 四会词语：2000多单词
构词法
简单句
并列句
复合句
词类
冠词和名词（ 2093个）
动词（ 818个）
代词和数词
介词和连词
形容词和 副词
非谓语动词
动词时态
情态动词
定语从句
名词性从句
状语从句
高
中
英
语
语言知识
语言运用
100—110 wpm 短对话，长对话，短文
教材 /《空中英语》 20—30 mpd
《疯狂英语 》 《希望英语》
1.书虫（50本） 《 21世纪报Teens》
2.每天三篇300字左右的高考阅读训练
1.课外阅读量 TW: 300,000
2. 50—60 wpm (300w/ 8m)
虚拟语气
100—120 w 记叙文 应用文 议论文等
背诵经典句型；每周一篇习作
听力
口语
阅读
写作
词法
句法
系动词
助动词
实义动词
动词语态
高考要求
方法指南
高考要求
方法指南
方法指南
方法指南
高考要求
强调
主谓一致
倒装
省略
词类
分类
重点、难点
名词、冠词
形容词、副词
代词
介词、数词
1.抽象名词、物质名词具体化
2.常见不可数名词
3. 专有名词口语交流中常见用法
1.最高级的表达方式
2.倍数表达
3.多个形容词修饰一个名词
4.加不加-ly均是副词意义有区别的词
5.比较级、同级比较级固定搭配
1.it引起的易混句式
2.one,ones,that,those
3.人称代词在短文改错中的考查
4. 不定代词的考查
1.带介词to的短语
2.序数词前的冠词使用
动词时态语态
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
1. 一般过去时和现在完成时
2. 将来时的表达及其用法
3. “本打算，希望做却没有做”的六种表达方式
4. 说话之前刚刚结束的动作
5. 完成时态的考查
动词时态
动词语态
1.根据语境，找时间点或时间段
2.紧扣概念进行选择
1. 主动形式表被动含义的情况
2. get + v-ed/-v-ing
1.根据句意辨别词义
2.主语与动词构成的主被动关系
情态动词和虚拟语气
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
3. 固定句式
1. should +动词原形
2. if 引导的虚拟条件句
理解句义
结合记忆
理解句义
记忆
3.情态动词+have done
情态动词
虚拟语气
2.表示对现在和过去的推测
1.固定搭配考查: ①can but 的用法
②can’t help but ,can’t help 的用法
一般式 被动式 进行式 完成式
to do (not) to do (not) to be done (not) to be doing (not) to have done
V-ing (not) doing (not) being done (not) having done
done (not) done
主语 宾语 状语 定语 补足语 表语 插入语
to do to make matters worse,
to put it mildly, to tell
the truth, generally speaking,considering, allowing for,
judging from
V-ing
done
形式
作用
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词
重点、难点
解题关键
１非谓语动词作状语与独立主格结构、状语从句的区分。
２非谓语动词作定语。
３with复合结构和as引导的状语从句的区别。
４既可以接不定式又接v-ing做宾语有区分的动词。
５it做形式主语和形式宾语的句式。
６使役性动词的过去分词和v-ing的理解。
７不定式各种形式的考查 。
1. 非谓语动作与主句动作发生的时间先后
2. 与逻辑主语之间的关系
准确理解语意捕捉关键词
结合基础知识解题
简单句
简单句 并列句
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
并列句
并列句中第一个句子是祈使句的考查,尤其是名词短语作祈使句
并列句中的虚拟语气
并列连词的考查
句中出现三个或三个以上动词在改错中的考查
一般疑问句的多种肯定回答
I think、I’m sure等引导宾语从句时,反意疑问句的考查
带主语的祈使句的反意疑问句
感叹句置于从句中时how 与what的选用
简单句中的虚拟语气
语法一致 原则
意义一致原则
就近一致原则
分类记忆规则联系语意解题
主 谓 一 致
重点难点
解题方法
分类
单个名词作主语 集体名词, 以-s结尾的学科名词,常见不可数 名词,复数名词,不可数名词具体化
并列主语 And连接的名词表示一个人或物用单数，多个用复数；or,not only…but ,either…or,not so much…as..,neither…nor…,not…but; every/each/no/many a/more than one…and every
量词做
主语 a quantity of, a kind of, a mountain of , a pile of, a box of,
数词修 饰主语 much, an amount of, a great deal of,lots of,plenty of,the rest,the remaining,the majority of
强调句句型
（重难点）
句中加语气词
等词汇来强调
强
调
助动词do +V．
助动词do的形式随
主语和时态而变化
特殊疑问句式
特殊疑问词＋be+ it + that …
一般疑问句式（be动词放句首）
反意疑问句式( 必须和主句一致 )
强调句用在名词性从句中
surely, really, certainly, definitely,
utter, sheer, such, so等
倒装句
a.强调句子的主语时，要与强调句的谓语动 词一致。
b.表语一般不能用这一句型进行强调
c. 条件、让步状语从句不能强调
d.强调because引导的原因状语从句，但强调的原因状语不能用as，since来引导
e.可强调so that引导的目的状语从句，但不能强调so that引导的结果状语从句
f. 对由until引起的短语或从句，要注意否定前移
注
意
陈述句句式
It is/was …that/who…
名词性从句
状语从句
定语从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
as引导
9种 时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点状语从句
复 合 句
关系词
介词+关系词
介词+which/whom
介词+where/whose +n.
