三、句 法
(一)There be句型
定义:There be结构表示某地有某物、某人或某事。there是引导词,本身无实际意义;be是谓语动词,be后的名词是真正的主语。
1. There be句型常用时态
时态 结构 例句
一般现在时态 There is/are+名词+地点状语 There’s a theatre near ourschoo1.There are few workers in the factory.
一般将来时态 There will be(is/aregoing to be)+名词+地点状语/将来的时间状语 There will be a football match on TV tonight.
一般过去时态 There was/were+名词+地点状语/过去的时间状语 There were fewer people in that town before.
与情态动词连用 There+情态动词+be+名词+地点/时间状语 There may be someorle on the island.There must be some unknown creatures in the lake.
【提示】(1)There be句型中be动词的选择依据就近原则:即be的形式取决于离它最近的名词。
①There’s some bread and turkey slices on the table.桌上有些面包和火鸡肉片。
②There are two books and a ping—pong bat in his backpack.他的背包里有两本书和一个乒乓球拍。
(2)There be+n.+doing句型,有……正在做……
There are some boys playing football.有一些男孩正在踢足球。
(3)There be与have的区别
There be结构表示“某地有某人/物”,强调客观存在。
have(has,had)表示“(某人)拥有某物”,强调所属关系。
Mr.Bush has two daughters.布什先生有两个女儿。
Ⅱ.There be句型的句式变化
(1)对There be句型中的主语提问用:What’s+ 地点状语/时间状语
There are many birds in the forests.
What’s in the forests
(2)对There be句型中的数量提问:
①How many+可数名词+are there+地点状语
②How much+不可数名词+is there+地点状语
(3)There be句型中,反意疑问句的附加部分应用there。
There’s no air on the moon,is there
Ⅲ.在There be结构中除了使用be动词之外,还可用exist,live,come,lie,stand等动词。
①There exists no life on the moon.月球上不存在生命。
②There comes a bus.公共汽车来了。
语法专练
1.There ______ some apples and an orange on the plate,you can take any of them.
A.is B.are C. has D.have
2.There’11 ______ some great music shows on TV tomorrow evening.
A.be B. have C. has D.having
3.There’s nothing interesting on today’s newspaper,______
A is there B.isn’t there C.isn’t it D.is it
4.用所给动词的适当形式填空
There are some old men ______ (do)sports in the park.
three bottles of milk
a
5.There are _____________________ in the box(对划线部分提问)
b
(二)祈使句
I.定义:表示请求、命令、警告、建议等的句子。在祈使句中,一般以动词原形开头,通常省略主语you,句末可以用感叹号或句号。
Ⅱ.祈使句的句式结构
祈使句句式 肯定形式 否定形式
P型:Please+动词原形+其他 Please sit down! Please don’t throw it like that.
V形:动词原形+其他 Put away your things. Don’t open the window.
L型:Let+宾语+动词原形+其他 Let me help you. Don’t let him go there.或Let him not go there.
B型:Be十表语 Be careful! Don’t be late for class.
N型:NO+名词/动名词(全部大写) NO PHOTOS!NO SMOKING!
【特别提醒】
(1)祈使句的反意疑问句,通常用will you,祈使句为let’s句型时.反意疑问句为shall we。
①Let us have a rest,will you 让我们休息一下,好吗
②Let’s go to see the pandas,shall we 让我们去看一看熊猫,好吗
(2)应答祈使句时要用将来时。
① 一Please remember to bring your homework here tomorrow.请记住明天把作业带来。
一Yes,I will.好的,我会的。
② 一Don’t look out of the window.不要向窗外看。
一Sorry,I won’t.对不起,我不会了。
(3)“祈使句+and/or+结果状语”结构,可以转换成一个由if引导的条件从句。
Hurry up,or you will be late for schoo1.
快点,否则你上学要迟到了。
=If you hurry up,you won’t be late for schoo1.
如果快点,你上学就不会迟到了。
=If you don’t hurry up,you will be late for schoo1.
如果不快点,你上学就会迟到了。
语法专练
1.(7301011)一Don’t be late again,Mike
一 ______.
