英语精品：2010年高考英语专题复习解析及测试（14个专题有答案）

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考点十一 状语从句
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，28】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________ she was and wait for her mother.
A. where B. what C. how D. who[]
解析：A。考查地点状语从句。句意：那个迷路的小女孩决定呆在原地等她的母亲。由句意可知：此处要选择一表示地点的连接副词，所以选择A.
【典例2：2009山东，32】--- Shall we have our picnic tomorrow
------ ________ it doesn’t rain.
A. Until B. While C. Once D. If
解析：D。考查条件状语从句。句意：---明天我们去野餐吗？---如果不下雨的话（我们就去）。由句意可知要选择表示条件的连接副词，因此选择D项。注意：答语是一省略句，在做题的时候最好补充完整：We shall have our picnic tomorrow if it doesn’t rain。这样有利于理解题干。[]
【典例3：2009北京，32】You may use the room as you like ________ you clean it up afterwards.
A. so far as B. so long as C. in case D. even if
解析：B。考查让步状语从句。句意：你可以任意使用这个房间，只要使用之后打扫干净。A：就…而言；B：只要；C：万一，以防；D：尽管。由句意可知要选择B项。
2010考点预测
在高考中，状语从句是每年高考单项填空部分必考的题目之一。考查的重点是考生容易混淆较近似的连词在逻辑行文和语篇结构中的使用。分析近三年年各省市高考题，从中可以看出命题者把着眼点放在了对条件状语、让步状语、时间状语和地点状语从句的考查，时而涉及目的状语从句、结果状语从句和原因状语从句。解答此类试题的关键是要理解句子的意思，根据句子的意思判断出其属于哪种状语从句，从而做出正确判断。
知识必备
状语从句是副词性从句，它在句子中担任状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词。根据修饰的方面，状高考资源网语从句可以分为以下九种。[]
1、时间状语从句
2、地点状语从句
3、原因状语从句
4、目的状语从句
5、结果状语从句
6、条件状语从句
7、方式状语从句
8、让步状语从句
9、比较状语从句
时间状语从句
（1）as、when、while用法。
as表示“当…的时候”, 往往和whe高考资源网n/ while通用, 但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。 She came up as I was cooking.（同时）
The runners started as the gun went off.（几乎同时）
when （at or during the time that ）既可以表示在某一点的时候, 又可表示在某一段时间内, 主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。 It was raining when we arrived.（指时间点）When we were at school, we went to the library every day.（在一段时间内）
while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生, 从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时, 两者可以互换。 Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
He fell asleep while/when reading.
Strike while the iron is hot.（用as或when不可, 这里的while意思是“趁……”
（2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：①till, not … until …, until, before, since
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
He waited for his father until（till）it was twelve o’clock.
It will be five years before he returns from England.
②hardly / scarcely … when, no sooner … than, as soon as表示“一……就”
As soon as I have finished it , I’ll give you a call.
We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining.
③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that… 一……就
He made for the door directly he heard the knock.
④each time, every time, by the time.
Each time he came to my city, he would call on me.
注意：表示未来情况, 主句用将来时, 从句用现在时。
地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
方式状语从句 []
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。[]
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
让步状语从句
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
2)as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3)ever if, even though.即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or not不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导名词性从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
比较状语从句：than, as
Mary is as old as my sister.
She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.
真题赏析
1. (2009 江苏,31 )_____unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.
A. Before B. Where C. Unless D. Until
2. (2009全国II，10) All the dishes in this menu,_____otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.
A. as B. if C. though D. unless
3. (2009 福建，33 ) She had just finished her homework ______her mother asked her to practise playing the piano yesterday.
A. when B. while C. after D. since
4. (2009 浙江, 8 ) The medicine works more effectively ___you drink some hot water after taking it.
A. as B. until C. although D. if
5. (2009 辽宁 ,30 ) It just isn't fair ______I was working as a waiter last month,my friends were lying on the beach.
A. whenever B. though C. for D. while
6. (2009 安徽,22)—I wonder how much you charge for your services.
—The first two are free _____ the third costs $30.
A. while B. until C. when D. before
7. (2009上海,32) You can't borrow books from the school library ____ you get your student card.
A. before B. if C. while D. as
8. (2009湖南 ,34) ____the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not ar rest him.
A. Although B. As long as C. If only D. As soon as
9.（2009重庆,27) Peter was so excited _____ he received an in vitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.
A. where B. that C. why D. when
10. ( 2009 四川 ,12)Owen wouldn't eat anything______he cooked it himself.
A. until B. since C. unless D. while
11.（2009江西,35)Some of you may have finished unit one.____, you can go on to unit two.
A. If you may B. If you do C. If not D. If so
12. (2009陕西,3) My parents don't mind what job I do______I am happy.
A. even though B. as soon as C. as long as D. as though
[]
Keys：
专项突破
1. — Did Jack come back early last night
—Yes. It was not eight o'clock ______he arrived home.
A. before B. that C. when D. until
2. ______I have some sympathy for them, I don't think they are right to do so.
A. As B. If C. While D. When
3. I'm not sure whether I will have anything else to do tomorrow. _______, I will try every possible means to come to the party.
A. Even though B. Anyhow
C. If so D. Instead
4. He is a nice listener, _____ he feels the time is right he will give you his thoughts.
A. until B. after which
C. if D. and when
5. How can you keep fit ______you smoke so much
A. as B. while C. when D. for
6. The police helicopter managed to land on the roof and rescued all the people _____the fire burnt up to the top of the building.
A. after B. before C. until D. while
7. _____the Customs Office, he will have to declare this sort of things he carries with him to the customs officer.
A. No matter who will come through B. Who comes through[]
C. No matter whom comes through D. Whoever comes through
8. Your article must be sent by e-mail ____it can meet the deadline.
A. or else B. so that
C. in case D. for fear
9. _____ you talk to someone or write a message, you show your skills to others.
A. At times B. Some time
C. Every time D. The time
10. Many people cannot learn any lessons from the mistakes _____they get hurt somehow.
A. whether B. unless C. if D. when[]
11. What a tight volleyball game! We lost it____we all tried our best.
A. because B. though C. until D. unless
12. For six or seven months in a year here no work can be done _____the rainy season makes it impossible.
A. when B. that C. until D. though
13. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when _____alone.
A. seen B. is seen
C. to be seen D. having been seen
14. Lucy, the boy was frightened by the terrible noise from the next room. Take him______it's quiet, I think.
A. when B. where C. what D. before[]
15. —Was it midnight ______you arrived home by taxi
—I'm afraid so.[]
A. that B. at which C. the time D. when
16. _____her borne, Mary helps her mother do some housework.
A. As soon as she returns B. On arriving
C. After she gets D. Directly she reaches
17. This problem may lead to more seri ous ones if ____unsolved.
A. making B. left C. remained D. keeping
18. — Excuse me, did you notice whether the No. 108 bus had gone by
—Not _____I've been standing here.
A. as B. when C. since D. while
19. These stories expressed the same idea that all individuals, ______poor, were capable of becoming wealthy ______ they were hardworking and honest.
A. however; ever since B. no matter how; so long as
C. whatever; in order that D. no matter what; as long as
20. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ____you don't mind taking the night train.
A. provided B. unless C. though D. until
Keys:
[][]
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考点十三 情景交际
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，21】---John and I will celebrate our fortieth wedding anniversary next month.
--- Oh, ______ !
A. cheer up B. well done C. go ahead D. congratulations
解析：D。考查情景交际。句意：--我和约翰下个月将庆祝我们结婚40周年。--哦，祝贺你们。A：振作点；B：做得好；C：干吧，说吧，用吧；D：祝贺。从语境分析可知只有D项符合题意。
【典例2：2009宁夏海南，全国I，21】---It looks heavy. Can I give you a hand
---______.
A. No, thanks B. Yes, my pleasure C. No, never mind D. Yes, I do
解析：A。考查情景交际。句意：---它看起来很重，需要我帮忙吗？---不用，谢谢。在对方提供帮助时，出于礼貌，拒绝对方的同时也要表示感谢。所以选择A。别人感谢你时，你可以说“My pleasure（不用谢）”，所以排除B；C项用来回答别人道歉或安慰别人；D项在此处意思是“好的，我会”，不合题意。
【典例3：2009辽宁，21】---Is it OK if I take this seat []
---Sorry, ______.
A. here you are B. take it C. it’s taken D. never mind
解析：C。考查情景交际。句意：---我可以坐这个座位吗？--抱歉，这个座位有人坐了。A：给你；B：做吧；C：有人坐了；D：没关系。从语境判断只有C项符合题意。
2010考点预测
高考试题中的情景交际试题主要呈现以下特点：
1、 以情景为条件，以对话为主要表达形式；
2、 既短小又灵活，前言后语连接紧凑，答语多呈现省略，增加了答案的隐蔽性；
3、 主要考察英语的日常用语、习惯用语以及各种场合的交际性语言，并从实际出发，考查交际语言的运用能力。
因此，高考英语备考既要掌握词汇、语法和阅读等方面的相应知识，更要在理解特定的语言情景下如何恰当地使用地道的英语表达习惯来交流思想、传递信息，考生应特别注意对中西方文化知识的了解，通过与中国文化的对照，积累认识，养成用地道的英语对生活中各种常见问题进行提问和作答的交际习惯，提高交际的得体性。同学们只有重视学习关于外语交际规则和交际模式的明确知识，才能防止中文思维定势的干扰和影响，形成正确英语思维方式。
知识必备
高考对日常用语的考查涉及《高中英语课程标准》所列举的全部41项内容，部分语法知识以及一些常识性的文化知识。可以说，内容非常广泛。下文将列举的是考试常见的交际用语考点。
一、 祝愿、祝贺和应答 （Good wishes, congratulations and responses）
1.- Well done and congratulations to you.
- Thanks very much.
2.- I hope you'll succeed in everything.
- So do I.
3.- I wish you success.
- Thank you.
4.- We send you our best wishes.
- Thank you very much.
5.- Happy new year !
- Happy new year! (The same to you.)
6.- A merry Christmas to you.
- Thank you.
7.- I hope you'll have a good time.
- Thank you.
8.- Happy birthday!
- Thank you.
二、邀请和应答 （Invitations and responses）
1.- Would you like to come to the party
- Oh yes, thank you.
2.- I hope you can come to the dance next Saturday.
- I'm sorry, but I can't.
3.- Will you go dancing with us
- Of course. I'll be glad to.
4.- Will you come to our English Evening
- Yes, thank you.
5.- Would you please give us a talk on English Learning
- OK. When
6.- You and your friends must come over to my house and see mooncakes.
- OK. Thank you very much.
三、表示同意和不同意 （Expressing agreement and disagreement）
1. - I think the shop is closed at this time of day.
- No, I think it's open.
2. - I think foreign languages are more interesting than science.
- I really can't agree with you. I prefer science.
3. - I think I shall read a book instead.
- Good idea. That's much better than watching a bad TV Programme.
4．- I don't think that it's true. He's always telling strange stories.
- I know. But this time I can't decide if he is right or not.
5. - I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.
- Maybe. But I prefer art.
6. - Don't think in Chinese when you're speaking English.
- You are quite right.
四、道歉和应答 （Apologies and responses）
1.- Sorry to trouble you.
- That's all right.
2.- Oh, I am so sorry.
- That's quite all right.
3.- I'm sorry to give you so much trouble.
- No trouble at all.
4.- I'm soory. I lost the key to your bike.
- It doesn't matter.
5.- Sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.
- It doesn't matter.
6.- You haven't paid for it yet.
- Oh, I'm really very sorry.
五、劝告和建议 （Advice and suggestions）
1. - The park isn't far from here. Shall we walk there
- OK.
2 .- You'd better close the windows. It's cold in the room.
- All right.
3．- If you are not better by then, I'll take you to see the doctor.
- OK. Thank you very much.
4. - You must look after yourself and keep healthy.
- Yes, I will. Thanks.
5. - The museum is very far from here. Let'catch a bus, shall we
- OK. Let's catch a bus.
6. - You must remember the saying: Whatever you do, do it well.
- Thank you for your advice.
六、 打电话 （Making telephone calls）
1.- Hello!
- Hello, Bill
- No, this is Sam.
- Hi, Sam. This is Mike. How are you
2.- Hello.
- Hello. May I speak to Mr Green
3.- No. 5 Middle School.
- Mr Green, please.
- I'm sorry. Mr Green is not in.
- When will he be back
- About six this afternoon.
- All right. I'll ring again then.
- Very well.
3. - Hello!
- Hello, Ham Mei. Could I borrow your Chinese-English Dictionary please
- Sorry! It's not a very good line. Could you speak more loudly
- Could I borrow your Chinese-English dictionary
- Sure. I'll bring it to you tomorrow.
- Thank you. Goodbye.
七、请求允许和应答 （Asking for permission and responses）
1.- Please let me help you.
- No, thanks. I can carry it.
2.- Can I see your licence, please
- OK.
3.- May I call you James
- Of course, if you wish.
4.- Could I borrow a pen, please
- Of course. With pleasure.
5.- Excuse me. May I use your dictionary
- Yes, here you are.
6.- May I ask you several questions
- Yes, of course.
八、提供… 和应答 （Offers and responses）
1.- May I help you
- Oh yes, thank you.
2.- Let me help you with the bags.
- Well, I can manage all right. Thanks just the same.
3.- Can we help you
- I want to go to hospital. But I can't. My leg hurts.
4.- Must I clean the classroom now
- Oh, you needn't.
5.- Would you like a cup of tea
- Yes, please.
6.- What can I do for you
- I'd like to have an English-English dictionary.
九、问路和应答 （Asking the way and responses）
1. - Excuse me. Where is the washroom, please
- Oh, it's over there.
2. - Excuse me. Can you tell me where the bookshop is
- Look! It's on the other side of the road.
3. - How far is the post office, please
- Only a few kilometers.
4. - Will you please tell me the way to the railway station
- Go down this street. At the end of the road you'll see it.
5．- Excuse me. Could you tell me how I can get to the supermarket
- Go straight along this road. Then go over the bridge and turn right at the bookshop.
You'll find it.
十、购物 （Shopping）
1. - What can I do for you
- I'd like some apples.
2. - Where can I buy some stationery
- Let's look at the shopping guide. Oh, it's on the ground floor.
3. - Could I buy half a kilo oranges
- Certainly. Here you are.
4. - Will you please show me that radio
- Certainly.
5. - How much is the radio
- Ninety yuan.
6. - Good morning, sir. May I help you
- Yes, I'd like to buy a sweater.
十一、谈论天气 （Talking about the weather）
1. - It's a fine day for a walk.
- Yes, the air is nice and clean.
2. - Oh dear! It's very cold today.
- Yes, you need to wear warmer clothes.
3. - What's the weather like today
- It's fine.
4. - What's the weather like in your country now
- It's very hot.
5. - Lovely weather, isn't it
- Yes, isn't it
6. - I missed the weather report this morning. Did you hear it
- Yes. It said partly cloudy today, with a strong wind from the northwest.
十二、时间或日期和应答 （Asking the time or date and responses）
1. - Hi, Mary. What time is it now
- It's about three.
2. - What day is it today
- It's Wednesday.
3. - Excuse me. Could you tell me what time the plane leaves
- Certainly. It leaves at ten in the evening.
4. - What's the time My watch has stopped.
- Let me see. It's five to ten.
5. - Excuse me. Have you got the time
- Yes, it's six twenty.
6. - Excuse me. Could you tell me the time
- Oh sorry, I don't have my watch with me.
十三、约会 （Making appointments）
1. - Are you free next Wednesday evening I want to go to the cinema with you
- Yes, I'd like to.
2. - When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening
- I don't mind. Either time is OK.
3. - Are you free later today
- Sorry, I'm free every day except today.
4. - Are you able to come tomorrow morning
- I think so.
5. - Are you free this afternoon
- Oh no. Will this evening be all right
6. - I'm busy today. What about tomorrow afternoon
- That would be fine. Shall we make it nine o'clock
十四、 禁止和警告 （Prohibition and warnings）
1. - Don't climb that ladder! It's broken.
- OK. Thank you.
2. - Look out! There's a car coming.
- Oh, thank you.
3. - You mustn't play on the street. It's dangerous.
- No, we won't.
4. - Don't touch the machine when it is working.
- No, I won't. Thank you.
5. - You are not allowed to smoke here.
- Oh, I'm sorry.
6. - You can't walk your dog in the park.
- Oh, I'm sorry. I'll never do it again.
十五、看病 （Seeing the doctor）
1. - I'm feeling tired, doctor.
- Have a good rest and then you'll feel better.
2. - How are you feeling today
- I'm feeling even worse.
3. - Doctor, she is not feeling well.
- Nothing serious, I hope.
4. - Doctor, do I have to take the medicine before or after meals
- Three times a day after meals.
5. - What's the matter
- I've got a headache.
6. - What's your trouble
- I've had a pain in my stomach since morning.
真题赏析
1. (2009 山东,30)—Poor Steve! I could hardly recognize him just now!
—______. He has changed so much. I[]
A. Never mind B. No problem
C. Not at all D. Me neither
2. (2009天津,3)—We're organizing a party next Saturday, and I'd like you to come.
—_______! I have another one that day. Thank you just the same.
A. Good luck B. What a pity
C. Never do it again D. Well done
3. (2009 天津, 11 )—Putting on a happy face not only helps us make friends but also makes us feel better.
--________.[]
A. I'd love to B. I'm with you on that
C. It's up to you D. It's my pleasure
4. (2009 江苏,29)— Bill, can I get you anything to drink
—__________.
A. You are welcome B. No problem[]
C. I wouldn't mind a coffee D. Doesn't matter
5. (2009 全国 II ,19)—Do you mind my opening the window It's a bit hot in here.
—______, as a matter of fact.
A. Go ahead B. Yes, my pleasure
C. Yes, I do D. Come on
6. (2009 福建,26)— Your mum is very kind.
—Yeah. My mum is pretty considerate, you know what __---she always arranges everything around me.
A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean
7. (2009浙江, 1)—Hey, you haven't been acting like yourself. Everything OK
--________.
A. I'm fine, thanks B. Sure, it is
C. That's good D. It's OK
8. (2009浙江,17)--Do you want another drink
--_________.
A. I don't think so B. No way
C. Not at all D. I wouldn't say no
9- (2009 安徽,26)—Could you be so kind as to close the window
--________.
A. With pleasure B. Go ahead
C. Yes, please D. That's OK
10. (2009 重庆,35)—Ken ______,but your TV is going too loud.
—Oh, I'm sorry. I'll turn it down right now.
A. I'd like to talk with you B. I'm really tired of this
C. I hate to say this D. I need your help
11. (2009 四川, 1 )—May I open the window to let in some fresh air
--_________.[]
A. Come on! B. Take care! C. Go ahead! D. Hold on!
12. (2009四川 ,9)—Would you please help me with the box
--________.
A. Yes, please. B. No, please don't.
C. With pleasure. D. My pleasure.[]
专项突破
1. —Do you mind my turning off the light
—______. I'm reading the end of the story.
A. No, not at all B. Of course not
C. I'd rather you didn't D. Yes, please
2. —Do remember to see a doctor tomorrow!
—______.
A. Got it B. Heard it C. Made it D. Taken it
3. — May I try the jacket on
—____, but I think it will be too small for you.
A. As you like B. By all means
C. As a result D. Believe it or not
4. —Sorry for what I have said to you.
----________.
A. Let's forget it B. No, of course not
C. No, nothing much D. I do beg your pardon
5. ---Did your sister pass the exam
—She failed and is in low spirits.
—I'm sorry for her.
--__________.
A. Thank you B. You're welcome
C. I would think so D. Never mind
6. —Lucy, you seem in high spirits. What happened
—_____I've passed the exam.
A. Guess what! B. What for
C. So what D. Well done!
7. —Tom, how about going for a picnic this week end
—______. I love getting close to nature.
A. I'm afraid not B. I couldn't agree more
C. It's well done D. I don't think so
8. — You hate Jim, don't you
—______. I just think he's a bit annoying. That's all.
A. That's it B. It's up to you
C. No way D. Not exactly
9. —Mr. Wang is a man of few words, but quick in mind.
—______, you know.
A. A single flower does not make a spring
B. A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds
C. A still tongue makes a wise head
D. A great talker is a great liar
10. —It's nothing serious, doctor "
—No.______.
A. You'll be all right soon B. You won't be all right soon
C There's some trouble with you D. It's very serious
11. —How are things with you
—______. I now make enough money to pay bills and keep food on the table.
A. From bad to worse B. Can't complain
C. Too bad D. Too good
12. —Tom failed the exam. —Just his luck.______.
A. He has to kill the fatted calf
B. He has to face the music
C. He must be the apple of his parents' eye
D. He must be a black sheep
13. —It is reported in the local newspaper that the murderer was caught in a small town.
-- ________.
A. Justice has long arms
B. One false move may lose the game
C. Lies have short legs
D. Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it
14. —The film we saw last week is very romantic.
—______. I didn't think it romantic at all.
A. With all due respect B. I beg to differ
C. As predicted D. I can't agree with you more
15. —Did you enjoy your journey to the town []
— _________. We had driven more than 3 hours before we found the right way.
A. Absolutely B. No way
C. Not at all D. Quite a lot
16. — What present shall we make for Simon for his birthday Which kind of things does he like, football, pop music, model planes or ships
—_____. Let's make him a model plane.
