2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题

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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（主谓一致）
主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在人称和数的方面一致, 学习主谓一致应熟记一些语法规则。高考对主谓一致的考查多集中总在主语后面带有介词的名词的一致上, 但学生也应住其他的一些语法规则。处理主谓一致关系一般采取概念一致. 就近一致及语法一致的三个原则。
一、语法一致
1. 由and 连接的两个名词做主语, 表示不同的人或事, 谓语动词用复数。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.
2. and 连接的两个名词指同一个人或物时, 谓语动词用单数。
The famous writer and poet has given a talk twice a day.
3. 由no…and no … , each…and each … , every … and every …,many a … and many a … 等构成复合主语时 , 谓语动词用单数。
Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.
Many a desk and many a chair has been taken out of the classroom.
4. 两个单数名词用and 并列表示一个概念或是不可分割的整体做主语, 位于用单数。常见的此类短语有 war and peace , iron and steel , a needle and threat , bread and butter ,a cart and horse 等。
egg and rice is her usual breakfast.
5. 主语后面带有as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to, as much as, more than, 等词连接的名词, 根据语法一致的原则, 谓语动词根据这些词前的主语来确定动词的形式。
The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the lab at that time.
二、临近性原则
1. 由连词or, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not only…but also, not…but 等连接主语, 谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。
如：Was he or you in the next room just now
2. 谓语动词与介词后面的名词的数一致。
1） all of ; most of ; a lot of ; some of ; half of ; the rest of ; plenty of ; part of ; two-third of 等加名词做主语时, 谓语动词根据名词的数而定。
如：The rest of the boys were out. All of the work has been done.
2） none of ; neither of 接名词有时做复数看待, 有时作单数看待, 主要取决于说话人的意思。如：None of them has arrived yet at the settlement.
None of them have arrived yet.
3）“one of + 复数名词”后的定语从句谓语用复数。而 “the /only one of +复数名词”后的定语从句位于动词用单数。
如：He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai.
He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai.
4） many / few / quiet a few / a good many / a large number of / millions of 连接复数名词时谓语动词用复数。
如：A great number of scientists invited are present at the conference.
5） much / little / quite a little / a great deal of / a bit of + 不可数名词+单数谓语。
如：There is little water in the bottle.
6） more than + 复数名词+复数谓语 more than one + 单数谓语
7）amount of + 不可数名词做主语, 谓语动词的单复数决定于amount 的数。
如：A large amount of money was spent on the great bridge.
Large amounts of money were spent on the great bridge.
8） a day or two + 单数 one day or two days +复数
如：A day or two has passed.
One or two days have passed.
9） a （large ） quantity of + 名词作主语, 谓语动词
10）如果主语用kind of 等表示种类的词作主语, 位于动词一般按语法一致的原则决定单复数。
A）this kind of + 单数（或复数）名词, 谓语动词用单数
例：This kind of men is dangerous.
B） 如果复数名词中心词作主语, 谓语动词用复数。
例：Men of this kind are dangerous.
C） 如果kind of 前有复数限定词, 谓语动词用复数。
例：These kind（s） of men interest me.
三、逻辑意义上的一致
1. 某些集体名词, 如family, team, class, enemy, majority, group, government, public, party, army, firm, company等, 如视作一个整体, 作单数用。如果指该集体的各个成员, 则作复数用。例：His family is small. His family are all model workers.
2. people, police, cattle, poultry （家禽）等有生命的集体名词, 位于动词用复数形式。
例：The police are looking for the missing child.
3. 以-s结尾的名词
1） 学科名称如：politics, physics, mathematics, economics 等以及书名.游戏名. 疾病名作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。
如：The Arabian Nights （天方夜谭） is a popular reading with the young people.
Diabetes（糖尿病） is a common disease.
2） 由两部分构成的物体如 glasses, scissors, trousers, jeans 等作主语时, 谓语动词常用复数。如： The glasses are yours.
但物体前若用pair of , 谓语动词的单复数, 常取决于pair 前的单复数。
如：There are some new pairs of compasses.
4. 表示时间, 重量, 距离, 金钱等名词作主语时, 往往把这类复数成一个整体, 谓语动词用单数。如： Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
One hundred dollars is not a large sum of money.
5. 不定式, 动名词, 从句作主语, 谓语用单数。例：To teach is to learn.
6. 表示地方, 国家, 机构, 等专有名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数,
如：The New York Times is published daily.
7. 表示群岛, 山脉, 瀑布, 运动会等专有名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数。
如：The Olympic Games are held once every four years.
8. 少数名词如means, works, pains, 等作主语时, 谓语动词单复数根据所表达的概念而定。
如： Every means has been tried. All possible means have been tried.
9. 数词one 后跟in, of, out of, 引起的介词词组作主语是时, 谓语动词一般用单数。
如：One out of twenty was badly damaged.
典型例题：
1. I think Tom, ______ you, ______ to blame.
A. rather than; is B. rather than; are C. more than; are D. less that; is
解析：这一例题考查的是名词后面跟except , as well as , rather than 等句子的主谓一致, 这时句子的谓语应和介词前面的词保持一致。rather than ,“而不是”, 主语是Tom。故谓语用单数。答案：A
2. It is said that more students than one ______ the film.
A. has seen B. have seen C. see D. sees
解析： more than one 谓语动词用单数, more +复数名词than one 谓语动词用复数
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（省略和替代）
省略和替代这两种语言现象一般出现在上下文相同的语境中, 它们的共同目的都是让句子避免重复, 言简意赅。
一、省略
（一）复合句的省略
1. 状语从句由（al）though, as if, until, once, unless, when, whether, where, while等引导, 且同时具备下列两个条件：1）主句和从句的主语一致, 或从句主语为it； 2）从句中的主要动词是be的某种形式。则从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：
When （the museum is） completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if （it is ） possible.
2. 比较状语从句的省略。例如：I’m taller than he （is tall）.
The higher the temperature （is）, the greater the pressure （is）.
3. 某些虚拟语气的句子可以省略should。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if, 但从句要使用倒装结构。例如：Were I you （= If I were you）, I would go with her.
I suggest that he （should） study more English before going abroad.
4. 宾语从句中的连接词that, 限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常省略。例如：
She is the woman （who/ whom /that） we are talking about.
（二）并列句的省略
为使句子简洁, 在无损句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分。例如：
He often regards English as easy and （he often regards） French as difficult.
I could have stayed home, but I didn’t （stay home）.
（三）（简单句）习惯省略
1. 对话语境中前后省略。例如：
—How are you —（I’m） Fine.
2. 介词in, from等在搭配中的省略。例如：They are busy （in） cleaning the room.
He spends his evening （in） studying Chinese.
We could stop them （from） moving the heavy box.
这类词常为waste/ succeed / difficulty/ trouble/ keep/ prevent等。
3. 省略不定式符号to。不定式作动词make /let以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to, 但变成被动语态时不能省略。
例如：The boss made the workers work all day and all night.
The workers were made to work all day and all night.
在密切联系的语境中, 为避免重复, 作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留to。例如：Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
—Did you invite him to the party yesterday
—Yes, I’d tried to, but he refused to.
单项选择题考查的主要是状语从句、不定式和问句的省略。
二、替代
替代有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。
（一）名词性替代常用one, it, that, those, the same和人称代词或物主代词。例如：
1. Mr Smith gave the textbooks to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them.
2. I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
3. —He was nearly drowned once.
—When was that
—It was in 1998 when he was in the middle school
4. The houses of the rich are larger than those of the poor.
5. —Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please
—Give me the same, please.
（二）动词性替代常用do, do so/ it /that等。例如：
1. —I told him about it.—I did, too.
2. He had promised to pay, but failed to do so （it/ that）.
（三）分句式替代常用so, not。例如：
1. He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too.
2. —Will it rain today —I believe not. （= I don’t think so.）
so用于替代宾语从句的分句, 表示说话者赞同前述事实, 表示看法、意见等的动词有think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope fear等。Think so, believe so, expect so等变为否定形式有两种途径：1）用动词的否定形式； 2）用not代替so。但be afraid so, fear so, hope so等变为否定形式只用第2种方法。
与so有关的两个句型：
1. 表示说话者赞同前述事实：So + 主语+连系动词（助动词或情态动词）。例如：
—It was cold yesterday.—So it was.
2. 表示前述情况也适用于另一主语的句型：a）通用句型：So it is （was） with + 另一主语。b）只用于肯定情况的句型：So + 连系动词（助动词或情态动词）+另一主语；否定情况则使用：Neither （Nor） +连系动词（助动词或情态动词）+另一主语。例如：
He is a farmer. So it is with his brother. （= So is his brother.）
I enjoyed the book and so did my wife. （= So it was with my wife.）
She didn’t come. Neither / Nor did her sister. （= So it was with her sister.）
三、省略和替代在高考命题中的应用
（一）高考命题中两者考查以单项选择题的形式出现
1. The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
2. The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. don’t
3. —I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
—Not at all, ______.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
4. He is at least as tall as his brother, if not ______.
A. tall B. taller C. so tall D. the taller
5. _____ your letter, I would have written back two days ago.
A. If I received B. Should I receive C. Had I received D. If I could have received
6. —Why don’t we take a little break
—Didn’t we just have _______.A. it B. that C. one D. this
7. The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which
8. Few pleasures can equal _____ of cool drink on a hot day.
A. some B. any C. that D. those
9. If you go to the cinema tonight, _____.
A. I also go B. So do I C. So will I D. So I will
1-5DADBC, 考查省略。
1. 考查状语从句的省略, 关键词为once；
3. 动词不定式中心词省略, 但须保留标志to, 否定前加not；
4. 从句还原为“if （he is ） not taller （than his brother）”, 习惯上可省去括号中的部分；
5. 虚拟条件句中省略if时, 从句要倒装。
6-9CBCC 考查替代。
6. one代替a little break；
7. it代替上文a new house；
8. that代替the pleasure；
9在if引导的真实条件状语从句中, 主句使用将来时态, 从句使用一般现在时态
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（情态动词）
情态动词一般用法, 大家都比较熟悉, 但是, 到了高中阶段, 它的用法外延的比较多, 很难理解和掌握。这里, 就其考点列举如下：
1． 情态动词的现在完成式的用法
情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t; oughtn’t等情态动词＋完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的
1.表示已经发生的情况。
1）must have+过去分词, 表示对已发生情况的肯定推测, 译为“（昨天）一定……如：
My pain____apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right ”
A. must be　　　 B. had been　　 C. must have been　　 D. had to be
2）can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词, 表示对已发生情况的否定推测, 译为“（昨天）一定没……”,如：Mary____my letter; otherwise she would have replied before
A. couldn’t have received　　 B. ought to have received
C. has received　　 D. shouldn’t have received
3）may / might have +过去分词, 表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测, 或事实上根本没发生, 译为“也许……”。如： At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虚拟语气。
1） needn’t have + 过去分词, 表示做了不必做的事, 相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如： As it turned out to be a small house party, we _____ so formally.
