(共31张PPT)
专题一
名 词
21世纪教育网（www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
一、名词的数
可数名词都有单数和复数之分; 不可数名词没有复数形式。
1. 可数名词。
(1)规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:
构成方式 例 词
一般在词尾加-s desk→desks 书桌
mile→miles 英里
以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加-es brush→brushes 刷子
watch→watches 手表
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词, 把y变为i, 再加-es factory→factories工厂
university→universities大学
以f或fe结尾的词, 一般把f或fe改为v, 再加-es wolf→wolves 狼
knife→knives 刀
leaf→leaves 叶子
构成方式 例 词
以o结尾的可数名词 有生命的加-es potato→potatoes 土豆
tomato→tomatoes 西红柿
hero→heroes 英雄
无生命的加-s zoo→zoos 动物园
radio→radios 收音机
piano→pianos 钢琴
photo→photos 照片
(2)不规则的可数名词的变化规则:
有些可数名词的复数形式没有规则, 不能在其后加-s或-es。不规则复数形式主要有如下几种情况:
①变内部元音字母:
man—men woman—women
tooth—teeth foot—feet
goose—geese mouse—mice
②词尾加-(r)en:
child—children ox—oxen
③单复数同形:
sheep deer Chinese Japanese
④man, woman修饰复数名词, 将man, woman和名词中心词都变为复数:
a woman doctor—women doctors
a man teacher—men teachers
【易错提醒】
①fish表示鱼的种类时复数形式是fishes, 表示条数而不强调种类时, 单复数同形用fish。
There are many kinds of fishes in this river.
这条河中有很多不同种类的鱼。
I caught five fish today. 我今天捉了5条鱼。
②有一些名词是成双、成对出现的, 这些名词常用pair来修饰。
a pair of glasses一副眼镜
a pair of trousers一条裤子
a pair of shoes一双鞋
a pair of gloves一副手套
a pair of pants一条裤子
a pair of shorts一条短裤
2. 不可数名词。
一般情况下可数名词没有复数形式, 如果想表示数量时, 我们可以用名词单位词来表示, 常用的单位词有: piece, bit, bottle, cup, glass等。
a piece of advice一条建议 a bit of bread一点面包
a bottle of water一瓶水 a cup of coffee一杯咖啡
a glass of milk一杯牛奶
【活学巧练】
1. Would you like some__________(tomato)for dinner
2. We should do something to stop people from killing animals for fur, __________(tooth)and meat.
3. —How many teachers are there in your school
—Ninety-eight, and fifty among them are__________(woman)teachers.
4. I bought some pencils and__________(knife)for the pupils this morning.
5. My brother had some bread and two__________(bag)of__________(milk)for breakfast this morning.
答案: 1. tomatoes 2. teeth 3. women 4. knives
5. bags; milk
二、名词的所有格
1. ’s所有格。
构成方法 示 例
单数名词一般在词尾加’s The girl’s school bag is nice.
那个女孩的书包很漂亮。
以s结尾的名词直接加’ The teachers’ office is over there.
老师们的办公室在那里。
不以s结尾的复数名词加’s There are many children’s books in the shop. 在这家商店里有许多儿童读物。
构成方法 示 例
表示两个人共有同一物, 则只在后一个名词词尾加’s; 如果两个人分别拥有某物, 则在两个名词词尾后分别加’s(被修饰名词要用复数形式) This is Tom and Peter’s room. 这是汤姆和彼得共同的房间。
These are Tom’s and Peter’s shoes.
这些是汤姆和彼得的鞋子。
表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等无生命的名词也可以在词尾加’s构成所有格 today’s paper
今天的报纸
two hours’ rest
两小时的休息
2. of所有格。
①of所有格一般用于表示无生命的东西的名词中。
a map of the world一张世界地图
the windows of the room房间的窗户
②表示有生命的东西, 有时也可以用of所有格。
the children of that family那家的孩子们
3. 双重所有格。
’s所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起, 构成了双重所有格。
a good friend of mine我的一个好朋友
a friend of Henry’s亨利的一个朋友
【易错提醒】
不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词(some, any, many, no, few等)以及which等限定词, 一般不与形容词性物主代词或’s所有格等一起放在名词前修饰名词, 而采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。