复合介词短语+which
介词+which=关系副词
as与which引导非限制性定语从句 区别
such…as/ the same …as
限制性与非限制性
关系副词
关系代词
陈述语序
引导词
从属接连词that/whether,在句中不成分作
连接代词 what/who/whom/whose/which/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
连接副词 when/where/why/how/whenever/wherever/however在句中作状语
分类
主从复合句
分类
重点、难点
解题关键
状语从句
名词性从句
定语从句
1. 介词后的宾语
2. 引导词的选择
3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的句式
常考引导词
细读题干
划分句子成分
不缺成分用that，”是否”用whether，缺什么成分补什么成分+语意
记忆
翻译
1. 关系词考查，尤其是as,which等，特别注意引导定语从句时与其他句式的转换
2. 介词+关系词
3. position, case, situation, point, condition作先行词，关系词在定语从句中作状语用where
1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.
a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the
解析
在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，一般不加冠词，如have dinner，play chess。但是如果是指具体的某一顿，需要加冠词。如：I had a very big breakfast.
c
冠词和名词
2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.
a. a tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos
解析
物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：
Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。
b
冠词和名词
3.______ usually go to church every Sunday.
a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns
解析
用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）。
d
冠词和名词
4. He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.
a. at the flute b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute
用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：
She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
解析
a
冠词和名词
5. You look in ___ high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.
a. a/wonderful time b. x/a wonderful time c. a/the wonderful time d. x/some wonderful time
b
b
解析
in high spirit 固定搭配，不加冠词；a wonderful time 指某人在某段时间或某个场合中的经历。
冠词和名词
6.The city assigned a policeman to ____ school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy.
a. the/a b. a/the c. the/the d. a/one
c
c
解析
The school crossing 是特指，从the traffic there 可以看出。
冠词和名词
7 .Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.
a. the former…latter b. a former…a latter c. the former…the latter d. former…latter
解析
the former, 前者,指virtue 美德，the latter，后者,指vice恶习。
c
c
8 .The children in the kinder-garden soon took ______ to their teachers.
a. quite fancy b. a quite fancy c. quite a fancy d. the quite fancy
解析
C
quite 修饰的单数可数名词要前置。Take a fancy to sb喜欢某人
冠词和名词
9. I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of office routine.
a. the…the b. a…the c. a…an d. the…an
解析
a knowledge of French “了解；熟悉” 的意思，此处knowledge 为可数名词。an experience of 泛指某方面的经验。
c
c
冠词和名词
10. Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed ____ and ______ they took her to the court.
a. the neighbors /in the end b. neighbors /at the end c. the neighbors /in an end d. neighbors /in end
a
a
解析
Ann骑摩托车惹恼了她的邻居，应该是特指。
冠词和名词
11.____ Chinese people are ____ brave and hard working people．
a. the/a b. the/the c. x/the d. x/a
a
a
解析
定冠词和表示民族的词连用时指“整个民族”。例如：The English have a wonderful sense of humour．英国人十分富有幽默感。a brave people 表示一个勇敢的民族。
冠词和名词
12. That is ____phrase to be used ____way．
a. a/the b. the/the c. the/this d. a/ that
c
c
解析
当表示“那唯一的”、“那正是”和“那理想的”等意思时，已含“特指”之意，需用定冠词。例：
That is the person I was looking for．那正是我刚才在找的词典。
那是可以这样用的唯一的短语。
冠词和名词
13 .____ horse has been praised by many poets as ____ noble animal.
a. a/a b. a/the c. the/a d. the/the
c
c
解析
这里的the horse 是马的总称，指一类. 下面的例句泛指一类，并非某只老虎。
例如：The tiger is in danger of dying out.
冠词和名词
14. Many people are still in habbit of writing silly things in public places.
A. the,the B. x,x C. the,x D. x,the
c
c
解析
In the habbit of doing sth. 是一个短语，特指某方面的习惯；而public places 表示泛指，故选C。
冠词和名词
15. She is new comer to Chemistry, but she has already made some important discoveries .
A. the,the B.the, x C.a,x D.a,the
A new comer 表示她的身份。例如：She is a worker. Chemistry 为泛指，故选C。
解析
c
c
冠词和名词
16. However good ____radio you have, you will never get perfect sound.
a. the b. a c. this d. x
b
解析
若修饰名词的形容词受too, so, as, how, however等副词的修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之间。
冠词和名词
17. you’re going quite ____wrong way. It is quite ___ good book.
a. the/ the b. a / the c. a/a d. the/a
d
d
解析
不定冠词与副词quite，rather连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但其前有形容词时，则a/an放在quite/rather之前或之后都可以。
例如：He is rather a fool .
冠词和名词
18. ① I know both ____ brothers.
② All ___ children have gone home.
③ Your house is twice ____ size of mine.
the
the
the
解析
与both/all/half/twice等连用时，冠词常置于其后.
冠词和名词
19. ① Soon I saw ____ second plane.
② I want to read the novel ____ third time.
a
a
解析
1.a/an 用于序数词之前,表示数量或序数的增加, 但是：He went to Beijing for the second time in 1989.
冠词和名词
20. I have two favorite places in China, Sanya and Shanghai. Sanya in Hainan has ____most beautiful beaches I have ever seen. Shanghai is ____ most energetic and exciting city.
a. the/a b. a/the c. the/the d. a/a
a
a
解析
the most beautiful…特指；a most energetic =a very energetic…
冠词和名词
21. ① ____ old ____ more likely to catch cold than the young.
② ____ beautiful ____not always the same as the good .
The
are
The
is
“the+形容词”表一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。
表一类物，作主语时，谓语用单数
解析
冠词和名词
22. He moved to the south in _________seventies.
the
his
/
the用于逢整十的数词的复数前，指世纪中的年代；而his or her等表示年龄。
解析
冠词和名词
用于“hit + sb+介词+the +身体部位”及“catch/hold/take sb bythe+身体部位”。eg
① “他打了我的脸”，不能说He hit my face，而应说：He hit me in the face.
23 . Which of the following is correct
I hit his face.
I caught him by the collar.
I saw a boy leading a cow by the nose.
冠词和名词
24. ① He is paid by ___ hour.他拿计时工资。
② The eggs is sold by ___ dozen.
the
the
表示计算单位，用the,主要用于by the 十计量单位，含有a/each/per的意义
解析
冠词和名词
注1：关于湖泊前是否用冠词，分两种情况，
①中国的湖名在英译时，常加the. eg。
The West Lake，the Dongting Lake。
②外国的湖名前，多数不加定冠词，少数加，视情况而定，主要是习惯用法。Eg。
Lake Success 成功湖。The Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖
注2：山名的构成有两种方式：
①若用于“山名+Mountains”，前常用the ，eg.
The Jinggang Mountains。
②若用于“Mount/Mt+山名”，其前不用冠词，eg.Mt Tai。
另外，若不出现mountain一词时，则常用the，eg，the Alps,阿尔卑斯山。
冠词和名词
12.the用于由普通名词构成（或含有普通名词）的专有名词，如国名、地名、政党、团体、组织机构以及旅馆、商店、学校、文娱场地、建筑物等之前，eg。
The United Nations. The Peace Hotel.
