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课件56张PPT。Correcting Common Errors in Sentence Structure修改病句
Common Errors in Sentence Structure. Chinglish
Sentence fragments
Comma splices and Fused sentences
Wordiness
Dangling modifiers
faulty parallelism
1.他身体很好。
学生常用法：He has a very good body.
英语习惯表达法1：He is in good health.
2: He is very good healthy.
2.我的英语水平很低。
学生常用法：My English level is low.
英语习惯表达法: My English is very poor.
?
Chinglish is a portmanteau of the words Chinese and English and refers to spoken or written English which is influenced by Chinese.
VocabularyThe English words see, watch, read and look at are all represented by the Chinese word “看 kàn", and may be used interchangeably. The situation of speak, say and talk is similar.
Phrases like "Can you say Chinese?", "I am watching a book", and "Tomorrow I will look a movie" may be common.Another example is "turn on/off" versus "open/close". In Chinese, "turn on" (in the sense of operating a switch or a machine) and "open" are rendered by the same character, and so are "turn off" and "close". The two terms may be used interchangeably"Welcome to" is one of the more noticeable cases of Chinglish, especially on mainland China. This is used as a direct translation in Chinese, "歡迎". It can mean "we invite you to" or "you are welcome to", and is used more as an incentive to the activity introduced or as a form of "thank you". Its use is almost always cordial, inviting, or otherwise positive. Example:
Welcome to ride Line 52 Bus = Thank you for riding Bus Line 52, or You are welcome to ride Bus Line 52.
GrammarExamples include:
using "me is" instead of "I am" (such as "Me is Jack")
using awkward gerunds (such as "No Noising")
excessive use of "the" when not needed (such as "The China is bigger than the France", "The France is bigger than the Switzerland")
excessive use of verbs with the "-ing" ending (such as "Please do not climbing)
excessive use of "to", the use of "to" with modals, preserving "to" in infinitive form even when unnecessary (e.g. "I must to go")
confusion of -ed and -ing adjectives (e.g. "I am very boring" vs. "I am very bored"; "I was surprising" vs. "I was surprised")
the overuse of "very" between "be" and an adjective (reflecting the use of "很" in Chinese) the use of "very" to modify verbs (e.g. "I very like it")
the use of the singular when the plural would be more fittingSentence fragments Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence.
Below are some examples with the fragments shown in red. Punctuation and/or words added to make corrections are highlighted in blue. Notice that the fragment is frequently a dependent clause or long phrase that follows the main clause.
Some fragments are not clearly pieces of sentences that have been left unattached to the main clause; they are written as main clauses but lack a subject or main verb.?
These next examples of fragments with no subjects are also known as mixed constructions, that is, sentences constructed out of mixed parts. They start one way (often with a long prepositional phrase) but end with a regular predicate. Usually the object of the preposition is intended as the subject of the sentence, so removing the preposition at the beginning is usually the easiest way to edit such errors. Comma Splices–Fused Sentences
(Run-ons)
Comma splices, Fused sentences and Run-ons, are all names given to compound sentences that are not punctuated correctly.
Comma splices means only a comma is used to join two main clauses. There is no conjunction to show how the clauses are related. Run-ons and fused sentences are terms describing two independent clauses which are joined together with no connecting word or punctuation to separate the clauses.
For example:
Incorrect: I didn't know which job I wanted I was too confused to decide.
Correct: I didn't know which job I wanted, and I was too confused to decide.
The best way to avoid such errors is to punctuate compound sentences correctly by using one or the other of these rules.
1. Join the two independent clauses with one of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet), and use a comma before the connecting word.
_________________, and _______________.
He enjoys walking through the country, and he often goes backpacking on his vacations.
2. When you do not have a connecting word (or when you use a connecting word other than and, but, for, or nor, so, or yet between the two independent clauses) use a semicolon (;).
_________________;_________________.
He often watched TV when there were only reruns; she preferred to read instead.
.
3. join main clauses with a semicolon and conjunctive adverb if it is more than one syllable ( after therefore, but not after thus. )
________________; however,_______________.
He often watched TV when there were only reruns; however, she preferred to read instead.
