宾语从句讲解

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宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
1.语序是指特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句要用陈述句语序
1Tom asked what had happened .
2.The doctor ask what’s wrong with you ! // what’s the matter //trouble with you .
3.Which do you think is the most important invention （ 插入语 ）
4.Where do you think the meeting will be held
2.时态是指宾语从句的主句时态分为两种时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：
The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。
He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。：
The teacher said the sun rises from the east and sets in the west .
The teacher said the light runs faster than the sound .
The teacher said Japan is in the east of Asia .
3要素是指：时态，语序，引导词
4.类型是指：A：由that 引导的宾语从句。 B：由疑问词引导的宾语从句。
C： 由if \ whether引导的宾语从句。D：由情感形容词引导的宾语从句。
（其中介词引导的宾语从句包含其中）
常用的情感形容词有：sure,本afraid ,glad ,pleased ,happy ,worried ,sad ,sorry
连接词
1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：
He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。如：
Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我们是去还是留。
②在介词之后用whether。如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings．我担心是否伤了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
I don't know whether to go．我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。
The question is whether we can catch the bus．问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么迟到吗？
另外四注意
A：宾语从句描述客观事实或客观真理时，从句时态为一般现在时。
B.两面性：引导词if \ when 具有两面性
If 既可以引导条件状语从句，也可以引导宾语从句。
When 既可以引导时间状语从句，也可以引导宾语从句。
C.否定前移
由动词suppose, guess,believe, think , 和形容词sure 引导的宾语从句中出现否定时，否定形式要进行前移，形式上时否定了主句，实际上是否定了宾语从句。
注意反意疑问句的变化规则：
附加问句的主语与陈述句的主语一致（ 陈述句变成一般疑问句时，主语则要相应的发生变化! ）
I don’t think the answer is right , _____________________
He doesn't think the answer is right , __________________
You don’t think the answer is right , ______________________
I think the answer is right . __________
D.if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？
—Sorry，I don't know．When he comes back，I'll tell you．对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。
—I don't know if he will come．我不知道他是否会来。
—He will come if it doesn't rain．如果不下雨，他会来的
语法延伸
宾语从句与不定式看似独立,实际上,带疑问句的动词不定式还可以与宾语从句相互转换.
please tell me where to show our tickets.------- please tell me where we should show our tickets.
Could you tell me how I can get to the post office ------ Could you tell me how to get to the post office
1.当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,且主句的谓语动词是decide, hope, wish.等时,可以将宾语从句中的主语去掉,将谓语动词该为”to +动词原形”(有助动词的,一并去掉),变为”疑问词+不定式”结构.例如:
They can’t decide when they should leave the school.
----they can’t decide when to leave the school
2.当主句谓语动词是ask, show,tell, teach, 宾语的主语的间接宾语一致,而且引导该从句的词是which, what, how, where 等时,宾语从句可与”疑问词+不定式”结构相互转换.
Please tell me what I should do first. ----Please tell me what to do first.
[考点精析]
从历年中考题看，宾语从句的主要考查以引导词，语序，主从句的时态呼应为主。现结合中考题，分析归纳如下：
一． 考查“引导词”
当宾语从句是陈述句时，用连词that 引导，that无词义，常可以省略，例如：
1．Miss Liu said ____ she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk.
A.that B.where C.which D.what(2001盐城)
当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,用连词if 或whether引导,例如:
2．I don’t know ___________he still lives there.
A.where B. what C. when D.whether
3.In the bookshop, a reader asked the shopkeeper ____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (2002北京东城区)
A.that B.how C.what D.if
KEY:1.A 2.D 3. D.
规律提示:当if和whether(表示“是否”)引导宾语从句时，应注意以下几种情况：
a.介词之后的宾语从句，只能用whether连接，而不用if。
b.宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用时，就不能换成if。
c.动词不定式之前，只能用whether。
d.宾语从句是否定句时，只能用if，不用whether。
当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,就用特殊疑问词引导,例如:
4. Can you tell me _________she is waiting for
A.why B. whose C. whom D. which5.—Be careful! Don't break the bottles. Do you hear ____ I said, Jim
—Yes, mum. (2002陕西)
A.what B.that C.why D.if
6 —I don't know ____ Mr Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English.(2002杭州)
A.why B.when C.how D.where
7.－Do you know ____Miss Gao will leave
—Tomorrow morning.(2000济南）
A.when B.what C.who D.where
KEY:4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A
技巧点拨:解以上这类题目时，可采用逆推法，即根据答语来选择疑问词。如第7道题，根据答语Tomorrow morning可知对其提问应用when。
二.考查”语序”
通常情况下宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序,即:主语+谓语.但有时连接代词可在宾语从句中做主语,定语或表语;连接副词可作状语等,于是就出现了以下几种情况:
一.连接代词做主语:”连接代词+谓语+其他”,常见的连接代词有:who, what , which 等,例如:
.8. I don’t feel very well. Mum asked me ________ this morning.