The Red Cross Hospital, the Friendship Store.
The People＇s Republic of China .
The National People’s Congress.全国人民代表大会
注1：对于以地名命名的大学，有两种形式，eg
the University of London/London University.
2.对于人名命名的大学，则不用冠词，eg。
Yale University 耶鲁大学，Brown University 布朗大学。
冠词和名词
1 I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left______city, I only remember it was _____ Monday.
A.the,the B.a,the C.a,a D.the,a
D
2 For a long time they walked without
saying word.Jim was the first to break silence.
A.the,a B.a,the C.a,x D.the,x
B
冠词和名词
3.The sign reads “In case of fire, break the glass and push ___ red button
A.x,a B.x,the C.the ,the D.a,a
B
4.Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand
feet is quite __ exciting experience
A.x,the B.x,an C.an,an D.the,the
C
冠词和名词
5.Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in thirteenth century .
A.the,x B.the,the C.x,the D.x,x
C
6.Most animals have little connection
with animals of _____different kind unless
they kill them for food.
A.the,a B.x,a C.the,the D.x,the
B
冠词和名词
7.Peter won’t drive us to the station.He has to
drive us all
A. a very small car B. too small a car
C. a too small car D. such a small car
.
B
8.I often have conversations with John over____ telephone,
while keep in touch with Tom by ___letter.
A.x,the B.x,a C.the,x D.the,a
C
冠词和名词
9. England of those years was England in peace.
A.x,x B.The,an C.The,x D.x,an
B
10.I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm,
but I knew it was Sunday because everybody
was at church.
A.a,the B.a,x C.x,a D.x,x
B
11.In the market,vegetables are sold by kilogram,I mean, by___ weight.
A.the,x B.x,x C.the,the D.x,the
A
冠词和名词
12.-“What about school ”
-“It is as good,as anybody can see, school as the one attached to Hunan Normal University.”
A.a,the B.the,a C.a,a D.the,the
13.The cakes are delicious,I’d like to have _____ third one as _____second one I ate was too small.
A.the,the B.a,the C.the,a D.a,a
B
B
冠词和名词
名词
专有名词(Proper Nouns)
普通名词
(Common Nouns)
个体名词(Individual Nouns)
集体名词(Collective Nouns)
物质名词(Material Nouns)
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)
不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)
可数名词(Countable Nouns)
冠词和名词
Proper Nouns:
指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称
Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Year’s Day
注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写
冠词和名词
Common Nouns：
专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词
1。Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西。
可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments
也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream
冠词和名词
2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。
Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。
Eg: His family isn’t large.
Cf: His family are all music lovers.
在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。
Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.
冠词和名词
有少数集体名词通常用作单数。
Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
个别集体名词则多作复数看待。
Eg: The police are looking for him.
冠词和名词
3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的东西。
Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil
一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”
Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）
Three beers, please. (三杯）
It was a special tea. (一种）
2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。
Eg: rains （雨季）snows (积雪）waters(海域)…
（see note paper)
冠词和名词
4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。
Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.
多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。
Eg: He’s learning French for fun.
I wish you good luck.
有时也可以加冠词。
He works hard for the welfare of the poor.
After a brief peace, war broke out again.
冠词和名词
有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。
glass ( 玻璃 )
copper ( 铜 )
tin ( 锡 )
paper ( 纸 )
iron (铁 )
wood ( 木头 )
gold (金子 )
youth (青春 )
power ( 力量 )
beauty ( 美 )
pleasure( 愉快 )
relation(关系）
a glass ( 玻璃杯 )
a copper ( 铜币／板 )
a tin ( 罐头，听头 )
a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 )
an iron (熨斗 )
a wood ( 树林 )
a gold (金牌 )
a youth (年青人 )
a power ( 大国 )
a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 )
a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )
a relation(亲戚）
英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。
a poem(一首诗 )
a machine(一台机器 )
a job(一件工作 )
a laugh(一个笑声 )
a permit(许可证 )
a garment (一件衣裳 )
a bag(case) (一件行李 )
a loaf (一只面包 )
a hair(一根头发 )
poetry(诗歌总称 )
machinery(机器总称 )
work(工作 )
laughter(笑声 )
permission(允许 )
clothing(衣裳总称 )
luggage, baggage(行李 )
bread(面包 )
hair( 头发)
冠词和名词
名词复数
情况
加法
例词
一般情况
以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词
以辅音＋y结尾的词
以辅音+o 结尾的词
以f或fe结尾的词
加-s
加-es
去y加-ies
多数加-es
把f/fe改成ves
Brothers;schools
Buses;watches;dishes*1
Ladies;countries;*2
Heroes; tomatoes*3
Halves; leaves;*4
Notes:
*1:stomach
stomachs
*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.
Eg:boys; toys; Germanys; Henrys
*3: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios
以oo结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos
一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos
一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos
一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos
直接在词尾加-s.
*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：
proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs;chiefs
不规则复数：
1.man
men
Eg: woman– women; chairman-chairmen
2.oo
ee
Eg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese
3.+en
Eg:child-children; ox-oxen
4.ouse
ice
Eg: mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）
有些外来词的不规则复数形式：
Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises
criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media
冠词和名词
单复数相同的情况：
sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese
以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。
Eg: yuan,jiao,fen, jin, mu
复合名词的复数形式：
1.词末+-s eg:film-goers ; forget-me-nots
2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law
3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman
冠词和名词
名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
some patterns:
I’ll take the risk for friendship’s sake.
She was at her wit’s end.
Now they could sing at their heart’s content.
We should get the children out of harm’s way.
We had best keep them at arm’s length.
For goodness’ sake,stop arguing.
Jane got the money’s worth out of the coat.
(为了友谊）
（黔驴技穷）
（尽情地）
（不受损害）
（保持距离）
（看在上帝的份上）
（很合算）
冠词和名词
主谓一致
１。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）
２。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)
（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg: news;economics)
3.就近原则： either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also
4. 单复数视情况而定。
１）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数
２）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg: means, species
３）中心词是all, most, half, rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。
４）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table.