4.separate main clauses with a period.
Wordiness
Writers sometimes clog up their prose with one or more extra words or phrases that seem to determine narrowly or to modify the meaning of a noun but don't actually add to the meaning of the sentence. Although such words and phrases can be meaningful in the appropriate context, they are often used as "filler" and can easily be eliminated.Cures:
1. Eliminate（除去） unnecessary determiners（限定词） and modifiers（修饰词语）Wordy
Any particular type of dessert is fine with me.
Balancing the budget by Friday is an impossibility without some kind of extra help.
More Concise （简洁）
Any dessert is fine with me.
Balancing the budget by Friday is impossible without extra help.
2. Change phrases into single wordsWordy
The employee with ambition...
The department showing the best performance...
More Concise
The ambitious employee...
The best-performing department...
3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases
Wordy
The report, which was released recently...
The system that is most efficient and accurate...
More Concise
The recently released report...
The most efficient and accurate system...
4. Use active rather than passive verbs
Wordy
An account was opened by Mrs. Simms.
Your figures were checked by the research department.
More Concise
Mrs. Simms opened an account.
The research department checked your figures.
5.Avoid overusing noun forms of verbsWordy
The fun_ction of this department is the collection of accounts.
The current focus of the medical profession is disease prevention.
More Concise
This department collects accounts.
The medical profession currently focuses on disease prevention.
6.Avoid rewording （重述）unnecessary infinitive phrases(不定式短语) Wordy
The duty of a clerk is to check all incoming mail and to record it.
More Concise
A clerk checks and records all incoming mail.
7.Combine short sentences into one longer sentence by reducing sentences to clauses, clauses to phrases.Wordy: Television cameras filmed the demolition of the Regency Theatre, The Regency Theatre was one of the most ornate movie-houses in western Canada.
More Concise: Television cameras filmed the demolition of the Regency Theatre, one of the most ornate movie-houses in western Canada.8.. Omit（省略） words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail Wordy
I received your inquiry yesterday. Yes, we do have...
It goes without saying that we are acquainted with your policy on filing tax returns, and we have every intention of complying with the regulations that you have mentioned.
More Concise
Yes, we do have...
We intend to comply with the tax-return regulations that you have mentioned.
Dangling ModifiersDefinition:
A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept.
Examples of dangling modifiers and revisions: dangling modifier:
(The article--the subject of the main clause--did not read the original study.)
possible revisions:
dangling modifier:
(Your home--the subject of the main clause--is not relieved of your responsibilities.)
possible revision:
Characteristics of dangling modifiers:They most frequently occur at the beginning of sentences (often as introductory clauses or phrases) but can also appear at the end.
(The experiment--the subject of the main clause--is not supposed to study the lab manual.)
possible revision:
They often have an -ing word (gerund) or a to+verb (infinitive) phrase near the start of the sentence.Squinting modifiers:Related to dangling modifiers, squinting modifiers occur when the word modified is not clear or could be more than one word. These problems can usually be solved by rearranging the elements already present in the sentence.squinting modifier:
possible revisions:
Strategies for revising dangling modifiers:1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause:
? 2. Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause:3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:Faulty ParalellismParallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
1. Words and Phrases With the -ing form (gerund) of words:
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
With infinitive phrases:
Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. OR Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.)
Do not mix forms.
Example 1
Not Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.
Example 2
Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner.
Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
2. Clauses A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active （主动语态）to passive（被动语态） or vice versa) will break the parallelism.
Example 1
Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Example 2
Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive被动)
Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.
3. Lists after a colon（冒号） Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.
Example 1
Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.
Proofreading（校正） Strategies to try: Skim your paper, pausing at the words "and" and "or." Check on each side of these words to see whether the items joined are parallel. If not, make them parallel.
If you have several items in a list, put them in a column to see if they are parallel.
Listen to the sound of the items in a list or the items being compared. Do you hear the same kinds of sounds? For example, is there a series of "-ing" words beginning each item? Or do your hear a rhythm being repeated? If something is breaking that rhythm or repetition of sound, check to see if it needs to be made parallel.
Reference:1. Owl online writing lab
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinglish
3.<<大学英语典型错误例析>>
Thank you!