A.No,I don’t B.Don’t worry C.Sorry,I won’t D.I don’t know
2.Which sign means“No Photos”
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
3.Tom! ______ talk loudly.My little brother is sleeping.
A.Do B.Does C.Don’t D.Doesn’t
4.(7301012)[09安顺中考]Sorry for being late again.______ here on time next time,or you’11 be punished.
A. Be B. Being C.To be D. Been
5.Hurry up,or you will miss the train.(改为同义句)
______ you ______ hurry up,you will miss the train.
6.看图写句子
Which school rule is the boy breaking
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
______________________________________
(三)反意疑问句
I.反意疑问句的构成和特点
构成:陈述句+附加问句
特点:形式相反,前后一致,即“前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定”的相反形式和前后两部分的动词时态要一致。
Ⅱ.陈述部分的肯定与否定
(1)陈述部分的否定意义仅由否定前缀或后缀的词来表达,则应将其视为肯定形式,疑问部分用否定形式。
①It’s unfair,isn’t it 这不公平,不是吗
②You dislike playing basketball,don’t you 你不喜欢打篮球,是吗
(2)陈述部分含有few,hardly,little,neither;never,no,no one,none,not,nobody,nothing,seldom等词,通常将其视为否定形式,反意疑问句部分用肯定形式。
①You have never read Guo Jingming’s works,have you
你从未读过郭敬明的作品,是不是
②Few people attended the meeting,did they
很少有人参加这次会议,是吗
Ⅲ.疑问部分的主语
(1)如果陈述部分的主语为单数名词(代词),则根据单数名词的性在疑问部分用he/she/it作主语,如陈述部分的主语是复数名词(代词),疑问部分则用they作主语。
(2)当陈述部分是there be句型时,疑问部分要用there。
(3)当陈述部分主语是everything,anything,something,this,that以及动名词或不定式时,疑问部分的主语用it。当陈述部分的主语是everybody,anybody,somebody,no one,nobody时,疑问部分主语用they或he。
①No one phoned me while I was out,did they
我不在时没人打电话,是吗
②Someone is waiting for you,isn’t he
有人在等你,是吗
Ⅳ.疑问部分的谓语
(1)如陈述部分有助动词、情态动词或系动词be,在疑问部分仍然使用该助动词、情态动词或系动词的适当形式。
(2)如果陈述部分没有助动词、情态动词或系动词,疑问部分的谓语要用do的某种形式。
(3)陈述部分的must,may,can表示推测时,疑问部分的谓语要与must,may,can后面的动词形式相一致。
Mr Li may be in the office,isn’t he
李老师可能在办公室,是吗
(4)陈述部分谓语是used to+动词原形时,疑问部分有didn’t和usedn’t两种形式。
You used to study in Australia,didn’t/usedn ’t you
你过去在澳大利亚学习过,是吗
V.反意疑问句有以下常见的特殊形式
(1)I am…结构时,反意疑问句用aren’t I
I am late,aren’t I 我迟到了,是吗
(2)祈使句时,(无论肯定还是否定)反意疑问句用will you
Don’t make much noise,will you
别出这么大声,好吗
(3)Let’s开头的祈使句,反意疑问旬部分用shall we
但Let us(him,me…)开头的祈使句,反意疑问句部分只用will you。
(4)主从复合句的反意疑问句一般应与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
但I think(believe,suppose,expect)+that从句的疑问句是肯定形式还是否定形式由主句而定,主语和谓语动词要由从句而定。
①He said that he was busy,didn’t he
他说他很忙,是吗
②I don’t believe he cares for clothes,does he
我认为他不在乎穿着,是吗
Ⅵ.反意疑问句的答语
对反意疑问句的回答,若事实是肯定的,就要用yes;事实是否定的,就要用no。
注意:在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句的答语中,yes意为“不”,no意为“是的”。
—Ben isn’t going to New Zealand for vacation.is he
本不去新西兰度假,是吗
—Yes,he is.不,他去。/No, isn’t.是的,他不去。
语法专练
1.(7301013)[09临沂中考]Liu Qian has made“magic”a hot word,_______ he
A.doesn’t B.didn’t C.hasn’t D.isn’t
2.Henry was too tired,he could hardly walk any more,______
A.did he B.couldn’t he C.didn’t he D.could he
3.(7301014)一You aren’t a student,are you
一 ______ .I study in No.10 Middle Schoo1.
