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专题二十 书面表达
超级预测
知识预测
考生应按照提纲、图画、图表等提供的信息,清楚明白地组 织语言进行表达。表达要符合情景要求,语言要基本符合英语 表达习惯。
1.掌握2000个单词和400~500个习惯用语或固定搭配的 用法;
2.掌握描述时间、地点和方位的表达方式;
3.理解并掌握比较人、物体及事物的表达方式;21世纪教育网
4.使用恰当的语言形式描述和表达观点、态度和情感等 内容;
5.掌握常见语篇形式的基本篇章结构和逻辑关系;21世纪教育网
6.逐步接触和了解较为复杂的语言现象,对较复杂的语言 现象具有一定的归纳、分析和解释的能力。
能力预测
高考英语试题中书面表达通常为l00词左右,新课标地区的高考作文为l20~150词左右的“情景表达”。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等;提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲和开放式短文等。写作的体裁多为记叙文(如日记、介绍、发言稿和叙事文等)和应用文(书信、通知、电子邮件等)。这两种体裁也是我们日常生活中最常用的文体,内容主要涉及与中学生的生活、学习密切相关的话题和社会热点等。从近几年看,情景提供形式以看图作文为主流。因此,高考要求学生应具备以下写作能力:
1.能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知和公务信函等;
2.能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或感情;
3.能阐述自己的观点和评述他人的观点,文体恰当,用词准确;
4.能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料及他人的原话;
5.能填写各种表格,写个人简历和申请书,用语基本正确、得当:
6.能做简单的笔头翻译;21世纪教育网
7.能在以上写作过程中做到文字通顺,格式正确。
以上要求可以作为目前高考对写作能力要求的重要参考。
超值储备
知识能力储备
写作中常用表达句式
1.(某事)……是……
(1)说起来容易做起来难。
It is easy to say but difficult to practice.
(2)他获奖是最令人激动的消息。
It was the most exciting/encouraging news that he got the prize.
2.很有可能会……;大可……
主语+may well+动词原形;陈述句+and well+主语 +may
这里的may意为“可能”;well意为“有充足的理由”。
他很有可能会生气。
He may well get very angry.
He gets very angry,and well he may.
He has good reason to get go angry.
He gets very angry,and with good reason.
3.渐渐开始;转而开始
主语+come to+动词原形21世纪教育网
我愈了解他,就愈喜欢他。
The more I knew him.the better I came to like him.
4.习惯做某事
主语+make it a rule to+动词原形
主语+make a point of+动名词
It is a rule with sb.+ to + 动词原形
过去的惯常行为:used to
我习惯在傍晚的时候出去散步。21世纪教育网
I make it a rule to go out for a walk towards evening.
I make a point of going out for a walk towards evening.
It is a rule with me to go out for a walk towards evening.
5.据说……;听说……
据说运动会在月底举行。
The sports meeting is said to be held at the end of the month.
It is said that the sports meeting will be held at the end of the month.
I Was told that the sports meeting will be held at the end of the month.
I/We hear that the sports meeting will be held at the end of the month.
6.不明白(究竟……)
I wonder+疑问词/if21世纪教育网
(1)我不知道他要乘哪次火车离开这里。
I wonder by which train he will leave here.
(2)我不知道他是否对这件事有兴趣。
I wonder/am wondering if he is interested in it.
7.+归功于……(A owes B to C)
他的成功归功于你的努力。
He owes his success to your efforts.
8.最佳的……是……
打好英语作文基础的最佳途径就是阅读许多浅显的书籍。
The best way to lay the foundation of English composition is to read many easy books.
One call lay the best foundation of English composition by reading many easy books.
There is no better way to lay the foundation of English composition than to read many easy books.21世纪教育网
9.预定要……
今年9月我们要搬到新校舍去。
We are/are expected to remove to the new schoolhouse in September.
10.如此……以至于……
这本书非常有趣,我把它读了一遍又一遍。
This book is so interesting that I have read it again and again.
As this book is very interesting,I have read it again and again.
This book being very interesting,I have read it again and again.
This is such an interesting book that I have read it again and again.
11.直到……才(开始)
直到在国外旅行的时候,我才开始深深体会到语言不通是多么不方便。
I had not realized how inconvenient it was when one could not make oneself understood till I traveled in a foreign country.
I had realized how inconvenient it was when one could not make oneself understood only after I traveled in a foreign country.21世纪教育网
12.对比议论
(1)我同意这个计划。首先,建工厂会给人们提供不同的工作。其次,它可以省许多钱。最后,它不会对环境有太大危害。
I agree to/am in favor of the plan.To begin(start)with,the building of the factory will provide people with different jobs.Secondly,it can save a lot of money.Lastly/Finally/Last but not least,it won't do much harm to the environment.