A. It's a good idea B. That's it
C. That's true D. That's right
17. — Waiter _____
—Wait a minute, sir. That's 80 yuan altogether.
A. how much did we eat
B. would you please charge me[]
C. may I have the bill, please
D. would you take the money
18. —I am going to join them in the game.
--_______.
A. Have fun B. That's very nice of you
C. Have a pleasure D. Maybe you like it
19.—I'm dead tired. I can't walk any further, Jenny.
--_______, Tommy. You can do it!
A. No problem B. No hurry
C. Come on D. That's OK
20. —I'm so tired, working all morning on the farm.
—Why not take a rest, then
--________.
A. Because I can't afford it B. Maybe I should
C. I don't know D. Sorry, I can't tell you
[]
[]
[]
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考点九 名词性从句
2009真题回放
【典例1：】It is obvious to the students _______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as B. which C. whether D. that
解析：D。考查主语从句。句意：显然，学生们应该为他们的未来做好充分准备。That引导主语从句，在从句中不做成分，it是形式主语。as引导定语从句或状语从句；which引导名词性从句时，意为：哪个（些）；whether可引导名词性从句，但是其意为：是否，意思不合适。
【典例2：2009宁夏海南，全国I，24】Could I speak to ________ is in charge of International Sales please
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever
解析：C。考查宾语从句。句意：我能与主管国际销售的人谈谈吗？根据句意可知是跟人交谈，所以排除B, D两项。A项指具体确定的人，C项表示不确定的人，“我”不认识负责国际销售的人，所以是不确定的人，因此选择C项。
【典例3：2009重庆，31】We should consider the students’ request _________ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
解析：A。考查同位语从句。句意：我们应该考虑学生们的要求，即学校图书馆应该多提供有关大众科学方面的书籍。由句意可知：request后面的从句表述的是request的内容，因此是一同位语从句，并且这一同位语从句中不缺成分，因此选择that。
2010考点预测
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化，但仔细分析高考试题不难看出，主要从从句语序、连接词辨析、形式主语和形式宾语、与定语从句的区分等方面进行考查。
知识必备[]
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能高考资源网担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为两类：
1. 名词性that从句，即以that为连接词的名词性从句。that只能起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。
2. 名词性wh-从句，即以wh-词连接的名词性从句。Wh-词包括：
连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词：when, where, how, why
连接词whether, if不充当句子的任何成分。
二、主语从句[]
1. 用作主语的从句叫主语从句。That引导的主语从句作主语，that不能省略。
▲That he likes such kind of books is very interesting.他喜欢这种书是非常有趣的。
▲Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否能够来仍然是一个问题。
▲What he is looking for is none of your business. 他在找什么与你无关。
2. 很多主语从句都可以用it作形式主语位于句首，而把主语从句放于句尾。。例如：
It is very interesting that he likes such kind of books.
It remains a question whether he will be able to come.
3. 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be + adj. + that从句
　It is necessary that…有必要……
　It is important that…重要的是……
　It is obvious that… 很明显……
It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.
b. It + be + 过去分词 + that从句
　It is believed that…　人们相信……
　It is known to all that…从所周知……
　It has been decided that… 已决定……
It is said that they have won the game.
c. It + be + n. + that从句　It is common knowledge that………是常识
　It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
　It is a fact that… 事实是……
It is a pity that he missed the lecture.
d. It + be + vi. + that从句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……[]
It seems that something is wrong with the computer.
三、表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语，它位于主句的联系动词之后。that从句作表语，that不能省略。表语从句只用whether，不用if。
▲The problem is that smokers cannot go without smoking. 问题是抽烟的人不抽烟就会感到难受。
▲The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是否值得做。
▲This is where he has worked for years. 这就是他多年工作的地方。
四、宾语从句[]
宾语从句在句中作宾语，引导宾语从句的that可以省略。whether和if可互换，但做介词宾语或有or not时，用whether.
▲They know that the habit may kill them. 他们知道这个习惯能使他们致死。
▲They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. 他们怀疑Jack是否是一个好学生。
▲They wanted to see which shops offered the best advice and service. 他们想了解哪家店提出的建议和提供的服务最好。
五、同位语从句
同位语从句中先行词不充当从句成分，从句是用来解释先行词的内容。That从句作同位语，that不能省略。可以被同位语从句修饰的常用名词有：belief, doubt, idea, opinion, news, poosibility, truth, fact, thought, question, advice,order, warning, fear, suggestion, problem.
▲Word came that our football team had won the match. 消息传来，我们的足球队赢了比赛。
▲May I ask a question when the meeting will be held 我能否问个问题，会议什么时候举行？
六、复习时需注意的要点
1. 由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语
2. 主句和从句要保持时态上的一致性，从句还要保持陈述句语序。
3. 当从句是由选择问句转化而成时，一定要用whether构成whether...or结构。[]
4. That-从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：[]
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
5. 选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
真题赏析
1. (2009北京 ,31) At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _____it got any better.
A. when B. how C. why D. if
2. (2009江苏，34) Many young people in the West are expected to leave _____could be life's most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
3. (2009浙江,12) —Is there any possibility ________you could pick me up at the airport []
—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
4. (2009 上海 ,37 ) It is not immediately clear_______the financial crisis will soon be over.
A. since B. what C. when D. whether
5. (2009 上海,40) As a new diplomat, he often thinks of _____he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
A. what B. which C. that D. how
6. (2009 湖南 ,2 ) She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do ____it takes to save her life.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever
7. (2009 四川 ,7) News came from the school office ______Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
A. which B. what C. that D. where
8. (2009 江西 ,33) The fact has worried many scientists_____the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A. what B. which C. that D. though
9. (2009 陕西, 17) The how to book can be of help to ______wants to do the job.
A. who B. whomever
C. no matter who D. whoever
Keys:[]
专项突破
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that ;what B. what; that
C. that; that D. what; what
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having[]
3.“Is ______ you want to say？” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
4. “When ______ leave for Japan？” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is[]
C. who is it D. who it is
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves？
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
7. The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
8. When asked they needed most，the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A.what B.why C.whom D.which
9. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held
A. what B. which C. that D. where[]
10. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make it is.
A.what B.which C.how D.where
11. My parents don't care____ my pocket money goes,but one thing is for sure;the money spent must be worthwhile.
A. why B. when C. where D. how
12. Now that energy prices are rising so rapidly, fur ther prices are very uncertain, and the risk______a new invest ment depending on them may fail is greater.
A. by which B. of C. that D. in that
13. My consideration is _____ the financial crisis in the USA will heavily influence China.
A. which B. if C. what D. why[]
14. —Obama won the election. It's amazing!
—Yes. But the result was within _______ we had expected, ______brought great joy to many young people and the black.
A. that; which B. that; that
C. what; what D. what; which
15. All the books I have are here. You may borrow______you like.
A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. however
16. The beautiful views and the friendly people are _____ new comers like San Francisco.
A. when B. what C. where D. why
17. The poor young man is ready to accept ______ help he can get.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
18. — I'm afraid I have to give it up.
—Don't be discouraged. Remember _____ sticks to his work will succeed one day.
A. anyone B. who
C. no matter who D. whoever
19. ______seems to be a strong compe tition in China for senior high students to enter universities does exist in other countries as well.
A. It B. There C. What D. That
20.Pointing to the house on______roof grew lots of bush,the old man told me that was______I would stay.
A. its; what B. whose; what C. whose; where D. its; where

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考点二 代词
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009上海，26】-- Wow! You’ve got so many clothes.[]
---- But _______ of them are in fashion now.
A. all B. both C. neither D. none
解析：D。考查代词在具体语境中的应用。句意：---哇！你衣服真多啊。---但是现在没一件跟得上潮流。由语境分析可知：第二句话表示“全否定”，而A, B两项表示“全肯定”，故排除；C项表示“两者全否定”，也排除掉。
【典例2：2009四川，3】I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy _____.
A. one B. it C. this D. that
解析：B。考查代词。句意：我喜欢这套带漂亮前院的房子，但是我没有足够的钱去买它。one泛指某类中的一个；it特指前面提及的单数个体；this代指已经提到或已知的人、物、注意等；that特指某个人或物，尤指在空间或时间上较远的。由此判断选择it。
【典例3：2009陕西，10】Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer ______ of them.
A. other B. any C. none D. some
解析；B。考查不定代词。句意：Jane被问了很多问题，但她一个都没回答出来。other不和of连用，因此排除A项；空前面有not一次，根据句意可以排除C项；再从语境分析，结合前面的but一次，排除D项。
2010考点预测
代词在具体的语境中运用起来往往具有很大的灵活性，高考英语试题对代词的考查更是灵活多变。同学们在备考时要从以下几方面入手来把握代词的解题规律：
1.明确指代。在解答代词题目时，我们应首先分析前后文，明确代词所指代的对象，从而避免误判。具体说来应从以下几方面考虑：[]
　　(1)代词指代的是人还是物；
　　(2)代词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词；
　　(3)代词指代的是特指还是泛指概念;
　　(4)代词指代的概念是表示两者之间还是三者或三者以上。
　　(5)代词所表示的是肯定还是否定概念。
2.理清逻辑。需要通过分析上下文所蕴涵的逻辑关系才能做出正确判断。具体说来应从以下方面去考虑:
　　(1)代词所表示的范围；
　　(2)代词表示的是全部否定还是部分否定。
3．吃透语境。有些高考试题考查的是代词在具体语境中的灵活运用，这样的题目须分析具体的语境才能选出正确答案，忌死抠语法。
知识必备
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词和连接代词九种。
一、人称代词
1.人称代词的分类
数格[][][][]人称[][] 单数[][] 复数[]
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he, she, it him, her, it they them
2.人称代词的用法
人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语、同位语等，有时也作表语。
I like English.我喜欢英语。（主语）
Tom waited for me until nine o’clock.汤姆一直等我到九点。（宾格）
二、物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的属格形式。
1.物主代词的分类
词义类型 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他（它）们的
形容词性 my your his her its our your their
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
2.物主代词的用法
形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，后跟名词或动词的-ing形式，而名词性的物主代词相当于名词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语等成分。
It’s not my book. Mine is there.那不是我的书,我的在那边。（my作定语，mine作主语）
三、反身代词
表示“我（们）自己、你（们）自己、他/她/它（们）自己”的代词成为反身代词。
1.反身代词的分类
人称数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
2.反身代词的用法
反身代词与它所指的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性、数上保持一致。在句中作宾语、同位语、表语等。反身代词不作主语。
You first of all should respect yourself.你首先应该尊重你自己。
The manager himself answered the phone, not his secretary.经理自己接的电话，不是秘书。
I’m not feeling myself today.我今天感觉不舒服。
四、指示代词
指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。this, these和that, those在使用上有区别，见下表。
指示代词 this, these that, those
例句 This ball is for you.---I’m going to America!--- This is very exciting. That ball is for your sister. ---I have passed the exam, dad.--- That’s great.
区别 this, these指时间或空间较近的人或物；还表示即将发生的事情 that，those指时间或空间较远的人或物；还表示已经发生的事情
五、疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词一般放句首，构成特殊疑问句，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。　
六、关系代词
关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中被定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。
He is the man whom you have been looking for.　 他就是你要找的那个人。
七、相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，each other主要用于两者之间，one another主要用于三者或三者以上。
They love each other.　　他们彼此相爱。
We received one another’s gifts before Christmas.圣诞节前我们收到了彼此的礼物。
八、连接代词
连接代词指连接名词性从句的代词。连接代词主要包括who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whichever, whatever等。
九、不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。
1.不定代词的分类
可数 One, each, many, both, another, either, neither, (a) few
不可数 Much, (a) little
可数也不可数 None, any, other, all, some
复合不定代词 Anyone, anybody, anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing
2.主要不定代词的用法
不定代词 含义 数量关系 作定语时名词的数 作主语时动词的数
both 两者都 =2 复数 复数
either 两者中的任何一个 =2 单数 单数
neither 两者都不 =2 单数 单数
all 三者或三者以上都 ≥3 单数或复数 单数或复数
none 三者或三者以上都不 ≥3 ○ 单数或复数
each 每一个 ≥2 单数 单数
every 每一个 ≥3 单数 单数
both, either, neither
both为“两者都”，neither为“两者都不”，either为“两者之一”。这三个单词都用于指两个人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
作主语：
1) Both (of them) enjoyed the rice. 他们两人喜欢吃米饭。
2) Neither (of us) is a doctor. 我们俩都不是医生。
3) Either (of you) will go. 随你们哪个去都可以。
注意：作主语时，both后面的谓语动词用复数。neither, either后面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。
作定语：
1) Both Zhang Hua's father and mother work in a hospital, but neither one is a doctor. 张华的父母亲在一所医院工作，但都不是医生。
2) You may take either apple. 两个苹果任你拿一个。
作宾语：
1) I like both of the toys very much. 我非常喜欢这两件玩具。
2) The boy could find neither of them and went away. 这男孩找不到他们俩就走开了。
both 还可作同位语，它在句中的位置是在动词be，助动词或情态动词的后面，但在实义动词前面。
1) They are both in good health. 他们两人身体都很好。
2) They will both go there. 他们两人都收到那儿去。
3) They both agreed to take part in the birthday party. 他们两人都答应参加生日晚会。
此外，either 可作副词用于否定句，表示 “也”，相当于肯定句中的 “too”。
This is not mine. That is not, either. 这不是我的，那也不是。
neither 表示“也不”的时候，常用在倒装的结构形式中：
I don't like to play football. Neither does he. 我不喜欢踢足球，他也不喜欢。
She hasn't got a bike. Neither have I. 他没自行车，我也没有。
注意，both 和 and, either 和 or, neither 和 nor 可构成连词。both 和 and表示“和……两个都”，连接主语时谓语动词用复数；either 和 or, neither 和 nor表示 “或……或”，“既不……也不”； 连接两个并列主语时谓语动词的数一般应与靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致，如：
1) Both Zhang and Wang are good students. 张、王都是好学生。
2) Either you or he is right. 不是你就是他对的。
3) Neither he nor I am a scientist. 他和我都不是科学家。
one, another, the other
1. one 常用来作代词，替代前文所出现的可数名词，表示人或物，以避免重复。例如：
I haven't got a ball pen. I'll have to buy one. (= a ball pen) 我没圆珠笔，我得去买一支。
He is one to think more of others. 他是个能多为别人着想的人。
2. the other, another 都可解释为 “另一个”。other 加上定冠词用于两者中的另一个，another 指三者以上中的另一个。例如：
He was two brothers. One is a doctor, the other is a teacher.
I don't like this one, show me another, please.
3. another 还有 “再……” 的意思，例如：
Have another cup of coffee, please. 再喝一杯咖啡吧！
She could have to stay here for another week. 他将在这里再待一个星期。
4. other 有 “另外” 的含义。例如：
Where are the other students 其他学生在哪里？
The boy is much cleverer than the other two. 这孩子比另两个更聪明。
5. others 和 the others 表示复数的泛指和特指。例如：
In the park some are playing games. Others are walking near the river.
I have five colour pencils. One is red, another is blue and the others are green.
each 和 every
each (每个，各自的) 强调个体，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。
every (每个，一切的) 相当于all，强调整体，只能作定语。
Each boy has a dictionary. 每个孩子都有一本词典。
Every boy has a dictionary. 所有的孩子都有一本词典。
注意： every 构成的常用词组
every other day 每隔一天 / every other line 每隔一行 / every five days 每五天
十、it用法
（一）作人称代词
　　 1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。
　　 You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）
　　 Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）
　　 They say he has left town, but I don't believe it. （it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）
　　2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。
　　Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree）
　　 The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）
　　 3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。
　　 ---- Who is it ---- It's me.
　　 ---- Who are singing ---- It is the children.
　　 ---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.
　　 4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。
　　 ---- Do you still have the bicycle ---- No, I have sold it.
　　 ---- Is this knife yours ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang's. Mine is the one on the desk.
　　 5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。
　　 The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）
　　 The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate，但不是The climate of South China）
（二）作无人称代词
　　 it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。
　　 It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).
　　 It is noon.
　　 It is a half hour's walk to the factory.
　　 It is eighteen square metres in area.
　　 What does it matter
　　（三）作强调词，构成强调结构
　　 用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。"It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。"在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。
It’s Tom who got the first prize.是汤姆得了第一名。
　　（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）
　　 为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。
　　 It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It=to go there on foot）
　　 We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it=that Mr Smith did not come last night）
真题赏析
1. (2009山东,23)I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn't face ______day like that.
A. other B. another C. the other D. others
2. (2009 北京,35)Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with ______extra stress.
A. it B. them C. one D. him
3. (2009 江苏,35)Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with ______of their parents.
A. those B. one C. both D. that
4. (2009 宁夏 海南，全国I ,33)One of the most important ques tions they had to consider was ______of public health.
A. what B. this C. that D. which
5. (2009 全国 II ,7) Charles was alone at home, with ______looking after him.
A. someone B. anyone C. not one D. no one
6. (2009全国II ,12)The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get _____completely free.
A. other B. others C. one D. ones
7. (2009 湖南 ,22) Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems _______themselves and solve their problems _______themselves.
A. to; by B. by; to C. for; to D. in; on
8. (2009 重庆,22)Over the past 20 years, the Internet has helped change our world in _______way or another for the better.
A. any B. one C. every D. either
专项突破
1. Make sure you've got the passports and tickets and _____before you leave.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
2. —Which of the two computer games did you prefer
—Actually I didn't like______.
A. both of them B. either of them
C. none of them D. neither of them
3. The English spoken in the United States is on ly slightly different from ______spoken in England.
A. which B. what C. that D. the one
4. —How do you find your new classmates
—Most of them are kind, but ______is so good to me as Bruce.
A. none B. no one C. every one D. some one
5. The two girls are getting on very well and share _____with each other.
A. little B. much C. some D. none
6. —I'd like some more cheese.
—Sorry, there's ______left.
A. some B. none C. a little D. few
7. To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or ________.
A. neither B. some C. all D. both
8. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _______ of the parents spoke the language.
A. none B. neither C. both D. each
9.---Do you want tea or coffee
--- __. I really don't mind.
A. none B. Neither C. Either D. All
10.-Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street
-Victoria Street _______ is where the Grand Theatre is.
A. Such B. There C. That D. This
11. Our neighbors gave _______a baby bird yester day that hurt _______when it fell from its nest.
A. us; it B. us; itself
C. ourselves; itself D. ourselves; it
12. Isn't it amazing how the human body heals _______after an injury
A. himself B. him C. itself D. it
13. —Could we see each other at 3 o'clock this af ternoon
—Sorry, let's make it ______time.
A. other's B. the other C. another D. other
14. The manager believes prices will not rise by more than ______four percent.
A. any other B. the other C. another D. other
15. ______worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
A. This B. That C. What D. It
16. He didn't make _____ clear when and where the meeting would be held.
A. this B. that C. it D. these
17. ______ felt funny watching myself on TV.
A. One B. This C. It D. That
18. —He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
—When was______
—______was in 2008 when he was still in college.
A. that; This B. this; It C. it; This D. that; It
19. The school's music group will be giving a big show tomorrow night and two ______on the weekend.
A. more B. other C. else D. another
20. — Have you heard the latest news
—No, what______
A. is it B. is there C. are they D. are those
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考点十 定语从句
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，24】Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which C. when D. that
解析：B。考查非限定性定语从句。句意：不管我何时遇见她，她都用甜甜的微笑迎接我，这是常事。分析句子结构可知，此处要选择一关系代词作主语，故排除C项；由语境分析，所选部分代替前面一句话，此从句是一非限定性定语从句，所以选择B。
【典例2：2009安徽，30】Many children, ________ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.
A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom[]
解析：B。考查定语从句。句意：很多小孩在村里都得到了很好的照顾，他们的父母远在大城市里打工。分析句子结构可知要选择一个起到连接作用的词，所以排除A, C；由语境分析，要选择表示所属关系的词，所以选择B。
【典例3：2009陕西，11】Gun control is a subject ________ Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which
解析：C。考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意：枪支控制是美国人争论了很长时间的一个话题。先行词为subject，带入定语从句后为：Americans have argued about the subject for a long time.由此可知：定语从句的谓语动词要和about搭配才能符合题意。
2010考点预测
定语从句是中学英语教学的重点，也是学生学习的难点，同时又是高考考查的热点。纵观近年各地高考试题，对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。因此，同学们在备考的时候除了掌握定语从句的定义，关系词的作用外，还要学会在具体的语境中对定语从句进行分析。
知识必备
定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散开了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。[]
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.[]
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。[]
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。[]
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：[]
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。[]
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
as, which非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。as引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'的意思。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
关系代词that的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e)先行词既有人，又有物时。
真题赏析
1. (2009北京,26)— What do you think of teaching,Bob
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _______you are doing something serious but interesting.
A. where B. which C. when D. that[]
2. (2009 天津 ,5) A person _____e-mail account is full won't be a-ble to send or receive any e-mails.[][]
A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever
3. ( 2009宁夏海南，全国 I , 28 ) She brought with her three friends, none of ______I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C.whom D. these
4. (2009 全国II ,17) My friend showed me round the town, _______ was very kind of him.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
5. (2009 辽宁 ,23) They've won their last three matches, ______I find a bit surprising actually.