A . needn’t dress up　　 B. did not need have dressed up
C. did not need dress up　 D. needn’t have dressed up
2）should have +过去分词, 表示应该做某事但实际上未做, 译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了, 译为“本不应该……”。如：
I r
egret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
（我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好, 但实际上作者还是没有规划好, 以至工作没有完成。）
3） ought to have +过去分词, 表示动作按理该发生了, 但实际上未发生, 译为“该……”, 与should 的完成式含义类似。
如：You ought to have told him that the paint on that seat was wet..
4） could have +过去分词, 表示过去本来可以做但却未做, 译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。
如：What you said is right, but you could have done it better.
5） may/ might have +过去分词, 表示过去可以做但实际未做, 译为“（那样）也许会……”。如：You may have noticed something while you were doing this task.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型：
1）may/might （just） as well “不妨, 最好”, 与had better相近,意为“最好, 还是, 不妨”。
You may as well repeat the experiment.
2） cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好, 怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候, 越小心越好。
3） usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to （do） 的否定式。
Tom used not to rise at six every morning.
4）should 除了“应该”一层意思外, 考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。
2． 情态动词被动关系的主动表达法
1.want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。
Your hair wants cutting. The work is worth reading.
The floor requires washing.
2.need既可用need to be done 也可使用need doing , 两种形式都表达被动的意义
The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.
The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.
补充
had better, should, ought to是重要的情态动词, 也是高考重要考点, 学习时应注意下列几点：
一、了解相互间关系
had better（最好）, should（应该）与ought to（应该）均为提建议、阐述观点的情态动词, 其后接动词原形。should 比had better语气强, ought to语气最强。一般情况下should与ought to可通用。例1：You had better go there at once. 你最好立即去那里。
例2：You ought to / should work hard.你应该努力工作。
值得注意的是：should还有"竟然"之意, 表出乎意料。
例：You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady. 你真是难以想象这么一个有风度的先生对一个女子是如此之粗鲁。
二、 掌握句型变换方法
had better, should, ought to作为情态动词, 各种句型变换均在自身形式上作变化。
（一）否定句 had better, should, ought to用于否定句时, 否定词均位于其后, 具体形式为：had better not do, shouldn't / should not do, oughtn't to do。
例1：You had better not start at this time. 此时你最好别出发。
例2：He shouldn't be careless in class. 他上课时不应粗心。
例3：She oughtn't to waste time. 她不应该浪费时间。
（二）一般疑问句 had better, should, ought to用于一般疑问句时, 分别将had, should, ought提至句首。例1：Had he better start early at once 他最好立即出发吗？
例2：Should you do like this 你应该这么做吗？
例3：Ought he to go there 他应该去那里吗？
（三）反意疑问句
陈述句谓语动词含had better, should, ought to时, 反意疑问句为：had, should与ought+主格人称代词或hadn't, shouldn't, oughtn't+主格人称代词。
例1：You had better not go home, had you 你最好别回家, 是吗？
例2：You should study hard, shouldn't you 你应该认真学习, 是吗？
例3：He oughtn't to speak in class, ought he 你上课不应该讲话, 是吗？
三、掌握其完成式用法
had better没有完成式, should与ought to完成式意义与用法完全相同。
（一）should/ought to have done 意为本来应做但实际没有做, 表达遗憾的感彩。
例：There was a lot of fun at yesterday's party. You ________ come, but why didn't you
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
析：答案D。 该空含你本来应来但实际未来之意, 应填ought to have。
（二）should / oughtn't to have done, 意为本来不应做但实际已做, 表达遗憾的感彩。
例：I was really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
析：答案B。 该空含你本不应该一句话不说就离开家但实际已这么做之意, 所以应填shouldn't have left
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（冠词与数词）
冠词
考点1 不定冠词
一、用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指, 相当于“any”, 说明事物的种类或类属。
二、用于单数可数名词前, 表示某一个, 相当于“a certain”。
三、不定冠词a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前。
四、不定冠词位于抽象名词前, 与抽象名词连用, 使抽象名词具体化, 表示“一场、一次、一件”。如：a pleasure一件乐事, a surprise一件令人惊讶的事, a joy一件高兴的事, a pity一件遗憾的事, an honour一个（件）经以为荣的人（事）。
考点2 定冠词
一、表示特指或第二次提到
二、用在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前
三、用于固定句型中
1.beat / hit / knock / strike sb +in / on the+人体部位
2.the+比较级, the+比较级, 表示越来越……
考点3 零冠词
一、唯一的职务、头衔名词前不加冠词。
二、球类、三餐以及学科名词前通常使用零冠词
典型例题：
1.It is often said that ______ teachers have _____ very easy life.
A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the, 不填 D. the, a
2.I can't remember when exactly the Robinsons left ______ city. I only remember it was ____Monday. A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a
3.It is _____ great pleasure to go to ____ cinema after a week’s hard work.
A. a; the B. the ; a C. a, a D. the , the
4. Give it _____ second thought and you’ll find it wise to accept ___ job.
A. the ; the B. a ; a C. a ; the D. the ; a
5. The warmth of _____sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____wool used.
A.The ; the B.the ; / C./; the D./; /
6. When I told him he had to be paid by ____ hour, he become angry and hit me on _____nose.
A. an; my B. the ; the C. an ;the D. / ;a
7. Lincoln was elected ____ President of ____ United States in 1860.
A. the ; the B. / ; the C. a; / D. /;/
答案：
1. 提示：这里的a very easy life（简单的生活）表示泛指。答案：B
2. 提示：某个星期天是a Monday。答案：D
3. 提示：a great pleasure 表示“一件快乐的事”。答案：A
4. 提示：a second thought 表示“再次考虑 ”。答案：C
5. 提示：第一空格为特指, 交待the warmth的内容。答案：B
6. 提示：hit sb on the nose表示“打在某人的鼻子上”, 用the。答案： B.
7. 提示：the president 表示头衔。答案：B
数词
1. 基数词　　　表示数目的词称为基数词。
基数词的句法功能　　基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。
2. 序数词 　　表示顺序的词称为序数词。
序数词的句法功能　　序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
典型试题：
1. I sent invitations to 90 people, ____ have replied.
A. of whom only 30 of them B. of whom only 30
C. only 30 of those who D. only 30 who
2. When the bell rang announcing the end of class, students came out ____.
A. by twos and threes B. by two and three
C. by two or three D. by twos or threes
3. Li Ping was born ____.
A. in the year 1984, at 10 a.m. on June 18th B. on June 18th at 10 a.m. in the year 1984
C. at 10 a.m. in the year 1984 on June 18th D. at 10 a.m. on June 18th in the year 1984
4. David helps his mother with the housework every Saturday for about____.
A. one and half hours B. a half and an hour
C. an hour and half D. one and a half hours
5. This is a ____building, which is about ____ high.
A. six-storey; 38 metre B. six-storeys; 38-metre
C. six-storeyed; 38 metres D. six-storey; 38-metres
6. The cotton production has increased by ____ percent this year compared with last year.
A. five point six eight B. five point sixty-eight
C. fifth point and six eight D. five point and six eight
答案：
1. B。名词/代词+of +关系代词（which/whom）常引导非限制性定语从句,of whom only 30 =only 30 of whom。
2.A。by/in twos and threes 意为“三三两两地”,是固定短语。
3.D。英语表达时间的顺序是由小到大。
4.D。一个半小时应表达为:an hour and a half或one and a half hours。
5.C。第一空“六层的楼房”可表达为a six-storey building/ a six-storeyed building/ a building of six storeys; 第二空“数词+名词+形容词”作表语时,名词常用其复数形式,使用连字符构成复合形容词时,只可用作前置定语,如:a 38-meter-high building。
6.A。5.68的英文表达为five point six eight
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（插入语）
在英语学习中, 插入语是一个比较重要的知识点。由于插入语是一种独立成分, 通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系, 许多同学在学习过程中会有一定的困难。其实, 插入语大都是对一句话进行附加说明或解释, 通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成, 常置于句首、句中或句末, 一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。下面举例归纳插入语的几种用法。
例1. _____ the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
解析：本题答案为 C. generally speaking为分词短语, 意思是“一般来说”, 在句中用作插入语。
小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语, 这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说）, generally considering（一般认为）, judging from……（根据……判断）等。
例2. Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____, neither of them could swim.
A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Naturally
解析：本题答案为 C. unfortunately为副词, 意思是“令人遗憾地, 不巧, 可惜”, 在句中用作插入语。
小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确）, surely（无疑）, however（然而）, frankly（坦率地说）, obviously（显然）, naturally（天然地）, luckily （happily） for sb.（算某人幸运）, fortunately（幸好）, strangely（奇怪）, briefly（简单地说）等。
例3. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard, _____, you failed.
A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time
解析：本题答案 C. in other words为介词短语, 意思是“换句话说”, 作插入语。
小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之）, in a word（简而言之）, in short（简而言之）, in general（一般说来）, in a sense（在某种意义上）, in my view（在我看来）, in his opinion（按照他的看法）, in fact（事实上）, at first（首先）, in addition（此外）, of course（当然）, to my surprise, to her r
egret（使她遗憾的）, for example等。
例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____, we last met more than thirty years ago.
A. What‘s more B. That is to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not
解析：答案 D. believe it or not为一分句, 意思是“信不信由你”, 在句中作插入语。
小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语, 它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure（我可以肯定地说）, I believe（我相信）, do you know（你知道吗）, you see（你明白）, I’m afraid（恐怕）, it is said（据说）, I suppose（我想）, what’s more（而且）, what’s worse（更糟糕的是）, that is（也就是说）, what’s important（重要的是）等。
例5 _____ with you, I have no money to spare.
A. To be frank B. What’s more C. In addition D. However
解析：答案为A. to be frank为不定式短语, 意思是“坦率地说”, 在句中作插入语。
小结：常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure（无疑地）, to sum up（概括地说）, to tell the truth（老实说）等。
例6 _____, he should have done such a thing.
A. Speaking general B. Strange to say C. Luckily D. Of course
解析：答案为 B. strange to say为形容词短语, 意思是“说也奇怪”, 在句中作插入语。
小结：常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有：true（真的）, funny（真可笑）, needless to say（不用说）, most important of all, worse still（更糟糕的）, even better（更好）等。
试题设计：
1. _____, he often forgot to turn off the lights.
A. Even better B. Strange C. However D. Fortunately
2. Greenland, _____ island in the world, covers over two million square kilometers.
A. it is the largest B. that is the largest C. is the largest D. the largest
3. An awful accident_____, however, occur the other day.
A. does B. did C. has to D. had to
4. Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ______ something she would regret later.
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
5. Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has ____IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
6. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _____, of course, made the others envy him.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
7. _____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
8. _____, success results from hard work.
A. Worse still B. Sure enough C. To sum up D. What’s worse
9. As I know, there is _____ car in this neighborhood.
A. no such B. no a C. not such D. no such a
10. He made another wonderful discovery, _____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is
【参考答案】1～5 BDBDB 6～11 DACAA
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（倒装）
1. 倒装的分类倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装指将句子的谓语动词全部提到主语之前构成的倒装。不完全倒装指把谓语的一部分提到主语之前构成的倒装。
2. 完全倒装
（1） 表示地点`, 趋向的副词（如here ,there ,up, down, off, away, in, out）提到句首, 句子的主语为名词时, 句子要完全倒装。 Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
There fly many kinds of birds. Out dashed the students at the sound.