A.No,I am B.Yes,I’m not
C.No,I am not D.Yes,l am
4.一Let’s go and fly kites,______
一Wonderful!
A.will you B. shall we C. don’t you D.do you
5.完成反意疑问句
①There aren’t any birds in the forests,______ ______
②I don’t think he can finish it on time,______ ______
③Don’t forget to feed my dog when l’m away,______ ______
④Rose has put up some pictures on the wall,______ ______
⑤Kate’s never late for school, ______ ______
(四)状语从句
I.定义:在复合句中充当主句的状语的句子,即是状语从句。
Ⅱ.作用:用以修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词,状语从句
的位置可放于句首,也可放于句尾。
Ⅲ.种类:状语从句根据不同的用途可以分为九种,并且都有不同的引导词。
种类 常见的引导词
时间状语从句 when(当……时);while(在……期间);after(在……之后);as(当……时,一边);since(自从);until/till(直到……为止);as soon as(一……就……);before(在……之前)
条件状语从句 if(jlJl果……);unless(除非……);as long as(只要)
地点状语从句 where(在哪里);wherever(无论哪里)
原因状语从句 because(因为);since(由于,既然);as(因为);for(因为)
目的状语从句 so that(以便于);in order that(为了……)
让步状语从句 though(尽管,虽然);although(虽然……)
结果状语从句 that;so that;so…that;such…that(以至于……)
方式状语从句 as(按照);as if(好像……)
比较状语从句 as…as(同……一样……);not so/as…as(不如……);more…than(比……);less…than(不如……)
常见考点及注意事项:
1.时间状语从句
(1)when/while的区别
when所引导的从句谓语动词既可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的;while所引导的从句谓语动词通常是延续性的,且与进行时连用。另外,while还可表示对比,意为“然而”,主从句的两个延续性动词同时发生,时态一致。
①When the earthquake broke out,all the students were having lessons.地震发生时,所有的学生正在上课。
②Father was preparing a report while I was playing games.爸爸在准备报告时,我正在玩游戏。
(2)since后常跟表示过去时间的词、短语或句子,主句用现在完成时。
They have been living happily since they got married. 自从他们结婚以来,他们过着幸福的生活。
(3)until/till用于肯定句中时,主句谓语动词必须是延续性动作;但用于否定句时,即用not…until…结构时,主句谓语动词为非延续性动词。
①I’11 wait until/till the concert is over. 我会一直等到音乐会结束。
⑦I didn’t know anything about it until you told me.
直到你告诉我我才知道这件事情的情况。
(4)until/till和as soon as引导的时间状语从句和if/unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时。
2.because与so,不能同时用在一个句子中;although/though与but不能同时用在一个句子中。
Although/Though we’re tired,we hope to finish the work by supper.尽管我们累了,但我们希望能在晚饭前干完活。
3.so…that…句型可以和too…to…和enough…to…转换。
语法专练
1.[09杭州中考]Don’t talk loudly at the meeting.If you _____ ,you will have to leave.
A.are B.do C.did D.can
2.(7301015)一What would some students like to do after finishing their education
一Thev would like to start to work _____ they needn’t depend on their parents completely.
A.as soon as B.so that C.before D.while
3.(7301016)Nancy said she fell asleep_____ she was doing her homework last night.
A.after B. before C. while D.as soon as
4.(7301017) 一 _____ the soldiers are very tired,_____ they keep on working.
一They are great.We must learn from them.
A.Because;/ B.Though;,/
C.Because:so D.Though:but
5.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _____ we’ve actually had that lessorL
A. when B.after C.since D.until
6.Robert runs so fast that we can’t catch up with him.(改为同义句)
Robert runs _____ _____ for us _____ catch up with.