5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数） none, all, some, more,
６）分数，量词，half of, part of 作主语，于中心词保持一致。
７）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。
８）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。
冠词和名词
５。 谓语用单数的情况。
１）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg: The doctor’s, my uncle’s, the baker’s
2) 中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai;
3) each, every, no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。
Eg: each boy and each girl ; every man and woman
4) 主语有more than one…; many a
5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of…
冠词和名词
6) This kind of…
7) The number of…
8) A great deal of…; a large amount of… +un
9) One and a half +可数名词复数
eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table.
10) The departed (死者）意义上指个体
11) the only one of +可数名词复数＋定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。
冠词和名词
６. 谓语用复数的情况。
１）police,;people;cattle; militia(民兵）作主语。
２）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg: glasses; chopsticks…
3)these kind of men（口语); men of this kind 作主语
４） both…and…. 修饰主语
5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修饰主语
６） the+ 形容词作主语，一般情况下
７） one of the+可数名词复数＋定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。
冠词和名词
Assignment:
1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词）
scissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录
compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器
earphones耳机; pyjamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬
scales天平; overalls工装裤; tropics热带
spectacles眼镜; braces背带; stairs楼梯
nail-clippers指甲刀； slacks便装裤; brains头脑
belongings所有物； savings积蓄； tidings消息
doings行为； writings作品； findings调查结果
系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况…说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday. （fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） He fell off the ladder. fell是实义动词，单独作谓语
1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心
4）感官系动词..感官系动词主要有feel, smell,sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft.
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香
5）变化系动词..这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time.
6）终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false.The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn‘t like English. （doesn’t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
表示时态，例如：He is singing. He has got married.
表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.
构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life Did you study English before you came here
与否定副词not合用，例如：I don‘t like him.
加强语气，Do come to the party tomorrow evening. He did know that.
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，
They are having a meeting.English is becoming more and more important.
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态
The window was broken by Tom. English is taught throughout the world.
3） be + 动词不定式，
表示最近、未来的计划或安排，
He is to go to New York next week..
We are to teach the fresh persons.
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，
You are to explain this.
He is to come to the office this afternoon.
c.征求意见，How am I to answer him Who is to go there
d. 表示相约、商定
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow.
助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London..By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被语态，例如：English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。
助动词do 的用法
1） 构成一般疑问句。Do you want to pass the CET Did you study German 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句。 I do not want to be criticized. He doesn't like to study. In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
3) 构成否定祈使句。Don't go there.不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded.这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如： Do come to my birthday party. I did go there. I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如： ---- Do you like Beijing --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
助动词
助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English.
He will go to Shanghai.
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.（shall有命令的意味。） He will come.（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
助动词should,would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.比较： "What shall I do next week " I asked.
（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成should。）
2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：He said he would come.比较： "I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了：He said he would come. 原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
过去分词
不定式
-ing 形式
非谓语动词
高考题
巩固 题1
巩固 题2
____ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.
To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
2001春季高考 第21题
Multiple choice
2.___ a letter from her parents, Lily is now looking forward
to ___ from them.
Having not received; hear B. Not received; hear
C. Not having received; hearing D. Receiving not; hearing
V/phrases +ing: appreciate; avoid; can’t help; consider; enjoy; escape; finish; give up; imagine; insist on; keep(on); mind;miss…
devote oneself to; pay attention to; be used to; get down to, stick to, lead to…
1.作状语
2.作定语
3.作表语
4.作补语
过去分词
不定式
不定式的作用
1
[例1] NMET 2000 第19题
I’ve work with children before, so I know what ___ in my job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
B
解析
该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词 后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：
tell, discuss, know, show, learn, decide, wonder, explain…
解析
[例2] NMET 1999 第21题
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make.
B
不定式
不定式的作用
1
因为主语是the purpose，在（purpose, wish, promise, plan）后常跟不定式，故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成the purpose is to…not to…do 句型，故选B 。
不定式的时态
2
[例3] NMET 1997第12题
I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone
D
不定式
常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：
would love, meant, hoped, planned, expected, promised, wish等
例如：I meant to have telephoned you, but I forgot.
[例4] NMET 1999 第14题
Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
to have studied B. to study
C. to be study D. to have been studying
A
不定式
不定式的否定形式
3
[例5] NMET 1996年
The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eat
C
解析
该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式， ① warn sb. not to do sth. ②warn sb. against doing sth. 该题应该用①结构另外，not 应放在to之前。
在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice, observe,look at；三使役make,let, have;二听listen to,hear等）须接不带to 的不定式做宾补。
不定式的作用
不定式的时态
不定式的否定形式
不定式
近五年不定式考查了5道题，主要考查了不定式做宾语和
表语。此外还考了不定式的时态和否定形式。
过去分词
过去分词主要考查其在句中作状语、定语、表语和补语的用法。
1.作状语
[例1] NMET1996第23题
_____ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
C
解析
1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。
2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法， A.Lose oneself in thought B.be lost in thought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.
过去分词
2.作定语
[例2] NMET1997第17题
The Olympic Games,___ in 776 B.C.did not include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played
C. first playing D. to be first playing
A
解析
①过去 分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。
② 现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。
③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。
所以A是正确的。First played in 776B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C.
过去分词
3.作表语
[例3] NMET1998第23题
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
C
解析
该题考查分词作表语的用法。“to pay sb. by the hour” 计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：get burnt, get hurt , get wounded.
过去分词
4.作补语
解析
该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。The plan 与carry out 的关系是被动关系。See sth.done 这结构常见的还有watch(notice, observe,have 和make)sth. done.
[例4] NMET2000第22题
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
C
时 态 和 语 态
类 别 及 物 动 词 不及物动词
形式 主 动 被 动 主 动
一般式 doing being done doing
完成式 having done having been done having done
-ing 形式
作主语：动名词
Teaching is my full-time job.
Writing an English composition is not easy.
It’s useless taking this kind of medicine.
作表语
（1）动名词
My job is teaching.
= Teaching is my job.
Her full-time job is laying eggs.
=Laying eggs is her full-time job.
（2）现在分词
The play is exciting.