Off rushed the wild animals. Up went the prices.
注意：句子的主语为代词时, 不能倒装。如：Here it comes.
（2）表示地点、位置、 处所的介词提到句首, 句子的主语为名词时, 要完全倒装。
Between the two buildings is a beautiful garden. In front of the classroom is a playground.
（3）表示方向的介词短语提到句首, 句子的主语为名词时, 要完全倒装。
East of China is Japan.
（4） there be句型是一种完全倒装句。 There stood a dog before him.
There are many pictures on the wall. There exist different opinions on this question.
（5） "分词（代词） + be + 主语"结构。如:
Walking at the head of the line was our teacher. Such was the story he told me.
Gone are the days when teachers were looked down upon.
3. 不完全倒装
不完全倒装又叫部分倒装。部分倒装与句子的主语是代词还是名词无关。
（1）表示否定意义或否定结构的词或短语提到句首, 句子要用部分倒装。
1）表示否定意义的词有：hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, little, few等
2）表示否定意义的短语有：
in no place 在任何地方都不 at no time 在任何时候都不
on no condition 在任何条件下都不 in no situation 在任何情况下都不
by no means, in no way 用任何方法都不 not until 直到……才
hardly…when…刚一…就…no sooner…than…刚一…就…
①He can hardly say a word at the sight of the teacher.
Hardly can he say a word at the sight of the teacher.
②He seldom stays up at night. Seldom does he stay up at night.
③We see the animal her eat no time. At no time do we see the animal here.
（2） not only…but also…, neither…nor…连接主语时, 不倒装, 谓语与最近的主语一致；引导状语和从句时要部分倒装。
①Not only he but also I am in the classroom now.
Is not only he but also I in the classroom now
②Not only in the classroom but also at home does he read that book.
（3）merely, only, simply引导的除主语以外的句子成分提前时, 句子用部分倒装。
Only in that way can you finish the work on time.
Only he can do the work.
（4）so表示“也”时, 句子用部分倒装。
They have seen that film. So have we.
so表示如此时, 为代词, 代替前面提过的事, 不用倒装。
He asked me to study hard to pass the exam. So I did. / I did so.
so表示与其前者的情况相同时, 不用倒装。一般用句型：So it is / was with…
He is hard-working. He studies very hard. He often helps others.
He doesn’t smoke or drink. So it is with me. / It is the same with me.
（5）在虚拟语气中, 如if从句的谓语部分含有had、were、should时, 可省略if, 将条件句中的 had、were、should提到主语前构成倒装。
Were she in the classroom with us now, she would stop you.
Should she lose the match tomorrow, the sun would rise in the west.
（6）表示时间频度的词和短语提前, 句子用部分倒装。常见的有：Never, always, often, seldom, usually, now and then, once in a while, every other+时间, many a time（许多次）, 次数+（a）时间
Twice a week will she go to the class next year.
（7）such/so引导的成分提前时, 句子用部分倒装, 如such…that, so…that, such…as （not） to do, so…as （not） to do等
①Such a good student is he that he always gets good results.
→He is such a good student that he always gets good results.
②Such a big mistake did he make as to fail the exam.
→He made such a big mistake as to fail the exam.
选择最佳答案：
1. If you want to go there, ____.
A. I go also B. so am I C. so I will D. so will I
2. Not only ____ interested in football but ____beginning to show an interest in it.
A. the teacher himself is; all the students are
B. the teacher himself is; are all the students
C. is the teacher himself; are all the students
D. is the teacher himself ; all the students are
3. ____did the students realize they are wrong.
A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until
4. So difficult ____it to live here that I decided to leave here.
A.I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel
5. Hardly ____ the station ____ the bell rang.
A.I had reached; when B. had I reached; then C. did I reach; when D. had I reached; when
6. —I don’t think I can walk on.—____. Let’s have a rest.
A. Neither am I B. Neither can I C. I don’t think so D. I think so
7. ____ the match tomorrow, the sun would rise in the west.
A. Will he lose B. If he lost C. Should he lose D. Shall he lose
8. Only when your identity has been checked____.
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in
C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
9. On top of the books ____ the photo album you’re looking for.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
10. So little ____ with each other that the neighboring countries could not settle their difference. A. they agreed B. agreed they C. did they agree D. they did agree
参考答案：1-5 DDCDD6-10 BCDAC
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（非谓语动词）
一.不定式：
一） 不定式的常考形式：
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前
二） 不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语——将要发生 2）不定式做状语——目的
3）不定式充当名词功能——To see is to believe.
三） 不定式的省略
1） 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性, 真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性, 进行性
　I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）
　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good. It feels comfortable.
2） 使役动词have, bid, make, let 等词后不定式要省略但同1）一样被动以后要还原to
I’d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3） help help sb do , help sb to do, help do, help to do
四） 有些动词后只跟不定式 如： want, wish, hope, manage, promise, refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree, expect, allow sb to do, cause sb to do, permit sb to do, enable sb to do, force sb to do, be more likely to do, love to do, warn sb to do, be able to do, be ambitious to do, begin to do, start to do
五） 有的时候to后面要接 -ing形式如： accustom （oneself） to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词
1）是名词Seeing is believing.
2）具有动词性特征可以带宾语 Starving troops is necessary.
一）动名词的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I r
egret not having taken your advice.
被动形式：This question is far from being settled.
二） 动名词常考的点
1）动名词做主语谓语动词为单数
2）在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.
I would appreciate______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. you calling D. you're calling
（Key: C. your calling也对）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4）有些词后只能接动名词： admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可： remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式, 意义截然不同。
I remembered to post the letters. （指未来/过去未来的动作）
I remembered posting/having posting the letters （我记得这个动作）
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去, 但我父亲不让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
三、分词
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态
1） 一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任） （与谓语动词同步发生）
2） 完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. （发生谓语动词之前）
3） 完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.（发生谓语动词之前且表被动）
4） 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.
5） 过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （强调正在被做）
这三种非谓语动词, 都可以构成复合结构, 非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动, 往往就是考点。独立主格结构中, 要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（反意疑问句）
解答反意疑问句试题, 关键在于读懂微型语境, 读出暗含的信息。再注意三点内容：即“一点相反”, 指“前肯后否”；“两个一致”指人称代词一致和前后部分时态一致。“特殊化”指不遵循常规的特殊的反意疑问句形式。因为并非所有的命题都遵循常规, 考题的设计有很灵活, 因此考生所犯的反意疑问句的错误主要是肯定与否定, 人称代词的选用, 动词的选用等方面的错误。
反意疑问句的一般应用规则是：前面陈述部分如果用肯定形式, 后面的附加疑问部分则用否定形式；前面陈述部分如果是否定形式, 后面的附加疑问部分则用肯定形式。但在交际运用中, 只知道一般的应用规则还不足以解决所有的问题, 以下几种特殊情况用特别注意。
1. 当陈述部分的主语是“I don’t think （suppose ,believe ）+ that 从句”结构是, 疑问部分的主语和谓语需和从句的主语和谓语在人称和数上一致, 并且还要用肯定形式。
如：I don’t think he can finish the work ,can he
但：You don’t think he can finish the work , do you
2. 当陈述部分有情态动词must 时, 常用的有4种情况：
1）must 表示“必须”, “禁止”等时, 疑问部分用must （mustn’t ）.
I must answer the letter ,mustn’t I
2） must 表示“有必要”时, 疑问部分则用needn’t .
You must go home right now ,needn’t you
3） 当must 用来对现在的情况进行“推测”时, 疑问部分要根据must 之后的动词不定式采用相应的形式。
如：You must be tired ,aren’t you
He must be studying in the classroom , isn’t he
4）must 可表示对过去的情况进行“推测” （must +have +过去分词）, 若强调对过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语）, 疑问部分的谓语动词用“过去式的助动词+主语”；若强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语）, 疑问部分的谓语动词用“haven’t （hasn’t）+主语”。
如：He must have met her yesterday, didn’t he
You must have seen the film, haven’t you
3. 当陈述部分有have 时, 表示“所有”, 附加疑问部分可用have 也可用do 。如不表示“所有”而表示其他含义时, 附加疑问部分用do .
如：He has a book , hasn’t he / doesn’t he
She had a good time yesterday , didn’t she
4. 当陈述部分有seldom, hardly , few , little , no , nothing , nobody , nowhere , 等否定词或半否定词时, 疑问部分要用肯定形式。
如： Few people know him , do they
5当陈述部分的谓语是带有否定词缀（前缀或后缀）的动词时, 疑问部分仍用否定结构。
如：　He is unfit for his office ,isn’t he
6. 当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish 等时, 疑问部分的谓语动词用may ,而且前后两个部分均可用肯定式。
如：Ｉwish to go home now , may I
7. 当陈述部为祈使句时的注意事项：
　１）如果祈使句为肯定式, 疑问部分用肯定或否定均可。否定形式在语气上更委婉客气。
如：Ｐass me the book ,will you /won’t you
Stop talking ,wii you
2 ） 如果祈使句为否定式, 疑问部分只能用肯定式。
如：Don’t speak aloud any more, will you Don’t be careless, will you
3 ） 祈使句若是以let 开头的句子, 表示“建议”（包括说话人和听话人双方）时, 疑问部分用shall we ; 表示“请示”（不包括听话人）时, 疑问部分用will you .
如：Let’s go home ,shall we Let us help you ,will you
8. 陈述部分用neither…nor , not only…but also, 等连接主语时, 疑问部分主语应用复数。
如：Ｎeither you nor I can do it , can we
9. 陈述部分是并列句时, 疑问部分常对后一个句子进行反问。
如：Ｈe is a teacher and he has taught English for fifteen years , hasn’t he
10. 陈述部分是复合句时, 疑问句常对主句进行反问。
如：Ｓhe didn’t live Hangzhou when she was young ,did she
在反意疑问句中还要注意一些代词的用法：
陈述部分主语 反问部分主语 例 句
one（指人） one或he One can’t be careful enough , can he / one
this, that, these,those it 或they This isn’t a fast train , isn’t it These are not your books ,are they
everything ,anything ,something,nothing, it Nothing happened to him,didn’t it
everyone,,everybody,someone,somebody,no one, nobody,anyone, anybody he或they（更常见） Everybody agreed to the plan ,didn’t they
不定式, 动名词, 其他短语 it Learning English well takes a lot of time , doesn’t it
There be 句型 be / 情态动词 /助动词+there There is no doubt about it , is there There will be rain tomorrow, won’t there
能力提高
1. —Ｗasn’t it Mr. Smith who quarreled with you just now
—______
A. No, he was B. Yes , he did C. No , I didn’t D. Yes , it was
2. Listen ! His family must be quarreling ,______
A. mustn’t it B. isn’t it C. aren’t they D. needn’t they
3. Oh, Clark , ______careful , ______
A. do is; do you B. does do; won’t he C. Do be , will you D. is; will you
4. Be tough-minded , but tender-hearted , ______
A. will you B. isn’tit C. aren’t he D. are you
5. What he lacks is more patience , ______
A. isn’t it B. is it C. doesn’t he D. does he
6. When the teacher speaks ,we have to keep quiet , _______
A. don’t we B. do we C. doesn’t he D. does he
7. There is no light in the dormitory . They must have gone to the lecture , ______
A. didn’t they B. don’t they C. mustn’t they D. haven’t they
8. Mrs. Black doesn’t believe her son is able to design a digital camera , ______
A. is he B. isn’t he C. doesn’t he D. does he
9. If I knew the answer ,I wouldn’t be asking , _______
A. didn’t I B. did I C. would I D. wouldn’t
10. I’m sure you ‘d rather she went to school by bus ,________
A. hadn’t you B. wouldn’t you C. aren’t I D. didn’t she
参考答案：1-5 DCCAA6-10 ADDB
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（状语从句）
一、考点聚焦
1、时间状语从句
（1）as、when、while用法。
as表示“当…的时候”, 往往和when/ while通用, 但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。 She came up as I was cooking.（同时）
The runners started as the gun went off.（几乎同时）
when （at or during the time that ）既可以表示在某一点的时候, 又可表示在某一段时间内, 主 句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。 It was raining when we arrived.（指时间点）When we were at school, we went to the library every day.（在一段时间内）
while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生, 从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时, 两者可以互换。 Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
He fell asleep while/when reading. Strike while the iron is hot.（用as或when不可, 这里的while意思是“趁……”
（2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：①till, not … until …, until, before, since
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
He waited for his father until（till）it was twelve o’clock.