7.Jim worked hard so that he could make more money.(改为同义句)
Jim worked hard _____ _____ _____ make more money.
8.Sally is not as tall as Sonia.(改为同义句)
Sonia is _____ _____ Sally.
9.(完成句子)
Mary wants to be a doctor because she wants to help the sick people.(对划线部分提问)
_____ _____ Mary _____ to be a doctor
10.(完成句子)
请你说得慢些,这样我可以跟得上。
Please speak slowly _____ _____ I can follow you.
(五)定语从句
I.定义:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
Ⅱ.关系代词的基本用法
作主语 作宾语 作定语
指人 who/that who/whom/that/省略 whose
指物 which/that which/that/省略 whose
①The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong.在会上发言的人来自香港。(who/that指人,作主语)
②Yang Lan interviewed a famous basketball player whose name is known all over the world.杨澜采访了一位世界知名的篮球运动员。
【注意】
1.以下情况只能用that,不用which。
(1)先行词前有最高级修饰。
Kung Fu Panda is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.《功夫熊猫》是我看过的最有趣的电影。
(2)先行词前有序数词修饰。
The first movie that I saw is Shaolin Temple.我看的第一部电影是《少林寺》。
(3)先行词是everything,all,something,nothing,anything,any,some,little,much等词时。
You can do everything that you like to do.你可以做任何你喜欢的事情。
(4)先行词有last,no,only,very等修饰时。
My mother is the only person that can help me at present.我妈妈是现在惟一可以帮我的人。
(5)先行词中既有人又有物时。
The man and the car that I saw yesterday were in the Central Street.昨天我看到的人和车是在中心街上。
2.当介词放在关系代词前时,用which,而不用that。
Is this the village in which you spent your childhood 这就是你在那里度过童年时代的那个村庄吗
Ⅲ.关系副词的基本用法
状语 先行词 关系副词及相应介词结构
时间 day,year,date,time when,during/in/…which
地点 the place,the city,Beijing... where,in/from...which
原因 the reason why,for which
【比较】
①Do you remember the days that we spent together
你记得我们一起度过的那些日子吗
(that指时间,在从句中作spent的宾语)
②I won’t forget the days when/during which you are away.
我不会忘记你离开的那段日子。
(when指时间,在从句中作时间状语)
③Have you visited the factory where/in which your father worked 你参观过你父亲工作过的那个工厂吗
(where指地点,在从句中作状语)
④I visited the museum that/which you told me in the letter.
我参观了你在信中告诉我的那个博物馆。
(that/which指地点,在从句中作宾语)
语法专练
1.(7301018)[09绍兴中考]The whole world is fighting against the HINl,a disease ______ has caused many deaths.
A. who B.which C.whom D.what
2.[09兰州中考]I like the teacher ______ classes are very interesting and creative.
A.which B.who C.what D.whose
3.一The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children,isn’t it
—Yes,it has built many schools ______ those children can study happily.
A.where B.when C.which
4.一Barbara,where does your father work
—He works in a company ______ sells cars.
A.which B.where C.what D.who
5.一Do you know the boy ______ saved Tommy from the river
一Yes,he is Daniel,my classmate.
A. whom B. he C.who D.whose
6.有时一个广告会使你买一些你根本不需要的东西。
At times an advertisement can lead you to buy something _______ .
(六)宾语从句
I.定义:在主从复合句中作宾语的句子叫宾语从句。
Ⅱ.宾语从句的四个考点:
时态 ①主句是现在时,从句根据实际情况使用相应时态。②主句是过去时,从句使用过去时的某种形式。③从句表示的是客观现实、真理、自然现象等,不管主句的时态,从句都用一般现在时。
语序 从句一律用陈述语序,即主语+谓语。
连接词 ①that在从句中作宾语时可以省略;作主语时不能省略。②what,when,where,how,whatever,whenever,wherever,who,whom,whose等特殊疑问词作连接词。③当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时,连接词用whether或if,表是否。
标点符号 依主句而定。主句为问句,结尾用问号;主句为陈述句,结尾用句号。
【提醒】(1)当主句谓语动词为think,suppose,guess,believe等词,主语为第一人称时。从旬表达否定意义时,形式上应否定主句。
I don’t think that he is right.我认为他不对。
(2)宾语从句与简单句的转换。
由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句要变为简单句可以变为不定式的复合结构(常为特殊疑问词+to do)。
I don’t know what I should do next.
