课件21张PPT。高考二轮复习语法系统讲解五、形容词与副词第一课时主讲人 吴世民 形容词与副词的基本用法
(一)多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序
如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。如:a small beautiful room。
常用的顺序为:
限定词(those) + 数量形容词(three) + 描绘性形容词(beautiful) + 大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词(large) + 新旧(old) + 颜色(brown) + 国籍 + 材料(wood) + 被修饰名词(table)
我们可以这么来记忆:O S A C N M U
记住规则是必要的,但还应多阅读、多体会,增强语感是关键。请仔细体会下面的例子:
all these last few days , some beautiful little red flowers , a new green silk cap(二)形容词的作用
1.用作定语,修饰由不定代词one ,no ,any ,some和every构成的复合词,如anything,something时,通常放在修饰的词后。如:
I have something interesting to tell you .2.用作表语,与系动词be,grow ,get ,become ,feel ,appear ,prove ,seem ,look ,keep ,smell ,taste,sound ,turn ,remain等连。如:
The desk is clean .
The weather is getting warmer and warmer .
3.用作宾语补足语。如:
The news made every one happy .
I think the text very interesting .4.与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物,在句中可作主语、宾语。如:
The rich and the poor live very different lives .(主语)
5.作状语,表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如:
He went to bed ,cold and hungry .
Mr .White stared into the distance ,speechless for a moment .(三)副词的作用
1.副词一般在句中作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。如:
He had worked hard all his life .(修饰动词)
He is very diligent .(修饰形容词)
You can find books on that subject quite easily .(修饰副词)
Luckily she was in when I called .(修饰句子)2.副词还可作表语。如:
One of the trees is down
The train is not in yet .
3.有时副词还可用作定语,一般放在所修饰的后面,也可放在前面。如:
The population here is getting smaller and smaller .
4表示位置的副词常与动词构成短语,表示特定的意思。如:pick out , turn up .
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形容词与副词的比较等级
(一)比较等级的活用
形容词或副词的三种比较等级结构,即同级比较结构、比较级结构和最高级结构,有时可以换用。如用同级比较结构表达最高级含义,用比较级句型表达最高级含义等,用法很灵活。1.用比较级句型表达最高级含义
+ the other + 复数名词
比较级 + than + any other + 单数名词
+ any of the other + 复数名词
如:
China is larger than any other country in Asia .( = China is the largest country in Asia .)
Tom is taller than any of the other boys in his class . ( = Tom is the tallest boy in his class .)
2.比较级 + than + anything/anyone else。如:
She loves music better than anything else . ( = She loves music best .)
He works harder than anyone else in his class .( = He works hardest in his class .)
3.同级比较结构或比较级句型中出现否定词no,never,nothing等,用来表达最高级含义。如:
I love nothing better than swimming .
( = I love swimming best .)
I have never seen as old a car as this .
( = This is the oldest car I have ever seen .)(二)形容词和副词比较级、最高级的构成
1.单音节形容词以及少数以-er,-ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”,“est”。如great ,narrow,fast ,clever。
2.以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词后以及少数以-ble,-ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后,加“r”,“st”。如large ,able ,simple .3.以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词,其前的元音字母发短元音时,该辅音字母要双写,然后加“er”,“est”。如hot , big , begin。
4.以辅音加y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加ly构成的副词要将y改为I,再加“er”,“est”。如easy , heavy , early。
5.一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加more或most。如beautiful , careful。
6.少数单音节形容也加more和most构成比较级和最高级。如tired , pleased。7.下列形容词、副词的比较级和最高级可有两种构成方法。
cruel crueler cruelest
more cruel most cruel
often oftener oftenest
more often most often
strict stricter strictest
more strict most strict
friendly friendlier friendliest
move friendly most friendly8.下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成是不规则的。
good , well better best
bad , ill worse worst
many much more most
little less least
far farther farthest
further furthest
old elder eldest
older oldest9.多音节形容词和副词在变为比较级或最高级时,在前边加more,most,也可加less,least,这两种方式所构成的比较级和最高级意思相反。如:
Of the two toys , he chose the more expensive .
(在两个玩具中,他选择了较贵的那一个。)
Of the two toys , he chose the less expensive .
(在两个玩具中,他选择了不太贵的那一个。)(三)比较级和最高级前的修饰语
1.比较级前的修饰语
如果表示一方超过另一方的程度和具体数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度或数量的词或短语:even , still , much , far , any(用于否定句或疑问句) ,a lot , a great deal , by far , a little , a bit , three times , two metres等。
如:
They work even harder than before .
The football match was far more interesting than I had expected .2.最高级前的修饰语
最高级前可出现序数词以及much,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not really等修饰语。如:
This bridge is by far the longest across the river .
How much did the second most expensive hat cost?(四)无比较等级的形容词
有些形容词本身含义无程度差别,所以没有比较级和最高级。如:impossible , right , wrong , perfect , favorite , mistaken等。这些形容词不能被程度副词修饰,但可以被quite(完全地)修饰。如:
You are quite right .(五)常考的含有比较级的句型
1.“比较级 + and + 比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:
It’s getting colder and colder .
2.“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”表示“越……就越……”。如:
The sooner you finish the job , the better it is .