≠ Exciting is the play.
The story he told us was very interesting.
≠Interesting was the story he told us.
作宾语：动名词
I have just finished doing my home work.
I suggested asking his brother for some money.
He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more than 200 by now.
只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有十六个：resist、mind、suggest、delay、keep on
look forward to、enjoy、include、
appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、
can’t help、miss。
太多了，怎么记呀？
别着急，我们来动动脑筋。有了，你看：
抗议推迟盼喜报，心想练成考不错
作宾语补足语：现在分词
I heard the girl singing in the classroom.
I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.
The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest.
能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些，看看有什么好方法可以将它们记住：
make、let、have、look at、see、watch、hear、listen to、notice、feel。
对了，用“三让、三看、两听、注意感觉”。多简单！
⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。
a washing machine
＝ a machine for washing
a swimming pool
＝ a pool for swimming
This is a new washing machine.
作定语
作定语
⑵现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。
a developing country ＝ a country which is developing
a sleeping boy＝ a boy who is sleeping
The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
China is a developing country.
作 状 语
现在分词作状语。表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随（方式）等。
Hearing the cry for help, he rushed out.（时间）
Being ill, he went home. （原因）
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET 98)（结果）
He read a magazine waiting for the bus.（伴随）
Seeing from the hill, you can get the whole town.(条件）
-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法
[例 ] NMET1998
European football is played in 80 countries, ___ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
A
解析
making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed.
1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself____ . (NMET91 34)
A.hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
2. On afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, ____ some bananas and visited her cousin. (NMET91 23)
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. writing
3. --I usually go there by train.
--Why not ____ by boat for a change (NMET92 14)
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
4. ____ a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92 39)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
5. How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden (MET93 17)
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
6. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
(MET93 24)
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
7. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.
(MET93 34)
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
8. ---I must apologize for ____ ahead of time.
---That’s all right. (MET94 21)
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
9. Rather than ___ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle. (NMET94 22)
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
10. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.(NMET94 25)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
11. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (NMET94 34)
A.having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
12. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ____ that. (NMET95 26)
A. to do b. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
13. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told
him_____. (NMET95 35)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
14. ---What do you think made Mary so upset
---____ her new bicycle. (97上海 13)
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
15. She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
(97 上海12)
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
16. She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden.
(95 上海20)
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in
17. While shopping, people sometime can’t help ____ into buying
something they don’t really need. (96上海14)
A. to pursue B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
18. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. (NMET99 21)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
19. A computer does only what thinking people _____. (99上海19)
A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done
20. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ____
“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” (NMET99 25)
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
5.Mrs.Smith warned her husband_____after drinking again and again. A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never rive
6. To master a foreign language,______.
A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice
C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
1.He gave us some advice on how____ English.
A.learning B. learned C. to learn D. learn
2. It ’s a pay day，and they are waiting____.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to be paid
3. --- A letter may be too slow.
---- Why not ____ a telegram.
A.try sending B.try to send C.to try sending D.trying to send
巩固练习
C
D
A
A
D
1._____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk
2.When and where to build the new power station______yet. A.is not decided B.are not decided
C.has not decided D.have not decided
3.Is______necessary to change trains at Beijing
A. this B. that C. it D. he
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen
5.She pretended____the letter I wrote the day before yesterday. A.not to receive B.not receiving
C.not to hear from D.having not received
6.I can’t imagine_____that with such a famous author.
A.work B.to work C.to be working D.working
Non-infinitive
7.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____on a big rock by the side of the path.
A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest
8.Do you consider___any good attempting many scientific experiments
A.there B.it C.this D.that
9.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something________.
A.drunk B.to drink C.to be drunk D.for drinking
10.There was a terrible noise_______the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
11．Mrs.Smith warned her husband_____after drinking again
and again.
A.never to drive B.to never drive
C.never driving D.never rive
12.They knew her very well.They had seen her____up from childhood.
A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow
13. Believe it or not, he was seen______upstairs just now.
A.to go B.to going C.having gone D.go
14. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________all night.
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
15. The murderer was brought in ,with his hands _____behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
16. To master a foreign language,______.
A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice
C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice
17._________a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.
A. Not receiving B. Not to receive
C. Not having received D. Having not received
18. Little Jim should love _____to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
19. —What do you think of the book
—Oh, excellent. It’s worth ______a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
20. The library needs ______,but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
16种时态（主动语态Active voice）
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
did
does/do
will/
shall do
would/
should do
一般
进行
完成
完成
进行
is/are/am
doing
were/was
doing
will/shall be doing
would/
should
be doing
have/has
done
had
done
will/
shall have done
would/
should
have done
have/has
been doing
had
been doing
will/
shall have been doing
would/should
have been
doing
时间
方式
结构式
Verb的时态
肯定句：主语+ V （时态） +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V +not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V +主语+ V原 +… (对主语提 问，谓语同陈述句.）
mary, study, abroad, next month
2. My brothers, read, a book, now
3. she/ they, watch, TV, at that time.
4. Tom/ we, live, in Beijing, since 1999
5. The workers, build, two bridges, by last month.
Mary will study abroad next month.
My brothers are reading a book now.
She was watching TV at that time.
Tom has lived in Beijng since 1999.
The workers had built two bridges by last month.
1. 一般现在时：动词的原形或三单
肯定句：主语+ V （原形/三单） +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (do / does) + not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V (do / does) +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (do / does) +主语+ V原 +…
Mary/ they, study, English, every day
2. 一般过去时：动词的过去式 （V-ed）
肯定句：主语+ V （-ed） +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (did) +not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V (did) +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (did) +主语+ V原 +…
Mary / they, study, abroad, last year
3. 一般将来时：助动词will + V原
肯定句：主语+助V (will)+ V原 +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (will) + not + V原 +… .
一般疑问句：助V (will) +主语+ V原 +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (will) +主语+ V原 +…
Mary, study, abroad, next month
4. 现在进行时：助动词am / is/are + V-ing
肯定句：主语+助V (am/ is/ are)+ V-ing +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (am/ is/ are) + not + V-ing +… .
一般疑问句：助V (am/ is/ are) +主语+ V-ing +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (am/ is/ are) +主语+ V-ing +…
My brothers/ I / she , read, a book, now.
