连词
图片预览
文档简介
课件25张PPT。Conjunction
连词 is a part of speech that connects
words, phrases, sentences or clauses together.
ConjunctionTypes of Conjunction:Coordinate Conjunction
Subordinate Conjunction （并列连词）
also called coordinators. This type of conjunction links
words, phrases or clauses which are parallel in grammatical
structure and importance.
→ and, but, not only…but (also)… whether…or not,
as well as, both … and, for, or, otherwise…
（从属连词）
also called subordinators, connect two or more
clauses to form a subordinate clause of a
complex sentence.
→ after, when, where, if, because, as, since, as if
as though, though / although…
Coordinate ConjunctionSubordinate Conjunctionremember the acronym FANBOYS:
For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So.
Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a coordinate conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words.Coordinate ConjunctionsLook at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets [ ]:
E.g.1: I like [tea] and [coffee].
E.g.2: [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].
1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。
E.g.1: Someone borrowed my pen, but I
don’t remember who.
E.g.2: He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us.2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。 E.g.1: The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor.
E.g.2: You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors.
Attention：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , nor,either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。
E.g.1: Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt.
E.g.2: You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.
E.g.3: That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
E.g.3: The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold.
E.g.4: Both New York and London have traffic problems.
E.g.5: It is important for you as well as for me.
E.g.6: People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. Comma When a coordinate conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:
E.g.1: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.
However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential:
E.g.2:She is kind so she helps people.
When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:
E.g.1: He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.
E.g.2: He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.
When a coordinate conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:
E.g.3: Apples and pears and bananas are fruit.
A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:
E.g.4: This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.Subordinators are usually a single word, but there are also many multi-word subordinators that fun_ction like single subordinate conjunctions .
( Eg: when, because, if; so that, even though )Subordinate Conjunctions There are 10 kinds of Subordinate Conjunctions according to their use in regard to time, cause and
effect, opposition, condition, etc.
They are Subordinate Conjunctions to introduce:
adverbial clause of time adverbial clause of cause
adverbial clause of condition adverbial clause of purpose
adverbial clause of result adverbial clause of concession
adverbial clause of manner adverbial clause of place
adverbial clauses of comparison noun clause
1.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of time
引导时间状语从句的从属连词 to indicate time relationships
(1)when, while, as, whenever “当…时候”或“每当”
(2) before, after “在…之前(或之后)”
(3) since, until, till “自从”或“直到”
(4) as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once,no sooner…than, hardly…when “一…就”
(5) every time，each time，(the) next time，any time，(the) last time，the first time
Eg: No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.
Tell him the news as soon as you see him.
You can call me any time you want to. 2.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of cause
引导原因状语从句的从属连词 to give reasons
because, as, since, seeing that, now that, considering that
Eg: He couldn’t got to school because he had a cold.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.
Now that you are here, you’d better stay.
3.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of condition
引导条件状语从句的从属连词 to indicate conditions
if, unless, as/so long as, in case
Eg: If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home.
You will fail unless you work hard.
在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。
不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求
Eg：If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money.
4.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of purpose
引导目的状语从句的从属连词 to indicate purpose
in order that, so that, in case, for fear
Eg: We used the computer in order that we might save time.
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby.
He is working hard for fear he should fail. 5.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of result
引导结果状语从句的从属连词 to indicate effect
so that, so…that, such…that
Eg: He had overslept, so that he was late for work .
It’s so nice a movie that I want to see it again.
It’s such a nice movie that I want to see it again.
在so…that…, such… that…中，so 形容词或副词， such修饰名词
6.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of concession
引导让步状语从句的从属连词 to show slight contrast
although, though, as,even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever
as引起的让步状语从句中，从句要求部分倒装
Eg: Busy as he is, he persists in studying English.
Although /Though he is poor, he is well contented.
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends.
Whatever you say, I believe you. 7.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of manner
引导方式状语从句的从属连词 to indicate manner
as, like, as if, as though, the way
在由as, as if, as though引起的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。
Eg: They treat me as though I were a stranger.
8.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of place
引导地点状语从句的从属连词 to indicate place
where, wherever, everywhere
Eg: There were lots of parks where I lived.
Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 9.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of comparison
引导比较状语从句的从属连词 to give comparisons
(more/less…) than，(as…)as ，(not so…)as
Eg: John is more stupid than Bob is.
He is as kind as his sister is.
more…than 可作 “与其…倒不如” 解
Eg: He was more frightened than hurt.
Less…than 亦有此用法
Eg: He was less hurt than frightened.
10.Subordinators to introduce noun clauses
引导名词性从句的从属连词 :
that, if, whether
Eg：Your greatest fault is that you are careless.
She didn’t say if /whether he was still alive.
(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book. This book may be used both as a text and as a reference book. (2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English. He speaks not only Mandarin but also English. (3) Jim is not so strong like you. Jim is not so strong as you. Exercise(4) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left. No sooner had we reached our destination than they left. (5) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.I took a taxi which took me to the station.OR I took a taxi and it took me to the station.(6) My friend came up to me and held my hand,
said good-bye excitedly.My friend came up to me, held my hand and
said good-bye excitedly.OR My friend came up to me and held my hand,
saying good-bye excitedly.THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!! ^^
连词 is a part of speech that connects
words, phrases, sentences or clauses together.