A. that B.when C. what D. which
6. (2009 上海,34) Mozart's birthplace and the house ____he composed ‘ The Magic Flute' are both museums now.
A. where B.when C. there D. which
7. (2009湖南 ,26) I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _____name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose
8. (2009重庆，34) Life is like a long race ______we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what C. that D. where
9. (2009 四川 ,20) She'll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
10. (2009江苏 ,23) Because of the financial crisis,days are gone ______local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.
A. if B. when
C. which D. since
11. (2009福建,24) It's helpful to put children in a situation_____ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
Keys：
专项突破
1. Yesterday I bought an interesting story book, _____is very beautiful.
A. which cover B. the cover of which
C. its cover D. the cover of whose
2 While driving through the city, she showed me the building__she once worked as a lift operator.
A. when B. which C. by which D. in which[]
3.—Do you have anything in mind_____you'd like for supper
---Well, _______is okay with me.
A. that; anything B. which; everything
C. what; whatever D. where; something
4. ---Are you familiar with the music
---Yes. There was a time______this kind of music was quite popular.
A. that B. with which C. when D. about which
5. Your speech given at the meeting, ______everyone is taking into careful consideration, means much to us all.
A. where B. what C. as D. which
6. I saw the trees_____the leaves were black with disease.
A. where B. of which C. their D. whose
7. The matter__the head of the office should get down matters much to us all.
A. to which B. with which C. to whom D. about whom
8. It was in the small house _____was built with stones by his father______he spent his childhood.
A. where; that, B. that; which C. that; that D. which; which
9. The coffee ______we had the other day was different from______ we had yester day.
A.what; that B. /; what C. that; that D. what; what
10. _______is known to all* China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years' time.
A.That B.This C. As D. It
11.----I can't find Mr. Smith. Where did you meet him this morning
---It was in the hotel______he stayed.
A.that B. where C. which D. the one
12. You'll have to wait for one more week, ______the manager will be back from his trip.
A.before B. when C.as D. until
13. Do you agree to the way______ the problem is settled
A.in which B. how C. in that D. by which
14. There are two rooms on the first floor, _______ is used as a guest room.
A. a smaller of which B. a smaller of them
C. of which the smaller D. the smaller of them
15. The reason____ there are so many plants and animals in estuaries is_____plenty of food can be found there and young ones can be protected from storms and waves.
A. that; that B. why; because C. why; that D. that; why
16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p. m. , _______many people have got home.
A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which
17. On my father's birthday, I gave him a special present, _____ I had spent my own money buying for the first time.
A.one B.a one C. that D.them
18. Such things______you described are rare now.
A.as B.who C. that D. which[]
19. Janet as well as most of the other students who_______ abroad for further study______ up in the countryside.
A. were sent; brought B. were sent; was brought
C. was sent; were brought D. was sent; brought
20. The dictionary ______is sold out in the bookshop.
A.which you need it B. what you need
C. you need D. that you need it
Keys:
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考点六 非谓语动词
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，22】We are invited to a party ________ in our club next Friday.
A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding
解析：A。考查不定式作定语。句意：我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。hold与party为动宾关系，所以选择被动形式；而聚会是下周五举行，要选择表示“将来”的选项。故选择A。
【典例2：2009北京，34】________ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
解析：B。考查分词作状语。句意：因为两次被咬，邮递员拒绝给我们投递信件，除非我们拴住我们的狗。分词做原因状语，与逻辑主语the postman之间是被动关系，排除C项；从语境分析，“两次被咬”是已经发生的事情，而A表示“正在被咬”，D表示“将要被咬”，都排除掉。
【典例3：2009上海，31】A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _______ all four people on board.
A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill
解析：B。考查分词作状语。句意：一架小型飞机在城东五英里外的山坡上坠毁，机上四人全部丧生。现在分词做结果状语，D项也可以做结果状语，但一般表示“意料之外的结果”。
2010考点预测[]
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词，是高考得重点和难点。每年的高考题中总会出现2-3道。重点考查他们的基本用法以及三者的区别，也考查他们的一些特殊形式。掌握非谓语动词的基本用法和他们之间的区别是备考的关键。
知识必备
动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语（动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语）。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。
动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。
一、非谓语动词基本情况一览[]
形式 语法功能 构成法（以do为例） 与谓语动词的时间关系
主 语 宾 语 表 语 定 语 状 语 宾主补 时态语态 主 动 被 动 先发生 同发生 后发生[] 例 句
不 定 式[] √ √[] √ √[] √[][] √[] 一般式 to do to be done √[] √ I saw him go out.[][]I hope to go to college.
√ √ √ √ √ √ 完成式 to have done to have been done √ I am glad to have met you.
√ √ √ √ √ √ 进行式 to be doing √ He pretended to be working hard.
√ √ √ √ √ √ 完成进行式 to have been doing √ I am happy to have been living here.
现在分词 √ √ √ √ 一般式 doing being done √ He sat there, reading a book.
√ √ √ √ 完成式 having done having been done √ Having finished the work, he went home.
过去分词 √ √ √ √ 一般式 done √ Given more time, we could do it much better.
动名词 √ √ √ √ 一般式 doing being done √ √ She enjoys singing.I remember meeting you somewhere before.
√ √ √ √ 完成式 having done having been done √ She regretted having missed the film.
二、非谓语动词用法
（一）动词不定式：
动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
1. 动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
主 动 to build to have built to be building to have been building
被 动 to be build to have been build
2. 动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、宾语，表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：
（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.
（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。
（3）作宾语：① 作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；② 作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③ 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next
（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.
（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.
（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him 做定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：① 目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to （so as to） improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ② 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③ too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
3. 复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.
4. 疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
5. 动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
6. 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
7. 动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
（二）动词-ing形式
-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。
1. -ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：
动词 语态 形式 及物动词make 不及物动词go
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
一般式 making being made going
完成式 having made having been made having gone
2. -ing形式的基本用法。
（1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。–ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
（3）作宾语：① 作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much；② 作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York；③ do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon ④ 作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics；⑤ 作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. –ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again
（4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.
（5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
（6）作状语：① 时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. ② 原因状语：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③ 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
3. 主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
4. 被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.
5. 被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
6. -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peter’s （or Peter）going there first.
7. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn’t want to play it today.
8. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.
9. -ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。
10. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
（三）过去分词：
1. 过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ① 独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting （being） over, all left the room. ② 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
2. -ing形式与过去分词的区别：
（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
真题赏析
1. (2009 天津,4)______the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Completing B. Having completed
C. To have completed D. To complete
2. (2009 天津,9)______by the advances in technology, many farm ers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
3. ( 2009江苏, 26 ) Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _______ reduce unemploy ment pressures.
A. help B. to have helped
C. to help D. having helped
4. (2009浙江,18)___________, the pay isn't attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.
A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary
C. In particular D. To be honest
5. (2009 宁夏海南，全国 I ,30) The children all turned______the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at
6. (2009 宁夏海南，全国 I ,35) Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions______
A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take
7. (2009全国II ,16) They use computers to keep the traffic____smoothly.
A. being run B. run C. to run D. running
8. (2009 福建,32)_______not to miss the flight at 15 :20, the man ager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A. Reminding B. Reminded
C. To remind D. Having reminded
9. (2009福建, 34) In April,2009, President Hu inspected the war ships in Qingdao,_____ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.
A. marking B. marked
C. having marked D. being marked
10. (2009浙江,3)______ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
A. To be tired B. Tired C. Tiring D. Being tired
11. (2009 浙江,7) There is a great deal of evidence_______that mu sic activities engage different parts of the brain.
A. indicate B. indicating
C. to indicate D. to be indicating
12. (2009辽宁，22) When we visited my old family home, memory came back._______.
A. flooding B. to flood C. flood D. flooded
13. (2009 辽宁 ,27)_______,you need to give all you have and try your best.
A. Being a winner B. To be a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
14. (2009安徽,28)The play_______next month aims mainly to re flect the local culture.
A. produced B. being produced
C. to be produced D. having been produced
15. (2009上海，35) Bill suggested ______ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
Keys:
专项突破
1. There is nothing more I can try ______you to stay, so I wish you good luck.
A. persuading B. being persuaded
C. to be persuaded D. to persuade
2. —Does Shelly like shopping
—Well, she would rather spend time______at home than _____in the street.
A. read; wander B. reading; wander
C. in reading;to wander D. reading;to wander
3. The time and effort he has devoted during the past few years______trees in that remote area is now considered to be of great value.
A. to planting B. to plant
C. plant D. planting
4. Go to bed right away. Forget you need to get up as early as you can______the early train
A. catch B. catching C. caught D. to catch
5. ______around the Water Cube and the Bird's Nest, the tourists from Taiwan and I wished there ____a joint team for the London Olympics.
A. Having shown;to be B. To be shown;is
C. To show;were D. Having been shown;to be
6. The computer programs are a puzzle to me. The more I think of them,the more questions I think of______.
A. ask B. asked
C. being asked D. to ask
7. The pop star walked out of the stage,_______her hands elegantly to her crazy fans.
A. waving B. was waving
C. waved D. to wave
8. The teacher called Tom to his office because he was caught______in the exam.
A. to cheat B. cheating
C. cheated D. cheat
9. It is reported that some wild ani mals were found_______in a big cave in the mountain.
A. to hide dead B. hidden dead
C. hiding dead D. hidden death
10. It's dark and little Anne can't find her way home. She really doesn't know_______.
A. when to leave B. what to do
C. whether to go D. which to choose
11. With exports_______a big role in its economic growth, China has been affected by the current financial storm.
A. playing B. to play C. played D. play
12. The traditional approach _______ with complex problems in our studies is to break them down into smal ler, more easily managed problems.
A. to deal B. having dealt
C. to dealing D. being dealt
13. No time for sports,even music,_______ films and TV programs, all we students can see is exercises, exam papers and this sort of things.
A. not mentioning B. not mention
C. not to mention D. to mention no
14. The moving picture of a little boy of 5, ______from the big earthquake, has been made_______to all Chi nese people for the boy's saluting to the soldiers.
A. saved; to know B. to save; knowing
C. having been saved; know D. saved; known
15. I walked out of the cinema, _______I'd never come back to this hell of a place.
A. determining B. decided
C. to determine D. to decide
16. To test which foods are better for a long space journey, the astronauts in Shenzhou VII had as many as 50 dishes______.
A. to choose B. to be chosen
C. to choose from D. to be chosen from
17. ______ the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Your having read B. While reading
C. If reading D. When you read
18. The transportation will improve a lot in this city, with two new roads______in the near future.
A. being constructed B. to construe
C. to be constructed D. constructing
19. Any application form ______pro perly will not be accepted by the company.
A. not to be filled B. not filled
C. not being filled D. not having been filled
20. These problems, ______, will seriouslyaffect the growth of teenagers and even the nation's future.
A. not if solved properly B. if solved properly
C. not if properly solved D. if not solved properly
Keys：
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考点十二 特殊句式
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，27】So sudden ___ that the enemy had no time to escape.
A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack D. the attack was
解析：C。考查倒装句。句意：这次袭击非常突然以至于敌人没有时间逃跑。在so…that…句型中，so放句首，主句部分倒装，sudden是形容词，在句中作表语，所以选择系动词was。
【典例2：2009浙江，4】-- I’ve read another book this week.
--Well, maybe ______ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
解析：D。考查强调句。--这星期我又看了一本书。--嗯，也许重要的不是你看了多少，而是看了什么。由语境分析可知：本句可表达为：not how much you read but what you read counts.对比原题可知这是一强调句，强调句子的主语：it is not how much you read but what you read that counts.所以选择D。
【典例3：2009上海，30】Sally’s never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre, _____
A. hasn’t she B. has she C. isn’t she D. is she
解析：B。考查反义疑问句。句意：萨利从未在上海大剧院看过戏，是吗？句中陈述部分是现在完成时的否定形式，因此反问部分用现在完成时的肯定形式。所以选择B。
2010考点预测
高考试题对于特殊句式的考查主要体现在倒装句、反义疑问句和强调句等方面。所以，同学们在学习的时候，首先应该搞清楚这些句型是如何正确使用的，然后再在具体的语境中灵活运用。
知识必备
强调句
一、强调句型的基本结构
强调句型的基本结构为“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子的其它部分”。当被强调部分为sb., 且在句中作主语时, 可高考资源网用who, 也可用that, 其它情况一律用that。强调主语时, that后的谓语动词必须与被强调的主语人称与数保持一致。如：
It is I who am to blame.
It was in Greece that Olympic competitions first started.
在强调句中, 去掉It is/was...that/who后, 句子结构仍然完整正确, 句意仍明确全面。
二、强调成分
1、强调主语、宾语。如:
It was the two girls that the teacher praised yesterday. （强调宾语）
2、强调状语。如：
It was with great joy that he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home. （强调程度状语）
It was three years ago that I came to this school. （强调时间状语）
★使用强调句型对状语进行强调时, 有必要将其与下列句型区分开来。
我们来比较下面的句子：
1） It was in the evening that the soldiers arrived at the small mountain village. （强调句）
It was evening when the soldiers arrived at the small mountain village. （when引导时间状语从句, it表示时间）[]
2） It is for three hours that they have been back. （强调句型）
It was three hours before they came back. （before引导时间状语从句, it表示时间）
It is three hours since they came back. （since引导时间状语从句, it表示时间）
3、对“not...until...”结构的强调, 要用“It is/was not until...that...”这一固定句型。由于否定已经前移, that后只能用肯定形式。如：
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
4、强调含有定语从句的主、宾、状语时, 要确定好强调标志“that”的位置。如：
Was it at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood
It was in the shop which was opened last month that he bought the book.
It was the girl whose father worked abroad that lent me the book.
Was it in 1982 when you were in college that you got to know her
三、强调句型的疑问句型
Is it you who often help the old woman with her housework
Was it in her fifties that Mary began to learn Russian
Was it at a theatre that Abraham Lincoln was shot
强调句的一般疑问句结构为：Is/Was it...that/who...
How was it that they managed to finish the work in such a short time
强调句的特殊疑问句结构为：疑问词＋is/was it that...？注意在强调句的疑问句型中, 强调标志that/who后只能使用陈述语序。
比较：When was it that the Second World War broke out （√）
When was it that did the Second World War break out （×）
倒装句
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。
一、倒装的类型
类型 例 句 说 明
完 全倒 装 Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。 整个谓语移至主语之前。
部 分倒 装 Seldom does he go to school late.他上学很少迟到。 只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。
二、倒装结构的基本用法
1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装
情 况 例 句 说 明
疑问句中 Have you got a dictionary 你有一本字典吗？Where did he go last Monday 上星期一他去什么地方了？Are you listening to the radio 你在听广播吗？Who told you the news 谁告诉你那个消息的？Which boy broke this glass 哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？ 用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。
“there be”结构中 There are three wells in our village.我们村里有三口水井。There stands a big paper making factory by the river.河边有座大型造纸厂。
在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中 Here is a letter for you.这儿有你一封信。There goes the bell. 铃响了。Now comes your turn to play.现在轮到你玩了。Away went the crowd one by one.人们一个一个地离去。Look, there he comes! 看，他来了。Down she went 她下来了。 使用完全倒装结构。但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。
在以neither nor 或no more开头的句子中 I can’t swim, nor (neither)can she .我不会游泳，她也不会。He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。He did not turn up. No more did his wife. 他没有来，他妻子也没有来。 表示……也不这样， neither和nor意思相同，可以替换使用，no more表示动作的程度并不比前面提到的稍强。意为“也不…”。
用在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me .尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。Young as he is, he knows a lot.虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。 从属连句as用于特殊语序，含义与though, although相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前）
2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）
情 况 例 句 说 明[]
含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时 Never before have we seen such a sight.以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。Little did I think that he could be back alive.我没有想到他竟能活着回来。Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift.我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.不仅他所有的一切被没收了，而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了。 常用否定词有： never,not,hardly,scarcely seldom, little, not until, not only…but also, no sooner …than, hardly (scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。
副词only放在句首时 Only then did he realize his mistakes .只有在那时，他才认识到自己的错误。Only in this way can you learn maths well .只有用这种方法，你才能学好数学。Only Mother can understand me .只有母亲最理解我。Only three of us failed in the exam.我们中只有三个人考试不及格。 only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语+部分倒装”。如置于句首的only修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。
虚拟语气条件从句中 Were they here, they would help us .他们要是在这儿，他们会帮助我们的。Had I been informed earlier, I could have done something. 我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。Should you fail, take more pain and try again.万一你失败了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。 把从句中if省略将were，had或should放在主语的前面。
直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时 “He is a clever boy”said the teacher.老师说：“他是个聪明的孩子。”“Go, Dick, go!”cried Tom,“Go home and get help”“走，狄克，走！”汤姆呼喊着，“快回家去求援”“What do you think of the film ”he asked.他问“你认为这部电影怎么样？”“I’m leaving for Hongkong next month”Mary told me yesterday.玛利告诉我“我下月要去香港”。 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。
表示祝愿的句子中 May you succeed! 祝你成功。[] 谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。
副词so在句首 He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I .他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。They will learn chemistry next term, so will I.他们下学期学化学，我也学。I can drive a car, so can my younger brother.我会开汽车，我弟弟也会开车。 表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。
—Tom won the first prize for the English competition. －So he did.英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。It was cold yesterday. So it was .[]昨天天气冷。的确冷。 如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。
在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中 Often did we warn them not to do so.我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。Many a time has she helped me with my English. 她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。
在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首[] Thus ended his life.这样结束了他的生命。So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。
介词短语作状语，放在句首 In the middle of the room stood a little girl.在房间中央站着一个小女孩。In the distance was a horse.马在远处。
在强调表语的句子中 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.阿尔伯特·曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。Such is life. 生活就是这样。Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。 表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构达到平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。
反义疑问句
意疑问句是英语四大问句之一，它是由一个陈述句加上一个短问句而构成的。反意疑问句的基本构成形式是：陈述句+动词(肯定或否定)+主语？如：
　　①She often has lunch at school, doesn’t she ②You don’t like sports, do you
　　使用反意疑问句要注意以下若干对应规则：
　　一、 反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即：
　　肯定+否定？ 否定+肯定？如：
　　①You can’t do it, can you ②They are very late for the meeting, aren’t they
　　二、 反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词种类要对应一致。如：
　　①He has supper at home every day, doesn’t he (不能用hasn’t he )
　　②They have known the matter, haven’t they (不能用don’t they )
　　三、 反意疑问句中问句部分的动词在时态上应和陈述部分的时态一致。如：
　　①They will go to town soon, won’t they (不能用don’t they 或 aren’t they )
　　②He works very hard, doesn’t he (不能用didn’t he 或won’t he )
　　四、 反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。如：
　　①Your father is unhappy, isn’t he (不能用is he )
　　②The man is dishonest, isn’t he (不能用is he )
　　③It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isn’t it (不能用is it )
　　五、反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如：
　　①She never tells a lie, does she (不用doesn’t she )[][]
　　②He was seldom late, was he (不用wasn’t he )
　　六、反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am……时，问句部分习惯上用aren’t I？表示。如：
　　I am a very honest man, aren’t I
　　七、反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如：[]
　　①I think that he has done his best, hasn’t he
　　②We think that English is very useful, isn’t it (不用don’t we )
　　八、反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) don’t think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如：
　　①I don’t think that you can do it, can you (不用do I )
　　②We don’t believe that the news is true, is it (不用do we )
　　九、反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：
　　①They all think that English is very important, don’t they (不用isn’t it )
　　②He didn’t think that the news was true, did he (不用wasn’t/ was it )
　　十、反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told, reported, asked……) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：
　　①They said that you had finished your work, didn’t they (不用hadn’t you)
　　②Kate told you that she would go there, didn’t she (不用wouldn’t she )
十一、陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时，问句部分的主语用it。如：
　　①Something is wrong with the computer, isn’t it ②Nothing has happened to them, has it
　　十二、陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone), anybody(anyone), nobody(no one), everybody(everyone)时，问句部分的主语用he或 they，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。如：
　　①Someone has taken the seat, hasn’t he
　　②Everyone has done their best in the game, haven’t they
　　十三、陈述部分为Let me……时，问句部分习惯上用shall I 或will you 形式。如：
　　Let me have a try, shall I (will you )
　　十四、陈述部分为Let us……时，问句部分习惯上用will you 形式。如：
　　Let us stop to rest, will you
　　十五、陈述部分为Let’s……时，问句部分习惯上用shall we 形式。如：
　　Let’s go home together, shall we
　　十六、陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you 形式表示请求，用won’t you？形式表示委婉请求或邀请。如：
　　①Do sit down, won’t you / will you ②You feed the bird today, will you
　　③Please open the window, will you (won’t you )
　　十七、陈述部分为否定祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you 形式。如：
　　Don’t make any noise, will you
　　十八、陈述部分为There (Here) + be + 主语时，问句部分用动词+there(here) 形式。如：
　　①There are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there ②Here is a story about Mark Twain, isn’t here
　　十九、陈述部分用had better +原形动词表示建议时，问句部分用hadn’t +主语？形式。
　　①You’d better tell him about the matter, hadn’t you
　　②We had better do it by ourselves, hadn’t we
　　二十、陈述部分用used to +主语时，问句部分用didn’t + 主语？或usedn’t +主语？形式。
　　①He used to live in the country, didn’t he /usedn’t he
　　②They used to be good friends, didn’t they /usedn’t they
　　二十一、陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式。如：
　　①He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn’t he
　　(不用mightn’t he / hasn’t he )
　　②You must have got up late this morning, didn’t you (不用mustn’t you /haven’t you )
　　二十二、陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。如：
　　①Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, haven’t they (不用mustn’t they )
　　②You must have worked there a year ago, didn’t you (不用mustn’t you / haven’t you )
　　二十三、陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：
　　①What he said is true, isn't it (不用didn’t he )
　　②Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it (不用won’t we )
　　二十四、陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如：
　　①To do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it
　　②Skating is your favorite sport, isn't it
真题赏析
1. (2009 江西, 27 ) It was ______he came back from Africa that year _______he met the girl he would like to marry.