5. 过去进行时：助动词was/ were + V-ing
肯定句：主语+助V (was/ were )+ V-ing +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (was/ were ) + not + V-ing +… .
一般疑问句：助V (was/ were ) +主语+ V-ing +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (was/ were ) +主语+ V-ing +…
She/ they, watch, TV, at that time
6. 现在完成时：助动词have/has + V-ed
肯定句：主语+助V (have/has )+ V-ed +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (have/has ) + not + V-ed +… .
一般疑问句：助V (have/has ) +主语+ V-ed +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (have/has ) +主语+ V-ed +…
Tom/ we, live, in Beijing, since 1999
7. 过去完成时：助动词had + V-ed
肯定句：主语+助V (had )+ V-ed +… .
否定句：主语 + 助V (had ) + not + V-ed +… .
一般疑问句：助V (had ) +主语+ V-ed +…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 助V (had ) +主语+ V-ed +…
The workers, finish, two bridges, by last month
1.---Fined ＄20! You know you ___ 100 km an hour, don’t you
---No, officers. I can’t have been.This car doesn’t do 80.
A.are driving B.have driven C.had driven D.were driving
2.---Is Paul playing both soccer and tennis for the school
---He __.But now he has given up playing tennis.
A.is B. has C. was D. had
3.What a shame! When we got to the cinema, the movie__________(finish), so we saw only the end.
D
C
was finishing
4.--- I wonder what has become of your company
---___ It is as good as ruined because of bad management.
A. Don’t you hear about it B. Didn’t you hear about it C.Haven’t you heard about it D. Hadn’t you heard about it
5.I’m very disappointed with my neighbour. She said she would keep her cat off my grass, but she ___. A. didn’t B. hasn’t C. wouldn’t D. hadn’t
C
B
6.---The former president was caught at last.
---Really Where____he_______(hide) himself / Where____he______(hide)
had hidden
was hidden
7.---When did he go to America
--- Oh, he ______there half a year ago.
He __________there since half a year ago.
went
has been
8. When the parents left for work, the baby __________(leave) at home playing on its own.
was left
9. We had already bought our tickets the day before, so we ___ to get to the theatre.
A.haven’t rushed B.didn’t rush C.hadn’t rushed D.don’t rush 10.—Is Lin Tao a soldier
—No, but he ___ in the army for three years.
A.has served B.had served C.was serving D.served
B
D
11.-– What’s the general attitude to smoking in public places
--People ___ less tolerant of smoking these days. A.become B.have become C.became D.are becoming 12.-- How do you find our company
--A little worried. We __ ground as a leader in the field of IT with the others speeding up development.
A. have lost B. are losing C. lose D. were losing
13.How can I fix my attention on my work if you __ continually ___ me with so many silly questions
A,have, interrupted B. had, interrupted C.are, interrupting D. were , interrupting
D
B
C
14.My train arrives in New York at 8 o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _____________(leave) by then.
15.-- May I speak to your manager at four o’clock this afternoon
--I’m sorry. He ___ to a conference long before then.
A. will have gone B. had gone
C. would go D. has gone
will have left
A
被动语态基本用法
当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
His brother washes bowls every day.
主
谓
宾(受动者)
Bowls
are washed
by
his brother
every day..
改为被动语态
They play football on Sunday.
Lucy does the homework in the evening.
They often use computers in class.
We make these machines in Xiangxiang.
People speak English as the first language in UK.
Football is played by them on Sunday.
The homework is done by Lucy in the evening.
Computers are often used by them in class.
These machines are made in Xiangxiang.
English is spoken as the first language in UK.
你知道这些被动句的否定句和一般疑问句吗？
1.They make shoes in that factory.
主语+及物动词+宾语
Shoes are made (by them) in that factory.
一般现在时：
S(主语）+ am / is / are + 过去分词
He looked after the little baby yesterday.
主
谓
宾(受动者)
The little baby
was looked after
by
him
yesterday.
They built the tall building last year.
He took good care of his little brother yesterday.
We cleaned our classroom just now.
They used this room for resting.
They planted many trees years ago.
The tall building was built by them last year.
His little brother was taken good care of by him yesterday.
Our classroom was cleaned by us just now.
This room was used for resting by them.
Many trees were planted by them years ago.
Good care was taken of his little brother by him yesterday.
2. They bought ten computers last term．
Ten computers were bought (by them) last term.
一般过去时：S + was/were + 过去分词
Tom will clean the room tomorrow.
主
谓
宾(受动者)
The room
will be cleaned
by
Tom
tomorrow.
We will hold a sports meeting next week.
Children will take some photos in the schoolyard tomorrow.
The headmaster will give a talk this afternoon.
The farmers will grow different kinds of vegetables next spring.
Uncle Wang will mend the TV set tomorrow.
A sports meeting will be held by us next week.
Some photos will be taken by children in the schoolyard tomorrow.
A talk will be given by the headmaster this afternoon.
Different kinds of vegetables will be grown by the farmers next spring.
The TV set will be mended by Uncle Wang tomorrow.
3.They will finish the work in ten days.
The work will be finished (by them)
in ten days.
一般将来时：
S + will + be + 过去分词
4．Amy can take good care of Gina ．
Gina can be taken good care of by Amy.
情态动词：
S + can/may/must/should + be + 过去分词
1.He can take care of the baby.
2.Lucy may draw the pictures.
3.You must turn off the lights.
4.They should learn English well.
5.Jim could do it yesterday.
The baby can be taken care of by him.
The picture may be drawn by Lucy.
The lights must be turned off by you.
English should be learned well by them.
It could be done by Jim yesterday.
练习：
1.Many people speak English.
2.They made computers in the U.S.A.
3.People used knives for cutting things.
4.People used metal for making machines.
5.They produce silk in Suzhou and Hangzhou.
6.They speak English in Canada.
English is spoken by many people.
Computers were made by them in the U.S.A.
Knives were used by people for cutting things.
Metal was used by people for making machines.
Silk is produced by them in Suzhou and Hangzhou.
English is spoken by them in Canada.
7.They write business letters in English.
8.They grow rice in South China.
9.They plant many trees in North China.