I have read some books of his. 我读过他的一些书。
Which book of Qiong Yao’s have you read
你读过琼瑶的哪一本书
【巧学妙记】名词所有格的用法
名词所有格, 意思表示“……的”, 一般要把’s加,
复数词尾有s, 只加“’”就可以,
名词若为物无生命, 常把of所有格来应用,
一物若被两者所共有, 只在最后一个加“’s”,
时间、地点和距离, 所有格也可用’s。
【活学巧练】
1. I live near the station. It’s only about ten_______ (minute)walk.
2. Miss Black is a friend__________my mother’s. She often looks after my sister.
3. In China, we celebrate__________(teacher)Day on September 10.
4. The room is__________(Lucy)and__________(Lily). It is small but tidy and nice.
5. Tomorrow is______(child)Day, and my son wants me to go home to see him. May I have a day off
答案: 1. minutes’ 2. of 3. Teachers’ 4. Lucy; Lily’s
5. Children’s
三、名词的功能
1. 作主语。
My father teaches them English. 我爸爸教他们英语。
【易错提醒】
特殊名词, 如表示度量、时间、距离、金额等复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词往往用单数。
Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.
对我来说完成这项工作两个小时足够了。
2. 作定语。
There are many banana trees in Hainan. 海南有许多香蕉树。
【易错提醒】
①名词作定语时, 一般用单数形式。
a shoe factory tomato and egg noodles
②有些名词需要用复数形式作定语。
a clothes shop a sports meeting
【活学巧用】
1. Three years__________(have)passed since I came to this city.
2. It’s harvest time, the apples on the__________(apple)trees are big and red now.
3. The number of the doctors in the hospital is about 200 and two thirds are__________(man)doctors.
4. —Where are the__________(boy)students
—They are playing football against a team from another school.
5. There is a__________(stone)house on the top of the hill.
答案: 1. has 2. apple 3. men 4. boy 5. stone
四、名词构词法——派生法
后 缀 表达意义 示 例
-er 从事某事的人 singer歌手; teacher教师
-or 从事某事的人 visitor游客; inventor发明家
-ese 某地人 Chinese中国人; Japanese日本人
-ian 精通……的人 musician音乐家; magician魔术师
-ist 专业人员 artist艺术家; scientist科学家
后 缀 表达意义 示 例
-ment 性质; 状态 development发展; apartment公寓
-ness 性质; 状态 kindness善良; sadness悲哀
-tion 动作; 过程 relation联系; protection保护
-ing 物品; 事情 meeting会议; building建筑物
【活学巧练】
1. My sister is a nice__________(dance). She dances well.
2. The__________(music)has written many good pieces of music for people. We all love his songs.
3. George treats everyone with__________(kind)and warmth, so everyone likes him.
4. My brother works in a big company and his office is in a tall__________(build).
5. The young lady over there is our English__________(teach). Her lessons are very interesting.
答案: 1. dancer 2. musician 3. kindness 4. building
5. teacher
谢 谢！
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2017中考专题复习真题演练
专题一 名 词
（一）典型例题解析
1. —Who made a phone call for me just now, David www-2-1-cnjy-com
—I don’t know, but it was a girl’s .
A. sound B. number C. answer D. voice
【解析】选D。考查名词辨析。句意: ——大卫, 刚才谁给我打电话了 ——我不知道, 但是个女孩的声音。sound意为“声音”; number意为“数字, 号码”; answer意为“回答”; voice意为“嗓音”。
2. All the teachers and students are having a meeting there.
A. women; girls B. women; girl
C. woman; girls D. woman; girl
【解析】选B。考查名词作定语。句意: 所有的女老师和女学生正在那里开会。woman作定语修饰可数名词复数时, 应用复数形式; girl作定语修饰可数名词复数时应用单数形式。
3. Could you please tell me some about Xi’an International Horticultural Expo
A. information B. advices C. news D. idea
【解析】选A。考查名词辨析。句意: 请你告诉我一些关于西安世园会的信息, 好吗 information意为“信息; 资料”, 为不可数名词; advice意为“建议”, 为不可数名词; news意为“新闻”, 为不可数名词; idea意为“主意; 想法”, 为可数名词, some ideas意为“一些主意”。21cnjy.com
4. He has had some exciting during Shanghai World Expo.
A. exercise B. experiences
C. experiments D. expressions
【解析】选B。考查名词辨析。句意: 上海世博会期间他有一些令人兴奋的经历。exercise意为“锻炼”; experience意为“经历; 体验”; experiment意为“实验; 试验”; expression意为“词语; 表达”。
5. Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me .