A. when; then B. not; until
C. not until; that D. only; when
2.（2009天津，14 ) I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _______do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.
A. as B. which C. when D. though
3. (2009 江苏 ,33 ) —What's the matter with Delia
—Well, her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party, but she still _______.
A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for
4. (2009宁夏，海南，全国31) The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only __ , but students became more interested in the lessons.
A. saved was teachers' energy B. was teachers' energy saved
C. teachers' energy was saved D. was saved teachers' energy
5. ( 2009 福建,25) For a moment nothing happened. Then _______all shouting together.
A. voices had come B. came voices
C. voices would come D. did voices come
6. (2009辽宁 ,28) ______ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.
A. Such B. This C. That D. So
7. (2009辽宁，34) It's the first time that he has been to Australia, _____
A. isn't he B. hasn't he C. isn't it D. hasn't it
8. (2009 安徽 32)_______a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.
A. It has B. They have C. It remains D. There remains
9. (2009江苏，32) Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school. _______the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.
A. Attend B. To attend
C. Attending D. Having attended
10. (2009 上海,38) Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away______
A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief
C. the thief was fleeing D. fled the thief
11. (2009湖南 ,32) You and I could hardly work together,_______
A. could you B. couldn't I C. couldn't we D. could we
12. (2009重庆，33 ) Unsatisfied ______ with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.
A. though was he B. though he was
C. he was though D. was he though
13. (2009 四川, 16) Not until I came home last night ______to bed. []
A. Mum did go B. did Mum go
C. went Mum D. Mum went
Keys:
13. B句意：昨晚妈妈直到我回家才上床睡觉。not until引导状语从句且提前置于句首需要部分倒装，又因为时态是过去时(从came可知)，所以要将助动词did提前。
专项突破
1. Mr. Green didn't understand ______made his daughter so absent-minded this morning.[]
A. how that was B. what was it
C. why it was that D. what it was that
2. —______ you got to know I traveled to the USA
—Through one of your colleagues.
A. Where it was that B. When it was that
C. How was it that D. Why was it that
3. —Have you got any plans for the coming birthday
—Yes.______, I'm going to try bungee jumping.
A. If not B. If busy
C. If anything D. If possible
4. It's on the festival occasions _______the family get together ______he misses his late father.
A. where; that B. which; when
C. when; that D. that; when
5. —Do the students learn any foreign language in your school
—Yes, more than one ______taught in this school.
A. language is B. language are
C. language be D. languages are
6. This is the third time we ________to wait for Anne. It's so rude of her to make us all wait in the rush hour.
A. have B. have had C. had D. will have
7. The women carrying babies, come in first, _______
A. will you B. will they
C. don't they D. don't you
8.So absorbed _______in her work that she didn't realize it was time that she picked up her daughter.
A. she was B. was she
C. did she D. she did
9. John talked with me for about an hour yesterday. Never _______him talk so much.
A. had I heard B. did I hear[]
C. I had heard D. I heard
10. _______, I think, and the problem could be set tled.
A. So long as you keep up your spirits
B. A bit more effort
C.If you doubt your efforts
D. Making great efforts
11. He told me that he had mailed part of the samples and that the rest ______in a few days.
A. was following B. have followed
C. has followed D. were following
12. They couldn't say ______it was ______troubled them.
A. what; that B. what; what
C. that; what D. what; who
13.Could it be in the restaurant ______you had dinner with me yesterday ______you lost your handbag
A. that; which B. which; that
C. where; that D. that; where
14. Only when ______possible to settle the problem.
A. does the chief editor come will it be
B. the chief editor comes will it be
C. has the chief editor come will it be
D. the chief editor comes it will be
15. _______, the mountain climbers eventually conquered Himalayas.
A. As the difficulty was great B. Great as the difficulty was
C. A great difficulty as it was D. The difficulty was great
16. By no means ______to her parents.
A. this is the first time has she lied
B. this is the first time does she tell a lie
C. is this the first time she has lied
D. is this the first time she was lying
17. ______for his action on the playground, but he is also famous for the things that he does off the playground.
A. Not he is only known B. Not only is he known
C. Only is he known not D. He is only not known
18. On the contrary, I think it is Truman, ______ you, ______to blame.
A. more than; are B. less than; who are
C. rather than; that is D. rather than; is
19. There is no light or sound in the house. They must have gone to the cinema, ______
A. didn't they B. don't they C. mustn't they D. haven't they
20. Not only ______give people relaxation and pleasure, but ______increase their knowledge of any kind.
A. can travel; it can B. travel can; can it
C. can travel; can it D. travel can; it can
[]
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考点聚焦
考点一 名词和冠词
1.名词
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009湖南，33】Either you or one of your students ______ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are B. is C. have D. be
解析：B。考查主谓一致。句意：你或者你的一名同学应该去参加明天的会议。either …or…连接并列主语，谓语动词由最近的主语决定，因此本句中由“one of your students”决定，所以谓语动词选择单数。
【典例2：2009山东，29】-- He says that my new car is a _____ of money.
--- Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes
A. lack B. load C. question D. waste
解析：D。考查名词词义辨析。句意：--他说我新买的小汽车浪费钱。---难道你不认为这是吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸吗？A：缺乏；B：负荷；C：问题；D：浪费。由语境分析可知只有D项符合题意。
【典例3：2009天津，1】I’m trying to break the _______ of getting up too late.
A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure
解析：C。考查名词词义辨析。句意：我正努力改掉晚起的习惯。A：传统；B：方便；C：习惯；D：休闲。由语境分析可知只有C项符合题意。
2010考点预测
由以上题目可以看出名词日益成为高考中的一个重点。明年名词的考点应该还是集中于名词在具体语境中的应用、抽象名词具体化、主谓一致等。因此，同学们在备考时要从以上方面入手，进行总结归纳，消化吸收，灵活运用。[]
知识必备
名词
表示人、事物、地名或抽象概念的名称的词叫做名词。名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语、同位语、称呼语、状语、定语等。
一、名词分类
类别 定义 例词
普通名词[] 可数名词[][][][][] 个体名词[] 指单个人或事物的名词[] book, gun[]
集体名词 指一群人或一些事物总称的名词 family, people
不可数名词 物质名词 指无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词 water, air
抽象名词 指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念的名词 anger, peace
专有名词 用来专门指代某一人、物、地点、机构、组织等的名词。首字母一般大写。 Mary, WHO
二、名词复数的变化
和汉语名词不同，英语名词有词尾变化，其一就是复数的变化。其变化规则如下：
1.可数名词复数的规则变化
（1）一般情况下在词尾加 -s
map—maps bag—bags car—cars license—licenses
（2）以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 –es
bus—buses 　　watch—watches box—boxes
（3）以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief—beliefs 　roof—roofs
　　　　　　　　 safe—safes 　 gulf—gulfs
　　b. 去f, fe 加ves，如：half—halves 　　knife—knives 　leaf—leaves 　
wolf—wolves 　wife—wives 　life—lives 　thief—thieves c. 均可,如：　handkerchief—handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
（4）以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y 为i再加es　　　
baby—babies factory—factories city—cities
注意：以元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
monkey—monkeys 　holiday—holidays 　storey—storeys 　
（5） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo—photos 　　piano—pianos
　　　　　　 radio—radios 　　zoo—zoos
b. 加es，如：potato—potatoes 　tomato—tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero—zeros / zeroes　
（6）有些词变为复数需要家-’s。
There are three a’s in the word banana.
2.可数名词复数的不规则变化
（1）单复数同形的名词：
sheep means jin (斤) li（里） deer
（2）改变元音的名词：
foot—feet man—men woman—women tooth—teeth policeman—policemen
（3）词尾变换的名词：
Child—children ox—oxen phenomenon—phenomena medium—media
3.特殊的复数形式
（1）集体名词
集体名词不能用具体的数字修饰，可在前面加the表示全体。
the English英国人 the police警察
（2）只有复数形式的名词
有些名词只有复数形式，不能被具体数字修饰
clothes衣服 glasses眼镜 goods商品 scissors剪刀
4.不可数名词复数的变化
不可数名词一般没有复数形式，但有些词可转化为可数名词。
（1）有些物质名词在表达可数概念时，可转化为可数名词。
a wind一场风 a rain一场雨 a snow一场雪 foods各种食物 a coffee一杯咖啡
（2）复数形式的物质名词。有些物质名词的复数形式有其特殊的含义。
rains雨量大 snows雪堆 waters大片水域 sands沙堆，沙丘
（3）可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词表示具体事物时，可变为可数名词，被a/an修饰，也可有复数形式。
honor令人感到荣耀的人或事 pleasure令人感到高兴的人或事
success成功的人或事 failure失败的人或事 surprise令人感到惊讶的人或事
四、名词的修饰语
1.只修饰可数名词的修饰语
few a few several many many a a great/good many
a number of a couple of large/great numbers of
2．只修饰不可数名词的修饰语
little a little a bit of a good/great deal of much
3．既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语
some a lot of lots of plenty of enough most all no
2.冠词
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009辽宁，26】This area experienced _______ heaviest rainfall in _____ month of May.
A. /; a B. a; the C. the; the D. the; a
解析：C。考查冠词。句意：这个地区在五月经历了最大降雨量。形容词最高级前面要用定冠词；月份前面一般不加冠词，但“month”一词是普通名词，后面带有定语“of May”，起限定作用，因此month前要加定冠词表特指。所以选择C。
【典例2：2009重庆，26】Washing machines made by China have won ________ worldwide attention and Haier has become _________ popular name.
A. a; the B. /; a C. /; the D. the; a
解析：B。考查冠词。句意：中国制造的洗衣机赢得了世界的关注，海尔已成为大众喜欢的一个品牌名称。attention是不可数名词，表泛指，用零冠词；name是可数名词，表泛指，用不定冠词。所以选择B。
【典例3：2009江西，25】Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _________ weather around the world.
A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a
解析：A。考查冠词。句意：一些人害怕空气污染可能会引起世界气候的变化。air pollution是抽象名词，表泛指，用零冠词；weather后面带着定语，起限定作用，所以要特指，用定冠词。因此选择A。
2010考点预测
冠词在高考试题中占得比重不大，但每年都有一道考查冠词的题目。冠词用法复杂，没有一个很固定的模式，往往是随着语境的变化而变化。高考试题冠词的考点主要集中在不定冠词表示泛指的基本用法、定冠词表示特指的基本用法、零冠词的使用、用于不可数名词或可数名词表示泛指时、用于专有名词前时以及固定搭配中冠词的使用，从2009年各地高考试题来看，考查冠词的题设空两个，把冠词的各种用法结合名词一起考查。在冠词备考时要充分理解语境，看明白题干的意义，做出准确判断。
知识必备
冠词
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero
Article ）。
一、不定冠词的用法：
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。
1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。
　　 A stitch in time saves nine.
　　 Jason is an internationally known scholar.
2) 词组或成语。
　　 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
此外，a/an 还有下列 6 种用途：
　　（一）常和time、measurement等有关的名词连用，以表示“每—” 的概念，如：
　　 I teach five days a week.
　　 This type of vegetables is sold at one dollar a kilogram.
　　（二）常和 hundred, thousand, dozen 以及数目及数量连用，如：
　　 That factory turns out at least a hundred tyres a day.
　　 Noel's monthly salary is a thousand dollars.
　　（三）在“of / at”后面出现，以表示“同一类”这概念，如：
　　 Birds of a feather flock together.
　　 Please come one at a time.
　　（四）常在“rather, quite, many, half, what, such”等字后面出现，形成固定用法，如：
　 Tom is rather a fool.
　 I think Chinese is quite a useful language.
　　Many a student has asked that question.
　　The visitor left half an hour ago.
　　（五）用在“so, as, too, how +形容词”这些结构里，如：
　　We have not had so hot a day before.
Susan is as clever a girl as Anna.
　　That is too difficult a book for beginners.
　 No one knew how serious a problem it was until later.
　　（六）出现在许多惯用语中，如：
　　I hope you will make an effort to attend the meeting punctually.
　　The news of Jack's sudden resignation came as a bolt from the blue.
二、定冠词的用法：
1.定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
　1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
　　 Take the medicine.　把药吃了。
　2）上文提到过的人或事：
　　 He bought a house.　I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
　3）指世上独一物二的事物：
　 the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
　4）和单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；
　5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：
　　I live on the second floor.　我住在二层。
　 That's the very thing I've been looking for.　 那正是我要找的东西。
　6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
　 They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师
　 They are teachers of this school.　指部分教师
　7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
　　She caught me by the arm..　她抓住了我的手臂。
　8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：
　 the People's Republic of China　 中华人民共和国
　 the United States　 美国
　9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：　 She plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。
　10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
　　　 the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
　11) 用在惯用语中：
　　　 in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),　the day after tomorrow　
the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　 in the sky (water，field，country)　
in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　 in the middle (of),　in the end,
on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre
12）用在形容词前，表示一类人或事物
the poor 穷人 the blind 盲人 the old 老人
13）用于构成形容词或副词的比较级和最高级形式
He runs the fastest. 他跑得最快。
This is the better book of the two. 这是两本书句中较好的那本。
三、零冠词的用法 ( http: / / cb. / GrammerOnline / right.jsp id=36" \o "零冠词的用法" \t "_blank )
1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词；
England Mary； China 中国 Europe 欧洲
Lei Feng 雷锋 William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；
　　They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；
　　Failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
　　Man cannot live without water.　人离开水就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
　 We go to school from Monday to Friday.　 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
　 He is captain of the team. 他是球队的队长。
As chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open. 作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。
7）在三餐、四季，球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess
I have lunch at school. 我在学校吃午餐。
比较： I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。（表示某一个）
The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice. 史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。（表示特指）
Summer is the best season for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。
比较： I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii. 我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。 （表示特指）
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；
　　I can't write without pen or pencil.　　没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
　9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train；
　10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如：
　 school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；
go to school 去上学 go to bed 上床睡觉
go by train 乘火车去 go by boat 乘船去
at table 在用餐 in hospital 住院
at school 求学 in school 求学
at noon 在中午 at night 在晚上
at midnight 在半夜 in town 在城里
在名词前面加冠词，则意义改变。如：
　　　 go to hospital　　去医院看病
　　　 go to the hospital　 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
　11)不用冠词的序数词；
　a. 序数词前有物主代词 He is my best friend.
　b. 序数词作副词　 He came first in the race.
　c. 在固定词组中　 at (the) first, first of all,　from first to last
12).山峰
Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰
13) 在"kind of＋名词 sort of＋名词"句式中
What kind of flower is it
这是什么花？
I like this sort of book.
我喜欢这种书。
四、冠词与形容词+名词结构：
1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
　　 He raises a black and a white cat.　 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
　 The black and the white cats are hers.　 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
　2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
　　 He raises a black and white cat.　 他养了一只花猫。
五、冠词位置 ( http: / / cb. / GrammerOnline / right.jsp id=40" \o "冠词位置" \t "_blank )：
1) 不定冠词位置
　不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：　
　a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，
　　 I have never seen such an animal.
　　 Many a man is fit for the job.
　b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：
　　 It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
　　 So short a time.
　　 Too long a distance.
　c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot
　d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：
　Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
2) 定冠词位置
　 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
　 All the students in the class went out.　班里的所有学生都出去了。
真题赏析
1.2009北京，33. The bigger whale is ______ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long--- the height of ______ 9-storey building.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a
2.2009宁夏海南，全国I，22. Let’s go to _____ cinema--- that’ll take your mind off the problem for ______ while.
A. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a
3.2009全国II，14. What I need is _______ book that contains ______ ABC of oil painting.
A. a; / B. the; / C. the; an D. a; the
4.2009浙江,2. I don’t understand what the engineer means, but I’ve got ____ rough idea of ______ project plan.
A. the; a B. /; the C. the; / D. a; the
5.2009安徽，21. We can never expect ________ bluer sky unless we create ________ less polluted world.
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the
6.2009安徽，31. China has got a good _ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.
A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge
7.2009福建，29. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any _______ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.
A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration
8.2009浙江，6. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _______ to the digital resources of the library.
A. access B. passage C. way D. approach
9.2009湖北，25. Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for ___ building.
A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character
10.2009湖北，29. In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _____ for everyone to stand up.
A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure
Keys:
专项突破
1. It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life.
A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a
C. the； 不填 D. the ；a
2. If you grow up in _____large family, you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.
A. /; an ; the B. a ;the ;/
C. the; an ;the D. a ;the ;the
3. When he left_______ college, he got a job as _______reporter in a newspaper office.
A .不填；a B.不填; the
C. a; the D. the; the
4. This book tells_______ life story of John Smith, who left_______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.
A. the; the B. a ;the C. the ;不填 D. a ;不填
5. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has ______all over the country.
A. companies B. branches
C. organizations D. businesses
6. He gained his_______ by printing ______of famous writers.
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works
C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
7. The commander said that two______ would be sent to Iraq front the next day.
A. women’s doctor B. women doctors
C. women’s doctors D. women doctor
8. ______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it.
A. Tom’s and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim
C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom and Jim
9. My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are______.
A. some pictures of his B. some pictures’ of him
C. some his pictures D. his some of pictures’
10. The railway station is _______from our school.
A. two hour’s drive B. two hours’ drive
C. two hour drive D. two hours drive
11. The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of ______, so the grandpa went some________ stores to look.
A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoe
C. shoe; shoes D. shoe; shoe
12. His family _______in Shanghai and his family _______all music-lovers.
A. live; is B. lives; is
C. live; are D. lives; are
13. My _______of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
14. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s _____.
A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place
15. For the sake of her daughter’s health, she decided to move a warm_______.
A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate
16. Of the two sisters, Betty is ___ one, and she is also one who loves to be quiet.
A. a younger B. a youngest C. the younger D. the youngest
17. — I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over ________ keyboard.
— You shouldn’t put drinks near ________ computer.
A. the; 不填 B. the; a C. D. a; a
18. In ________ view of 44 studies, American researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of ________ heart disease by 76%.
A. a; the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填; a
19. — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith )
— Sorry wrong number. There isn’t ________ Mr. Smith here.
A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one
20. Everywhere man has cut down ________ forests in order to grow crops, or to use _____ wood as fuel or as building material.
A. the; the B. the; 不填　 C. 不填；the D. 不填；不填
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考点三 形容词和副词
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009宁夏海南，全国I，23】How much _______ she looked without her glasses!
A. well B. good C. best D. better
解析：D。考查形容词比较级。句意：她不戴眼镜看起来好得多。本题是一隐含的比较级，从语境分析可知：是与她戴眼镜的时候相比，因此要选择比较级D项。
【典例2：2009浙江，15】John is very ___--- if he promises to do something he’ll do it.
A. independent B. confident C. reliable D. flexible
解析：C。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：John是可以信赖的。如果他答应做某事，就一定会做的。A：独立的；B：自信的；C：可靠的，可信赖的；D：灵活的。由句意可知选择C项。
【典例3：2009辽宁，33】Peter’s jacket looked just the same as Jack’s, but I cost _____ his.
A. as much twice as B. twice as much as
C. much as twice as D. as twice much as
解析：B。考查as…as…句型。句意：彼得的夹克衫看起来和杰克的一样，但却是他的价钱的两倍。用as…as…句型表示比较，倍数要放在最前面，因此选择B。
2010考点预测
容词、副词是中学英语重要语法项目，也是高考重要考查内容，近几年高考对形容词和副词的考查集中在以下几个方面：
　　1、考查形容词与副词区别
形容词与副词均属修饰性词类，但因被修饰内容有所不同而具备不同的用法，高考非常注重对此进行考查，在单项选择题中出现了大量此类试题。
2、考查形容词和副词的比较级及最高级
两个事物进行比较应使用比较级，三个或三个以上事物进行比较应使用最高级。
3、考查比较级、最高级使用注意点
使用比较级时应将主语排除在被比较的范围之外，因为主语只能和他人或他物相比，而不能和自己相比；使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内，否则离开这个范围，主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级
4、考查比较级的重要句型
比较级有许多热点句型：from bad to worse/worse and worse(每况愈下)；more and more (越来越多的，越来越……)；the +比较级，the+比较级(越……越……)； to make the matter worse/what's worse/worse than all/worse than ever (更糟糕的是)等。
5、考查as...as同级比较句型
该句型结构为：as+形容词/副词原级+as，表示某人/物和另一人/物一样……。　
6、考查比较级的程度修饰语
比较级的程度修饰语有：基本程度副词：much, very much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far, even, still, a bit, a little, rather, any；具体数词；抽象数词；倍数；分数；百分数。
7、考查比较级与冠词搭配关系
不含than的比较级前面可加不定冠词修饰，构成a/an +比较级+单数可数名词结构，表示一个更……的人/物。被比较者被明确提供时，比较级前面应加定冠词the修饰。
知识必备
一、形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事、物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错）He is an ill man.（对）The man is ill.