Common Errors in Sentence Structure. Chinglish
Sentence fragments
Comma splices and Fused sentences
Wordiness
Dangling modifiers
faulty parallelism
1.他身体很好。
学生常用法：He has a very good body.
英语习惯表达法1：He is in good health.
2: He is very good healthy.
2.我的英语水平很低。
学生常用法：My English level is low.
英语习惯表达法: My English is very poor.
?
Chinglish is a portmanteau of the words Chinese and English and refers to spoken or written English which is influenced by Chinese.
VocabularyThe English words see, watch, read and look at are all represented by the Chinese word “看 kàn", and may be used interchangeably. The situation of speak, say and talk is similar.
Phrases like "Can you say Chinese?", "I am watching a book", and "Tomorrow I will look a movie" may be common.Another example is "turn on/off" versus "open/close". In Chinese, "turn on" (in the sense of operating a switch or a machine) and "open" are rendered by the same character, and so are "turn off" and "close". The two terms may be used interchangeably"Welcome to" is one of the more noticeable cases of Chinglish, especially on mainland China. This is used as a direct translation in Chinese, "歡迎". It can mean "we invite you to" or "you are welcome to", and is used more as an incentive to the activity introduced or as a form of "thank you". Its use is almost always cordial, inviting, or otherwise positive. Example:
Welcome to ride Line 52 Bus = Thank you for riding Bus Line 52, or You are welcome to ride Bus Line 52.
GrammarExamples include:
using "me is" instead of "I am" (such as "Me is Jack")
using awkward gerunds (such as "No Noising")
excessive use of "the" when not needed (such as "The China is bigger than the France", "The France is bigger than the Switzerland")
excessive use of verbs with the "-ing" ending (such as "Please do not climbing)
excessive use of "to", the use of "to" with modals, preserving "to" in infinitive form even when unnecessary (e.g. "I must to go")
confusion of -ed and -ing adjectives (e.g. "I am very boring" vs. "I am very bored"; "I was surprising" vs. "I was surprised")
the overuse of "very" between "be" and an adjective (reflecting the use of "很" in Chinese) the use of "very" to modify verbs (e.g. "I very like it")
the use of the singular when the plural would be more fittingSentence fragments Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence.
Below are some examples with the fragments shown in red. Punctuation and/or words added to make corrections are highlighted in blue. Notice that the fragment is frequently a dependent clause or long phrase that follows the main clause.
Some fragments are not clearly pieces of sentences that have been left unattached to the main clause; they are written as main clauses but lack a subject or main verb.?
These next examples of fragments with no subjects are also known as mixed constructions, that is, sentences constructed out of mixed parts. They start one way (often with a long prepositional phrase) but end with a regular predicate. Usually the object of the preposition is intended as the subject of the sentence, so removing the preposition at the beginning is usually the easiest way to edit such errors. Comma Splices–Fused Sentences
(Run-ons)
Comma splices, Fused sentences and Run-ons, are all names given to compound sentences that are not punctuated correctly.
Comma splices means only a comma is used to join two main clauses. There is no conjunction to show how the clauses are related. Run-ons and fused sentences are terms describing two independent clauses which are joined together with no connecting word or punctuation to separate the clauses.
For example:
Incorrect: I didn't know which job I wanted I was too confused to decide.
Correct: I didn't know which job I wanted, and I was too confused to decide.
The best way to avoid such errors is to punctuate compound sentences correctly by using one or the other of these rules.
1. Join the two independent clauses with one of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet), and use a comma before the connecting word.
_________________, and _______________.
He enjoys walking through the country, and he often goes backpacking on his vacations.
2. When you do not have a connecting word (or when you use a connecting word other than and, but, for, or nor, so, or yet between the two independent clauses) use a semicolon (;).
_________________;_________________.
He often watched TV when there were only reruns; she preferred to read instead.
.
3. join main clauses with a semicolon and conjunctive adverb if it is more than one syllable ( after therefore, but not after thus. )
________________; however,_______________.
He often watched TV when there were only reruns; however, she preferred to read instead.
4.separate main clauses with a period.