ConjunctionTypes of Conjunction:Coordinate Conjunction
Subordinate Conjunction （并列连词）
also called coordinators. This type of conjunction links
words, phrases or clauses which are parallel in grammatical
structure and importance.
→ and, but, not only…but (also)… whether…or not,
as well as, both … and, for, or, otherwise…
（从属连词）
also called subordinators, connect two or more
clauses to form a subordinate clause of a
complex sentence.
→ after, when, where, if, because, as, since, as if
as though, though / although…
Coordinate ConjunctionSubordinate Conjunctionremember the acronym FANBOYS:
For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So.
Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a coordinate conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words.Coordinate ConjunctionsLook at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets [ ]:
E.g.1: I like [tea] and [coffee].
E.g.2: [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].
1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。
E.g.1: Someone borrowed my pen, but I
don’t remember who.
E.g.2: He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us.2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。 E.g.1: The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor.
E.g.2: You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors.
Attention：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , nor,either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。
E.g.1: Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt.
E.g.2: You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.
E.g.3: That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
E.g.3: The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold.
E.g.4: Both New York and London have traffic problems.
E.g.5: It is important for you as well as for me.
E.g.6: People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. Comma When a coordinate conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:
E.g.1: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.
However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential:
E.g.2:She is kind so she helps people.
When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:
E.g.1: He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.
E.g.2: He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.
When a coordinate conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:
E.g.3: Apples and pears and bananas are fruit.
A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:
E.g.4: This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.Subordinators are usually a single word, but there are also many multi-word subordinators that fun_ction like single subordinate conjunctions .
( Eg: when, because, if; so that, even though )Subordinate Conjunctions There are 10 kinds of Subordinate Conjunctions according to their use in regard to time, cause and
effect, opposition, condition, etc.
They are Subordinate Conjunctions to introduce:
adverbial clause of time adverbial clause of cause
adverbial clause of condition adverbial clause of purpose
adverbial clause of result adverbial clause of concession
adverbial clause of manner adverbial clause of place
adverbial clauses of comparison noun clause
1.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of time
引导时间状语从句的从属连词 to indicate time relationships
(1)when, while, as, whenever “当…时候”或“每当”
(2) before, after “在…之前(或之后)”
(3) since, until, till “自从”或“直到”
(4) as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once,no sooner…than, hardly…when “一…就”
(5) every time，each time，(the) next time，any time，(the) last time，the first time
Eg: No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.
Tell him the news as soon as you see him.
You can call me any time you want to. 2.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of cause
引导原因状语从句的从属连词 to give reasons
because, as, since, seeing that, now that, considering that
Eg: He couldn’t got to school because he had a cold.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.
Now that you are here, you’d better stay.
3.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of condition
引导条件状语从句的从属连词 to indicate conditions
if, unless, as/so long as, in case
Eg: If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home.
You will fail unless you work hard.
在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。
不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求
Eg：If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money.
4.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of purpose
引导目的状语从句的从属连词 to indicate purpose
in order that, so that, in case, for fear
Eg: We used the computer in order that we might save time.
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby.
He is working hard for fear he should fail. 5.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of result
引导结果状语从句的从属连词 to indicate effect
so that, so…that, such…that
Eg: He had overslept, so that he was late for work .
It’s so nice a movie that I want to see it again.
It’s such a nice movie that I want to see it again.
在so…that…, such… that…中，so 形容词或副词， such修饰名词
6.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of concession
引导让步状语从句的从属连词 to show slight contrast
although, though, as,even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever
as引起的让步状语从句中，从句要求部分倒装
Eg: Busy as he is, he persists in studying English.
Although /Though he is poor, he is well contented.
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends.
Whatever you say, I believe you. 7.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of manner
引导方式状语从句的从属连词 to indicate manner
as, like, as if, as though, the way
在由as, as if, as though引起的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。
Eg: They treat me as though I were a stranger.
8.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of place
引导地点状语从句的从属连词 to indicate place
where, wherever, everywhere
Eg: There were lots of parks where I lived.
Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 9.Subordinators to introduce adverbial clause of comparison
引导比较状语从句的从属连词 to give comparisons
(more/less…) than，(as…)as ，(not so…)as
Eg: John is more stupid than Bob is.
He is as kind as his sister is.
more…than 可作 “与其…倒不如” 解
Eg: He was more frightened than hurt.
Less…than 亦有此用法
Eg: He was less hurt than frightened.
10.Subordinators to introduce noun clauses
引导名词性从句的从属连词 :
that, if, whether
Eg：Your greatest fault is that you are careless.
She didn’t say if /whether he was still alive.
(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book. This book may be used both as a text and as a reference book. (2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English. He speaks not only Mandarin but also English. (3) Jim is not so strong like you. Jim is not so strong as you. Exercise(4) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left. No sooner had we reached our destination than they left. (5) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.I took a taxi which took me to the station.OR I took a taxi and it took me to the station.(6) My friend came up to me and held my hand,
said good-bye excitedly.My friend came up to me, held my hand and
said good-bye excitedly.OR My friend came up to me and held my hand,
saying good-bye excitedly.THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!! ^^