10.Lu Xun wrote this book.
11.The workers built some bridges.
12.We can use the box as a table.
13.We should clean the classroom every day.
Business letters are written by them in English.
Rice is grown by them in South China.
Many trees are planted by them in North China.
This book was written by Lu Xun.
Some bridges were built by the workers.
The box can be used by us as a table.
The classroom should be cleaned by us every day.
被动语态中的特殊情况
1.不及物动词带介词和介词宾语时，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。
e.g. The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.
被动句：The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.
e.g. They look after the new students in the school.
被动句：The new students are looked after by them in the school.
2.当动词带有复合宾语(有宾补), 并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”
e.g. They make us do all the work.
被动句：We are made to do all the work by them.
e.g. We often hear her sing songs.
被动句：She is often heard to sing songs by us.
e.g. I saw him walk to school.
被动句：He was seen to walk to school by me.
这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to 离开，被动句中to回 来。（ let ，have ，make，see ，watch ，look at ， hear ，listen to ， feel ，observe ， notice…)
3.当动词带双宾语时(一个宾语是指人，一个是指物)，将其中指人的宾语提前作被动句的主语时，另一个宾语按顺序照抄下来；如是将指物的宾语提前作被动句的主语，在被动句中则指人宾语前应加“to”或“for” 。常见加to的动词有give ，send ， teach ，write ， show ， pass ， ask ， tell , bring…常见加for的动词有draw ， buy , make …
e.g. He gives me a flower every day.
被动1 I am given a flower by him every day.
被动2 A flower is given to me by him every day.
e.g. My mother bought me a computer.
被动1 I was bought a computer by my mother .
被动2 A computer was bought for me by my mother .
练习：
将下列句子变为被动句。
1.Li Lei listens to his father carefully.
2.The mother looked after the baby in the room.
3.We took care of the things.
4.They gave us some work.
5.The boy made them laugh all the time.
6.My mother buys me a bike.
His father is listened to by Li Lei carefully.
The baby was looked after by the mother in the room.
The things were taken care of by us.
We were given some work by them.
Some work was given to us by them.
They were made to laugh by the boy all the time.
I’m bought a bike by my mother.
A bike is bought for me by my mother.
1.People use knives for cutting things.
Knives ______ ______ for cutting things.
2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.
The windows of their classroom______ _______ twice a month.
are used
are
cleaned
(变被动语态）
3.I found the ticket on the floor.
______ ______ ______ ______ on the floor.
4.I told her to return the book in time.
She ______ _______ to return the book in time.
The ticket was found
was told
5. His doctor made him have only two meals a day.
He ______ _______ _______ _______ only two meals a day.
6.Now people can use computers to help them.
Now computers _______ ______ ______ to help them.
was made to have
can be
used
7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year
_______ ______ _______ _______ at this time last time
8.Must we finish our work today
_______ our work______ _______ today
Were many trees planted
Must be finished
9. The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.
1) _______ ______ _______ some wonderful stamps.
2) Some wonderful stamps _______ ________ _______ _______.
We were given
were
given to us
10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.
Tom _______ ________ to turn on the computer.
11.In this factory women do most of the work.
Most of the work _______ ________ by women in this factory.
was asked
is done
12.He can mend the bike in two days.
The bike ______ ______ _______ in two days.
13.You must take this medicine three times a day.
This medicine _______ _______ ________ three times a day.
can be mended
must be
taken
14.The students in this school study German.
German _______ ________ by the students in this school.
15.Do they often talk about this question
______ this question often _______ about _______ _______
is studied
Is
talked
by them
下列时态的被动语态构成
1.Lucy is watering the trees.
2.The boy was mending his bike.
3.We have finished our compositions.
Some workers are painting the rooms now．
The rooms are being painted by some workers now.
现在进行时：
S + am / is / are + being + 过去分词
I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night．
My homework was being done (by me) at 8:00 last night.
过去进行时：
S + was/were + being + 过去分词
We have made twenty more keys．
Twenty more keys have been made by us.
现在完成时：
S + have/has + been + 过去分词
1.They have finished their homework.
2.I am mending his bike now.
3.He invites me to his party every year.
4.She will buy us ten books tomorrow.
5.The old man often made us laugh.
6.We had built another bridge by the end of last month.
1. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he __for the wedding.
A. will plan B. has planned
C. would plan D. had planned
2. The house belongs to my aunt but she___ here any more.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live
C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live
3.What we used to think_____
impossible now does seem possible.
A. is B. was
C. has been D. will be
4.I was giving a talk to a large group
of people, the same talk I ____ to
half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving
C. had given D. have given
5.In a room above the store, where a party _____, some workers were busy setting the table.
A. was to be held B. had been held
C. will be held D. is being held
6.My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____ there for a few months and then went to America.
A. worked
B. would work
C. would be working
D. has been working
7.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026_____off at 18:20.
A. takes B. took
C. will be taken D. has taken
8.I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour.
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
9. ---How is the deserted cat I wonder how you ___ it
--- I sent it to a friend of mine yesterday.
A. dealt with
B. did with
C. have dealt with
D. have done with
10. –Your job ___open for your return.
--Thanks.
A. will be kept B. will keep
C. had kept D. had been kept
11. I have to go to work by taxi because my car ___ at the garage.
A. will be repaired
B. is repaired
C. is being repaired
D. has been repaired
12. Customers are asked to make sure that they ___ the right change before leaving the shop.
A. will give B. have been given
C. have given D. will be given
13. It is said that the early European playing-cards ___ for entertainment and education.
A. were being designed
B. have designed
C. have been designed
D. were designed
14. The moment the 28th Olympics ___ open, the whole world cheered.
A. declared B. have been declared
C. have declared D. were declared
15.—I don’t supposed the police know who did it.
—Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and ___ now.
A. has been questioned
B. is being questioned
C. is questioning
D. has questioned
16. The construction of the two new railway lines ___ by now.
A. has completed B. have completed
C. have been completed
D. has been completed
17. Although the causes of cancer ___ , we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.
A. are being uncovered
B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering
D. have uncovered
情 态 动 词 的 定 义
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name 我能知道你的名字吗？
Shall we begin now 我们现在就开始吗？
You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
情 态 动 词 的 位 置
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中， 情态动词放在主语之前。
I can see e here. 我能看见你，过来吧。
He must have been away. 他一定走了。
What can I do for you 你要什么？
How dare you treat us like that! 你怎么敢那样对待我们!
