二、时态及语态

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二、时态及语态
时态一览表
类别 谓语动词结构
现在时态 一般现在时 work works
现在进行时 is／am／are working
现在完成时 has／have worked
现在完成进行时 has／have been working
过去时态 一般过去时 worked
过去进行时 was／were working
过去将来时 would work
过去完成时 had worked
将来时态 一般将来时 will／shall／is going to work
(一)一般现在时
I．一般现在时的构成：(以work为例) 21世纪教育网
肯定式 疑问式 否定式
I work． Do I work I do not work．
He(She，It)works． Does he(she，it)work He(She，It)does not work．
We (You，They)work． Do we(you，they)work We(You，They)do not work,
动词第三人称单数形式变化规则及读音
规律总结 例词 读音规则
以s，x，ch，sh，o结尾的动词+es guesses， fixes，watches，finishes，does，goes 1．清辅音后读/s／helps，laughs2．浊辅音和元音后读／z／cleans，plays，studies3．／s，z，J，j，tf，ds／后(es)读／iz／practices，watches，washes4．在／t／，／d／后分别读／ts／，／dz／wants needs
以辅音字母+Y结尾的动词把Y变为i再加es study→studiesfly→flies
不属于上述情况的直接+s helps,cleans,plays
Ⅱ．一般现在时的用法：21世纪教育网
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
(1)表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与
usually，always，every day，twice a week，seldom，sometimes等时间状语连用。
We visit our Uncle Liu once a month．我们每月去看望刘叔叔一次。
(2)表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。
Tom is outgoing and creative． 汤姆既性格外向又富有创造力。
(3)表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。
Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。
(4)在时问、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。21世纪教育网
If I have time after work，I will go and have a haircut．如果下班后有时间，我就去理发。
(5)表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示“运动”的动词，如go，come，leave，start，begin，arrive等。
What time does the performance start 演出什么时候开始
【巧学妙记】一般现在时口诀
用好一般现在时，时间状语牢记心。现在时态袁规律，习惯动作发生频。谓语动词看词尾，有无(e)s把握准。单三人称带(e)s，复数谓语空一身。don’t，doesn’t表否定，谓语前面来定音。do和does置句首，人称有别表疑问。
语法专练
1．[09无锡中考]The little girl will give the flowers to the hero when he _______(appear)．
2．A mother’s love _______ (mean)devotion，unselfishness(无私)．
3．The train _______ (1eave)at nine p．m．
4．She won’t go to bed until you _______ (come)．21世纪教育网
5．Father always reads newspaper after supper (对划线部分提问)
_______ _______ father always _______ after supper
6．The building has 25 storeys and 73 lifts．(改为一般疑问句)
_______ the building _______ 25 storeys and 73 lifts
7．They spend a lot of money on food．(改为否定句)
They _______ _______ a lot of money on food．
(二)一般过去时
I．一般过去时的构成：
肯定式 疑问式 否定式
I worked． Did I work I did not work．
He(She, It)worked． Did he(she，it)work He(She，It)did not work．
We(They，You)worked． Did We(They，You)work We(They，You)did not)work．
一般过去时通常用动词的过去式表示。不规则动词的过去式有其特殊形式，要特别记忆。be动词的过去式为was／were，规则实义动词的过去式是在动词原形后加-d或-ed，其变化规律见下表：
例证 规律总结 ed读音规律
play→played；help→helped 一般直接加-ed
move→moved；use→used 以不发音的e结尾的加-d 清辅音后读／t/helped，laughed
study→studied；carry→carried 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加-ed 浊辅音，元音后读／d／lived，stayed
stop→stopped；fit→fitted 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节双写结尾字母再加-ed ／t／和／d／后读／id／needed，started
Ⅱ．一般过去时的用法：21世纪教育网
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
(1)表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
通常与yesterday，last year，in l976，a few months ago等表示过去的时间状语连用。
I met him in the street yesterday． 昨天，我在街上遇到他了。
(2)表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。通常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用，但这种用法是以一个过去时间为前提的。
He often went to school by bus last term．上学期他经常乘公共汽车去上学。
(3)在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。21世纪教育网
He said he would not go if it rained．他说如果下雨就不去了。21世纪教育网
语法专练
用所给动词的适当形式填空，完成1～4题。
1．I only ______ (meet)her six months ago．