It will be five years before he returns from England.
②hardly / scarcely … when, no sooner … than, as soon as once表示“一……就”
As soon as I have finished it , I’ll give yu a call.
Once you show any fear, he will attack you.
We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining.
③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that… 一……就
He made for the door directly he heard the knock.
④each time, every time, by the time.
Each time he came to my city, he would call on me.
注意：表示未来情况, 主句用将来时, 从句用现在时。
2、让步状语从句
（1）although与though可以引导让步状语从句, 不能与but连用, 但可以与yet连用。
Although they are poor,（yet）they are warm-hearted.
（2）even if或even though引导让步状语从句, 表示“即使”, “纵然”, 用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。
I’ll get there even if（though）I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.
（3）no matter后接上who、what、where、how等疑问词, 也可以在这类疑问词后面加上ever构成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等。
Don’t trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.
Whoever breaks the law will be published.
No matter how hard the work is, you’d better try to do it well.
Child as （though） he is, he knows a lot. Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box..
3、原因状语从句：because, for, as, since, now that
（1）表示不知道的原因时用because,即说话人认为听话人不知道, 因此because从句是全句最重要的部分, 通常它被置于主句之后。
You want to know why I’m leaving I’m leaving because I’m full.
for虽然表示不知道的原因, 但其语气较because要弱得多, 是可说可不说的话, 它只能置于主句之后, 这时, for是并列连词。如果不是因果关系, 而是对前面主句的内容加以解释或推断时, 只能用for。如：It’s morning now, for the birds are singing.（很显然, 鸟叫不可能是“现在已是早上”的原因。）
（2）表示已经知道的原因时用as或since,即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显, 或已为听话人所熟悉, 因此它是句中不很重要的部分。since要比as正式一些, 它们通常被置于语句之前, 但有时却相反。
Seeing all of the children already seated, he said, “Since everyone is here, let’s start.”
（3）下列情况下只能使用because:
①在回答why的问句时；②在用于强调句型时；③被not所否定时。
4、地点状语从句：where; wherever
Make a mark wherever you have any questions.
We will go where the Party directs us.
5、目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that注意：目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词连用, 否则可能是结果状语从句。不可置于句首。
6、结果状语从句：that, so that, so … that, such … that …
注意：so + 形容词/副词 + that从句；such +　名词 + that从句。
7、方式状语从句：as, as if（though） I’ll do as I am told to.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
8、比较状语从句：than, as
9、条件状语从句：if, unless, so （as） long as, in case, once, a far as, on condition that.
注意if与unless的区别：不能用and连接两个unless从句, 即不能有… unless …,and unless … 。但if … not and if … not却不受此限。
You won’t lose your weight unless you eat less and unless you exercise more.（×）
但可以说 … unless you eat less and exercise more.
10、注意状语从句中从句的省略现象
（1）连接词 + 过去分词Don’t speak until spoken to.
Pressure can be increased when needed.
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
（2）连词 +　现在分词 Look out while crossing the street.
（3）连词 + 形容词/其他
常见的有it necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。
二、精典名题导解
1. I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some ____________.
A.as last B.in case C.once again D.in time
解析：答案为B。句意为“带些钱以防万一”, 只能选择in case。引导的条件状语从句, 后面省略了I should need it。
2. The WTO can’t live up to its name _________ it doesn’t include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though
解析：答案为C。本题考查状语从句的用法。句意为“假如世贸组织不包括占世界人口五分之一的中国的话, 那它就名不副实”。as long as语气过于强烈, while和even though不符合句意。
3、Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up_________I could answer the phone. A. as B.since C.before D.until
解析：答案为C。题意为：半夜里有人打来电话, 我没来得及就挂了。but暗示在接话前就挂了
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（动词时态和语态）
动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点, 而且测试的难度也在逐年加大。在单项填空题中, 每年考查动词时态的题不少于两道, 动词的语态常和时态放在一起考查。高考命题者常从三个角度进行命题：一是直接给定时间状语。考生能直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语, 但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性, 考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语, 而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子, 考生必须仔细分析语境, 才能作出正确判断。
[题1] —_____ Mr Smith ____ this week — No. He is on holiday.
A. Has; worked B. Does; work C. Did; work D. Is; working
【解题关键】解答该题关键是根据上下文语境判断句子动作的一般式与进行式的用法区别。
【答案解析】根据答句He is on holiday.说明动作处于正在进行状态, 而不是完成性的、过去发生的或经常性的动作, 故排除选项A、B、C, 选用现在进行时, 答案为D。
[题2]—Got your driving license
—No. I _____ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week.
A. was B. am C. have been D. had been
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据上下文语境中所提供的一般过去时的表示过去时间的对照点, 准确判断过去完成时与一般过去时的用法区别。
【答案解析】问句中Got your driving license 为Have you got your driving license？现在完成时的省略表达, 该句对选项无影响。决定选项动词时态的是答句中so I didn’t take the driving test last week.分析句意可知, 选项动作发生在后一动作之前, 表示过去的过去, 故应用过去完成时。答案为D。
[题3]You’d better not call the manager between 7 and 8 this evening, for he _____ an important meeting then.
A. will have B. would have C. will be having D. will have had
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解句意。根据题干中提供的时间状语来判断使用表示将来的多种时态中的哪一种。
【答案解析】根据题干中的时间状语between 7 and 8 this evening可知, 选项动作是在将来某个时刻正在进行的, 故应选用将来进行时, 口语中常用这种时态表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作或发生的事。答案为C。
[题4]—How can you borrow my computer without my permission
—Oh, I ____ to tell you. I hope you don’t mind.
A. forget B. forgot C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据语境所提供的信息及其句子的意义, 判断一般现在时及过去完成时的用法区别。
【答案解析】该句题干中没有提供任何时间状语, 但从语境及句子的含义判断, 选项动作表示在过去某个时间发生, 所以, 首先排除选项A、D, 由于题干中没有表示过去时间的对照点, 故再排除选项C。 答案为B。
[题5]—Will you please repeat your idea
—Certainly. But I think it certain you ____ your attention.
A. don’t pay B. didn’t pay C. weren’t paying D. aren’t paying
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解选项动词动作所发生的时间段, 区别一般时态与进行时态的用法。
【答案解析】从问话人请求对方重复已讲内容, 答话人认为对方在刚才他讲话时没有注意他所讲内容可知, 该选项动作强调在过去某个时刻正在进行, 表示说话的当时, 故应选用过去进行时。答案为C。
[题6]—I’m sorry, but the boss isn’t here yet. Shall I have her call you when she comes back
—No, I’ll call her back. If I call again in half an hour, do you think she ____
A. arrives B. has arrived C. will arrive D. will have arrived
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据语境注意区别一般将来时与将来完成时的用法。
【答案解析】一般将来时表示将来某一时刻将要发生的动作, 而将来完成时则表示将来某个时间之前已经发生或完成的动作。根据该句语境及其句意可知, 该句选项动作表示将来完成的动作。答案为D。
[题7] —Are we about to have dinner
—Yes, it ____ in the dinning room.
A. is serving B. is being served C. has been serving D. serves
【解题关键】 解答该题关键在于准确把握动词serve 在句中主动语态与被动语态的使用。
【答案解析】动词serve在此句中意思为"端上、摆出（饭菜）", 为vt.。根据该句结构可知应使用被动语态, 只有选项B为进行时的被动结构, 其它选项均为主动形式。答案B。
[题8]—Joan was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
—Oh, really I____. I ____ visit her.
A. didn’t know; will go to B. don’t know; will go to
C. didn’t know; am going to D. haven’t known; am going to
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据讲话人的说话意图推断动作所发生的时间点, 并注意在语境中区别will 和be going to的用法。
【答案解析】分析语境及讲话人意图可知, 第一空强调过去的动作, 并不表示现在发生的事, 故应用一般过去时；第二空应选will, 表示即时决定将要做的事, 而be going to表示按计划、安排要做的事。答案A。
[题9]—Don’t you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting
—Yes. I really didn’t think she ____ here.
A. has been B. had been C. would be D. would have been
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据上下文语境准确理解选项动作所表达的时间发生点。
【答案解析】 C. 根据上下文语境可知, 选项动作已在过去发生或完成。但根据I really didn’t think可判断出从句中动作是从过去某时间看将来要发生的事, 故应选过去将来时。
[题10]—Why is the librarian looking so hard at me
—You ____ to read aloud in the reading room.
A. don’t suppose B. haven’t supposed C. are not supposed D. were not supposed
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据句子含义准确判断动词suppose在句中的用法以及动词所发生的时间。
【答案解析】根据句子意思, 应选用be supposed to"应该做……、被要求做……", 故排除选项A、B；分析上文情景, 句中动词使用现在时形式, 强调现在的状态 , 所以, 再排除选项D。答案C。
[题11]It seems water from this tap for some time. We’ll have to take it apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确把握句中的时间状语for some time所强调的时间段以及所使用的动词时态。
【答案解析】根据句中时间状语for some time以及后一分句的动词时态可知, 选项动词动作强调到现在为止并仍在继续, 故应排除选项A、C。由于选项B现在进行时不可与一段时间状语连用, 所以排除选项B, 选D现在完成进行时。答案D。
[题12]—Take this medicine three times a day, Tom
—Do I have to take it It ____ so terrible.
A. is tasting B. is tasted C. tastes D. has tasted
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确理解连系动词taste用主动形式表示被动的意义在句中的用法。
【答案解析】根据选项动词及其句子意思可知, taste在此用做连系动词, 后接形容词作表语, 在这一结构中, taste常用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义。答案C
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（定语从句）
一、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人, 也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语, 作主语时不可省略, 作宾语可省略。例如：
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物, 在句中作主语或宾语, 作主语不可省略, 作宾语可省略。例如：
he building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
3.who, whom用于指人, who 用作主语, whom用作宾语。在口语中, 有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（宾语）
　注意：1）当定语从句中含有介词, 介词放在句末时, who, that, which可省略, 但介词在关系代词前时, 只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
　Please tell me from whom you borrowed the novel.请告知你从谁那里借的这本小说。
2）含有介词的固定动词词组中, 介词不可前置, 只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
3）that 作介词的宾语时, 介词不能放它的前面, 只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰, 或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时, 只能用that, 而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam.