(2)我反对这个计划。一方面,它会占去学校太多的空间。另一方面,机器的噪音会影响我们的教学工作。总之,我们认为这不是一个好计划。
I don't agile to/am against the plan.On one hand/For one thing,it will take(up)too much space of our school.On the other hand/For another(thing)/Also,the noise of the machines will have a bad effect on our teaching work.In a word, we don’t think it is a good plan.
13.介绍某地的地理位置、人口、占地面积等
苏州位于上海西面50英里处,人口五百多万,占地8488平方千米。
Suzhou is located/is situated/lies 50 miles(to the)west of Shanghai,coveting an area of 8488 square kilometers,with a population of over 5 million.
14.表示原因
(1)就这点而言,原因有三。
There are three reasons for this.
(2)这件事的原因如下。
The reasons for this are as follows.
(3)这件事的原因是显而易见的。
The reason for this is obvious.
(4)这件事的原因不难找出。
The reason for this is not far to seek.
(5)这件事的原因是……
The reason for this is that…
(6)我们有充分的理由相信……
We have good reason to believe that...
15.引出事物的优点
当今许多人愿意进行晨练,因为这对我们的健康意义重大,以下是它带来的好处。
Nowadays many people prefer doing morning exercises because it has a significant role in our health.Generally,its advantages can be seen as follows.
16.引出事物的缺点21世纪教育网
正如一句流行语所说:任何事情都是一分为二的。这个也不例外,换句话说,它也有消极的一面。
Just as a popular saying goes,“every coin has two sides”,this project is no exception,and in other words,it still has negative aspects.
17.用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型
(1)My own experience tells me that…
(2)In my opinion,we should attach more importance to…
(3)As for my own idea about…I believe…
(4)As far as I am concerned,I plan t0…
(5)Personally,I prefer…
(6)In my point of view,both sides arc partly tight in that…
(7)My own point of view is that…21世纪教育网
(8)In conclusion,I support the statement that…
(9)As regards me,I tend to choose…
18.用于书信写作的常用句型
(1)Thank you for your letter of...
(2)It is a pleasure for me to invite you on behalf of...to accept...
(3)Thanks so much for your letter,which arrived…
(4)I am writing to you with reference t0…
(5)I am writing to you in connection with…
(6)1 would be grateful if you could/would…
(7)1 would like to know some information on…
(8)1 will appreciate it if you can…21世纪教育网
(9)1 would also like to know if you can/could…
(10)I look forward to heating from you.
19.用于结尾的常用句型
(1)From what has been discussed/mentioned above,we may conclude that...
(2)Therefore,it is not difficult to draw/come to the conclusion that...
(3)On the whole,it is high time that something was done about...
(4)From all the reasons/consideration above,it is evident/clear/obvious/apparent that...
(5)Taking all these factors into account/consideration/allowance,we may reach the conclusion that...
(6)Given/Considering I have just outlined/discussed/presented,I strongly recommend that…
(7)It is clear,therefore,that…
(8)All in all,what really matters is…
(9)It is essential that effective measures(should)be taken to...
(10)From what has been discussed above,we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...
(11)In conclusion,the most important is…
(12)As a result,we should take some effective steps to…
(13)Judging by the figures/statistics,it is not difficult to see that…
方法技巧储备
写作的基本原则
一、长短句原则
一个短小精悍的句子,通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其当我们把短句放在段首或者段末时,它不仅可以承上启下,
还可以揭示主题,如:As a creature,r eat;as a man,I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind.they are in a way quite similar.如上所见,长短句结合,可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。21世纪教育网
因此,许多专家建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的旬群形式。这样,主体部分定会让人赏心悦目,文章结尾只需用一长一短。
二、主题句原则
一篇文章的开头(有时也可在结尾)有一个主题句,也就有了中心,然后围绕主题展开相关内容,这样的文章思路清晰,让人一目了然。否则,若把主题隐藏在文章里,很可能使读者感觉云里雾里,不知所云。如:To begin with,you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam.(主题句)
Without sufficient preparation,you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.开头一句赫然醒目,直接点题。
三、条理性强的原则
一般来说,如果一篇文章以第一、第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列关联词:
1.to begin with,then,furthermore,finally
2.to start with,next,in addition,finally
3.first and foremost,besides,last but not least
4.most important of all,moreover,finally
5.for one thing,for another thing
6.on the one hand。on the other hand(用来说明不同的理由或原因)
四、短语优先原则21世纪教育网
写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果正确使用短语,有两个好处:一是用短语会给文章增光添彩,自然会增加得分点;二是学生在考场上有时过于紧张、思维短路,但还得凑够字数,那么用短语替代一个单词不失为好办法!比如:I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达为:I cannot put up with it.又如:l want it.可以表达为:I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加,表达也非常准确。
五、多实少虚原则
写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不能空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用“实词”,少用“虚词”。这里所说的“虚词”就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达一个人或事物很好的时候,不应该总用nice这样空洞的词,而是要使用一些诸如generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warm-hearted,hospitable之类的形容词。可见,用了这些生动形象的词语一定让你妙笔生辉,令人耳目一新,使文章大放异彩。
六、多变句式原则
1.加法(串联) 21世纪教育网
我们有时希望自己像个native speaker一样能写很长的句子,但又怕写错。要解决这一问题,最保险的写长句的方法是:在句子之间加and,但最好是先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果二者是并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:not only…but also…如:
Not only the fur coat is soft,but it is also warm.