2．When you were out last night，a friend ______ (come)to your house．
3. Sometimes it______ (be)hard，especially in winter when the weather was bad．
4．He said he would start out as soon as the rain ______ (stop)．
5．[09河北中考] I ______ the wrong thing．Can I use your eraser
A. write B．wrote C．am writing D. will write
6．(7301008)一______ you______ take a bus to school
一Yes，but now I usually go to school on foot．
A. Did：use to B. Were：used to C. Do；use to D．Did；used to
7．She did some housework last Sunday morning．(改为否定句)
She ______ ______ ______ housework last Sunday morning．
8．It took us half an hour to finish the work．(就划线部分提问) 21世纪教育网
______ ______ ______ it ______ you to finish the work
(三)现在进行时
1．形式与用法：
时态名称 动词形式 用法 常用时间状语 助动词
现在进行时 be+现在分词(am/is／are+doing) 1．此刻正在发生的动作2．现阶段一直进行的动作3．打算、计划，即将发生的事 now(=at themoment)Listen!Look! am／is／are
Ⅱ．现在分词变化规则：
规律总结 例词
以不发音的e结尾的动词去e再加一ing Make→makinghave→having
以一个单独发音的元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节要双写最后字母再加-ing swim→swimmingrun→running
以-ie结尾的动词，变ie为y，再加-ing 1ie→1yingtle→tylng
不符合上述情况的直接加-ing play→playingsing→singing
初中阶段常见需要双写最后字母变现在分词的动词：
shop，stop，run，get，sit，dig，put，begin，swim，chat
【巧学妙记】
“购物后停止跑步，得以坐下挖坑放水开始游泳和聊天”。
【提醒】(1)现在进行时表示将要发生的动作只限于go，come，stay，arrive，leave，start，begin，return等动词。
(2)现在进行时与always，all the time，forever等连用，表示某种强烈的感情。
Mother is always thinking of what she could do for others．妈妈总是想着为别人做些什么。(赞扬)
Ⅲ．下列动词通常不用于进行时态：
短暂动作类 finish，marry，get up
感官类 see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，seem，appear等
感觉类 hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer等
存在类 be,exist，ramain，stay等
认知类 understand，know，believe，think，forget，remember等
语法专练21世纪教育网
1．单项选择
1．[09阜康中考] 一It’s time for dinner．Where is your father，Emma
一He ______ his bike in the yard．
A．clean B．cleaned C．is cleaning D．will clean
2．[09河北中考]My friend ______ me．I have to leave now．
A．waits for B. waited for C．is waiting for D．was waiting for
3．(7301009)______ you ______ tomorrow
A．Do；1eave B. Have；1eft C．Are；leaving D．Did；leave
4．一Is this raincoat yours
—No，mine ______ there behind the door．
A．is hanging B. hangs C．hung D．will hang
Ⅱ．根据图示用现在进行时完成句子
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )21世纪教育网
5．_________________________________
6．_________________________________
7．_________________________________
8．_________________________________
(四)过去进行时
构成 肯定句：S+was(were)+v.-ing21世纪教育网否定句：S+was(were)+not+ v.-ing+其他21世纪教育网一般疑问句：Was(Were)+S+ v.-ing+其他21世纪教育网
用法 表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻内正在进行或发生的动作。(动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明)。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
常用时间状语 at 9：00 yesterday；at this time last night；from seven to nine；when，while引导的时间状语从句
【注意】(1)在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个短暂性动作用一般过去时。
My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park．在公园散步的时候，我的钢笔掉到地上了，。
(2)表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，不考虑动作的先后顺序，主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时，连词常用while。
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework．学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
语法专练
1．[09南充中考]一what did your teacher say just now
一Sorry，I don’t know．I _____ on the phone．
A．am talking B．talk C. was talking
2．(73010lO)一Has Jack finished his homework yet
一I have no idea；he _____ it this morning．
A．was doing B．did C．has done D．is doing
3．The students _____ aloud when the teacher eame in．
A．read B. is reading C．were reading D. has read
4．一What did the teacher say iust now