A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
【解析】选C。考查名词的数。句意: 妈妈, 我很渴。请给我两瓶橙汁。根据第一句“口渴”, 可知要喝的东西, 故orange意为“橙汁”, 为不可数名词, 用two bottles of表示量化。
6. They don’t have to do today.
A. much homework B. many homeworks
C. many homework D. much homeworks
【解析】选A。考查名词的数。句意: 他们今天不必做许多作业。homework意为“作业”, 为不可数名词, much修饰不可数名词, many修饰可数名词的复数。
7. Tom is . He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B. a friend
C. mine friend D. a friend of mine
【解析】选D。考查名词的格。句意: 汤姆是我的一个朋友, 他要来看我。a friend of mine意为“我的一个朋友”。
8. June 1 is .
A. children’s day B. children’s Day
C. Children’s Day D. Children’s day
【解析】选C。考查名词的格。句意: 六月一日是儿童节。Children’s Day意为“儿童节”, 为专有名词, 首字母要大写, Children是不以s结尾的复数名词, 所有格在末尾直接加’s。
9. He bought .
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
【解析】选A。考查名词的数。句意: 他买了两双鞋。a pair of意为“一双……”, pair是可数名词, 复数直接在末尾加s, shoe意为“鞋”, 为可数名词。
10. —Whose room is this
—It’s .
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming’s
C. Li Mings D. Li Mings’
【解析】选B。考查名词的格。句意: ——这是谁的房间 ——是李明的。Li Ming’s意为“李明的”, 相当于Li Ming’s room。
（二）2016年中考真题
一、词意选词
1.（重庆A卷）---It’s hot today. Have some ________, please.
---No, thanks. I’m not thirsty at all.
A. water B. potatoes C. bread D. cakes
2.山东青岛Nancy took her temperature and found she had a ______.
A. cough B. toothache C. cold D. fever
3.四川自贡 ---How can I get some _____ about the 2016 Olympic Games
----Why not search the Internet
A. information B. experience C. practice 21·cn·jy·com
4.山东泰安 ----What do you prefer for lunch, darling 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
----I’d like _____such as tomatoes, carrots or cabbages.
A. meat B. eggs C. vegetables D. fruit
5.江西 Some old people need a _______ because they feel lonely.
A.gift B.stick C.pet D.watch
6.福建福州 ----Who is the person you admire most
---Qian Xueson, the Father of China’s Missiles. He is the ____of China.
A.leader B.pride C.voice
7.湖南衡阳----The last bus has left. What should we do
----Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _____ now.
A.choice B.reason C.habit 21*cnjy*com
8.浙江温州 When an earthquake happens , I think the most important safety ____ is to keep calm.
A.rule B.doubt C.condition D.problem
9.天津 Every year many foreign friends come to see the _____ of Tianjin, such as Tianjin Eye and Haihe River.
A.concerts B.plays C.cartoons D.sights
10.山东德州 Bill will be a/an _____to interview the football player in the coming Rio 2016 Olympics.
A.guest B.reporter C.tourist D.engineer
11.山东滨州----Do you know about the scientist Tu Youyou 【出处：21教育名师】
----Yes. She won the2015 Nobel Prize in medicine because of her great ______.
A.surprise B.achievement C.education D.satisfaction
12.四川达州----Why did Lucy look unhappy
----Because she was so careless that she made many spelling _____in her homework.
A.friends B.plans C.decisions D.mistakes
13.重庆B卷 It’s cold today. Take your ______ with you when you go out.
A. knife B. coat C. brush D. key
14.安徽 Cathy has such a good ____ that she won many prizes in singing competition last year.
A.sleep B.idea C.voice D.time
15.四川绵阳He was born in Germany, but he has made China his _____.
A.family B.address C.house D.home
16.新疆阜康、米泉He has much _______as an engineer, so he can build the bridge successfully.