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时, 只能用that, 而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时, 只能用that, 不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时, 只能用that, 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句, 为避免重复, 只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f.主句是there be 结构, 修饰主语的定语从句用that, 而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
5）关系词只能用which, 而不用that 的情况：
a. 先行词为that, those时, 用which, 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b.关系代词前有介词时, 一般用which, 而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句, 用which, 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了, 这使我们很高兴。
二、关系副词的用法
1. when指时间, 其先行词表示时间, 在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
2. where指地点, 其先行词表示地点, 在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
3. why 指原因, 其先行词是原因, 起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
4. as 引导的定语从句
1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首, 而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.
2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时, 从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词, 则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
3） 非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
4） the same……as; such……as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.
We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
自我测试：
1. Is this the river _____I can swim？　
A. which B. in which C. that D. the one
2. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.　
A. where B. which C. that D. it
3. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？
　A. that you bought B. you bought it　　
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
4. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.
　A. which agrees B. who agree　　 C. who agrees D. which agree
5. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.　
A. that B. it C. which who
6. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who’s B. whose C. that D. of which.
7. I love places ______the people are really friendly.　
A. that B. which C. where D. who
8. The world ______ is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live　　 C. where we live in D. we live in
参考答案： 1-5 BCACA 6-8 BCD
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（名词和代词）
名词：历年高考英语对名词的考查：
一、名词词义辨析：
1.对固定搭配中的名词的考查
此部分主要考查名词与形容词、动词或介词的搭配。搭配问题比较复杂, 有时是依据语法搭配, 有时又是依据习惯搭配。由于没有任何规律可言, 语境的辅助作用又比较有限, 因此备考中应强调日常积累与总结归类。
例1：Don't leave matches or cigarettes on the table within______ of little children.
A.hand B.reach C.space D.distance
例2：This is not a match. We're playing chess just for______.
A.habit B.custom C.fun D.game
2.依据语境选择合适的名词
　　此部分主要考查多义词在特定的上下文语境中的意义选择, 它要求考生既能掌握名词近义词之间的细微区别, 又要能够充分挖掘语境的内在要求, 这是名词考查的最难部分。
例3：lt can't be a（n）______that four jewelry stores were robbed one night.
A.coincidence B.accident C.incident D.chance
例4：－l'm sorry l stepped outside for a smoke. l was very tired.
－There is no______ for this while you are on duty.
A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation
二、可数名词、不可数名词及它们之间的转化。
高考对此点的考查主要集中在两个方面：一是考查名词的可数与不可数；二是抽象名词与普通名词的转化。
１.对名词可数、不可数的考查
例５：He gained his________ by printing______ of famous writers.
A.wealthB.wealths; worksC.wealths; workD.wealth; works
２.抽象名词与普通名词的转化
例６：When you finish reading the book, you will have______ better understanding of ______life.
A.a; the B.the; a C.不填; the D.a;不填
例7：One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain_______ good knowledge of basic word formation.
A.不填　　　B.the C.a 　　　　D.one
三、名词作定语
名词作定语时, 通常用单数形式。某些常用复数名词作复数名词定语的情况要专门总结记忆。如：arms production, clothes shop, sales department, a goods train, savings bank, plastics industry 等。
例8：The______ is just around the corner and you won't miss it.
A.bicycle's shop　 B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop 　D.bicycles' shop
答案：1-5 BCABD6-8 DCB
代词：下面我们来具体看一下每种代词的特点和高考考查要点。
1、人称代词
1）人称代词作主语用主格, 作宾语、表语用宾格, 但应注意以下4中情况：
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中, 或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用, 常用宾格。
—Does any of you know where Tom lives —Me.
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时, 与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。
The thief was thought to be he.
③作表语人称代词一般用宾格, 但在强调句型中, 被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me（I）.但在下列句中有区别。
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
2.物主代词 （1）名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。
（2）one's own…=...of one's own 句式的转换。
（3）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。
如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the l
eg.
3.反身代词
（1）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。
（2）反身代词和某些动词连有, 构成固定短语。
enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood
4.相互代词（each other, one another）
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别, 在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other's, one another's ,作定语。 一般来说, each other指两者之间, one another指三者或三者以上之间, 但现在区分已不明显。
5.指示代词（this, that , these, those, such, same）
6、疑问代词（who,whom,which,what,whose） 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
7.连接代词和关系代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同, 主要有who、whom 、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句, 宾语从句和表语从句, 即连接复合句中的主句和从句, 并在从句中担任一定的句子成分, 以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that. 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词, 它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等
8、不定代词
不定代词主要有：all、every、both、either、neither、one、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。
还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词, 不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质, 并有可数和不可数之分, 在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no只能作定语）。
精典名题：
1. The Parkers bought a new house but______will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A.they B.it
C.one D.which
2.If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay_______$ 15.
A.another B.other
C.more D.each
3. Few pleasures can equal ________of a cool drink on a hot day.
A.some B.any
C.that D.those、
3.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ___ I will always treasure.
A.that B.one
C.it D.what
4.Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read ___ stories by writers from ___ countries.
A.some; any B.other; some
C.some; other D.other; other
参考答案：BABC
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（虚拟语气）
虚拟语气是历年高考的选考考点。考点常集中在含蓄条件句以及宾语从句中的虚拟语气上。所设选项常通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示, 而且都是结合具体语境来考查对考点的运用能力。今后高考对虚拟语气的命题重点仍会是在特定语境中考查虚拟语气中的含蓄虚拟条件句、宾语从句中的谓语动词等。
[题1]—Can you come to attend our party tonight
—Sorry, but I do wish I ____. A. had B. can C. will D. could
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理清上下文语境, 准确判断wish引导的宾语从句中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】分析上下文语境可以知道, wish引导的宾语从句表示与将来事实相反的愿望, 故应用would, could+动词原形。答案D。
[题2] It is necessary that people both young and old in China ____some English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing in 2008.
A. learn B. will learn C. must learn D. have learned
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在句型It is necessary（strange, natural, important...）+从句中, 从句中谓语动词虚拟语气结构的使用。
【答案解析】在句型 It is necessary（strange, natural, important...）+从句结构中, 从句中谓语动词要用"should+动词原形"构成, should 可以省略。答案A。
[题3] If he his l
egs in the last training, he the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.
A. hadn’t hurt; would join in B. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part in
C. didn’t hurt; would go in for D. didn’t hurt; would have taken part in
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据句子意思准确推断出主从句中谓语动词虚拟结构的使用, 特别注意主从句动作所发生的时间不一致性的关系。
【答案解析】根据句子结构可以知道, 该题是由if引导的条件状语从句, 分析句意, 该句表示一种假设, 从句中的动作是在过去发生, 即表示与过去事实相反, 主句的动作是在将来发生, 即表示与将来事实相反, 故从句谓语动词用had done, 主句用would （could, might） +动词原形。答案A。
[题4] I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I ____you waiting for such a long time.
A. will not keep B. have not kept
C. had not kept D. would not have kept
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要把握otherwise表示转折意义后的句子结构中虚拟语气的使用。
【答案解析】根据句子意义, otherwise 前的分句为客观事实, 使用的为一般过去时, 而otherwise 后一分句则表示与过去事实相反的一种假设, 句中实际省略了if 条件句if I hadn’t been caught...故选项部分应为与过去事实相反的主句虚拟结构, 应选 wouldn’t have kept。答案D。
[题5] Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing ____ to her while facing her friends and relations.
A. happened B. would happen C. was happened D. had happened
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确判断as if引导的从句中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】在as if , as though 引导的方式状语从句中, 从句谓语动词要用虚拟结构, 根据题干中动词所使用的时态可以看出, 选项部分是表示与过去事实相反的动作, 要用had + 过去分词构成。答案 D。
[题6] It’s high time that we students _____ even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming nearer.
A. work B. will work C. worked D. have to work
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在句型It’s time that...结构中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】在It is time that ...句型结构中, 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟结构, 可以用一般过去时, 也可以用should +动词原形, 但should不可省略。答案 C。
[题7] ____him not to do so, he wouldn’t have made such a serious mistake.
A. Did I persuade B. If I persuade C. If I should persuade D. Had I persuade
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要把握在虚拟条件句中, 省略if时, 句子结构的使用。
【答案解析】题干中主句的谓语动词使用了wouldn’t have made, 说明该动作表示与过去事实相反, 故条件句使用表示与过去事实相反的虚拟结构if sb. had+过去分词, 或使用 had sb. done 即省略了if的虚拟结构。答案D。
[题8] His suggestion that you ____once more sounds reasonable.
A. try B. tried C. must try D. can try
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意把握在表示"建议、命令、要求"等引导的名词性从句中, 虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】分析句子意思可以知道, 名词suggestion之后的从句为同位语从句, 从句中应使用 "should+动词原形"。其中 should 可以省略。答案A。
[题9]—Do you mind if we set out earlier tomorrow morning
—Well, I’d rather you____.
A. don’t B. didn’t C. won’t D. wouldn’t
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意would rather后从句中虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】would rather后的从句, 如果从句的谓语动词表示与现在或将来事实相反, 常用一般过去时, 如果与过去事实相反, 用过去完成时。该题根据上下文语境可以知道, 选项部分的动作是与将来事实相反, 故用一般过去时。B。
[题10]—I ____ to your birthday party last Sunday.
—Unfortunately, you were out on business.
A. had come B. came C. would come D. would have come
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据上下文语境, 准确推断出部分虚拟结构的使用。
【答案解析】根据对话情景可知, 答句Unfortunately, you were out on business.（不幸的是你出差了）实际上是上一句暗示的条件。从答句所给的特定的动词时态（一般过去时）来看, 上句所说内容是对过去情况的假设, 故暗示的条件句应为If I hadn’t been out on business, 由此可见, 选项部分为主句的谓语动词, 表示与过去事实相反, 应选用would have come。答案 D
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（It 句型）
1.It is ＋adj.（＋for sb.／sth.） ＋ to do sth.
用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。如：
It is necessary to change your job.
It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in the snow.
2.It is ＋n.（＋for sb.／sth.） ＋ to do sth.
用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如： It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful play.
It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
3.It is ＋adj.＋of sb.＋to do sth.
此句型中的adj.主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有： kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。
如： How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house.
4.It is ＋adj.（＋n.）＋doing sth.
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good, useless等。如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
5.It takes sb.＋一段时间＋to do sth. 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the sea.
6.It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered等。
如：It is reported that the Russian President will visit China next week.
7.It ＋不及物动词＋that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem, happen, appear, matter等。如：
It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow.
It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday.
8.强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意, 指人时可以用who或that, 其它情况一律用that。如：
It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning.
It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after the old man.
9.It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。
如： It is ／has been three years since we saw each other last.
10.It is （high） time that sb. did sth.