一Sorry，I didn’t catch it．I _____ something else．
A. think B．will think C．was thinking D．have thought
5．一What were you doing at this time yesterday
一I_____ my motorbike．
A．mend B．mended C. was mending D．am mending
6．I was working in the library from three till five．(改为一般疑问句)
_____ _____ _____ in the library from three till five
7．用所给动词的适当形式填空
It _____ (be)ten o’clock in tile morning when I _____(enter)the office．Some visitors _____ (wait)for the manager．The secretary_____ (speak)to somebody on the
telephone，and the typist(打字员)_____ (type)letters for the manager．
(五)一般将来时
I．一般将来时的构成：21世纪教育网
1．will+动词原形(主语是第一人称时可用shall+动词原形)
2．be(am，is，are)going to+动词原形。
Ⅱ．一般将来时的用法：
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
(1)表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与tomorrow，soon，later，next time，in．．．month等连用。
I’11 start tomorrow．我明天动身。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”用于表示主观上打算将来要做某事，这种打算往往是事先安排好的或表示可能要发生或肯定要发生的事情。
She has bought some cloth and she is going to make herself a dress．她买了一些布，准备为自己做一件衣服。
【提示】will与be going to均表将来，因此经常可以互换。
(3)当主句为一般将来时，在以after，when，while，as soon as，if，Ullless等引导的时间或条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。
(4)非延续性动词的进行时表示将来时，如go，come，leave，start，finish等，表示不久以后就要发生的事。
They are leaving for Tibet．他们将要去西藏。
【巧学妙记】一般将来时
一般将来时，将要发生事。谓语will加动原，构成很简单，要变疑问句，will放在主语前，要变否定句，will后面not添。
语法专练
1．一The light in the office is on．21世纪教育网
一 ______ and turn it off．
A．I’ll go B. I go C．I’ve gone D．I’m going
2．Look at these black clouds．______ .
A. It’ll rain B. It’s going to rain C．It is raining D．It will be rain
3．[09福州中考]一Why are you in such a hurry，Mike
—There ______ an NBA basketball game in ten minutes．21世纪教育网
A. will have B．will be C．is going to have D．are going to be
4．He’11 send us a message as soon as he ______ in Sichuan．
A．is arriving B．will arrive C．arrived D．arrives21世纪教育网
5．The harder you work，the better the results ______ ．
A. is B．are C．will be D．were
6．They will fly to Beijing in three days．(改为一般疑问句)
______ they ______ to Beijing in three days
7．They will move into their new house soon．(对划线部分提问)
______ ______they ______ into soon'
8．一0h dear!I’ve spilt some wine on my jacket．
一Don’t worry, I ______ (clean)it for you．(用所给动词的适当形式填空)
(六)过去将来时
I．过去将来时的构成：
(1)would+动词原形21世纪教育网(2)should+动词原形21世纪教育网(3)was／were going to+动词原形
Ⅱ．过去将来时的用法：
表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，它常用于宾语从句尤其是间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时态。
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
He said he would never forget that．他说他将永远不会忘记那件事。
【提醒】在由if引导的条件状语从句中，主句是过去将来时，if从句只能用过去时代替将来时。
They said that they would go fishing if it didn’t rain the next day．他们说如果明天不下雨，他们就去钓鱼。
语法专练
1．单项选择
1．一The plane is leaving right now，but Jim hasn’t arrived yet．
一Well'he said he______here on time．
A．came B．would come C. can be D．will be
2．Jenny said she______her holiday in China．
A．spent B．would spent C．was going to spent D．would spend
3．Li Ming said he ______ happy if Brian ______ to China the next month．
A．as；come B．was；would come
C．would be；came D．will be；come
Ⅱ．用所给动词的适当形式填空
4．She said the bus ______ (1eave)at five the next morning．
5．1 wasn’t sure whether he ______(1end)me his book the next morning．
6．He was fifty-six．In two years he ______ (be)fifty-eight．
Ⅲ．将下列句子改为宾语从句21世纪教育网
7．“Will you go to the party with me ”Tom asked his friend．
_____________________________________
8．“When is it going to snow ”The man asked me．
_____________________________________
(七)现在完成时和现在完成进行时
I．现在完成时构成及用法：
1.