其他的短语可以用:besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover
2.转折(拐弯抹角)
用了表示转折的关联词,可以使文章要点明确,重点突出。如:
The car was quite old,yet it Was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin,but it was warm.
表转折的关联词还有:despite that,still,however,nevertheless,in spite of,despite,not with standing
3.因果
文章中使用了表示因果关系的连词后,可以使文章句式变得丰富多彩、语言富于变化,更具说服力。如:
The snow began to fall,so we went home.
表示因果关系更多的短语:then,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,as a result,for this reason,so that21世纪教育网
4.失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)
有时突然出现一个不合乎常理的句子,必然会吸引别人的注意力,显得与众不同。其实就是使用了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句的变形。如:
This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
5.附加
定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用,也会让人感觉你有深厚的语法功底,又具有极强的语言表现力。如:
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don't enjoy that book you are reading.
Mr.Liu,Our oral English teacher,is easy-going.
6.排比
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,可以使用多个排比句、多个对偶句、多个不定式、多个动词、多个短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!如:
Whether your tastes are modem or traditional,sophisticated or simple,there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays,energy Can be obtained through various sources such as oil,coal,natural gas,solar heat,the wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard,to enlarge our scope of knowledge,to realize our potentials and to Pay for Our life.
七、挑战极限原则
挑战极限听似很难,但并非高不可攀。学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格之类的句子,因为学生要么想不到,要么怕写错。其实这项语法并不难,它只是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求前后主语一致,而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。如:
The weather being fine,a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent,its size being about three times that of China.
这种句子出现在文章中一定令人刮目相看,很自然地成了一个采分点。
易混易错储备
高考英语作文分值所占比重较大,作文能否拿高分有可能决定着高考成败,因而考生应该重视写作的复习。英语写作能够全面反映考生对语法、词汇、遣词造句和运用英语进行思维的掌握水平,是考生英语综合运用能力的体现,对考生语言功底有着很高的要求。下面介绍几种考试技巧:
(一)掌握技巧:21世纪教育网
(1)注意篇章结构,合理布局
开始部分(opening paragraphs)——说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分(body paragraphs)——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分(concluding paragraphs)——对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出,段落之间必须是有机地联系,内容完整、连贯。
前后呼应,祛除与主题无关的内容.
(2)确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释、扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点:
①归纳出要写几个要点;
②提炼出一句具有概括性的话;
③主题句应具有可读性,抓住、吸引读者。
(二)巧用连接词
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性,就要学会正确使用连接词。
表示罗列增加:
first,second,third,then/next,finally,for one thing…for another…,0n(the)one hand…on the other hand。besides/what's more/in addition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,especially/in particular
表示时间顺序:
now,at present,recently,after,afterwards,after that,after a while,in a few days,at first,in the beginning,to begin with,later,next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,all of a sudden,at that
moment,鹊soon as,the moment,from now on,from then on.at the same time,meanwhile,till,not…until,before,after,when,while,as,during
表示解释说明:
now,in addition,for example,for instance,in this case, moreover,furthermore,in fact,actually
表示转折关系:
but,however,while,while,otherwise,on the contrary,on the other hand,in contrast,despite,in spite of,even though,except(for),in stead,of course,after all
表示并列关系:
or,and,also,too,not only…but also,as well as,both…and,either…or,neither…nor
表示因果关系:
because,because of,since,now that,as,thanks to… ,due to…,therefore,as a result(of),otherwise,so…that,such…that
表示条件关系:
as(so)long as,on condition that,if,unless
表示让步关系:
though,although,as,even if,even though,whether...or…,however,whoever,whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,no matter how(who,what,which,where,when,whom)
表示举例:21世纪教育网
for example,for instance,such as...。take…for example
表示比较:
be similar to,similarly,the same as,in contrast,compared with (to)…,just like,just as
表示目的:
for this reason,for this purpose,so that,in order to,so as to
表示强调:
indeed,in fact,surely,certainly,no doubt,without any doubt,truly,obviously,above all
表示概括归纳:21世纪教育网
in a word,in short,in brief,on the whole,generally speaking,in my opinion,as far as I know,as we all know,as has been stated,as I have shown,finally,at last,in summary,in conclusion
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