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”, 从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）说明现在应该做的事情。如： It’s six o’clock. It is high time that we went home now
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（介词与连词）
介词：典型题例：
1. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard —____, you failed.
A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time
2. —You seem to show interest in cooking.
　—What ________, I'm getting tired of it.
A. On the contrary B. To the contrary C. On the other hand D. To the other hand
3 . ________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
4 . The suit fitted him well ________ the colour was a little brighter.
A. except for B. except that C. except when D. besides
5. I wanted two seats ________ Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets.　　
A. of B. about C. to D. for
答案：CACBD
连词：连词分类
1. 并列连词：是用来连接语法地位相同的结构、相同的单词、短语及句子。
and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, still,
2. 从属连词：用来引导状语从句。
after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, in order that, as if, as though, although, suppose that, provided, that, as...as, now that, such...that, in case that, on condition that
典型例题：
1. — I think George doesn't really care for TV plays.
— Right, ______ he still watches the program.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
　2. ______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.　　 A. While B. Since C. As D. If
3. ______ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person
A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless
4. I do every single bit of housework ______my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as
5. ______ you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.、
A. Though B. Whether　 C. Until D. Unless
6. Stand over there ______ you'll be able to see it better.、
A. or B. while C. but D. and
7. It was evening ______ we reached the little town of Winchester.、
A. that B. until C. since D. before
8. We were swimming in the lake ______ suddenly the storm started.、
A. when B. while C. until D. before
9. ______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. 、
A. As long as B. As far as C. Just as D. Even if
答案：1-5 BAABD6-9 DDAB
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（独立主格结构）
I. 独立主格结构的基本概念
　　由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
　　独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
　　1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.
实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper.
如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
　　2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
　　① Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛利用它们。
　　② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
　　3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
　　The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,晚会就开始了。
　　4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.　　
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks.
山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
　　5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
　　① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room.
　　② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
　　1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致（例①）。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致（例②）。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"（例①）。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"（例②）。
①Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
② When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots.
（人们）种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有: Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这规则很容易懂。
② Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
①To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话,我犯了个拼写错误。
②To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（构词法）
高考对构词法的考察并不直接, 多在阅读中和完形中考察。新课标对构词法提出了较高的要求, 为了适应新课标的要求, 全面扩大词汇量, 应十分注重构词法的学习。学习构词法不应盲目, 而应遵循构词法的规律。事实证明, 高考试题中所涉及的构词法均是按规律形成的词。
典例精析：
1. At times ,worrying is a normal ,_______ response to a difficult event or situation ---a loved one being injured in an accident , for example .
A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable
解析： inevitable = that cannot be avoided ;that is sure to happen 不可避免的；必然发生的；effective 有效的；individual 个人的；unfavorable 不利的, 有害的；不赞成的。
2. Most people on this island are recreational fishers, and _____ , fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time .
A. accidentally B. purposefully C. obviously D. formally
解析：根据词意可以知道C为最佳选项。Accidentally 偶然地 purposefully 有目的地 obviously 明显地 formally 正式地
一、词的派生
1.在词跟上加前缀构成新词
前缀 示例
a- Amaze among amount amuse apart around ashamed
be- because behavior behind below beside belong
de- deride declare defeat definite delay demand describe
dis- 不, 相对相反 dismiss disobey disturb disappointed discovery discouraged disable disagreement
en- 使可能 Encourage energetic enlarge
elect-与电有关的 electrical electronic
in,（im-, ir- ）不 , 非 Impatient impossible independence indirect irregular
inter- 相互 International interruption interview
mis-不良, 误, 不 Misfortune misunderstanding mistaken
re-重复, 再 retell reunite reaction restore return reuse
un-非, 不 unboiled uncomfortable unrest unload unemployment
tele-远程 telegram telephone television telegraph
non-不, 无非 Nonsense nonsmoker nonstop non-violent
micro-微 microcomputer microphone
trans-转变, 转移, 横越横过 translate transplant transform
over-横过, 在….之上 过多 , 过度 overhead overlook overtake
out-在外面的超越, 在上面超过 Outdoors outline output
under-低于, 不足 undergo underground underwater
2. 在词根上加后缀构成新词
后缀 示例
名词 -er 者 swimmer viewer commander villager
-an, -ian 精通….的人, ……地方的人 American European technician musician
-ist 专业人员 Violinist physicist scientist imperialist
-ese, ……地方的人 Chinese Japanese
-ment 性质, 状态 Government movement development
-ness 性质, 状态 Business illness darkness
-or 器具, …..者 Cooker professor
-tion 动作, 过程, 结果 Pollution suggestion
形容词 -al Practical educational national
-an American Italian
-ern southern northern
-ful 具有…的性质, 与…有关 helpful useful careful
-ble Reasonable horrible terrible
-ish Foolish English
-live active native expensive
-y Rainy sleepy
-less Careless useless
动词 -ify 使…..化 simplify electrify
-ize 使……成为 realize apologize
副词 -ward （s） Backwards inwards upwards
-ly表示方式、程度 freely perfectly
-ward （s） 表示方向 Towards forward
数词 -teen十 Fifteen, thirteen
-ty 整十位数 twenty thirty
-th序数词 Eighth hundredth
二、词的合成
词性 合成方法 示 例
合成形容词 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted ill-formed good-tempered
形容词+现在分词 good-looking fine-sounding
副词+现在分词 hard-working far-reaching 深远的
名词+现在分词 peace-loving epoch-making 划时代的
名词+过去分词 horse-drawn 马拉的sun-burnt 晒黑的
合成形容词 副词+过去分词 newly-built wide-spread
形容词+名词 large-scale大规模的 long-term
名词+形容词 duty-free免税的 radioactive
形容词+形容词 red-hot 炽热的dark-blue 深蓝色的
数词+名词+ed three-legged 三条腿的one-sided 片面的
数词+名词 three-year 三年的two-party 两党的
其他构成方式 read-made现成的happy-go-lucky无忧无虑的
三词的转换
变化方式 示 例
动词转化为名词, 这类动词变为名词后, 常跟have, make, take 等词搭配表示一个动词 have a look; make a study ;take a seat
表具体实物的名词可转化为动词 write a book, a drop of waterbook a ticket, water the tree
表身体某部分的名词可转化为动词 Take a child in one’s arms （胳膊）Be armed （武装） to the teeth.
表示某类人的名词可转化为动词 The nurse （护士） on duty is nursing （护理） the patient .
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（名词性从句）
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句, 它们在复合句中的功用相当于名词, 因此称为名词性从句, 在句中分别作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
1.When he will come is still unknown.
2.I don’t know who has watered the fields.
3.The problem is that we need more money.
4.Have you heard the news that our team won the game
1. 主语从句：在复合句中作句子主语的从句。
引导词：连词that、whether;疑问代词who, what, which; 疑问副词when, where, how, why
（1）连词that（无词意）, whether（是否）, 在从句中不担任句子成分, 只起连接作用; whether能引导主语从句, 而if不能。
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.
（2）疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced.
What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.
Whichever you take will be yours. Whoever wants this book may take it.
（3）疑问副词when, where, how, why在从句中充当时间、地点、方式和原因状语。
Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story.
How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery.
（4）用it作形式主语的主语从句常用的句型（见it用法专题）
2. 表语从句：在复合句中作句子表语的从句
引导词有that, whether, what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, because等
（1）引导表语从句的that不省略, that仅起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何成分, 无任何意义。The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.
（2）the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导, 我们学生易犯“the reason is because…”的错误。The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and hard-working.
（3）在表示命令order等, 建议suggestion, advice等的名词后的表语从句中, 谓语动词要用虚拟语气： should+动词原形, should可省略
His suggestion is that we （should） hold another meeting to discuss the problem.
（4）whether可引导表语从句, 表“是否”, 它在从句中不充当成分, if则不能。
The question is whether we can rely on him.
（5）连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose除起连接作用外, 还在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。That’s what he is worried about.（在从句作中宾语）
The problem is who can do the work.（在从句中作主语）
（6）连接副词when, where, why, how起连接作用外, 还在从句中作状语。
That’s why I was late. That is how he did it.
（7）连词because引导表语从句, 只用在 That/This/It is because…结构中
That is because she often works hard.
3. 宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语的成分。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语, 也可作动词不定式等非谓语动词形式的宾语, 还可作某些形容词的宾语从句。
Jenny thought （that） her teacher was unfair. I’d like to know which one is your husband.
I am sure （that） he won’t mind. It all depends on whether they will support us.
4. 同位语从句：一般跟在某些名词后面, 用以解释或说明前面的名词的内容。经常带同位语从句的名词有fact, news, message, doubt, possibility, idea, reason, belief, hope, thought, promise, suggestion, question等。
引导词有连词that, whether；连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how。
（1）that, whether只起连接作用, 不在从句中作任何成分。
The idea that England stands for fish& chips…is past.
There is no doubt that the price of cars will go down.
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.（不能用if）
（2）连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how在从句中作相应成分。
He can’t answer the question how he got the money.
The question who should go abroad requires consideration.
I’ve got a pretty good idea why they left early.
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
We expressed the hope （that） they had expressed.
我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。（定语从句）
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
我们表示希望他们再来中国访问。（同位语从句）
（1）从语法角度上看, 引导同位语从句的that是连词, 只起连接作用, 在从句中不作任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词, 除起连接作用外, 还在从句中作主语或宾语等句子成分。
（2）从语义角度上看, 同位语从句与前面的名词hope是同位关系, 表示hope的内容是they would come to visit China again。因而同位语从句是名词性的, 其功能是对名词作补充说明；而定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系, 表示“…的”（他们曾经表示过的）, 起修饰作用, 因此定语从句是形容词性的, 其功能是修饰先行词。
（3）同位语从句的连词that不能省略, 而定语从句的关系代词that, 当其在从句中作宾语中, 可省略, 作主语也不可省略。
I’ve heard the news that he visited our factory.
I’ve heard the news that he told you the other day.
The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.
The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.
The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（形容词与副词）
一、考查形容词与副词区别
考点说明：形容词与副词均属修饰性词类, 但因被修饰内容有所不同而具备不同的用法, 高考非常注重对此进行考查, 在单项选择题和短文改错题中出现了大量此类试题。
二、考查级的范围
考点说明：两个事物进行比较应使用比较级, 三个或三个以上事物进行比较应使用最高级。
三、考查比较级、最高级使用注意点
考点说明：使用比较级时应将主语排除在被比较的范围之外, 因为主语只能和他人或他物相比, 而不能和自己相比；使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内, 否则离开这个范围, 主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级。
四、考查比较级的重要句型
考点说明：比较级有许多热点句型：from bad to worse/worse and worse（每况愈下）；more and more （越来越多的, 越来越......）；the +比较级, the+比较级（越......越......）； to make the matter worse/what's worse/worse than all/worse than ever （更糟糕的是）等。
五、考查as...as同级比较句型
考点说明：该句型结构为：as+形容词/副词原级+as, 表示某人/物和另一人/物一样......。
六、考查比较级的程度修饰语
考点说明：比较级的程度修饰语有：基本程度副词：much, very much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far, even, still, a bit, a little, rather, any （用于疑问句和否定句）；具体数词；抽象数词；倍数；分数；百分数。
七、考查比较级与冠词搭配关系
考点说明：不含than的比较级前面可加不定冠词修饰, 构成a/an +比较级+单数可数名词结构, 表示一个更......的人/物。被比较者被明确提供时, 比较级前面应加定冠词the修饰。
八、考查易混形容词与副词区别
考点说明：高考经常设置语境考查易混形容词、副词及短语的区别。
名题：
1. These oranges taste______. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
2. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is________known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
3. English is better than _____.
A. any language B. any languages C. any other language D. all languages
4. ______the temperature, ______ water turns into steam.