（错）She is an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice
以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly是形容词。
Her singing was lovely. He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。[]
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质--类别--名词[]
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
二、副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。[]
He speaks English well.[]
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：(错)I very like English.
(对)I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面。
I don't know him well enough.
形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 原级 比较级[] 最高级
一般单音节词末尾加-er,-est tall(高的) great(巨大的) tallergreater tallestgreatest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice(好的)large(大的)able（有能力的） nicerlargerabler nicestlargestablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est big(大的)hot (热的) biggerhotter biggesthottest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est easy(容易的)busy(忙的) easierbusier easiest busiest
少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er，-est clever(聪明的)narrow(窄的) cleverernarrower cleverestnarrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。 important(重要的)easily(容易地) more importantmore easily most importantmost easily
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good(好的)[]well(健康的) better best
bad (坏的)ill(有病的) worse worst
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least[]
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
as+形容词或副词原级+as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can..
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在第一个as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as<=> 倍数+ the+n. + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
比较级形容词或副词+than
You are taller than I.
The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is cleverer than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等[]
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far外)，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
many, old和far
1)后接名词时， much more +不可数名词; many more +可数名词复数
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中，farther 表示距离，further表示进一步。
I have nothing further to say.
the+最高级+比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.
3) "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more…越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A与其说A不如说B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.与其说他慢不如说他懒。
3) no more… than… 与……一样不……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than…与……一样……，不少于…
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.
真题赏析
1．(2009天津，12)It was a nice house，but __too small for a family of five．
A．rarely B．fairly C．rather D. pretty
2．(2009天津，13)I’m not surprised that he became a writer. Even as a child he had a ___ imagination．
A．clear B．cautious C．funny D. vivid
3．(2009江苏，27)Compared with his sister，Jerry is even more __ to, and more easily troubled by emotional and relationship problems．
A．sceptical B．addicted C．available D．sensitive
4．(2009全国Ⅱ，9)The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride__．
A．most B．more C．1ess D．1ittle
5．(2009全国Ⅱ，11)I'm sure that your letter will get ____attention．They know you're waiting for the reply．
A．continued B．immediate C．careful D．general
6．(2009全国Ⅱ，18)It’s high time you had your hair cut；it's getting ___.
A．too much long B．much too long
C．long too much D．too long much
7．(2009浙江，5)The incomes of skilled workers went up．__，unskilled workers saw their earnings fall．
A．Moreover B．Therefore C．Meanwhile D．Otherwise
8．(2009浙江，10)It took __building supplies to construct these energy—saving houses．It took brains, too．
A. other than B. more than C. rather than D. less than
9．(2009浙江，19)In the good care of the nurses，the boy is_____ recovering from his heart operation．
A，quietly B．actually C．practically D．gradually
10. (2009 安徽 ,24)—Do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students
—______, I do. I think it's a great idea.[]
A. Really B. Obviously C. Actually D. Generally
11. (2009上海,28) The Great Wall is______ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.
A. so a well-known B. a so well-known
C. such well-known a D. such a well-known
12. (2009 湖南 ,24) I can ______be a teacher. I'm not a very patient person.
A. seldom B. ever C. never D. always
13. (2009 湖北,27) As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of _____ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.
A. primary B. alternative C. instant D. unique
14. (2009 湖北, 28) The questionnaire takes ______ ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview.
A. mainly B. punctually C. approximately D. precisely
Keys：
专项突破
1. Would it be ______for you to pick me up at four o'clock and take me to the airport
A. free B. vacant
C. handy D. convenient
2. It looks like the weather is changing for______. Shall we stick to our plan
A. the worse B. worse C. the worst D. worst
3. There are plenty of jobs _______in the western part of the country.
A. present B. available
C. precious D. convenient
4. You're driving too fast. Can you drive______
A. more slowly a bit B. slowly a bit more
C. a bit more slowly D. slowly more a bit
5. The house still needed a lot of work, but _____the kitchen was finished.
A. instead B. altogether C. at once D. at least[]
6. After the long journey, the three of them went back home,______.
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
7. In my view, London's not as expensive in price as Tokyo but Tokyo is ______in traffic.
A. the most organized B. more organized
C. so organized as D. as organized as
8. My brother is really______. He often works in his office far into the night.
A. open-minded B. hard-working
C. self-confident D. warm-hearted
9. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks ______to people greeting him.
A. friendly B. lively C. worried D. cold
10. Last night Mr. Crook didn't come back at the usual time.______, he met some friends and stayed out until mid night.
A. Meanwhile B. However
C. Instead D. Yet
11. —Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening
—Excellent! Alex and Andy performed ______and they won the first prize.
A. skillfully B. commonly
C. willingly D. nervously
12. In those days, our ______concern was to pro vide people who were stopped by the snow storm with food and health care.
A. normal B. constant C. permanent D. primary
13. As he works in a remote area, he visits his par ents only______.
A. occasionally B. anxiously[]
C. practically D. urgently
14. Jack is late again. It is _______of him to keep others waiting.
A. normal B. ordinary
C. common D. typical
15. Running a company is not _______a matter of hiring people—they also need to be trained.
A. simply B. partly C. seriously D. equally
16. It is not socially ______for parents to leave children unattended at that age.
A. accessible B. adorable
C. adaptable D. acceptable
17. A new __bus service to Tianjin Airport star ted to operate two months ago.
A. normal B. usual C. regular D. common
18. The final score of the basketball match was 93: 94. We were only ______beaten.
A. nearly B. slightly C. narrowly D. lightly
19. Since Tom _______downloaded a virus into his computer, he cannot open the file now.
A. readily B. horribly
C. accidentally D. irregularly
20. Work gets done ______when people do it togeth er, and the rewards are higher too.
A. easily B. very easy
C. more easily D. easier
源:]
Keys：
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考点八 情态动词和虚拟语气
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009福建，35】But for the help of my English teacher, I _____ the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won
解析：B。考查虚拟语气。句意：要没有英语老师的帮助，我不会在英语写作比赛中获得第一名。由句意可知要选择与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的否定形式，所以选择B。
【典例2：2009浙江，13】the doctor recommended that you _______ swim after eating a large meal.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
解析：D。考查虚拟语气。句意：医生建议你不应该在饱餐后游泳。recommend后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，其形式是：should+do，所以选择D。
【典例3：2009重庆，32】--- Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is
--- She _________ in the classroom..
A. shall be B. should have been C. must be D. might have been
解析：C。考查情态动词。句意：--嗨，Tom，你知道Jane在哪吗？---她肯定在教室里。我刚才在那儿看到她了。从语境分析，该空是对现在情况的推断，由最后一句话“I saw her there just now”可知是很肯定的推断，所以选择C项。
2010考点预测
情态动词主要有can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, dare, need等。高考试题主要从其语法功能以及特殊用法在具体语境中的使用方面进行考查。另外，“情态动词+动词完成时”也是高考中的重点。虚拟语气在考试中是一个热点，也是一个难点，高考主要考查虚拟语气在条件状语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，主语从句 定语从句的用法。
知识必备
一、情态动词用法归纳:
情态动词 用 法 例 句
[][][][][]can [][]could[] 表示能力[] Some of us can use the computer now[][][]
表示客观的可能性 It will be sunny in the daytime, but it could rain later on this evening.
表示请求和允许 ---Can I go now ---Yes, you can.
表示请求, 口语中常用could代替can Could you wait two days for the money
表示惊讶, 怀疑, 不相信(主要用于否定句, 疑问句和惊叹句) Can this news be true It can’t be our headmaster.How can you be so foolish!
may might 表示允许, 许可, 否定回答时, 一般要用mustn’t, 表示 “禁止, 阻止”. ---May I watch TV after supper ---Yes, you may. /No, you mustn’t
在表示请求, 允许时, might比may的语气更委婉. 用May I…征询对方许可在语气上比较客气, 在日常口语中, 用Can I …征询对方意见更常见 ---Might I use your telephone ---Yes, please.---May/ Can I go home now ---Yes, you may/ can.
表示可能的推测, 含有 “许可, 可能”之意, 用might代替may时, 语气显得更加不肯定. It may be true.She may come tomorrow.He might have some fever.
may用于祈使句中表示祝愿 May you succeed!
must 表示 “必须; 应该” You must come to school on time.
表示有把握的推测 It must be our headteacher.
have to 表示 “必须; 不得不” I have to go now. See you later
shall 用于第一人称, 表示征求对方意愿 What shall we do next
用于第一,三人称的疑问句, 表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示 Shall we begin our lesson Shall the driver wait
用于 二, 三人称的陈述句, 表示说话人给对方的命令, 警告, 允诺或威胁 You shall go with me.He shall be punished.
should 表示劝告和建议, 作 “应该”讲 We should be strict with ourselves.
表示推测 They should have arrived by two o’clock.
用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊, 客气, 委婉的语气 I should advise you not to do that.You are mistaken, I should say.
用在if条件句中, 表示可能性很小, 但也不是完全不可能 Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him.
Why/How+should表示意外惊异 Why should you be so late today
will would 用于表示意志或意思. will指现在, would指过去 I will never do that again.They said that they would help us.
表示 “请求; 建议”. 用would比will委婉, 客气些 Will you please take a message for him Would you please pass him the book
表示习惯性动作, 译作 “总是; 惯于”. Fish will die without water.
表示预料或猜想 It would be about ten when he left home
表示功能, 译作 “能” 或 “行” That will be all right.
用于否定句, 表示 “不肯; 不乐意” No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me.
need 表示 “需要; 必要”, 用于否定句, 疑问句和条件从句中. You needn’t ask him the question.Need I finish the work before ten
dare 表示 “敢; 敢于”, 主要用于疑问句, 否定句和条件从句中, 一般不用于肯定句 Dare you go alone there The boy daren’t say so before the teacherHow dare he do such a thing
ought to 表示 “应该” You ought to take care of him.
表示推测 He ought to be at home by now.
use to 表示过去常常(现在已经不再) There used to be a temple here.
had better 表示 “最好做某事” You had better finish it now
二 虚拟语气
虚拟语气在虚拟条件中的运用
(1) 表示与现在事实完全相反的假设
用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况。条件从句用动词过去式(be多用were), 主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形. 例如:
If I were a bird, I could fly. 如果我是一只鸟儿的话, 我就能飞了.
(2) 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设
条件从句用had+过去分词, 主句用would/should/could/might+ have+过去分词. 例如:
If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早点出发, 就不会错过这列火车了.
(3) 表示与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况
条件从句用动词过去式, should+动词原形或were to+动词原形, 主句动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形. 例如:
If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him questions.
如果李教授明天有时间的话, 我们就可以问他问题了.
书面语中, 上述三种时态的虚拟句中, 如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词, 则可将从属连词if省去, 将助动词或情态动词放在句首形成部分倒装. 例如:
Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.
如果他在你的位置上, 他也会那么做的.
虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用
(1) 在 wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, require, insist, desire, urge动词的宾语从句以及would rather后, 要用 “(should)+动词原形”来表示愿望, 建议, 命令, 要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.像suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision等词.
(2) 在It is/was+某些形容词+that从句的句型中, that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气, 即 “should+动词原形”表示惊奇, 遗憾, 怀疑, 不满等。 这些形容词有important, necessary, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等
(3) 在由for fear that, in case, lest等引导的状语从句中, 用 “should+动词原形”表示 “惟恐”。例如:
He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
他小心地拿着仪器, 惟恐把它摔碎了.
(4) 在 “It is(about/high) time+ that (从句)”中, 谓语动词常用过去式或should+do表示虚拟语气， 例如:
It is high time that people learnt English.
正是人们学英语的时候.
(5) 在 “as if/as though” 引导的状语从句中, 谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同. 例如:
He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.
他以这样的热情工作, 好像从来不知道疲倦似的.
He speaks English as though he were an American.
他说英语好像他是美国人一样.
(6) 在look, seem等动词后的 “as if/as though” 从句中, 当表示真实情况时, 用陈述语气; 否则用虚拟语气, 例如”
It seems as if they know each other.(真实情况)他们好像彼此认识.
It seems as though it were already spring.(虚拟语气)好像已经是春天了.
（7）用在if only引起的感叹句中。 例如:
If only the driver hadn’t driven so fast then!当时司机要是没开那么快就好了.
真题赏析
1. (2009北京 ,25)One of the few things you______say about Eng lish people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather.
A. need B. must C. should D. can
2. (2009 天津15) This printer is of good quality. If it______break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
3. (2009 江苏 ,28)He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he______it differently.
A. could express B. would express
G. could have expressed D. must have expressed
4.（2009 宁夏海南，全国 I ,25) What do you mean, there are on ly ten tickets There ______be twelve.
A. should B. would C. will D. shall
5. (2009 全国II ,20)1 can't leave. She told me that I______stay here until she comes back.
A. can B. must C. will D. may
6. (2009辽宁 ,29)The traffic is heavy these days. I______arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place
A. can B. must C. need D. might
7.(2009 安徽，29) Some people who don't like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they ______just be quiet people.
A. must B. may C. should D. would
8. (2009 安徽,34)But for their help,we _______the program in time.
A. can not finish B. will not finish
C. had not finished D. could not have finished
9. (2009 上海,27)It ______have been Tom that parked the car here,as he is the only one with a car.
A. may B. can C. must D, should
10. (2009 湖南 ,30)— It's the office! So you _____know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
A. must B. will C. may D. need
11. (2009四川JII ,13)— I don't care what people think.
—Well, you______.
A. could B. would C. should D. might
Keys:
专项突破
1. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ____to its burning temperature.
A. is heated B. will be heated
C. be heated D. would be heated
2. I'd rather you _____right now.
A. leave B. left C. will leave D. should leave
3. How I wish I_____ such a silly mistake, but I did.
A. had not made B. would not make C. didn't make D. haven't made
4. --The work will take me another week. I'm really tired.
----I think you ____ as well consult an experienced worker.
A. may B. can C. need D. must
5. ---I wonder why Mr. Green hasn't shown up at the meeting yet.
---I'm not sure, but he ______ in a traffic jam driving here.
A. could be stuck B. might stuck
C might have been stuck D. must have stuck
6. —Did you lock the door
---No, I _____, but I forgot.
A. should B. must have C. must D. should have
7. No wonder you caught a cold. You ____out last night without a coat
A. shouldn't have gone B. mustn't have gone
C. couldn't have gone D. mightn't have gone
8. I _____admit I was surprised it cost so little.
A. can B. need C. must D. might
9. If you _____ wait a moment, I'll go and find our manager.
A. can B. should C. will D. must
10. I've never talked with her. She ____ be an American, I guess.
A. can B. must C. need D. might
11. Such a small child as he ______ a ticket.
A. mustn't B. hasn't C. doesn't need D. needn't
12. It's cold and windy outside, you ____ cold with only a shirt on.
A. must feel B. must be feeling
C. could feel D. could be feeling
13. Even though I'd hurt my leg, I _____ swim back to the river bank.
A. could B. might C. had to D. was able to
14. Professor Smith, many students want to see you. _____ they wait here or side
A. Do B. Will C. Shall D. Would
15. It is dark now. I _____ leave or my mother will be worried.
A. may B. have to C. must D. can
16. —May I leave the office before 5 o'clock in the afternoon
—No, I'm afraid you _______.
A. needn't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. won't
17. It is the rule that every car, bus and truck ____be inspected twice a year in this city.
A. shall B. can C. has to D. need
18, ---Must I take a bus
-No, you_____. You can walk from here.
A. must not B. don't C. don't have to D. can't
19. I_____often go walking in that wood when I lived in the countryside.
A. should B. would C. could D. might
20. Tom _____show his exam results to his parents.
A. dare not B. dared C. dare to D. dares not to
Keys:
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考点五 动词和动词短语
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，26】--- Do you have enough to ______ all your daily expenses
--- Oh yes, enough and to spare.
A. cover B. spend C. fill D. offer
解析：A。考查具体语境中的近义词辨析。句意：---你有足够用以支付日常费用的钱吗？---是的，足够并且还有节余。A：（指钱）够（某事物）用；B：花费；C：填充；D：主动提供。由此可知要选择A项。
【典例2：2009山东，31】Amy joined a painting group but didn’t seem to _________, so she left.
A. show off B. go up C. fit in D. come over
解析：C。考查具体语境中的动词短语辨析。句意：艾米参加了绘画小组，但好像不适应，所以离开了。A：炫耀；B：上升，上涨；C：融入；D：过来。由此可知要选择C项。
【典例3：2009宁夏海南，全国I，27】I tried phoning her office, but I couldn’t ___________.
A. get along B. get on C. get to D. get through
解析：D。考查具体语境中的动词短语辨析。句意：我试着拨了她的办公室电话，但是打不通。A：前进，进展；B：上（车，马等）；C：到达；D：打通。由此可知选择D项。
2010考点预测
动词是英语词汇的核心词汇，动词短语也一直是高考的热点，每年高考试题都会出现1-3道考查动词或动词短语的试题。高考对于动词和动词短语的考查主要是具体的语境中的词义辨析。在备考中，同学们要特别注意一些熟悉的动词与介词或副词构成的固定短语以及其在不同语境中的不同意义。
知识必备
动词是英语中最重要的词汇，是句子的核心，几乎每一个句子必有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。因此，学好动词对提高自己的英语水平具有重要的意义。
（一）动词分类
类别 语法功能 示例
[][][]实义动词 及物动词[] 带宾语[][][][] tell, ask, learn, produce等[][]
不及物动词 不带宾语 go, come, work, wait等
状态动词 相对静止的状态 know, love, like, own等
动作动词 延续性动词 动作可持续一段时间 work， stay，sleep等
非延续性动词 短暂动作，不能持续 finish, end, start, come等
系动词 表示人或事物的特征和状态 appear, be, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste等
表示状态的变化 become, get, turn, go, fall等
表示某种状态的延续或持续 keep, remain等
助动词 必须与原形动词或分词构成复合谓语，不能独立作谓语 be(is, was, am, are, were), do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, will, would等
情态动词 必须与原形动词构成复合谓语，不能独立作谓语 can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, need, dare等
（二）动词考点
一、连系动词
二、使役、感观动词
三、主动表被动
四、只接动名词做宾语的词、词组
五、只接不定式作宾语的词、词组
六、宾语不同、意义不同
七、接动名词、不定式意义区别不大
八、宾语不同、语态不同、但意义相同
九、接宾语和宾补、形式不同
十、接虚拟语气的词
十一、瞬间非延续性动词
十二、表计划未能实现的动词
十三、情感动词类
十四、否定前移类
十五、不带不定式作复合宾语
一、连系动词类
①变化类:become, get, turn, grow, make, come, go, fall :
go bad / hungry / mad / wrong，fall (fell-fallen) ill / asleep，feel (felt-felt) sick / sleepy
②感观类: look, sound, feel, taste, smell：
His voice sounds excellent.
③显得类:seem, appear, look：
It looks as if… It seems as if / that… It appears that…
④状态类:keep, stay, remain, lie, sit, stand, prove, turn out：
The weather will remain hot for another two weeks.
He proved (to be) honest / an honest person.
二、使役、感观动词类：let, make, have，see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, feel
The boss made them work 12 hours a day.
They were made to work 12 hours a day.
The boy was last seen playing football on the playground.
He often heard this song sung by the famous singer.
He had his leg broken.
三、主动表被动类：(此类动词作谓语，说明主语的特性，常与well, poorly, easily连用)
sell, wash, burn, cook, cut, drive, dress, play, last, open, write, start, translate, run, read, operate, break, measure, weigh等。
Dry wood burns easily. The cloth washes well. This phrase does not translate well into Chinese.
The man always dresses well / poorly. Your composition reads well except for a few spelling mistakes.
四、只接动名词做宾语的词/词组
mind, risk, avoid, enjoy, miss, keep, suggest, appreciate, practise, delay, finish, dislike, excuse, imagine, consider, forbid, escape，admit, advise, allow, put off, give up, be worth, be busy， get down to, devote…to, look forward to, be used to, lead to, succeed in, spend/waste time (in)，have a good/hard time (in) , have difficulty /trouble (in) ，there is no use(in)
五、只接不定式作宾语的词/词组
decide, expect, hope, wish, order, refuse, promise, pretend, agree, seem, attempt, fail, offer, happen, warn, afford，make up one’s mind to, be determined to， used to, be about to, be able to, have to , would like/ love to=should like/love to
六、既可接动名词，又可接不定时作宾语，宾语不同、意义不同的动词。
1) go on to do / go on doing
2) stop to do / stop doing
3) remember to do / remember doing
4) forget to do / forget doing
5) mean to do / mean doing
6) regret to do / regret doing
7) try to do / try doing
8) can’t help (to) do / can’t help doing

十三 、情感动词类
表示人的内在感受的动词encourage, excite, inspire, interest, amaze, satisfy, delight, please, move, frighten, surprise, astonish, shock, disappoint, discourage, puzzle, worry, tire, touch, relax
十四 、否定前移类 believe, imagine, suppose, think, feel ：
I don’t think he can finish the work, can he
We don’t believe she knows it, does she
You don’t think he can finish it, do you
十五、不带不定式作复合宾语hope, agree, suggest, demand, imagine, would rather
I wish him to come.=I hope that he will come.
I allowed/permitted him to go there.=I agreed that he can go there.