Wordiness
Writers sometimes clog up their prose with one or more extra words or phrases that seem to determine narrowly or to modify the meaning of a noun but don't actually add to the meaning of the sentence. Although such words and phrases can be meaningful in the appropriate context, they are often used as "filler" and can easily be eliminated.Cures:
1. Eliminate（除去） unnecessary determiners（限定词） and modifiers（修饰词语）Wordy
Any particular type of dessert is fine with me.
Balancing the budget by Friday is an impossibility without some kind of extra help.
More Concise （简洁）
Any dessert is fine with me.
Balancing the budget by Friday is impossible without extra help.
2. Change phrases into single wordsWordy
The employee with ambition...
The department showing the best performance...
More Concise
The ambitious employee...
The best-performing department...
3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases
Wordy
The report, which was released recently...
The system that is most efficient and accurate...
More Concise
The recently released report...
The most efficient and accurate system...
4. Use active rather than passive verbs
Wordy
An account was opened by Mrs. Simms.
Your figures were checked by the research department.
More Concise
Mrs. Simms opened an account.
The research department checked your figures.
5.Avoid overusing noun forms of verbsWordy
The fun_ction of this department is the collection of accounts.
The current focus of the medical profession is disease prevention.
More Concise
This department collects accounts.
The medical profession currently focuses on disease prevention.
6.Avoid rewording （重述）unnecessary infinitive phrases(不定式短语) Wordy
The duty of a clerk is to check all incoming mail and to record it.
More Concise
A clerk checks and records all incoming mail.
7.Combine short sentences into one longer sentence by reducing sentences to clauses, clauses to phrases.Wordy: Television cameras filmed the demolition of the Regency Theatre, The Regency Theatre was one of the most ornate movie-houses in western Canada.
More Concise: Television cameras filmed the demolition of the Regency Theatre, one of the most ornate movie-houses in western Canada.8.. Omit（省略） words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail Wordy
I received your inquiry yesterday. Yes, we do have...
It goes without saying that we are acquainted with your policy on filing tax returns, and we have every intention of complying with the regulations that you have mentioned.
More Concise
Yes, we do have...
We intend to comply with the tax-return regulations that you have mentioned.
Dangling ModifiersDefinition:
A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept.
Examples of dangling modifiers and revisions: dangling modifier:
(The article--the subject of the main clause--did not read the original study.)
possible revisions:
dangling modifier:
(Your home--the subject of the main clause--is not relieved of your responsibilities.)
possible revision:
Characteristics of dangling modifiers:They most frequently occur at the beginning of sentences (often as introductory clauses or phrases) but can also appear at the end.
(The experiment--the subject of the main clause--is not supposed to study the lab manual.)
possible revision:
They often have an -ing word (gerund) or a to+verb (infinitive) phrase near the start of the sentence.Squinting modifiers:Related to dangling modifiers, squinting modifiers occur when the word modified is not clear or could be more than one word. These problems can usually be solved by rearranging the elements already present in the sentence.squinting modifier:
possible revisions:
Strategies for revising dangling modifiers:1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause:
? 2. Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause:3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:Faulty ParalellismParallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
1. Words and Phrases With the -ing form (gerund) of words:
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
With infinitive phrases:
Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. OR Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.)
Do not mix forms.
Example 1
Not Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.
Example 2
Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner.
Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
2. Clauses A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active （主动语态）to passive（被动语态） or vice versa) will break the parallelism.
Example 1
Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Example 2
Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive被动)
Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.
3. Lists after a colon（冒号） Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.
Example 1
Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.
Proofreading（校正） Strategies to try: Skim your paper, pausing at the words "and" and "or." Check on each side of these words to see whether the items joined are parallel. If not, make them parallel.
If you have several items in a list, put them in a column to see if they are parallel.
Listen to the sound of the items in a list or the items being compared. Do you hear the same kinds of sounds? For example, is there a series of "-ing" words beginning each item? Or do your hear a rhythm being repeated? If something is breaking that rhythm or repetition of sound, check to see if it needs to be made parallel.
Reference:1. Owl online writing lab
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinglish
3.<<大学英语典型错误例析>>
Thank you!