have／has+动词的过去分词have／has为助动词，无实际意义
2．
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
(1)现在完成时表结果，它的动作发生在过去，但是对现在有影响。现在完成时跨越两个时间，一是过去，一是现在。常与already，yet，just，ever，never，before，recently等副词连用。
John has already arrived in Paris．约翰已经抵达巴黎。(约翰现在还在巴黎)
(2)表示“过去的动作”一直延续至今并有可能继续下去，常与for或since连用。
I have lived in Shanghai since last spring．从去年春天以来我一直住在上海。
【提醒】用现在完成时来描述一个从过去一直延续到现在的动作时，其谓语动词一定要用延续性动词。现在完成时中时间状语表示的是一段时间时，句中的动词一定要用延续性动词。 常见的一些非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表：
非延续性动词 延续性动词 非延续性动词 延续性动词
borrow keep21世纪教育网 die be dead
open be open close be closed
buy have join be in
1eave be away(from) finish／end be over
start／begin be on come to be in
arrive be here get to know know
sit down be seated move to live in
go out be out fall asleep be asleep
get up be up
Ⅱ．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系：
它可以和确切的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，它不能和确切的表示过去的时间状语连用。
①I have turned on the light．我把灯打开了。(灯现在还开着)
②I turned On the light．我打开r灯。(灯打开过，现在是否还开着，不清楚)
Ⅲ．现在完成进行时构成及用法21世纪教育网
1．构成：have／has been+v.-ing21世纪教育网
2．用法
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，这时特别强调现在该动作仍在进行，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
We have been learning English for 5 years．我们已经学了5年英语。
3．现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
①现在完成时表完成的概念，现在完成进行时表动作的持续。
I’ve tead your book．我读过你的书。(书读完了)
I’ve been reading your book．我一直在读你的书。(书未读完)
②许多静态动词不能使用现在完成进行时，因此用现在完成时来代替。
I have known him for three years．我认识他已经三年了。
语法专练
1．[09成都中考] 一Is this the place that you _____
一No,I’ve never been there before．
A have visited B. will visit C．are visiting
2．He’s lived here _____ l980．
A．after B．in C．from D．since
3．You don’t have to wash the windows．I _____ them three times．
A. will wash B．have washed C．washed D．wash
4．How long has she _____
A．borrowed the book B．bought the book
C．kept the letter D．received the letter
5．My father has_____to Hainan．He will stay there for two weeks．He has there three times．
A．been；been B．been；gone
C．gone；gone D．gone；been
6．It _____ non-stop since last night．I wonder when it will stop．
A．rained B．has been raining
C．was raining D．is raining
(八)过去完成时
过去完成时
构成 had+过去分词
用法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )1．表示过去某一时问或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作(即“过去的过去”)。因此使用过去完成时必须以过去某一时间作为前提，通常用by，before短语或when，before，after，until等引导的从句。After the sun had set，we decided to return home．太阳落山以后，我们决定回家。2．用于宾语从句，从句表示在主句以前发生的动作。She wondered who had left the door open.她不知道是谁让门开着的。注意：①两动词若按顺序发生，都可用一般过去时。Mother cried when she heard the news．母亲听到那个消息时哭了起来。②主句为一般过去时，若宾语从句是叙述事实，用一般过去时。
【巧学妙记】过去完成时
过去完成时态，动作相对过去。早于某一动作，先于某一事宜。宾语从句常用，一般过去主句。bythe time在先，主句完成过去。when等动作发生，主句行为已毕。认真审题理解，规则时刻牢记。
语法专练21世纪教育网
1. It ______ raining when l woke up this morning．
A．has stopped B．stopped
C．had stopped D．stopping
2．When I came back to my hometown two years ago，the people ______ a beautiful school here．
A．buih B. will build C．had built D．has built
3．一Did you nleet the pianist at the station 21世纪教育网
一No，he ______ by the time I got there．21世纪教育网
A．had left B. has left C. was leaving D．would leave
4．She said she _____ in the house for five years．
A．1ived B. has lived C．had lived D．was living
5．He _____ never _____ to Japan before，but he had the chance last year．
A．had；been B．has；been C．had；gone D．has；gone
(九)被动语态
I．被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(即p．p．)
常用的时态共有8种
时态 构成 例句
一般现在时态 am／is／are+p．p． Bananas are grown in the south of China．香蕉生长在中国南部。
一般过去时态 were／was+ p．p． Jim was told to come early．吉姆被告知要早到。
一般将来时态 will／shall+be +p．p． The bridge will be finished in amonth．这座桥将在一个月后竣工。