He advised me to do it right now.=He suggested (to me) that I (should) do it right now.
I prefer him to go there.=I would rather he went there.
I can’t imagine such a girl like Mary doing such a thing.
He wanted me to do it.=He demanded that I (should)do it.
（三）高考高频动词短语
1.以believe为中心的词组
believe in 确信，信任，信仰，主张
believe one’s ears 相信所听到的话
make believe 假装
2.以 blow为中心的词组
blow about 吹散
blow away 吹走
blow off 吹掉，吹散，吹灭
blow out吹灭，走气
blow up 爆炸，放大（照片），发脾气
give sb. a heavy blow 给某人以沉重打击
3.以break为中心的词组
break away from 脱离，逃离，打破
break down vt.破坏,粉碎,瓦解vi.出故障抛锚,衰弱
break in 闯进，打断；使顺服
break into 闯入；强行进入；突然开始
break out 爆发，发生；准备使用；起锚
break the law 违反法律
break the record 破记录
break one’s promise 食言
break off 打断，断绝，折断，突然终止
break open 破开，撬开
break short 中断，折断
break through 突破，克服，挤过去
break up vt.开垦，破碎；解散，分解 vi.结束
4.以build为中心的词组
build … into 把…建设成，把…装入
build on / upon 建立在…上，依赖，指望
build up 增加，增进，建成，振兴
build up to 增加
5.以burst为中心的词组
burst forth 爆发，喷出，忽然出现
burst in 闯进，突然出现
burst into 闯进，突然…起来，突然发出
burst into tears / laughter 嚎啕大哭/放声大笑
burst out 迸发，爆发，突然发出，大声叫喊
burst out crying / laughing嚎啕大哭/放声大笑
6.以 bring为中心的词组
bring about 导致，引起，促使
bring back 带回，使回忆，使恢复
bring down 使下降，浓缩，收缩，击落
bring forth开（花）,结（果），发表，宣布，提出
bring forward 提出
bring in 把..带进来，引进，挣得（收入）
bring into action 使行动起来，使生效
bring into effect/practice 完成，实现，实施，实行
bring into operation 使运转，将…投入生产
bring into (full) play 发挥，调动，利用
bring sb.into touch with…接触，触摸
bring off 完成，救出，使成功，搬走
bring on 导致，引起，使发展，提出（论点）
bring out 拿出，公布，发表，出版，生产
bring through 治愈，使度过困难/危险时期
bring to light 出现，公布，暴露
bring to mind 使想起，回忆起
bring up 抚养，养育，培养，使停止
7.以call为中心的词组
call at 访问（某地），停泊在
call away 叫走，把（注意力）转移开
call for 需要，要求，接（某人），迎，取
call in 召集，收集，请入，引入
call off 取消，下令停止
call on 拜访（某人），号召
call out 大声喊，唤起
call to mind 使想起，回忆起
call up 打电话给…，召集，使想起
pay a call at sp. 访问（某地）
pay a call on sb. 拜访（某人）
8.以carry为中心的词组
carry about 随身携带
carry away 冲走，带走，冲昏某人头脑
carry back 拿回，运回，使想起
carry …into effect /practice 执行,实行,实现,完成
carry off 带走叼走，夺去…的生命，获得（奖品）
carry on 坚持，继续，进行
carry out 贯彻，执行，实施，完成
carry through 坚持到底，进行到底，贯彻，完成
9.以catch为中心的词组
be caught doing 被发现做某事
be caught in the rain 淋雨
catch /take fire 着火
be caught in the traffic遭遇交通阻塞
catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车
catch （a） cold 伤风，感冒
catch on 挂住，明白，理解，受欢迎
catch one’s word 听懂某人的话
catch out 发觉，抓住某人的错处
catch sight of 发现，瞥见
catch sb’s attention引起某人注意
catch the point of 抓住…的要点
catch up with 赶上，追及，追上
10.以check为中心的词组
check in 报到，登记，投宿旅馆
check off 检验，清点
check on 检查，调查
check out 查明，结帐，付款而离开旅馆
check up 核对，检查，检验
check with 商议，符合，核对无误
11.以clear为中心的词组
clear away 扫除，消除
clear off 清除，清理，（云雾）消散，（雨）停
clear out 清除，扫出
clear through 通过（检查，批准）
clear up（天）变晴，打扫，消除
make it clear that…使人明白
12.以come为中心的词组
come about vi.发生，改变方向
come across 偶尔发现，想起；越过；偿付
come along 一道来，陪伴；进步，进展；出现
come at 达到，求得，得到；扑向，袭击
come back 回来；恢复，复原
come down 倒下；降落；跌落；病倒
come from 来自，起源于，从~~产生，生于
come in 进来，进入；流行起来；获名次
come into being 发生，产生，出现，形成
come into power 开始执政，当权，当选
come into effect/ force开始生效，开始实行
come into existence形成，产生，开始存在
come into fashion开始流行
come into operation开始运转，实施，生效
come into possession of占有，拥有
come into the possession of被…占有，被…拥有
come into use 开始使用，获得应用
come near 接近，不亚于，几乎，差一点
come off （头发，牙齿，纽扣）脱落，离开
come on 上演,开始,赶快；发展；登台；被提出
come out 出来,发芽；出版；结果是；褪色；泄露
come over 访问，越过
come round/around 拜访，绕道
come to 苏醒,复原,共计,达到,归结于,渐渐
come to an agreement 达成协议
come to a conclusion 得出结论
come to a decision 作出决定
come to an end 终止，结束
come to a stop 结束，停止，停顿，
come to an understanding 取得谅解
when it comes to…就…而论，谈到
come to know/realize/understand开始了解到/意识到/明白
come to life 苏醒，栩栩如生
come to light 明朗化，出现，显露出来
come to oneself苏醒
come true 实现，成为现实；证实
come up走近；上楼；流行起来，发芽,上来，（问题）被提出，（风浪）猛烈起来
come upon （偶然）遇见，突然发生
13.以compare为中心的词组
be compared to 被比作，与…相比
be compared with与…相比
beyond /without compare 无可比拟的,无法比较的
compare notes with和…交换意见/商量/核对笔记
compare …to…把..比作
compare …with…把…与…相比
14.以cross为中心的词组
cross out / off 打消，删去，除去
cross one’s fingers交叉手指（表祝福）
cross one’s mind想起
cross over横贯，穿过，交叉
cross sb. in 与某人作对，在…中阻碍某人
15.以cut为中心的词组
a cut above 胜过一筹
a short cut 近路，捷径
cut a /the record 创造新记录，打破记录
cut away 切去，砍掉，逃走
cut down 砍倒，削减，缩短
cut in half / into halves 把…切成两半
cut in /into/to pieces 把…切碎
cut off 切断，中断，剪下，关掉
cut out 切下，剪下，裁下，删去
cut sth. open 切开，切伤
cut sth.short 缩减，截短，
cut the cost of…减少…的成本
cut through 凿通，挖通，贯穿
cut up 切碎，齐根切掉，割裂，歼灭
16.以devote为中心的词组
be devoted to 贡献给，致力于
devote one’s attention to 专心于
devote oneself/one’s life to 献身于，致力于
devote to献身于，专心于
17.以divide为中心的词组
be divided by…被…除
be divided on…对于…有分歧
divide sth. among / between…在…之间分配
divide A from B 把A同B分开
divide…into… 把…分成
divide up 分割，瓜分，划分，分配
18.以do为中心的词组
be done in 精疲力竭
be done with 完全结束
do a good deed 做一件好事
do the deed 付诸行动，生效
do a telephone interview
do /take a part-time job
do first aid to sb.
do away with 去掉，废除；弄死；浪费
do /cause damage to 损害
do good to (=do sb. good) 有益于
do harm to (=do sb. harm) 有害于
do its work 有效，有作用
do much 极有用
do sb. right 公平对待，正确批评某人
do wrong to (=do sb. wrong) 做错
do one’s best 尽某人最大努力
do one’s homework 做作业
do proud 足以使~~骄傲
do sb. justice 公平对待某人
do some cleaning (V+ing,etc.) 打扫卫生
do sb. a favor /do a favor for sb. 帮助某人
do up 捆，扎，系，扣，收拾，刷新
do well in 学得不错，干得漂亮
do with 和~~相处，忍受，处理
do without 不需要…也行，不用
do wonders 创造奇迹，产生奇特的效果
have to do with 和~~有关系
have much to do with 和~~很有关系
have nothing to do with 与~~无关
have something to do with 和~~有关
in doing so=in so doing 这时，在这种情况下
That will do. 行了；够了
19.以 drive为中心的词组
drive away vi.开车走掉 vt.赶走，驱赶
drive off 驱散
drive out 逐出，乘车出去
drive through 乘车穿过（街道等）
drive sb.mad 使某人发疯
20.以fall为中心的词组
fall ill /asleep /silent 生病/睡着/沉默
fall back撤退，后退
fall behind 落后，落伍，落在后面
fall down 倒下，落下，掉下，病倒，失败
fall in love with…爱上（某人）
fall into 陷入，养成，开始，渐渐
fall into a habit of 养成…习惯
fall off 掉下，衰退，减少
fall over 摔倒，落在…上，（头发）披在肩上
fall to pieces 破碎，崩溃，瓦解
fall into ruins 成为废墟
fall to the guound 坠地，失败，落空
21.以fix为中心的词组
fix a date / time for…为…安排日期/时间
fix up 修理，安装，安排，建造，提供
fix on / upon 确定，决定
fix one’s eyes on/upon 注视，凝视
fix one’s attention on/upon专心于,把注意力集中在
out of fix (钟表)不准，不健全
22.以get为中心的词组
get about 徘徊，走动，旅行；流传
get above oneself 自视高傲
get accustomed to 习惯于，对~~习以为常
get across 度过，通过，横过；说服，使被理解
get ahead of 胜过，超过
get along 前进，进步；同意；离去，相处
get along with 与~~相处
get around 走动，传播，影响，说服
get at 发现，了解；掌握；攻击
get away 离开，逃脱，出发，开始度假
get back 取回，回来；报复
get behind 落后；识破
get close to 接近，靠近
get down vt.咽下；写下；使沮丧，使倒下vi.下来
get down to 认真对待，静下心来
get familiar with 变得熟悉
get/catch/seize/take hold of 获得，取得，抓住
get home 到家
get in 进入，陷入；牵涉
get in touch with…与…取得联系
get into/out of debt 欠债/不欠债
get into进入，陷入，养成
get into trouble /a habit of…
get off 送走；脱下（衣服）；下车；动身
get on 上车；穿上；进步，使前进；成功；相处
get on/upon with 进步；在~~方面获得成功
get one’s hand in 熟悉；习惯
get out vi. 摆脱，出去，下车，泄露
get out of 由~~出来，从~~得出；避免；退休
get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成
get possession of 占有，取得…所有权
get ready for 为~~作准备
get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through 拨通，到达，完成，通过；及格
get together 积聚，积累；商谈，取得一致意见
get up 起床，起立；研究，钻研；致力于；安排
get used to 习惯于
have got to do 不得不，必须
23.以give为中心的词组
be given to 沉溺于，习惯于，癖好
give about 分配；传播
give and take 相互迁就，互让
give away 赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发
give back 归还，反射
give cause 给予~~的理由
give ear to 侧耳倾听
give forth 发出，放出；发表
give in 屈服，让步，投降
give in to 同意，接受；向~~让步
give off 发出（烟，气味）
give oneself out as/to be 自称为
give oneself up to 专心于；向~~自首
give out vt.分发,公布,发出,使筋疲力尽 vi.用完
give place to 让位于，被~~所替代
give rise to 引起，导致；使~~发生
give sb. to understand 通知某人,使明白
give up 放弃；停止
give way to 让步，退却；屈服于
given that…假定，给定，已知
24.以go为中心的词组
go about走来走去，（谣言等）流传
go across 度过，越过
go after 追逐，追求，跟随
go against 反对，不利于
go ahead 前进，进展，继续
go all about 鼓足干劲，全力以赴
go along 前进，进行下去
go along with… 陪伴，和…一道走
go around 走来走去，四处走动
go away 离开，走掉
go back 回去，返回，走下坡，追溯
go back to 追溯至
go bad 变坏，腐败
go beyond 超过，胜过
go by 经过，过去
go dead （电脑）死机
go down 下降，沉没，垮台，（风等）平静
go down to 延续到，继续到
go for 支持，赞成，适用于，去（取，拿）
go for a walk/ride/swim 去（散步，骑马，游泳）
go forward 前进，进展
go in 进去，（日月等）被云遮蔽
go in for 喜欢，参加，赞成，从事，为…而努力
go into 进入，参加，调查，从事，深入研究
go off 走开，爆炸
go on 继续，接下去
go on to do 接着做（另一件事）
go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
go on with…继续做，忍受
go out 出去，熄灭，离开，下台，退休
go over 温习，检查，越过
go round 拜访，绕道走，绕…运行
go through 审查，履行，通过，经历，忍受
go too far 走得太远，做/说得太过火
go up 上升，上涨，攀登
go well 进展顺利
go with 与…相配，和…一道走，同意
go without 无需，没有…也行
go wrong 出故障，走错路
have a go 企图，试图
want a go 试一试
27.以keep为中心的词组
keep at 坚持，不停地做
keep away (from) 不接近，避开，远离
keep back 阻止，扣留，隐瞒
keep company with…和…结交
keep dark 保守秘密
keep down 缩减，控制
keep doing继续，不断地做
keep …from…阻止
keep in 闭门不出
keep in mind 记住
keep in touch with…与…保持联系/不断接触
keep off 不接近，远离
keep on doing 继续，不停地做
keep one’s balance 保持平衡
keep out 使…不入内
keep pace with…跟上，同…步调一致
keep time 合拍子，按时，（钟表）走得准
keep to 坚持，固守，遵守
keep up 继续，坚持，保持，维持
keep up with…赶上，跟上 ，与…并肩前进
keep watch 守望，值班，注意
in good /high keep保存得好
in bad/low keep保存得不好
28.以lay为中心的词组
lay aside 把..放在一边，抛弃，贮藏
lay down 放下，使躺下，放弃，牺牲
lay off （暂时）解雇，放弃，停止
lay out 花费，投资，不置，打昏
29.以leave为中心的词组
ask for leave 请假
give leave 准假
leave about乱放，乱丢
leave alone 听任，任其自然
leave…as it is.听其自然
leave behind 留下，忘记携带
leave for （离开某地）去某地
leave out 省去，遗漏，不把…计算在内
leave off 停止，脱去，戒除
leave office 离职，下台
leave over 留下，剩下，延期
leave room for 为…让出地方
leave school 毕业
leave sth. to / with sb把…交给/留给某人.
leave sb, sth. 把…交给/留给某人
leave word / a message 留言，留信
on leave 休假，请假
30.以look为中心的词组
look about 四下环顾；查看
look after 照顾，看管
look around 东张西望
look at 注视，着眼于
look back 回顾，回头看
look back on / upon …回顾
look for 寻找；期待，期望
look down on /upon 俯视；轻视
look forward to 盼望，期待
look in 看望，顺便进去望一下
look into 窥视；调查；浏览
look like 看起来象
look on /upon 旁观；面向
look on / upon …as…把…看作
look one’s age 和年龄相称
look out 向外看；注意；当心，提防
look out for 当心，寻找，搜寻
look over 从上面看过去；检查，忽略
look through透过~~看去；看穿；浏览，彻底调查
look to 面向，注意
look up 查阅，仰视，涨价
look up to 仰望，尊敬
31.以make为中心的词组
be made from 由~~原料制成
be made (out) of 由~~材料制成
be made up of 由~~组成
make an appointment with sb.与…约定
make a beeline for走直路,走进路,朝…径直走去
make a difference 有差别，有关系，很重要
make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗
make a mistake 弄错
make a note of 记下
make a point 阐述观点
make a point of doing 强调；决心，坚持
make a promise 许诺
make a will 立下遗嘱
make advantages/use of 使用，利用
make after 追求，追赶
make believe 假装
make certain / sure 确信，把~~弄清楚
make contact with 接通，与~~接触，与~~联系
make eyes at…抛眉眼，以目示意
make for 去向，向~~前进；有利于
make friends with 和~~交友
make into 把~~制成，使~~转变为
make much of 重视；理解；赏识
make one’s mind on sth. 决定某事
make one’s own 当作自己的看待
make oneself at home 随便，别拘束
make oneself understood 让别人理解自己
make out 填写；开支票；理解；辨认
make preparations for为…作准备
make repairs/arrangements/gestures/signs/marks/
choices/remarks/comments/efforts/mistakes/a price
make the best/ most of 尽量利用；极为重视
make towards 向…前进
make up弥补,修理,赔偿,起草,编造,化装,配制,占…比例
make up to 接近，巴结；向~~求爱
make way for 为~~让路，让路于
make it 就这么定了，成功，达到某一特定目标
on the make 急求成功；增加，损人利己追求名利
32.以meet为中心的词组
meet the case 适合，令人满意
meet the need/demand/requirement of满足…需要
meet with 偶然碰见，遭受，
meet…by chance/accident偶然碰见
make both ends meet 使收支相抵
33.以open为中心的词组
be open to 对…开放，易于接受，经不起（诱惑）
open A for B 为B展开/打开A
open to 朝…开，朝向，通向
open up开发,开创,开辟,开垦,吐露真情,打开,展现
with open eyes 睁着眼睛，留神地，吃惊地
with open arms 张开双臂，热诚（欢迎）
34.以owe为中心的词组
owe … to…把…归功于，把…归因于，
owe much to 多亏了，在很大程度上归功于
owe it to…that…归功于，幸亏
owe sb. sth. (=owe sth. to sb.)欠某人…
35.以pass为中心的词组
pass away 去世，（时间）过去
pass by 经过，（时间）过去
pass into 变成，化为
pass on/upon 传递，通过
pass out of one’s mind 被人忘掉
pass over 忽视，置之不理
pass through 经历，经过，贯穿
pass to 传递，传达
36.以pick为中心的词组
pick and choose 仔细挑选，挑挑拣拣
pick off 摘下，逐个地射死
pick on 挑选，挑剔，惹恼
pick one’s way/steps 小心地走路，择路而行
pick one’s words精选用词
pick out 挑出，辨别出
pick up 接(某人),接收，获得，搭载，收拾，恢复，爬起，捡起，学会，认识
pick up with…结识，与…交朋友
37.以pull为中心的词组
pull/make/wear a long face 拉长脸，不高兴
pull about 把…拖来拖去，虐待
pull apart 拉开，扯断，严加批评
pull away 拖出，离开
pull down 拉下,拉倒,推翻,拆毁,使(价格)下降,使体质减弱,赚取
pull in (车船)抵达, 节省(费用), 缩减(开支)
pull off 脱（衣，冒），完成，获得成功
pull on 穿，戴，继续拉
pull out 驶出，拔出，离开
pull sb’s leg 取笑某人
pull through 克服困难，脱离危险
pull sth. to pieces 把…拆散，撤碎
pull up 拔起，阻止，使停下
pull up with/to 追上，赶上
pull (the) wires/strings 在幕后操纵，走后门
38.以push为中心的词组
at one push 一口气
bring to the push 使陷绝境
push against 推，推撞
push forward/along 把…腿向前，继续进行
push aside/away 推开，排除
push back 退回，推回
push down 向下推
push in 推进，向岸靠拢
push off 起程，离开
push on 奋力向前，推进
push one’s way挤过去，奋力向前
push out 推出，长出
push over 推倒
push through 促成，完成，穿过，挤过
push up 向上推
39.以put为中心的词组
put aside 把~~放在一边；搁置；排除
put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾；储藏；
put back 把~~放回原处；拨回
put down 放下；镇压；记下；削减；降落
put an end to 结束，终止，废除
put faith in 相信，信任
put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡，
put in 驶入，进入
put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻译成
put…into use应用
put…into practice把…付诸于实践
put…into action把…付诸于实践，实施，使生效
put…into effect把…付诸于实践，实施，使生效
put…into operation 将…投入生产，实施，开动
put…into production将…投产，开始生产
put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，脱下
put on上演,穿上,戴上,增加,拨快(钟表),推荐
put one’s heart into 全神贯注，专心致志
put out 熄灭，伸出，拿出，制造，刺杀
put through 完成，（电话用语）拨通，使穿过
put to (good) use (充分)利用
put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；陈列
put up with 忍受，容忍
46.以send为中心的词组
send away 解雇，赶走，把…送往远处
send down 把…向下发送,开除,降低（价格，温度）
send for 派人去叫/请/拿
send off 发出，寄出，解雇，送别
send out 发出，散发，长出（树叶等）
send up 发射，使上升，向上传递
send word 通知，转告，捎信
47.以set为中心的词组
be set in 以…为背景
set about （doing）着手，开始
set an example to sb.给某人树立个榜样
set aside 取消，放在一边，放弃，忽视，拒绝
set back 把（钟表）往回拨
set down 放下，卸下，登记，记载
set down to 归于，认为是由于
set fire to (= set…on fire) 放火烧毁
set forward 把（钟表）拨快，出发
set free 释放（某人）
set off vi.出发 vt.使爆炸，拨出（钱等）
set one’s hand to 着手做，从事
set one’s heart / mind on/upon专心于，渴望
set out vi.出发 vt.开始，着手(to do)，布置，发表
set up 建立，设立，开办，引起（疾病等）
48.以shut为中心的词组
shut down (=close down)关闭，倒闭，停工，歇业
shut in 关进去，禁闭，使中止，压制
shut off 关掉，切断
shut one’s eyes/ears to…拒绝去看/听
shut one’s heart to… 对…不动心
shut one’s mind to…死不答应
shut one’s teeth 要紧牙关
shut out 关在外面，排除（可能性）
shut up 关闭，密封
49.以stick为中心的词组
stick in the mud 陷入泥中，墨守成规
stick…into…把…插入…中
stick out 突出，伸出，显眼
stick to 坚持，忠于，粘到…上
50.以suit为中心的词组
be suited for doing
(=be suited to do) 配（做），适于
be suited to / for…适合于
suit all tastes 人人合口味，人人中意
suit oneself 随自己意愿
suit the action to the word 使言行一致
suit …to…使适合于，使适应
suit with…与…相称
51.以take为中心的词组
take a chance / an opportunity碰运气,抓机会
take a seat 就坐
take a shower 淋浴，洗澡
take advantage of 利用，乘…之便
take after 仿效，与…相似
take aim 瞄准，设立目标
take away 拿走，减去；夺去
take back 收回，取消
take sp.by surprise 出奇制胜,突袭
take sb.by surprise 使惊讶
take care of当心,注意；照顾；提防；谨慎；处理
take care to do 务必做，留心做
take cold 感冒，受寒
take ~~ for/as…把~~当作
take charge of 负责，主管
take down 取下，记下，占领，拆毁，病倒
take effect 生效，起作用
take fire 着火
take … for example 以…为例
take … for granted 认为…理所当然（不成问题）
take hold of 抓住，掌握
take in 吸收，接纳，欺骗，轻信，领会
take into 驶入，信任
take…into account / consideration 考虑，重视
take it / things easy 别紧张，从容
take measures / steps 采取措施
take notes 记笔记
take notice of 注意，留心
take off vt.脱去,除去；vi.起飞,起程,成功,成名
take office就职，上任
take on 呈现，雇佣，承担，担任
take one’s place就坐，入坐，代替
take one’s temperature量体温
take one’s time（to do） 慢慢做
take out 拿出，取出，去除，取得（专利权）
take over 接管，接任，接收
take part in参与，参加
take part with 袒护，支持
take place发生，举行
take possession of 占有，拥有
take the place of代替
take the shape of 呈/取….的形状
take the size of 量….的尺寸
take pride in以~~为荣，对~~骄傲
take…seriously/calmly严肃认真/冷静从容地对待
take sb. by the arm 拉某人的胳膊
take sb.in one’s arms 拥抱某人
take turns(to do) 轮流做
take up for 袒护
take up with 致力于，忍受，对…发生兴趣
52.以tear为中心的词组
tear at撕，强拉
tear away 撕掉，扯开，磨损
tear A away from B 从B夺走A
tear down 拆毁，扯下，使瓦解，破坏（名誉）
tear in/to/into pieces 把…撕碎
tear in two ..把…撕成两半
tear off 扯去，扯开
tear out 撕下，拉下
tear up撕掉，撕毁
53.以tell为中心的词组
tell about 讲述
tell/know…apart 区别，识别
tell A from B 区别A和B
tell the truth 说实话
tell a lie 撒谎
tell sb.of/about sth.告诉某人某事
54.以think为中心的词组
think about 考虑
think aloud 自言自语
think highly / well/much/a lot of对…评价很高
think little/ill/nothing of 轻视，看不起
think of 想，想着，想做
think of …as…把…看作
think out 仔细考虑，想通
think over仔细考虑
think through想通
think…to be…认为…是
think to oneself 沉思，暗自想
think up 想出，想通，想起
55.以throw为中心的词组
throw about乱丢，乱花（钱）
throw at 把…投向
throw away 抛弃，浪费，拒绝，错失（机会）
throw back 扔回，拒绝，反驳，（光线）反射
throw cold water on sb. 对…泼冷水，使气馁
throw doubt on/upon 对…怀疑
throw down 推翻，拆毁，扔下，拒绝
throw down one’s tools 罢工
throw in 插话，（免费）附送
throw into 使…陷入某种状态
throw off 摆脱，匆匆脱掉，设法除去
throw oneself into 投身于，积极从事
throw out 扔出，干扰，否决
throw up呕吐，放弃，举起，批评，匆匆建造
throw up one’s arms 举起双手，投降
56.以try为中心的词组
try doing/to do 试着做/尽力做
try every means 用各种办法
try for 企图获得，争取，谋求
try on 试穿
try one’s best尽力
try out 试验，提炼，参加选拔赛
57.以trust为中心的词组
enjoy the trust of 得到…的信任
have / put trust in 信任
in trust 受托的，代为保管的
take …on trust对…不加考察信以为真
trust on 信赖
trust A to B(=trust B with A)把A委托给B
58.以turn为中心的词组
give a new turn to 对~~予以新的看法
turn away把…打发走,解雇,转脸不采,使转变方向
in one’s turn 轮到某人做某事
out of turn 不按次序的，不合适宜的
take one’s turn to do 轮到做
turn a blind eye to 对~~视而不见
turn against 背叛，采取敌对态度
turn back 折回，往回走
turn down 折叠，翻下，驳回，拒绝考虑
turn into 走进；变成，变为
turn to ~~for help 求助于
turn off 关上,解雇，避开（问题）
turn on 打开；反对；依靠，依赖，取决于
turn one’s attention to 把注意力转向
turn out 培养；证明是；制成；实际情况是
turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是
turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，，改过自新
turn (a)round 旋转，转过身来；改变意见；
turn to 变成；着手于
turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来
59.以watch为中心的词组
watch one’s time /opportunity 等待时机
watch out (for) 当心，监视，注意，提防
watch over 查看，监视，看守
watch one’s weight 留心体重
watch one’s step 当心，留心
真题赏析
1. (2009 宁夏 海南,全国 I，32) Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to _____ them too hard.