A. The high; the fast B. Higher; faster
C. The more higher; the faster D. The higher; the faster
5. If there were no examinations, we should have ______ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
6. Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has ____IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
答案：ACCDDB
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2010年高三英语精编复习：词汇专题
1. abolish. vt 废除, 废 止（习俗、制度）
eg: Should we abolish the death penalty 我们应该废除死刑吗？
2. abortion. n. ①[u]人工流产, 打胎②[c] 人工流产手术③[c]完全失败的计划或行动
3. absurd. adj ①unreasonable; not sensible. 不合理的；荒唐的；谎谬的
eg: What an absurd suggestion! 多么荒唐的建议
② foolish in a funny way. 愚蠢的；怪诞不经的
eg: That uniform makes them look absurd. 他们穿着那种制服看起来怪模怪样的。
4. abundant. adj① more than enough ;plentiful.丰富的, 充裕的
We have abundant proof of his guilt
② 作表语 , 富有某事物～ in sth :having plenty of sth; rich in sth。
5. adolescent adj 青春期的；青春期特有的。adolescence. n.
6. advocate. v. speak publicly in favor of sth; recommend ; support. 拥护；提倡；主张。
eg: Do you advocate banning cars in the city centers 你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗？advocacy. n .
7. alcoholic, adj ①酒精的；含酒精的；②由喝酒引起的。
8. algebra. n .[u]. 代数学, 代数。
9. alternative. adj 作定语。可用以代替其他事物的；另一可选用的；其他的。
Have you got an alternative suggestion 你有没有其他的建议？
10. altitude. n.① height above sea-level 海拔, 高度.
eg :What is the altitude of the village
② 常作复数, 海拔甚高的地方。
eg: It is difficult to breathe at these altitude.
在这些高的地方很难呼吸。
11. aluminium: chemical element; a light silvery metal. 铝。
12. ambiguous: adj.
①having more than one possible meaning 有不止一种意思的;有歧义
②uncertain in meaning or intention.意向不明的；暧昧的
ambiguously adv. ambiguousness n.
13. anchor: n. ① 锚；② 可以依靠的人或物；靠山；③at anchor; bring（a ship）/come to anchor停航抛锚。
14. anecdote n: short, interesting or amusing story about a real person or event 轶事, 逸闻（关于真人真实的短小有趣的事）. anecdotal. adj。
15. appetite . n.①[u] physical desire, esp for food or pleasure 食欲, 胃口；
When I was ill I completely lost my appetite 我生病时完全没有胃口;
②[c], a natural desire for sth. The long walk has given me a good appetite.
走了长路使我食欲大振。
16. assess. v .①decide or fix the amount of sth. 确定, 评定（数额）assess sth （at sth）.
assess the damage at 1000dollars.评定损害赔偿金一千元
② decide or fix the value of sth ; evaluate 确定, 评定（某事物）的价值, 估价；
③assess sth as sth.评定某事物的质量。 I’d assess your chances as extremely low. assessment.[u]确定, 评定；[c] 评价, 看法；[c] 核定的付款额。
17. authentic. adj ① known to be true or genuine真实的, 真正的。an authentic document , signature , painting.正式文件, 亲笔签名, 原作绘画。
. ② reliable可信的, 可靠的。
18. automatic. adj. ①（指机器）自动的；②（指动作）未加思索而作出, 无意识的；③必然随之而来的。
19. autonomy n. self-governing; independence.自治, 自主, 独立。
autonomous. adj 自治的, 自主的, 独立的。
20. bacteria. 细菌。
21. biochemistry. 生物化学。
22. biscuit. ①[u] 饼干②淡褐色③take the biscuit/cake.极其可笑, 讨厌, 惊奇等。
23. bishop. n. ①主教；② （国际象棋中的）象.
24. blackmail. n.[u]. 勒索, 敲诈；用威胁来左右某人。
v. blackmail sb（into doing sth）要挟某人作某事
eg: The strikers refused to be blackmailed into returning to work.。
罢工者拒绝了要挟复工的条件。
25. bounce. v. ①弹回 The ball bounced over the wall.
② 活跃的上下跳动move up and down in a lively manner. The boy bounced on the bed.
③遭银行退票。I hope the cheque doesn’t bounce.
26. bowling. n. ① 地滚球戏；②滚木球游戏；
③ 朝击球员方向投球。a good piece of bowling投一个好球。
27. boycott. n . 抵制place /put sth under a boycott.对谋事物实行抵制 ；
v .拒绝处理或购买（货物）, 拒绝参加（如：会议）, 抵制Athletes from several countries boycotted the Olympic Games.有好几国家的运动员拒绝参加奥林匹克运动会。
28. brewery. n. 啤酒厂。
29. brochure. n.小册子 a travel brochure旅游指南。
30. bureaucratic. adj. 官僚制度的, 官僚的。
31. capsule. n. 荚； 胶囊；航天舱, 太空舱。
32. caption. n. （杂志等文章中的）标题, 题目；（附于插图或照片上的）说明文字；（电影或电视上的）字幕。
33. caravan. n. ① 拖车②（供居住可用马拉的）篷车；
③（穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队）。
34. carbon. n. 碳
35. casual. adj. ① happening by chance.偶然的, 碰巧的； ②不经意的, 随便的, 临时的；③（衣物）便服的, 不正式的
eg: casual wear 便装；
④非永久性的, a casual labourer. 临时工。
36. centigrade. adj. 摄氏温度计的。 a centigrade thermometer摄氏温度计.
37. circuit. n. 围绕一地方的线、路线、旅程, 圈；电路；联赛。
38. circulate. v. ①go round continuously （使某物）循环;
② move about freely流通 open a window to allow the air to circulate.
③spread 流传, 传播The news of her death circulated quickly。
39. circus. n. 马戏团the circus 马戏表演；竞技场。
40. clarify. v. ① cause sth to become clear or easier to understand（使谋事）清楚易懂, 澄清. I hope that what I say will clarify the situation.我希望我说的话能澄清这一情况； ②除去（油脂）中的杂质。
41. coincidence.[c/u]巧合（的事）；[u], （事情, 口味、故事等）相合, 符合, 一致。
42. collision.[u/c]～（with sb/sth）; ～（between A and B） ①（物与物或人与人）相撞、碰撞、撞坏The two ships were in/came into collision两艘轮船相撞； ②抵触, （相反的目的、看法、意见等的）冲突.Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.她的政治活动触犯了法律。collision course 必然与某人（某事物）相冲突的进程或行动。
pensate v.～（sb）for sth. 补偿, 赔偿；报偿；报酬。Nothing can compensate for the loss of one’s health.失去的健康是无法补偿的。
ponent. n.（某事物的）组成部分、成分、零部件adj.作定语, （整体中的）一部分、组成的。
45. consensus. n.[c/u] ～（on sth/that…） 意见一致；共同看法
eg: ① The two parties have reached a consensus. ②There is broad consensus in the country on the issue.
46. contemporary. adj.① ～（with sb/sth）属于该时代或该时期的；属于同一时代的；②
当代的, 现代的。
47. corrupt. v. make sb/sth corrupt. 使（某人或物）堕落, 腐化 败坏young people whose morals have been corrupted道德败坏的年轻人。
48. crayon. n.绘画用的铅笔, 彩色粉笔, 蜡笔。
49. departure n.［c/u]离开, 离去；背离, 违反
50. dimension n.
1）［c/u］measurement of any sort （breadth; length; thickness; height, etc）
（空间的）任何一种量度（宽度,长度,厚度,高度等）
eg. What are the ～s of the room 这个房间的面积是多少
2） （pl.） size, extent 大小, 体积, 程度, 范围
eg. a creature of huge ～s形体庞大的动物
I didn’t realized the ～s of the problem.（fig）
我未曾意识到问题的严重程度.
3）aspect 方面, 侧面
eg. There is a～ to the problem that we have not discussed.
这个问题还有一方面我们没有讨论过.
51. dioxide n. ［U] 二氧化物 carbon ～二氧化碳
52. diplomacy n［u]1） 外交, 外交手段/腕, 外交术
eg. International problems must be solved by ～ ,not by wars.
国际问题应通过外交手段来解决, 不应诉诸战争。
2）art of or skills in dealing with people; tact 处理人际关系的方法, 技巧；交际手腕；处事之道
53. discrimination n.［u］
1） good judgment and perception辨别力, 识别力 2）歧视, 偏袒（某人/物）
eg. racial/sexual/religious/political ～种族/性别/宗教/政治歧视
This is a clear case of ～ against foreign imports.这显然是对进口货物的排斥。
54. disgusting adj.使人反感的, 使人厌恶的, 讨厌的
55. diverse adj. of different kinds, varied多种多样的, 不同的
eg. people from ～culture不同文化背景的人
Her interests are very～ . 她的兴趣非常广泛。
56. enterprise n. 1）［c]事业, 计划（尤指困难的或需要勇气的）
eg. The music festival is a new enterprise which we hope will become an annual event.音乐会是一项新生事物, 我们希望它能成为一年一度的盛会。
2）［u]事业心, 进取心, 勇气, 胆量
eg. a woman of great～事业心极强的女子
He got the job because he showed the spirit of ～.
他因为表现进取精神,所以得到这份工作.
3）［u]参与计划,企业活动,经营
［c] business company or firm 事业单位,企业单位,公司,商号,商行
57. fantasticadj.1） wild and strange荒诞的,奇异的
2） impossible to carry out, not practical 无法实现的,不是实际的
3） excellent 了不起的,极好的
4）very large, extraordinary巨大的,异乎寻常的
58. ferry n. 渡船,渡口v. （用船或飞机等）运送（人或货物）（通常指短程或定期的）
59. formatn.1） shape, size, binding, etc of a book版式, 开本, 装订方法
2） 总体安排, 计划, 设计等；
3）格式v. 按一定的方式安排某事, （计算机）编排格式
60. framework n.框架；结构；社会的秩序或制度；原则, 思想
61. frictionn.1） [u]摩擦（力） 2） [u/c]矛盾, 冲突
62. garment n. 1）（一件）衣服； 2） （fig） covering 覆盖
eg. In spring nature wears a new ~.春天, 大自然披了新装
63. grill n. 烤架,烤肉,烤肉室v. 烧烤（食物等）；盘问（某人）
64. herb n, 草本植物, 药草, 芳草
65. immigration n. 移民
66. institution n. 1）［u]建立,设立,制定,任命 ； 2）［c]慈善机关
67. insurance n.保险
68. irrigation n灌溉
69. laundry n. 1） ［c] 洗衣店 2） ［u] 洗熨好的或需洗熨的衣服
70. lounge v .懒洋洋地坐或立（尤指倚靠某物 n.等候室, （BrE）起居室
71. marathon n.马拉松赛跑；拖时长久令人难以忍受的事
72. marblen.1）大理石；玻璃/泥弹球 2）（作定语 ）（fig）大理石般的
73. mercy n.［u] 仁慈, 宽恕, 宽恕 ［c] （常用单数）恩惠, 幸运
（idm） at the～of sb./sth.