A.what the matter B. what is wrong C. what was the matter D. what wrong was
(2002重庆市)
9.Could you tell me ____ (2001西宁)
A.where is the post office B.who knows the answer
C.what are they doing D.when does the shop open
KEY:8.C 9.A
二.连接代词作宾语,表语或连接副词作状语: “连接代词或连接副词+主语+谓语+其他”.常见的连接代词有:what, which, whom 等,连接副词有where, why, how, how far, how long , how soon, how often 等,例如:
10.Could you tell me _____________
A. where does Li Lei work B. where did LiLei work
C. where LiLei works D. where LiLei worked (2001福州市)
11. I don’t know________ at that moment
. A. how far is it B. what he is doing C. when did she go D. where you went(2001青海)
12.Do you know __________ from Wuhan to Xi’an
A. how far it is B. how far it is C. how long it is D.how long is it
13.I don't know ____. (1999盐城)
A.which room I can live B.which room can I live
C.which room I can live in D.which room can I live in
KEY:10.C 11. D12.B 13.C
常见误区:如果连接词在宾语从句中充当不及物动词后介词的宾语，并被放到从句句首时，不及物动词后的介词不能少。
(一) 连接代词作定语: “连接代词+名词+主语+谓语+其他”.常见的连接代词有:what, which, whose 等,例如:
14..——I hear we’ll have a new teacher this term.—Really
—— Do you know____________________
A. what subject does he teach B. What subject will he teach
C.what subject is he going to teach D. What subject he teaches(2001金华市)
15..Could you tell me ____________________
A. which bus are they waiting for B.they’re waiting for which bus
C. which bus they are waiting D. which bus they are waiting for (2002潍坊市)
KEY:14.D15.D
注:该考点是中考中最易受“思维定势”影响的题目。当连接词在从句中作宾语的定语时，其语序为“连接词+宾语+主语+谓语+其他”。常见的连接词有：what, which等。
三.考查 “时态呼应”
(一) 主句的谓语动词是”现在时态”时,从句的谓语动词可根据实际需要,用不同的时态
16.I can’t understand ______________the boy alone.
A.why she left B. why did she leave C. why had she left D. why she had left (2001南京市)
17..—Do you know ____ I'm going to see him.
—Sorry, I don't know. (2002北京海淀区)
A.where does Mr Li live B.where did Mr Li live
C.where Mr Li lives D.where Mr Li lived
KEY:16.A17.A
(二)当主句的谓语动词是”过去时态时, 从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态,例如:
18..she didn’t tell me what __________________.
A. is her nameB. her name was C. was her named. D.her name is 19. He asked me ____.
A.who did kick the first goal in the World Cup B.when was the APEC meeting held
C.when China became a member of the WTO D.where the 2008 Olympics will be held
KEY:18B 19.C
(三)当宾语从句表示的是”客观真理\自然规律时,不管主句的时态如何,从句则一律为一般
现在时,例如:
20. When I was young, my grandfather told me that the moon ____ around the earthA.goes B.to go C.went D.had gone
21. The teacher told us that light________________ much faster than sound.
A. travals B. travalled C. was D.will be
KEY:20.A21.A
(四). if和when 引导的宾语从句的时态问题
当if和when引导宾语从句时,当”是否”和 “何时”讲时,它们的时态应与主句相呼应.但当if和when引导条件状语和时间状语从句时,当”如果”和”当…的时候”讲,主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来,例如：
22. I don’t know if it ______________ tomorrow, If it _____________, I’ll not go fishing.
A.rains:rains B. Rains: will rain C. will rain: rains D. will rain; will rain
23．.—Do you know when he ____ back
—Sorry, I don't. When he ____ back, I'll tell you.
A.comes；comes B.comes；will come
C.will come；comes D.will come；will come(2001无锡)
KEY: 22.C 23.C
25.Tom asked my friend ________________.
A. where was he from B. that the earth is bigger than the moon
C. when did he come back D. not to be so angry
26.Let me tell you __________________.
A. how much is the car B. how much does the car cost
C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car
27.Peter knew _______________.
A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions
C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris
28. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took B. take C. takes D. will take
29. Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been
30. The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had B. has . C. will have D. are
KEY:1.A 2.D 3. D. :4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.C
11. D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.A 18B 19.C 20.A
21.A 22.C 23.C 24D 25D 26D 27B 28A 29D 30C
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