A.balance B.experience C.surface D.service
17江苏连云港----It’s useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.
----Yes, it’s a major way of _____for them.
A.suggestion B.vacation C.production D.communication
18.四川巴中Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous______ in American ______.
A.symbol. culture B.symbols, cultures C.symbols, culture
19.甘肃武威People usually touch something with their ______.
A.eyes B.noses C.mouths D.fingers
20.江苏盐城 Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your ______, you must keep moving.
A.promise B.position C.balance D.ability
21.山西 During the next few days, I decide to have a good _______ by taking a walk or seeing a movie. I really need to relax.21cnjy.com
A. meal B. sleep C. rest
22.江苏宿迁When the man went through the forest alone, he lost his _______ and felt afraid.
A.task B.work C.way D.job
23..湖北鄂州----Could you show me the method of cooking the tasty cookies
----Please follow the ______ on the cookbook.
A. direction B. attention C. introduction D. instruction
24..黑龙江哈尔滨----I’m going to Australia next week.
----The radio says there is going to be _____ in Australia .Don’t forget to take your warm clothes.
A.snow B.snowy C.snowing
25.河南----Are you going out with Jade tonight
----That’s my _____. Mind your own!
A.offer B.business C.question D.chance
26.山东济南----Mike, what club do you want to join
----Well, I want to join the _____ club. I like painting.
A.chess B.sports C.art D.English
27.山东济南Excuse me.Is there a _____ near here I want to buy some drinks.
----Yes. Go along the street, and it’s on your left.
A.zoo B.school C.supermarket D.museum
28.黑龙江齐齐哈尔----What _____do you like
----I like paying tennis and running. 21教育网
A.subjects B,music C.sports 【版权所有：21教育】
29..黑龙江齐齐哈尔---Can you tell the _____ of the novel
----Yes, of course. _____ is Mo Yan.
A.name, He B.writer, It C.name, It
30..黑龙江齐齐哈尔The mobile phone sells for ￥5000, it is much more than it real _____.
A.cost B.value C.price
31..湖北宜昌 ---The Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize.
---Her has saved millions of lives across the world.
A. victory B. story C. discovery D. industry
32..湖北宜昌 ---Have you heard of a cool washing machine called Bicycle Washing Machine
---Yes, it’s a new by a group of Chinese university students.
A. invention B. information C. instruction D. introduction
33..湖北咸宁——Michael, how much do you know about_________
——people usually eat rice dumplings to remember Qu Yuan.2-1-c-n-j-y
A.the Mid-Autumn Festival B.the Spring Festival21*cnjy*com
C.the Dragon Boat Festival D.the Lantern Festival
34..湖北咸宁——Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize for her________of anemisinin(青蒿素).
——And she was the first Chinese who won the prize in science.
A.design B.thought C.invention D.discovery
35.河北Your _______ is very helpful. I guess I’ll take it.
A. secret B. advice C. promise D. purpose
36.福建泉州---The water in glass is sweet. Did you put any _____ in it
----Yes. I added some to it just now.
A.sugar B.salt C.oil
37.湖北黄冈----Could you take out the rubbish and do the dish, Tony
----Sure. Mom will be mad if she sees this _____, I think.
A.matter B.mess C.trouble D.difficulty
38..甘肃张掖People usually touch something with their _____.
A.eyes B.noses C.mouths D.fingers 21教育名师原创作品
39.深圳A_______is a person who is in someone's home by invitation, for a short time, as for a meal, or to stay one or more nights.
A.boss B.customer C.guest
40.湖北孝感 ---Mom, I will eat less fast food this year, believe me.
---If you make a ________, you must keep it.
A. joke B. noise C. mistake D. Promise
41.江苏淮安Lily often helps her mother do some cooking in the ______.
A. kitchen B. garden C. bathroom D. bedroom
42.海南There’s little ________ left at home. Go and buy some, dear.
A.carrots B. potatoes C. Rice
43.----What’s your favorite______, Julia
---I like spring best.
A.movie B.season C.weather
44..山东东营 ----Why do people never cut up the _______________ on their birthdays
----Because they are a symbol of long life.
A. eggs B. cakes C. noodles D. dumplings
45.山东东营 Great ______ for football lovers-more than 50,000 soccer schools will be built in our country by the end of 2025.