A. draw B. strike C. rush D. push
2. (2009全国II ,15) If you leave the club, you will not be _____back in.
A. received B. admitted C. turned D. moved
3. (2009 福建,27 ) We are at your service. Don't ____ to turn to us if you have any further problems.
A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek
4. (2009 福建,28)The Somali robbers' frequent attacks on the sea urged the United Nations to_______all nations to take immediate action.
A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on
5. (2009 浙江，11)The good thing about children is that they______ very easily to new environments.
A. adapt B. appeal C. attach D. apply
6. (2009 浙江, 16) Practising Chinese kung fu can not only______ one's strength, but also develop one's character.
A. bring up B. take up C. build up D. pull up
7. (2009 安徽,25) Just as Professor Scotti often ______ it, success is ninety-nine percent mental attitude.
A. gets B. makes C. puts D. means
8. (2009 天津,6)—Sorry, I have to _____ now. It's time for class.
—OK,I'll call back later.
A. hang up B. break up C. give up D. hold up
9. (2009 安徽, 33) We tried to find a table for seven, but they were all _______.
A. given away B. kept away C. taken up D. used up
10. (2009 湖北, 21) Would you please ____ the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes
A. look around B. look into
C. look up D. look through
11. (2009湖北 ,21) During the war there was a serious lack of food. It was not unusual that even the wealthy families had to _____ bread for days.
A. eat up B. give away C. do without D. deal with
12. (2009 湖北 ,23)The loss has not yet been ____accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.
A. calculated B. considered C. completed D. controlled
13. (2009 湖北, 24) Some parents are just too protective. They want to _____their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.
A. spot B. dismiss C. shelter D. distinguish
14. (2009 四川 ,5)— Have you _____
—No. I had the wrong number.
A. got in B. got away C. got off D. got through
15. (2009 四川 ,8)—How about your journey to Mount Emei
—Everything was wonderful except that our car______twice on the way.
A. slowed down B. broke down
C. got down D. put down
Keys：
专项突破
1. Their early success was______by a period of miserable failure.
A. struck B. undertaken
C. violated D. succeeded
2. —If you don't bring a birthday present to Lucy, you may _____.
—Thank you for reminding me. Surely I'll buy her one this eve ning.
A. leave her alone B. let her down
C. hold her back D. cheer her up
3. —Have you heard that he was admitted into Beijing University
-Is that true I'm glad that his efforts at last______.
A. worked out B. paid off
C. turned out D. paid for
4. I called the airline to ____ my flight reservation a week before I left for Canada.
A. obtain B. admit C. confirm D. appoint
5. I need the money badly now and I have to ______my car though I'm not at all willing to do so. A. donate B. sacrifice C. decline D. deliver
6. Each member country of WTO must _______its laws and regulations and compete on the principle of fair ness and cooperation.
A. cater to B. correspond to
C. relate to D. submit to
7. The old man said that he would _____more people who would not have too much work to do in the week to come to do the construction work.
A. let B. promise C. get D. make
8.The secretary entered with a pencil and paper, and___ every word the manager said.
A. took down B. took out
C. turned out D. turned down
9.At first he refused to admit he had stolen but when he was shown the videotape,he ______ and admitted every thing.
A. broke up B. broke away
C. broke down D. broke in
10. There was a big hole in the road which _____the traffic.
A. took up B. brought back
C. kept back D. held up
11. On the way _________a book, he found some of his classmates_____ in the street.
A. to buy; knocking down
B. to buy; knocking about
C. to buying; knocking about
D. to buying; knocking into
12. —Any advice on how to protect pupils' eyesight
—It's helpful for them not to have to ______ bright light.
A. look on B. look in
C. look for D. look through
13. To deal with the global financial crisis, China has ______a string of forceful measures over the past months. A. worked out B. found out
C. turned out D. made out
14.—Mr. Wang, may I join the relay race
—No problem. I'll ___you and Dan in the race.
A. order B. adjust C. place D. enter
15. Our school doesn't _________students' staying in the classroom too long. We think they should have time for sports.
A. advocate B. admit
C. assess D. approach
16. — Isn't David an efficient manager
—Er, David is really great but sometimes he has problems ______his ideas.
A. getting around B. getting along
C. getting across D. getting off
17. Why do we have to ________Sue's selfish behavior We should teach her to care for others.
A. make up for B. split up
C. put up with D. get rid of
18. Mr. Smith _________ Jingzhou, and he has always had a good taste for the stories of Three Kingdoms.
A. accumulates B. abandons
C. inspires D. adores
19. I wonder such a gentleman as he should ________an error, though it is a simple and small one. A. admit B. tolerate
C. commit D. ignore
20. Peter has been out of work for half a year, so he wants to _______a job in this company.
A. prepare for B. apply for
C. superior to D. object to
Keys:
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考点十四 单项填空
考纲解读
一、题型特点：单项填空题是高考的一个难点，考题覆盖面广，在新课标地区，考纲要求该题型测试内容主要涉及到三个方面：
1. 常用词汇的基本用法。[]
2. 语用知识（即日常交际用语）。[]
3. 语法基础知识。
2009年新课标地区英语《考试大纲》在测试的深度和广度上都有所拓展。综观09年实行新课程标准的省市高考题的单项填空题，比以往更加重视语言的交际性，加强了微型语境的设计，大大减少了语法及词汇的机械考查，注重基础知识和语言情景的完美结合，考查考生语言知识的综合运用能力。
考纲非常重视实际使用英语能力的考查，即使是单项填空也要给你设一个完整的情景，在活的情景中考查应用。这样命题的目的就是通过语篇来考查考生的思维能力。思维能力是新课标考纲强调的一个重点。单项填空题所创设的语境，情景新，文化理念新，踩点新，表达方式新，并着重体现交际，以口语、对话、习惯用法等考查学生得体使用英语的能力。这些都有利于考生拓展思维，实现由知识到能力的升华。
高考常见设题方式解析
单项填空题对基础语法、词汇和语用能力考察范围很广，所创设的句子结构和语境多种多样。所设置的四个选项一般在微型语境中分别从语法、逻辑、常识、交际习惯、固定结构等各方面对选择造成迷惑干扰。从命题角度说，四个选项在词类、结构、长短及行文风格等方面都相似，才能对答案项起到真正有效的干扰迷惑作用。但是在实际命题中做到这一点很难。信度高的测试题，也不提倡这种牵强附会的文字游戏。所以单项填空的三个干扰项难以有同等的干扰功能，总会有那么一两个选项只起到陪衬作用，强干扰项不会太多，多数情况下也就一个。考生只要有比较扎实的基础知识和语感，并掌握一定的答题技巧，就能迅速看出陪衬干扰项，马上排除。然后，在已缩小了的范围内进一步推敲，细心排除强干扰项，选定答案。
下面从单项填空题的命题特点、干扰项的各种典型设置，以及解题技巧三方面，结合历届高考试题及平时教学中遇到的难点进行探讨。
1、巧设语言环境设置干扰
　　命题人在题干中没有明确将时间或空间背景标示出来，而是比较巧妙地隐含在句子中，考生要凭借自己的语言基础知识和运用语言的能力，修复被中断的语段，表达出完整的信息。做这类题，考生除了要对所涉及的句子进行语法推敲外，还要从各个角度使选项符合题干语境要求。例如：[]
【1】 --- Did you have a good time in Thailand last week
--- _____, it was too hot. []
A. No! really B. Yeah, why not C. Oh, great D. You’re right
答案A。此题考察在特定英语中的交际用法，根据答语所提供的信息it was too hot ，可知道本次旅行有遗憾，B项是建议，C 、D项表示肯定。只有A符合语境。
【2】 I began to feel ___ in the new school when I saw some familiar faces
A. at home B. at heart C. at will D. at sight
答案A。此题在特设语境中考查固定短语。feel at home意为“感觉自在”，
符合题意“当我看见一些熟悉面孔时，我在新学校开始感觉自在”。其它选项，at heart意为：在内心里，at will意为：随意，任意，at sight意为：一见。均不合语境而被排除。
【3】--- Would you like to join us in the game
--- _____, for I have something important to attend to.
A. I will B. I’d love to C. I won’t D. I’m afraid not
答案D。在特设语境中考查交际用语的用法。答句中I have something important to attend to暗示，只有D项符合语境。
2、利用思维定势设置干扰
　　利用思维定势的影响来设题，这是最容易让考生上当的题。平日师生都很重视单项填空的热点考查，做题规律烂熟在心，已成习惯。但高考命题者常常在此改变条件设题。因为考生背诵了许多语法规则和词的固定搭配，做题时只注意这些熟悉的语法规则和局部固定搭配，往往在没有完全弄清整个题干的意思时就做出选择，结果当然出错。例如：
【1】He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young.
A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played[]
答案B。该题很容易由于思维定势而误选D。题干中的时间状语从句when he
was young会使考生想到“过去的过去”时间点而主句用过去完成时谓语。但这里所表达的意思是“他年轻时就开始有规律地踢球了”，没说到when he was young就停止了。故不能选D。[]
【2】--- Where did you get to know her
--- It was on the farm ____ we worked.[]
A．that B．there C．which D．where
答案D。该句易误作强调句型，所以A是强干扰项。这里where we worked[]
是定语从句，修饰the farm。It指“与她相识” 这件事。该题很容易受思维定势的影响而拒绝选D，因为平日教学老师一再强调，强调句型即使强调地点状语，也不能用where。 如果要用it was… that强调句型的话，可改写为“It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.”
3、利用语序结构设置干扰
英语中倒装句，强调句，感叹句极易出现语法结构错误。遇到特殊句式理解困难，可先还原成自己熟悉的陈述句结构以便理解；平日要多读句子，形成语感，容易理解复杂结构。如：[][]
【1】Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _____ their parents speak at home.
A. what B. that C. which D. one
答案A。本题考查名词性从句的结构。根据空格前面的介词from可知，from后面是一个宾语从句。然后对该宾语从句的句子成分进行分析后可知，其谓语动词speak后面缺宾语，what在这里表示肯定的意义（某人所说的….话），可在从句中作宾语。 B项只能引导结构和意思都完整的宾语从句，C项表示疑问的意义，D项不能引导宾语从句。故选A。
【2】Occasions are quite rare ____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
A. who B. which C. why D. when
答案D。此题考查定语从句关系词的选择，但先要掌握句子的语序结构。此题关键是看出定语从句的先行词是Occasions，被谓语部分分隔了，并且所选关系词在定语从句中要做时间状语，故可排除其他选项。句意为：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。
【3】_____ is known to us all is that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which[]
答案B。考查名词性从句的用法。根据句子结构分析，____ is known to us all为主语从句，句中缺少主语，应该选择What引导主语从句，并在从句中充当主语。其它项it和as不引导主语从句，which有疑问意义，皆不符合句子结构和语境，故排除。
4、利用汉英差异设置干扰
　　英汉在表达习惯、思维方式等方面具有很多不同，命题者常利用汉英差异出题。如汉语的“参加”在许多情况下都适用，如参加会议、参加考试、参军等，而在英语中则因不同的宾语用不同的动词，如take part in the celebration, attend a meeting, join the army, take an exam, join in a discussion等。如：
【1】A great man shows his greatness _____ the way he treats little man.
A. under B. with C. on D. by
答案D。考查介词的用法。要注意英汉差异。英语中表示“用某种方法和手段”常用“by ”，这与汉语中的“用”不尽相同。英语中"with" 强调使用工具，常与 with the method/ the tool 搭配。
【2】You have to ________ a choice. Are you going to leave the job or stay
A. decide B. get C. do D. make
答案D。该题难度不大，但如果模糊了英汉差异，则容易误选C。汉语中常说“做出抉择”，而英语中要写成make a choice.
5、利用标点符号设置干扰[]
英语中句号和分号表示并列句，逗号表示主从句。问号和叹号所在的句子，句子语序都有不同，稍不注意就会出现句子意思理解错误。小小标点，举足轻重。平日要注意掌握简单句和复合句的常见句型，注意观察标点符号在英语各种句式中的作用。如：
【1】After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
答案B。该题容易误选C。句中选项前的标点是确定答案的关键。这里选形容词hungry and tired作伴随状语，表示人的状态；如选副词hungrily and tiredly做状语，则表示动作的情况。小小标点左右答案的选择。
【2】It is reported that two schools, ____are being built in my hometown, will open next year. A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which
答案D。which 是关系代词，指代前面的two schools；如果用them，两句话之间不能用逗号。
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考点七 动词的时态和语态
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009江苏，22】--- Ann is in hospital.
--- Oh, really I ________ know. I _______ go and visit her.
A. didn’t; am going to B. don’t; would C. don’t; will D. didn’t; will
解析：D。考查动词时态。句意：--- Ann住院了。---哦，真的吗？我还不知道呢。我要去看望他。在两个人的对话发生后，第二个说话者已经知道了Ann住院的消息，因此“不知道Ann住院”是过去的事实，所以第一个空选择一般过去时；第二个空用will表示“临时决定”，不是事先计划或安排好的。注意：本题没有直接的时间状语，而要从具体的语境中推测出“不知道Ann住院”是过去的事实。
【典例2：2009四川，15】-- Why don’t we choose that road to save time
---- The bridge to it ________.
A. has repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. will be repaired
解析：C。考查动词时态和语态。句意：---- 为什么我们不选择走那条路节省时间呢？---因为通向那条路得桥正在修理中。从语境分析，不选择那条路的原因是其中的一座桥无法使用，说明那座桥正在修理中，不是修好了，也不是将要修理。再者，桥和修理之间是被动关系。所以选择C。
【典例3：2009福建，22】---Why does the lake smell terrible []
--- Because large quantities of water _______.
A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted
解析：D。考查动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致。句意：----这湖水怎么这么难闻？---因为大量的水已经被污染了。water与pollute为被动关系，故排除A项；B表示“正在被污染”，不表示结果，排除掉；quantities of 后接名词作主语，谓语动词与quantities保持一致，排除C项，所以选择D。
2010考点预测
动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点和难点，在词法和词汇知识试题中，每年考查动词时态的题不少于2道。对于该考点，考生在备考时要把握各种时态的特点，注意各种时态间的差异。在解答此类试题时要扑捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，准确理解在具体语境中的时态的正确使用。一般来说，高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行时、现在进行时、现在完成时以及他们的被动语态。
知识必备
一、动词时态
（一）一般现在时
一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：
1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard .他工作很努力
3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球赛将推迟。
5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示"运动"的动词，如：go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车。
（二）一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。
1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。
3、在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。
4、表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。
If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比赛就会延期举行。
（三）一般将来时
1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由"助动词will/shall+动词原形"构成。
2、一般将来时的其他表达法
（1）"be going to+动词原形"表将来
①这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
②还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think I'm going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危) Look at the cloud. It's going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示"肯定、预测，注定会"。在这种情况下可以和"think, hope, want, belive, like"等表示静态的动词连用。 He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。
The voters aren't going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。
（2）"be about to+动词原形"表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
（3）"be to+动词原形"表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。
（4）用现在进行时来表示将来
现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory 你什么时候回工厂？
（5）一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。
The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。
When does the show begin 展览什么时候开始？
（五）过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由"助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词"构成。用法如下：
1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
注意：在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
2、用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
3、代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。[]
She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走。
4、表达褒贬等感彩
过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想。
He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。
5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
---Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor --打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？
---Of course. What is it --当然。什么事？
---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. --我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表。
（六）现在完成时
现在完成时由"助动词have/has+过去分词"构成。现在完成时的用法如下：
1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.我已经把照片寄出了。
2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他们自从2002年以来就住在北京。
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.