现在进行时态 am／is／are being+ p．p． The flowers are being watered bythe workers．花正被工人们浇灌。
现在完成时态 have／has been + p．p． My car has been repaired for aweek．我的车已修了有一个星期了。
*过去进行时态 was／were being + p．p． The trees were being cut downyesterday afternoon．昨天下午树被砍倒了。
*过去完成时态 had been+ p．p． By the time we got there，the firehad been put out．我们到时，火已经被扑灭了。
*过去将来时态 should／would be + p．p． They said the work would be finished on time．他们说工作将会按时完成。
【说明】
(1)一般将来时态被动结构也可用：am／is／are going to be+ p．p． 过去将来时态被动结构也可用：was／were going to be+ p．p．
(2)含有情态动词的被动结构：(情态动词)+be+ p．p．21世纪教育网
(3)被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加否定词not；21世纪教育网
疑问式是将第一个助动词移到主语前即可。
Ⅱ．主动语态变为被动语态的方法
(1)变换结构图
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
(2)变换步骤：
第一步，先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，找出其中的谓语动词；
第二步，把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变为被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词时，应把宾格变为主格；
第三步，把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语(没必要说出动作的执行者时可略去)，若主语是人称代词时，应把主格变为宾格；
第四步，把主动句中的谓语动词变为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变。
注意：带双宾语动词的被动语态
(1)把间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。
He gave me a new book．
↓ ↓
间接宾语 直接宾语21世纪教育网
→I was given a new book by him．
(2)把直接宾语变为主语，问接宾语前通常加介词to或for。加to的动词有：give，bring，pass，lend，read，write，teach，show等；
加for的动词有：buy，sing，choose，make，leave，mend等。
He gave me a new book．
↓ ↓
间接宾语 直接宾语
→ A new book was given to me by him.
【特别提醒】
(1)主动语态中有些动词(hear，see，watch，make，feel，notice)等要求用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，要把to还原。
We heard the girl sing in the next room．
→The girl was heard to sing in the next room．
(2)形似主动，实表被动
①有些不及物动词以主动形式表被动。常见的有sell，wash，wear等。
His novels sell well．他的小说很畅销。
The shoes wear long．这双鞋很耐穿。
The shirt washes well．这件衬衫耐洗。
②有些词组的主动形式表被动含义，如be worth doing，need doing。
The book is worth reading．这本书值得读。
The bike needs repairing．这辆自行车需要修理。
语法专练21世纪教育网
1．The little boy was hurt badly．He _____ to the hospital．
A．must be sent B．must send C．can be sent D．can sent
2．The girl was often seen _____ on the playground．
A．run B．running C．ran D．to run
3．[09恩施中考]A Humber of new houses _____in Wenchuan last year．
A．built B．are built C．were built D．will be built
4．Your bedroom is much mess．It needs _____ right now．
A．to clean B．cleaned C．be cleaned D．cleaning
5． _____ trees usually _____ in April
A．Have；planted B．Are；planted
C．Have；been planted D．Do；planted
6．[09安顺中考]A：More and more foreigners speak Chinese in the world now．(改为被动语态)
B：Chinese _____ _____ by more and more foreigners in the world now．
7．The teacher makes his students do much homework every day．(改为被动句)
___________________________________________
8．(完成句子)
Waste-paper _____ _____ _____ (不应该扔)here．
参考答案：21世纪教育网
二、时态及语态
(一)一般现在时
[语法专练]
1．appears 2．means 3．1eaves 4．come 5．What does；do
6．Does；have 7．don’t spend
(二)一般过去时
[语法专练]
1．met 2．came 3．was 4．stopped 5．B 6．A 7．didn’t do any
8．How long did；take
(三)现在进行时
[语法专练]
Ⅰ．1～4．CCCA
Ⅱ．5．They are cleaning the room．
6．He is repairing his bike．
7．The boy is playing computer games．
8．The man is working．
(四)过去进行时
[语法专练]
1～5．CACCC
6．Were you working 7．was；entered；were waiting；was speaking；was typing
(五)一般将来时21世纪教育网
[语法专练]
1～5．ABBDC 6．Will；fly 7．Where will；move 8．will clean
(六)过去将来时
[语法专练]
1～3．BDC 4．was leaving 5．would lend 6．would be
7．Tom asked his friend if he would go to the party with him．
8．The man asked me when it was going to snow．
(七)现在完成时和现在完成进行时
[语法专练]
1～6．ADBCDB
(八)过去完成时
[语法专练]
1～5．CCACA
(九)被动语态
[语法专练] 21世纪教育网
1～5．ADCDB
6．is spoken
7．The students are made to do much homework every day(by the teacher)．
8 shouldn’t be thrown
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