情 态 动 词 的 特 点
情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式可以用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。
He could be here soon. 他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。
情 态 动 词 的 用 法
1. can (could) 表示说话人能, 可以, 同意, 准许, 以及客观条件许可, could 为 can 的过去式。
Can you pass me the books 你能给我递一下书吗
Could you help me, please 请问, 你能帮助我吗
What can you do 你能干点什么呢
Can you be sure 你有把握吗
can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。
He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。
With the teacher’s help, I shall be able to speak English correctly. 有老师的帮助, 我将能准确地讲英语。
2. may (might) “可以”，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。
You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去。
May I come in 我可以进来吗
May I use your dictionary 我可以用你的词典吗
You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿点衣服。
He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。
may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn’t。might 是may 的过去式，有两种用法，一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更加委婉、 客气或对可能性的怀疑。
He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来。
Might I borrow some money now 我可以借点钱吗
He might be alive. 他可能还活着。
3. must “必须；应该；一定；准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时， 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。
You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。
Must I return the book tomorrow 我必须明天还书吗
After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路, 你一定累了。
He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。
He had to go because of somebody’s calling him that day. 那天他要走，因为有人叫他。
值得注意的是：
（1）must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。
He must have told my parents about it.
他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。
He must have received my letter now.
他现在一定收到我的信了。
It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.
已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。
（2）must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to “不得不,必须”，表示客观需要、客观条件只能如此。
You must do it now. 你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)
I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)
You must be here on time next time. 你下次一定要按时来。
I have to cook for my child. 我得给孩子做饭。
4. need “需要”，多用在否定式或疑问句中.
Need I attend the meeting tomorrow 我需要明天参加会议吗
You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。
need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。
Do you need a dictionary 你需要词典吗
She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。
注意：“needn‘t + have + 过去分词” 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
You needn't have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。
5. dare “敢”，多用在否定或疑问句中。
The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。
Dare you catch the little cat 你敢抓小猫吗
dare 除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用， 用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。
Do you dare to walk in the dark 你敢黑夜走路吗？
He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。
6. ought “应当；应该”，后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。
You ought to bring the child here. 你应该把孩子带来。
ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.
你不应该把书带出阅览室。
7. will (would) 表决心、愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, 可用于各人称。
I'll do my best to catch up with them. 我要尽全力赶上他们。
I'll never do it again, that's the last time. 我再不会做那件事情了,这是最后一次。
He said he would help me. 他说他会帮助我。
will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
It's hot. Will you open the windows 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗
Will you help me to work it out 你能帮我解这道题吗
Would you like some coffee？ 给你来点咖啡怎样？
8. shall, should 表示命令, 警告, 允诺, 征求, 劝告, 建议, 惊奇。
You should hand in the exercise book. 你应该交作业本儿了。
This should be no problem. 这应该没问题。
Shall we go now 我们现在可以走了吗
Why should I meet him？ 为什么我要见他
情态动词专练题
1.Put on more clothes. You be feeling cold with only a shirt on. A. can B. could C. must D. would
2. — Must I drive to his house and pick up the children
— No, ________. A. you shouldn't B. you might not C. you needn't D. you mustn't
3.You to attend the meeting, but you didn't. A. should come B. would have come
C. came D. should have come
4.We didn't see Tom at the meeting yesterday. He it. A. mustn't have attended B. cannot have attended C. needn't have attended D. would have not attended
5.Tom went on foot, but he by bus. A. might go B. may go
C. could have gone D. ought have gone
6.We play chess than bridge. Some of us don't know how to play bridge. A. had better B. would better C. would rather D. had rather
7.There is someone knocking at the door. it be Tom A. Can B. Must C. Should D. Ought
8.There was a lot of time. He . A. mustn't have hurried B. needn't have hurried C. could have hurried D. ought to have hurried
9."We didn't study Chemistry last night, but we ." A. had studied B. could C. should D. could have
10.One ought for what one hasn't done. A. not to be punished B. to not be punished C. to not punished D. not be punished
11."May I pick a flower in the garden " " ." A. No, you needn't B. Not, please
C. No, you mustn't D. No, you won't
12."Could I call you by your first name " "Yes, you ." A. will B. could C. may D. might
13.Two years ago, my husband bought me a bicycle. If you live in town, it is often faster than a car and you worry about parking.
A. must not B. may not C. should not D. don't have to
14.I didn't see her in the meeting-room this morning. She at the meeting. A. mustn't have spoken B. shouldn't have spoken C. needn't have spoken D. couldn't have spoken
15.I wonder how he that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say
16.You take your umbrella. I am sure it won't rain. A. shouldn't B. can't
C. don't have to D. mustn't
17.The dog hibernate in winter. A. don't need B. doesn't need to
C. needs not to D. needs not
18.Look what you have done. You have been careful. A. should B. can C. must D. may
19.Tom did not go to the party yesterday, or I him. A. would see B. could meet
C. might have seen D. might see
20. — Let's go to the cinema, shall we
—
A. No, I can't B. Yes, I will
C. Yes, thank you D. No, we'd better not
21.If you had been more careful, you have made so many mistakes. A. won't B. wouldn't C. may not D. mustn't
22.Whenever Mother was not here, the children make a lot of noise. A. will B. would C. were to D. were going to
23.Why is it so dark. There be a heavy rain coming. A. shall B. may C. should D. will
24.Tom is late. What to him A. should have happened B. must have happened C. can have happened D. would have happened
25.Tom, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself. A. won't, could B. mustn't, may
C. shouldn't, must D. can't, should
26. “Can you imagine how about it ” “No, I can't.” A. could they know possibly B. could they possibly know C. they could possibly know D. possibly they could know
27.Tom full marks, but he was too careless a spelling mistake. A. could gain, to make B. could have gained, to make C. could have gained, and made D. could have gained, as to make
28.I wonder how she the drunken sailor the other day. A. dare fighting off B. dared fight off
C. dare to fight off