A. news B. message C. situation D. information
46.湖北武汉---Look, the boss is very angry with Alex.
---Well,he came late again.But that’s no______ to shout at him.
A.problem B. lesson C.excuse D. reason
47.青海西宁A smart phone makes a big _______ to our life.
A. difference B. decision C. progress D. prediction
48.黑龙江龙东The Belt and Road Initiative(一带一路倡议) will help China improve the ______
related(相关的) countries, especially Pakistan.
A. relationship B. agreement C. environment
49.贵州铜仁—What would you like to eat
—Some _________, please.
A. bread B. cake C. coffee D. tea
50.福建厦门----The milk shake tastes good. How do you make it
----It’s easy, just follow_______.
A.discussions B.instructions C.
51.吉林The _____ pollution is becoming more and more serious. We haven’t seen blue skies for several days.
A.noise B.water C.air
52.贵州六盘水---How well she sings !
---Yes, she has a very beautiful ______.
A.voice B.sound C.noise D.laughter
53.辽宁丹东----What kind of noodles would you like
----I’d like some _____noodles.
A.carrots B.beef C.potatoes D.vegetables
54.湖南张家界My father didn’t bring much ______ yesterday, so he only bought a small gift for me. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
A.tea B.money C.juice
55.云南If you don’t know the _____ to the science museum , here is a map of the city.
A.date B.way C.price D.time
56.新疆乌鲁木齐----Why didn’t Lucy go to your birthday last night
----She said that she was busy preparing for the exam, but that was only a(an)______. I saw her going to a movie with her friend at that time.
A.matter B.excuse C.result D.reason
二、名词单复数用法
1.四川宜宾 Yibin is one of the most beautiful _____in Sichuan .
A.city B.cities C.citys2·1·c·n·j·y
2.四川广安 ---Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Zhan Tianyou
----Of course. They are our national _____.
A.hero B.heros C.heroes D.hero’s
3.贵州安顺There’ ll be a _____ meeting next week, and my parents will ___ come for it.
A.parents’ , all B.parents’, both C.parent’s, all D.parent’s, both
4.广西南宁These ______ in beautiful dresses will have a party this evening.
A.man B.men C.woman D.women
5.湖南永州I think eating _____is good for health.
A.tomatoes B.bananaes C.egges www.21-cn-jy.com
6.湖北恩施----May I take your order, sir
----_______
A. Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rices.
B. Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rice.
C. Chickens with vegetable and two bowl of rice.21·世纪*教育网
7.云南昆明Each couple in China can have two ______from January 1st , 2016.
A.boy B.girl C.children D.child
三、名词所有格用法
1.黑龙江绥化______ room is big and nice.
A.Kate’s and Jane’s B. Kate’s and Jane C. Kate and Jane’s
2.山东东营---Are you sure this is a photo _______, the famous comedy actress
---It surprised you, didn't it But she was once really thin.
A. Jia Ling B. Jia Ling's C. of Jia Ling D. of Jia Ling's
3.黑龙江龙东— How far is your home from school — About ______ walk.
A. five minute’s B. five minutes’ C. five minutes
4.新疆乌鲁木齐---It’s easy to travel from Urumuqi to Lanzhou by taking high---speed railway. 21世纪教育网版权所有
----Yes. It’s only _____.
A.eight hours ride B.eight hour’s ride C.eight--hours ride D.eight hours’ ride
四、名词作定语用法：
1.重庆A卷It’s sports time. Most ________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
2.黑龙江绥化 Our school has fifty--six _____teachers.
A.woman B.women C.woman’s 21·cn·jy·com
五、名词短语
1.天津 You’d better not ride ______ with your friend in the street. It’s dangerous.
A.side by side B.as a result C.as well as D.by the way
参考答案：
一、句意选词:
1--5:ADACC;6---10:BAADB;11--15BDBCD;16---20BDCDC;21---25CCCAB;26---30CCCAB;31--35CAADB;36---40ABDCD; 41---45ACBCA;46---50DCAAB;51---56CABBBB
二、名词单复数用法:BCBDA;BC
三、名词所有格:CDBD
四、名词作定语:AB
五、名词短语:A
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