74. mercifuladj. be ∽ to/towards sb.
eg. She was merciful to the prisoners.她对犯人很仁慈。
75. minimum. n.（pl. minima） least or smallest amount, degree ,etc. possible最小值（量, 限度） ；adj. 最小的, 最少的
76. mosquito n.蚊子
77. obtain v. get sth.
78. outspoken adj.直言的, 坦率的
be ～ in （doing） sth.; be～ in one’s remarks直言不讳
79. paralleladj.1）平行的The road and the railway are ～to/with each other.
2）相对应的, 相同的, 类似的
80. patent adj. 1） obvious, clear, evident显著的, 清楚的, 明显
2） （作定语）有专利的；专利生产/经销的
n.许可证, 专利证；专利发明
81. pedestrian n.行人adj.（作定语）1）行人的 2）平淡的, 沉闷的
82. prejudice n. ［u/c]偏见, 成见；v.使某人抱偏见, 影响某人；削弱
83. pulse n.脉搏；（音乐的）节拍；脉动；脉冲波
v.强烈而有规律的跳动；搏动；振动
84. punctual adj.按时的, 准守时的
85. punctuation n.标点符号的使用（法）
86. radium n.镭
87. razor n., 剃刀, 刮脸刀
88. recommendv.1）提到某物, 推荐某人, 赞许某人/ 物
2）建议, 劝告
3）使某人/物显得可取 ～ sb./sth.（to sb.） for sth./as sth.
eg. She was strongly recommended for the post.
89. relevant adj.有关的, 切题的
90. resemble v.（无被动语态, 无进行时）be like or similar to与…相似
eg. She resembles her brother in looks.
91. restriction n.［u/c]限制, 约束
92. roundabout adj.（常作定语）绕道的, 兜圈子的, 拐弯抹角的
n.旋转木马, 环状交叉路
93. ripen / raipn/ v. （使某物）成熟 ripening corn即将成熟的谷物
peaches ripened by the sun 经日晒而成熟的桃
94. scared adj. ~（of sb/sth） 惊恐的,恐惧的 I’m scared （of ghosts） 我害怕（鬼）
95. sausage n. [c,u]香肠,腊肠
96. scar n. 1） 伤痕,疤 2） （精神上的）创伤 Her years in prison left a scar.
他在狱中的岁月留下了精神创伤.
v. （-rr-） 1） 给（某人）留下伤痕. 2） ~ （over） 痊愈（留下疤痕）;结疤.
The wound gradually scarred over. 伤口逐渐痊愈结疤.
97. scarf .n. 围巾;头巾;披肩
98. scratch v.
1）a）.刮,划,抓（物体表面或皮肤）（呈现伤或痕）
The dog is scratching at the door.狗正在抓门.
b） 抓,划或刮而成（某状态） scratch a line on a surface 在物体表面上划出一条线.
2） 挠或擦（皮肤）;尤指（搔痒）
3） ~sb/sth（on sth）使（自己或身体某部）意外划伤.
He’s scratched his hand on a nail.他的手让钉子刮破了.
4） 发出刮或擦的声音. My pen scratches.我的钢笔在写字时发出刮纸声.
还可以作n.
99. semicircle .n.半圆形;半圆形的周长;半圆形的东西 a ~ of chairs 排列成半圆形的椅子.
100. significance .n. [u] 1） 意义;意思 2） 重大意义;重要性
101.skateboard 滑板（长约50厘米的窄板,装有滑轮可站在上面滑行.）
102. sneeze .n.喷嚏 v.打喷嚏
103. sniff .v. 1） 鼻子吸气发出声音 2） ~ （at） sth 呼吸时用鼻吸气 ;
~ sth （up）用鼻子吸入某物
104. softball 垒球（与棒球相似,但球场较小,球较大而弱）
105. software 软件
106. souvenir . 纪念品,纪念物
107. spade .n. 锹,铲spades （纸牌中的）黑桃
108. stainless adj. 无污点的;无瑕疵的
109. starvation . n. 挨饿;饿死
110. supreme .adj. 1） （权力.级别或地位）最高的;至高无上的 2）最重要的;最大的
111. surplus .n.
1）[ c,u]剩余（额）;过剩;盈余;顺差 We have a trade surplus of $400 million.
我们有4亿美元的贸易顺差.
2）（习语） in surplus 有剩余;有盈余 Our trade is in surplus.
3）adj. ~ （to sth） 剩余的,过剩的surplus labour剩余劳动力
112. suspension . n.
1） [u]悬挂,悬浮,暂停,延缓,停职 the suspension of a pupil from school
对一名学生的停学处分
2）[u]车辆的悬挂装置（如弹簧及减震器）；
3）[c,u]悬浮（液） 4） suspension bridge 悬索桥;吊桥
113. systematic .adj. 1） 有系统的,有计划的,有条理的；
He’s very systematic in all he does.他做一切事情都很有条理.
2） 有预谋的,蓄意的 a systematic attempt to ruin sb’s reputation 蓄谋破坏某人的名誉
114. tendency. n. 1） ~ （to/ towards） sth （to do sth） （人或物呈现的）倾向,趋势 a tendency to fact / towards fatness / to get fat 发胖的趋势
2） （事物运动或变化的）趋向,倾向,趋势
Prices continue to show an upward tendency. 物价呈持续上升的趋势.
115. tentative .adj. 试验性质的,踌躇的,试探性的,不确定的,非决定性的.
reach a tentative conclusion得出暂时的结论
116. tissue n. 1） [u,c] 动植物的组织； 2） [c] （用作手帕等的）纸巾a box of tissues一盒纸巾
3） [c ] （包装物品用的）薄纸,棉纸.； 4） [c, u] （任何种类的）薄织物
5） [c] ~ （of sth） （相关的或交织的）一套,一系列
His story is a tissue of lies. 他的话是一派谎言.
117. tournament n.
1） 联赛,比赛,竞赛,锦标赛（常为淘汰制）； 2） （旧时 ）武士骑马比武（用钝武器,尤指长矛）
118. tram（有轨的）电车
119. transparent .adj.1） 透明的a box with a transparent lid 带有透明盖的盒子；
2） 明显的,无疑的,无错误的 a ~ lie 易识破的谎言；
3） 易懂的,清楚的 a ~ style of writing 简明的文体。
120. trolleybus n. 无轨电车
121. typhoon台风
122. undertake . v. （pt. undertook pp. undertaken）
1） 承担（某事物）;负起（某事物）的责任 ； 2）同意或答应做某事
123. undo （pt. undid pp. undone）
1）解开,松开（结,纽扣等）;打开, 拆开（包裹,信封等）2 ） 使（某物）无效;取消;废除.
124. vanilla . n.1） [c] 香子兰（热带兰科植物,花味香醇）；
2） [u] 香草醛（自香子兰荚中提取或由人工合成的香精）
125. violence . n. [u] 1） a. 暴力行为（尤指非法的）;暴行b. 狂热;激情;强烈的感情
We expressed our views with some violence. 我们激动地亮明了观点.
2） 激烈;猛烈;厉害； 3） do violence to sth. 违背或违反某事物
126. voluntary1） adj. 自愿的,自动的,主动的; 志愿的,无偿的,义务的
2） n. （教堂礼拜仪式或进行期间的）乐器独奏
127. yawn .v. 打哈欠;（指大洞穴等）张开,裂开
n. 1）哈欠 ； 2）乏味的或枯燥的事物 The meeting was one big yawn from start to finish. 那会议自始至终十分无聊.
128. zebra . n. 斑马
129. zoom .v. 1） （指飞行器,汽车等）急速移动（尤指发出嗡嗡声或轰轰声）
2） （指价格,费用等）急升,猛涨
n. （指飞行器或汽车等）急速的移动,急速移动时发出的声音
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2010年高三英语精编复习资料：语法专题（强调句）
一、强调句型的基本结构
强调句型的基本结构为“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子的其它部分”。当被强调部分为sb., 且在句中作主语时, 可用who, 也可用that, 其它情况一律用that。强调主语时, that后的谓语动词必须与被强调的主语人称与数保持一致。如：
It is I who am to blame.
It was in Greece that Olympic competitions first started.
在强调句中, 去掉It is/was...that/who后, 句子结构仍然完整正确, 句意仍明确全面。
二、强调成分
1、强调主语、宾语。如:
It was the two girls that the teacher praised yesterday. （强调宾语）
It was the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are. （NMET2000）A. one B. that C. what D. it
强调主语the ability to do the job, 故选B。
2、强调状语。如：
It was with great joy that he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home. （强调程度状语）
It was three years ago that I came to this school. （强调时间状语）
It was because of bad weather _____ the football match had to be put off. （03上海春）
A. so B. so that C. why D. that强调原因状语because of bad weather, 故选D。
★使用强调句型对状语进行强调时, 有必要将其与下列句型区分开来。
我们来比较下面的句子：
1） It was in the evening that the soldiers arrived at the small mountain village. （强调句）
It was evening when the soldiers arrived at the small mountain village. （when引导时间状语从句, it表示时间）
2） It is for three hours that they have been back. （强调句型）
It was three hours before they came back. （before引导时间状语从句, it表示时间）
It is three hours since they came back. （since引导时间状语从句, it表示时间）
3、对“not...until...”结构的强调, 要用“It is/was not until...that...”这一固定句型。由于否定已经前移, that后只能用肯定形式。如：
It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then答案B。
4、强调含有定语从句的主、宾、状语时, 要确定好强调标志“that”的位置。如：
Was it at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood
It was in the shop which was opened last month that he bought the book.
It was the girl whose father worked abroad that lent me the book.
Was it in 1982 when you were in college that you got to know her
三、强调句型的疑问句型
Is it you who often help the old woman with her housework
Was it in her fifties that Mary began to learn Russian
Was it at a theatre that Abraham Lincoln was shot
强调句的一般疑问句结构为：Is/Was it...that/who...
Who _____ helped you work out the maths problem
A. was he B. it was who C. was it that D. it was （答案为C）
How was it that they managed to finish the work in such a short time
强调句的特殊疑问句结构为：疑问词＋is/was it that...？注意在强调句的疑问句型中, 强调标志that/who后只能使用陈述语序。
比较：When was it that the Second World War broke out （√）
When was it that did the Second World War break out （×）
巩固练习：
1.It is these poisonous products _______ can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles. A. who B. that C. how D. what
2.I feel it is your husband who _______ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame
3.It was for this reason ___ ____ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.
A. which B. why C. that D. how
4.—Where was it _______ the road accident happened yesterday
—In front of the market.
A. when B. that C. which D. how
5.It was not until she had arrived home _______ her appointment with the doctor.
A. did she remember B. that she remember
C. when she remembered D. had she remembered
6.It was not until 1956__________liberated.
A. that the town was B. did the town C. was the town D. that was the town
参考答案：1—6 BACBBA
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