3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用。
He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。
My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班。
4、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。
He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
5、用在"It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句"中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。
This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
6、 "It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句"结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感彩
- Who is Jerry Cooper 杰利 库珀是谁呀？
- Haven't you met him yet I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。
Now you've done it.你这下可闯祸了。
When have I been treated like this 我什么时候吃这一套？
8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）
9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。
She has already come.她已经来了。
I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等。
It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)
（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin， return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达"他离开这儿已经3年了"这一意思时，不能说" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:
He has been away from here for three years.
He left here three years ago.
It is three years since he left here.
（4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。
He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)
He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
（七）过去完成时
过去完成时由"助动词had+过去分词"构成。用法如下：
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是"过去的过去"。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。
Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。
4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
5、用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…"句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。
It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。
6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
7、过去完成时常用结构有"hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
（八）过去将来时
过去将来时一般由 "助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形"构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。用法如下：
1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。
I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。
He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
2、表示过去的某种习惯行为
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
3、过去将来时的其它表达法
（1）was/were going to
①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）
②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)
I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）
（2）was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。
She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。
（3）was/were about to＋动词原形
was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
（4）表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你会来。
（九）其他时态
1、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由"助动词have/has been+ -ing形式"构成。用法如下：
（1）现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。
（2）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)
（3）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
We've been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。
（4）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
A. 现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（已完成）
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
B.当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时，现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景，并带有感色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .现在房子打扫好了，我们可以往里搬东西了。（强调打扫完了的结果）
-You look so tired. What have you been doing 你看起来很累，你干什么了？
-I've been playing football.我踢足球了。（强调不久前踢球的情景）
2、将来进行时
将来进行时由"助动词shall/will+be+v-ing"构成，用法如下:
（1）表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time tomorrow, at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。
I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。
At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic. 明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。
（2）表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。
We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。
Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening 今晚你会见王先生吗？
3、将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由"shall /will +have +v-ed"构成。用法如下：
（1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。
By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到这月末，我们将学完10单元。
（2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。
When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时，我们已住在该市五年了。
（3）表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测
It is seven. He will have got up.现在7点，他可能已经起床了
4、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由"助动词had+ been+ v-ing"构成。
（1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。（仍继续）
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。（不再继续）
（2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）
（三）主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态要遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语（如果是人称代词，宾格变为主格）；把主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为by介词短语（如果是人称代，主格变为宾格），有时介词短语可省去。[]
1、含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句
在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by的宾语，但是短语可以不要。
Everyone likes the book. (active voice)大家都喜欢这本书。
→The book is liked by everyone. (passive voice)这本书受大家喜欢。
2、含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句
有些动词后面可以跟"宾语+补足语"结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。
（1）行为动词
They advised her to take the medicine. (active voice)他们劝她吃这种药。
→She was advised to take the medicine. (passive voice)她被劝告吃这种药。
（2）感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时
在主动句中，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。
They made him go there alone. 他们让他自己去那里。
→He was made to go there alone. 他被迫自己去那里。
注意：动词是let时，其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。
They let John go. 他们让约翰走。→John was let go. 约翰不得不走。
3、含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句
①直接宾语是名词、代词时
有些动词（give, tell, buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to（有时可以省去）或for。
She gave me the book. (active voice)她给了我这本书。
→I was given the book. (passive voice)有人送给我一本书
→The book was given to me. (passive voice)。这本书是别人送的。
注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。
This apple is given to me, not to you. 这个苹果是给我的，不是给你的。
②直接宾语是从句时
如果直接宾语是从句时，一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。
Someone told me where the accident had happened. （passive voice）有人告诉我事故是在何处发生的。
→I was told where the accident had happened. (passive voice)我被告知事故在何处发生。
4、带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句
（1）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语。
We believed that he was ill. 我们相信他病了。
→It was believed that he was ill. 都相信他病了。
（2）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构
He said the play was very interesting. 他说这台戏剧很有趣。
→The play was said to be very interesting. 据说这台戏剧很有趣。
5、带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句
如果主动句带有情态动词或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，在变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。
He is going to give me a book. 他打算给我一本书。
→I am going to be given a book. 有人打算给我一本书。
We must take measures to stop pollution. 我们必须采取措施制止污染。
→Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 必须采取措施制止污染。
（三）被动结构的时态[]
被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态+及物动词的-ed形式来构成的
1、一般现在时
一般现在时的被动结构是由"be的一般现在时（am/is/are）+及物动词的-ed形式"构成。
Football is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球。
2、一般过去式
一般过去式的被动结构是由"be的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。
The building was built in 1559. 这座建筑是1559年建成的。
3、一般将来时 一般将来时的被动结构是由"be的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。
More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡会建更多的工厂。
4、现在进行时 现在进行时的被动结构是由"be的现在进行时（am/is/are being）+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。
The life of the milu is being studied at present. 目前人们正在研究麋鹿的生活习惯。
5、现在完成时 现在完成时的被动语态是由"be的现在进行时（has/have been）+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。
All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start. 任务的准备工作业已完成，我么们准备开始。
6、过去进行时 过去进行时的被动语态是由"be的过去进行时（was/were being）+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。 When I got there a new road was being built by them. 我到那里时，他们正在建一条新路。
7、过去完成时 过去完成时的被动语态是由"be的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。 He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. 他问我到那年我学了多少英语单词。
8、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动结构是由"情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式" 构成。
This bike can be mended in two hours. 两个小时内可修好该自行车。
They have to be given a lot of money. 必须给他们很多钱。
9、短语动词的被动语态 通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分隔的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。
Have you sent for the doctor 你派人去请医生了吗
→Has the doctor been sent for 派人去请医生了吗
注意：主动结构的谓语动词为"不及物动词+名词+介词"构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必须仔细照料这些孩子，尤其是在他们生病时。
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. 你应当注意你的发音。
→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 注意你的发音。
（四）Get型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由"be+及物动词的过去分词"构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
1、get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指"最后终于，突然发生"等意义。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
2、get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money. （正）有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。
The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)
3、get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感彩
He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。（有"活该"之意）
How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了？（有"不该关上"之意）
4、get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired. 她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义）
She was tired. (只表示"她累了")
（五）主动形式表示被动意义
1、既是及物又是不及物的动词
一些既及物又是不及物的动词。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等；此类动词常接副词作状语（有些可以不加）。
Books of this kind sell well. 这本书很畅销。 The door won't shut. 门关不上。
2、系动词
系动词look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此类动词常接形容词作表语。
--Do you like the material 你喜欢这块面料吗？
--Yes, it feels very soft. 喜欢，手感不错。
The dish tastes good. 这菜味道不错。
3、need等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式
need, want, require，stand, take, won't bear, repay, deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式，表示被动意义。在这种情况下，句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。
Your hair needs cutting. 你的头发需要理。
The room wants cleaning everyday. 这个房间需要每天打扫。
The point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得提。
The rules take some learning. 这规则需要下点功夫学。
That won't bear thinking of. 那不堪想象。[]
4、某些表语的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作表语形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很那回答。[]
The room is comfortable to live in. 这屋子住起来很舒服。
5、某些作宾补的形容词后，用不定式主动表示被动
当动词不定式作宾补形容词（如形容词easy, difficult, hard等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
We find the man hard to get along with. 我们发现这个人很难相处。
I think English easy to learn. 我发现英语很好学。
6、不定式作定语
不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of work to do this week. 本周我有很多工作要做。
7、be worth doing结构 在be worth doing结构中，-ing分词形式表示被动含义。句子的主语在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。
The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得看。
（六）不宜用被动语态的动词
英语中并非所有动宾结构的句子都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句子类型举例说明如下：
1、当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人。
The war lasted four years. 这场战争持续了4年。
2、当某些及物动词（如leave, enter, join,等）的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时
The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。
My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
3、当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语，但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时
Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons. 每块石头重达两吨半。
He ran ten miles without rest. 他一气跑了10英里路。
4、当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时
He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话。
5、当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时[]
We Chinese always keep words. 我们中国人说话是算数的。
6、当句子的宾语是反身代词时
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。 Help yourself to the dishes. 随便吃菜。
7、当句子的宾语为相互代词时
We learned from and helped each other. 我们互相学习互相帮助。
For years the three sisters looked after one another. 多年来仨姐妹互相照顾。
8、当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
9、当句子的宾语为行为者（主语）身体上某一部分时。
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
10、某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句
The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。
11、当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语
12、当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时
I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟。
注意：少数以不定式（短语）做宾语的动词（如agree, feel, decide, think等）可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式（短语）直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式（短语）置于谓语动词之后。
He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。
真题赏析
1. (2009 山东,25)The number of foreign students attending Chi nese universities ______rising steadily since 1997.
A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
2. (2009 北京, 23) Scientists have many theories about how the uni verse ______into being.
A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come
3. (2009 北京，27) The way the guests _______in the hotel influ enced their evaluation of the service.
A. treated B. were treated
C. would treat D. would be treated
4. (2009 北京,30) When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ______ up, her voice had been full of life.
A. were hanging B. had hung
C. hung D. would hang
5. (2009 北京，32) John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ______with them to school.
A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take
6. (2009 天津,2)My parents ______in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live
7. (2009 江苏,21) The population of Jiangsu _______to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 mil lion.
A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing
8. (2009 宁夏海南，全国 I ,29)Edward, you play so well. But I ______you played the piano.
A. didn't know B. hadn't known
C. don't know D. haven't known
9. (2009 全国II,8) Progress ______so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be
10. (2009 福建,31) According to the literary review, Shakespeare _______ his characters live through their language in his plays.
A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes
11. (2009 浙江,9) Over the past decades, sea ice ______in the Arc tic as a result of global warming.
A. had decreased B. decreased
C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing
12. (2009 安徽 ,23)Daniel's family ______their holiday in Huang-shan this time next week.
A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy
C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
13. (2009 辽宁,31 ) My parents have promised to come to see me before I ______for Africa.
A. have left B. leave C. left D. will leave
14. (2009 山东,34) I was out of town at the time, so I don't know exactly how it______.[]
A. was happening B. happened
C. happens D. has happened
Keys:
专项突破
1. —Did you go somewhere on holiday
—I______ to go to Hawaii, but I didn't sign up for the tour in time.
A. would hope B. was hoped
C. had hoped D. have hoped
2. —Tom, can you answer my question
—Er, I'm very sorry, Miss Evens. I ______ about something else.
A. had thought B. was thinking
C. will think D. have thought
3. This January will be very precious for us by which time we ______ reviewing Senior Book I.
A. will finish B. will have finished
C. have finished D. will be finished
4. The time I had been looking forward to ____at last and I saw my favorite star.
A. coming B. having come
C. came D. come
5. — Are you a member of the club
—______. It's years since I ______a member of the club.
A. Yes; was B. No; became
C. Yes; had been D. No; was
6. Please stop to have a rest. You ______ the washing machine the whole morning.
A. have repaired B. were repairing
C. have been repaired D. have been repairing
7. — My car ______twice this month.
—I'm sorry to hear that.
A. has been broken in B. was broken in
C. has been broken into D. was broken into
8. — We all had a lot of fun at the barbecue yesterday. Pity you weren't there.
—I really should have gone with you but I ____on some remai ning problems.
A. worked B. was working[]
C. would work D. would have worked
9.—Tom says he is too tired to go on.
—He can't be. He ______for an hour.
A. just worked B. has only been working
C. has just worked D. had only been working
10. Nobody has any idea that how long it will be before the hostages______.
A. are released B. will be released
C. are to be released D. has been released
11. Unfortunately, when I got to her flat, she ______,so we had only time for a few words.
A. just left B. had just left[]
C. has just left D. was just leaving
12. Why haven't you accomplished your tasks yet You ______to finish them last Friday.
A. were supposed B. are supposed
C. are supposing D. were supposing
13. —Can we meet tomorrow morning
—Not in the morning, I'm afraid. I______.
A. will be working B. will work
C. am about to work D. am going to work
14. —Will you come to my office when you ______your work
—Sure.
A. finished B. are finishing
C. have finished D. will finish
15. — Lucy, can you tell me when Linda ______here
—I'm not sure, but she ______to be here at ten to nine.
A. gets; supposes B. is getting; is supposing
C. got; supposed D. will get; is supposed
16. The first album made by Shania Twain ______ten million copies.
A. is selling B. was sold C. has sold D. is sold
17.Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ______on the project day and night to meet the deadline.[]
A. work B. working C. is working D. are working
18. —Did he say that he would attend the concert tonight
—No, but he ______for an important competition.
A. prepared B. was preparing
C. has been preparing D. has prepared
19. I could have helped him out, to tell the truth, I _____too busy.
A. am B. was C. have been D. had been
20. I _____in a foreign trade company for five years. Still, I don't regret having given up the well-paid post.
A. worked B. have worked
C. was working D. had worked
[]
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考点四 介词和介词短语
2009真题回放
【典例1：2009山东，33】It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _____ easy reach.
A. near B. upon C. within D. around
解析：C。考查具体语境中的介词应用。句意：在厨房里把你常用的东西放在容易够着的地方会节省时间。near: 靠近，接近；upon:在…之上；within:在…里面，和reach搭配，意为“在够得着的范围以内”；around：遍及。至于C项符合题意。
【典例2：2009天津，10】The art show was ____ being a failure; it was a great success.
A. far from B. along with C. next to D. regardless of
解析：A。考查介词短语。句意：此次美术展绝非失败，而是巨大的成功。A：绝不是，远非；B：一起；C：隔壁；D：无视。由语境分析可知只有A项符合题意。
【典例3：2009宁夏海南，全国I，34】Everybody was touched _______ words after they heard her moving story.
A. beyond B. without C. of D. in
解析：A。考查具体语境中介词的使用。句意：在听了她动人的故事后，他们每个人都被深深地感动了，一句话也说不出来。A：超出…的能力范围；B：没有；C：属于；D：在…里面。由语境分析可知：只有A项符合题意。[]
2010考点预测
2009年高考试题中，对介词的考查各省试题均有涉及，主要是对其意义和用法进行考查。中学阶段所学介词有40多个，在备考中要注意这些介词的正确使用，重点掌握好介词的基本用法、用法延伸和介词短语。
知识必备
介词
用来表明名词、代词与句中其他词的关系的词叫介词。介词是虚词，不能单独做句子的成分，需要和它后面的词共同构成句子成分。
主要介词的用法：
1.in, on, at表示时间
介词 用法 例句
in 用在某年、月、季节、上午、下午、晚上等时间名词前。[][any flowers are blossoming in spring.
on 用在某一天、星期几及具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等的时间名词前，即：on表示具体的时间。 They set out on a Monday morning.
at 用在钟点、黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜、节日等的时间名词前。 The plane takes off at ten o’clock.
2. in, for, after +时间段表示时间
介词 用法 例句
in in+时间段表示将来一段时间之后。 We’ll meet again in two weeks
for for+时间段表示有多久。 He stayed in China for two years.
after after+时间段表示过去一段时间之后 After 3 years he moved to Shandong Province.
3. since, after表示时间
介词 用法 例句
since since后接表示时间点的短语或句子表示时间段一直延续到说话的时间，往往与现在完成时连用。 I have worked here for ten years since I came back from abroad.
after after后接表示时间点的短语或句子表示动作在那一时间点之后发生，因而要与一般过去时连用。 After graduating from university, he became a lawyer.
4. over/under, above/below表示方位
介词 用法 例句
over/under 表示直接的、垂直的上下关系。 A lamp hung over the table.
above/below 表示一般的高于或低于，不一定是垂直的上下。[] Raise your arms above your head please.
5. in, to on表示方位
介词 用法 例句
in 表示在某一地域之内。 Qingdao is in the east of Shandong Province.
to 表示在某一地域之外的某方向。 England lies to the west of France.
on 表示与某地接壤关系。 Hunan is on the east of Guizhou.
6. but, except, except for, besides表示“除了…”
介词 用法 例句
besides 作“除了…之外，还有…”解。 Besides English, I have to study Chinese.
but 作“除了…外”解，常与否定词，next, last 及部分形容词最高级连用，后接名词、代词或不定式。 I had no choice but to wait at that time.
except 作“除…之外，没有…”解，强调其宾语是从整体中除去的一部分，后可接名词、代词、或从句。多指对同类事物的排除。 We all went to the cinema except Mary.
except for 作“除…外”解，强调从整体中排除一部分，是对主语的内容起到修正作用，多指对非同类事物的剔除。 Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
7. across, through, over表示“通过”
介词 用法 例句
across 强调“横穿”。一般从表面上。 You can’t be too careful when you are walking across the road.
through 强调“从中间穿过”，一般表示在空间的里面 Don’t throw the wastes through the window.
over 表示在某物体的上方移动，意为“越过” The plan flew over the Pacific Ocean.
8. at, with, over, from, of, for表示原因
介词 用法[] 例句
at 常表示某种表情的起因，通常和表示听、看或喜、怒、吃惊等的过去分词或形容词连用。 You didn’t look very surprised at the news of his failure.
with 多用于表示情绪的形容词或表示身体动作或状态的动词之后，说明某种心理或心理状态的原因。[] Her face went red with anger.
over 常用于带有感彩的动词，如cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等之后，叙述所发生的事情的原因。 These men have qu
from 常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因。 Lots of people suffered from hunger in those days.
of 多用于表示自身的原因，如死因、病因等。[] I’m ashamed of myself for being so stupid.
for 多与表示感情的抽象名词或动词及reason, famous等词连用。 The West Lake is well-known for its scenery.
9. “with+复合宾语”结构常用来作状语，表示伴随、原因等，此外还可以作定语。
搭配 例句
with +名词/代词+形容词 He just sat there with his mouth open.
with +名词/代词+副词 He fell asleep with the light on.
with +名词/代词+现在分词 With so many people watching, she felt at a loss.
with +名词/代词+不定式 With nothing to do, he slept the whole afternoon.
with +名词/代词+过去分词 He stood for an instant with his hand raised.
with +名词/代词+介词短语 The old man walked with a stick in his hand.
with +名词/代词+名词 He died with his daughter yet a school girl.
真题赏析
1.（2009北京，29）The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way, ______little foreign ownership.
A. by B. of C. with D. from
2.（2009江苏，30）This special school accepts all disabled students, _______educational level and background.
A. according to B. regardless of
C. in addition to D. in terms of
3. （2009全国II，13）Jenny nearly missed the flight _______doing too much shopping.
A. as a result of B. on top of
C. in front of D. in need of
4.（2009上海，25）Four Chinese models were ______the 14 peo ple awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competi tion.
A. among B. between C. along D. beside
5.（2009湖北，29）You'd sound a lot more polite if you make a re quest ______a question.
A. in search of B. in the form of
C. in need of D. in the direction of
6.（2009湖北，30）His efforts to raise money for his program were _________because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.
A. in place B. in sight C. in effect D. in vain
7.（2009重庆，21）Try on this red skirt; you will look great _______it.[]
A. on B.by C. in D. for
8.（2009四川，6）A great person is always putting others' interests ______his own.
A. below B. above C. in D. on
9.（2009江西，26）The house I grew up ______has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
10. （2009陕西，8）He invited me to a dance after the show______Christmas Eve.
A. at B. on C. in D. by
专项突破
1. I like Mr. Miner's speech; it was clear and __the point.
A. at B. on C. to D. of
2. I began to feel ___ in the new school when I saw some familiar faces.
A. at home B. at heart C. at will D. at sight
3. —Why do you suggest we buy a new machine
—Because the old one has been damaged ___.
A. beyond reach B. beyond repair
C. beyond control D. beyond description
4. Fred entered without knocking and, very out of breath, sank ______a chair.
A. on B. off C. into D. to
8. Everything was perfect for the picnic ___the weather.[]
A. in place of B. as well as
C. except for D. in case of
5. Why are you so anxious It isn't your problem _______.
A. on purpose B. in all C. on time D. after all
6. Let's learn to use the problem we are facing ______a stepping-stone to future success.
A. to B. for C. as D. by
7. Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like ______working here.
A. with B. over C. at D. about
8. If you really have to leave during the meeting, you'd better leave ______the back door.
A. for B. by C. across D. out
9. Many Chinese universities provide scholarships for students_______ financial aid.
A. in favour of B. in honour of
C. in face of D. in need of
10. A great man shows his greatness ______the way he treats little men.
A. under B. with C. on D. by
11. When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have ______for her, but now all her worries are gone.
A. in need B. in time
C. in preparation D. in store
12. Elizabeth has already achieved success _____ her wildest dreams.
A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon
13. I have offered to paint the house __a week's accommodation.
A. in exchange for B. with regard to
C. by means of D. in place of
14. Some people choose jobs for other reasons _____money these days.
A. for B. except C. besides D. with
15. ______fire, all exits must be kept clear.
A. In place of B. Instead of
C. In case of D. In spite of
16. The open-air celebration has been put off_____the bad weather.
A. in case of B. in spite of
C. instead of D. because of
17. Scientists are convinced _______the positive effect of laughter_____ physical and mental health.
A. of; at B. by; in C. of; on D. on; at[]
18. Experts have been warning ______of the health risks caused by passive smoking.
A. at a time B. at one time
C. for some time D. for the time
19. People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this __ creates further problems.
A. in short B. in case C. in doubt D. in turn
20. We hadn’t planned to meet. We met _______ chance.
A. of B. in C. for D. by
Keys:
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