→I don’t know what to do next.
语法专练
1.[09重庆中考]一Do you know ______ the MP4 yesterday
一Sorry,I’ve no idea about it.
A. how much did he pay for B.how much he paid for
C. he paid for how much D.he paid how much for
2.(7301019)[09临沂中考]一what did Paul say last night
一He said ______ listening to the radio program一“Teen Talk”.
A.did he like B.that he liked
C.if he likes D.what he liked
3.(7301020) 一Do you know______the soldiers came to Yingxiu Town
一The roads were badly broken.They had to walk there.
A. why B.when C.how D.where
4.一We don’t know ______ .
一It is said that he was born in Canada.
A.what he is B.when he was born
C.where he comes from D.if he lives here
5.一Did Mr.White tell you ______
—Yes.He said he went there in 2009.
A. when he traveled to Tibet
B. how he goes to Wuhan
C.where he spent his holidays
D.why did he visit Kunming
完成句子
6.请问你的奶奶身体康复了吗
Can you tell me _____________
7.你能告诉我在哪儿可以买到一些CD吗
Could you tell me ______________
8.—为什么玛丽没参加昨晚的晚会
—我想她得照顾她的弟弟,她妈妈出去了。
一Why didn’t Mary come to the party last night
一I think _________ her brother;her mother went out.
(七)直接引语和间接引语一
I.定义:直接引述别人的话,叫“直接引语”,被引用的部分放在引号里;用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接引语”,间接引语不用引号,在多数情况下是以宾语从句的形式出现。
Ⅱ.直接引语和间接引语的变化规则
1.人称:直接引语中的第一人称代词变为与主句的主语一致;第二人称代词变为与主句的宾语一致;第三人称代词不需要变化。
2.引导词和语序
直接引语 间接引语
陈述句 引导词 语序
that(可省略) 不变
一般疑问句 if/whether 疑问语序改为陈述语序
特殊疑问句 wh-类词 疑问语序改为陈述语序
祈使句 若为动词不定式,同时将主句中的say to sb.改为ask/tell,构成ask/tell sb.(not)to do sth.句式
3.时态
(1)主句是一般现在时(或一般将来时),从句的时态不变。
(2)主句是一般过去时,从句用相应的过去时态。
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
【注意】当直接引语是客观事实或谚语时,变间接引语时态不变。
4.直接引语变为间接引语,还应注意人称、时间和地点等词的变化,具体情况如下:
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 thisthese thatthose
时间状语 nowtodaytonightthis weekyesterdaylast weekthree days agotomorrownext week thenthat daythat nightthat weekthe day beforethe week beforethree days beforethe next daythe next week
地点状语 here there
动词 bringcome takego
①ronny said,“I’11 go to Tibet next week”.
→Tonny said(that)he would go to Tibet the next week.
②Mother:asked Jessve,“Are you feeling better today ”
→Mother asked Jessve if she was feeling better that day.
③The teacher asked“who can answer this question ”
→The teacher asked who could answer that question.
④The boss said to Laura“Don’t be late again”.
→The boss told Laura not to be late again.
语法专练
将直接引语变为间接引语
1.Dick said to me,“I’m sorry to be late and keep you waiting”.
Dick said to me that ____________________.
2.The marl said to Maggie,“Would you mind my smoking here ”
The man asked Maggie____________________.
3.The woman asked Emily,“How do you get thinner like this ”
The woman asked Emily ____________________.
4.The father said to his son,“Remember to give the bird food twice a day.”
The father asked his son ____________________.
5.Mrs Red said to her daughter,“Don’t stay out after ten in the evening.”
Mrs Red told her daughter ____________________.
6.Nancy asked me,“What are you going to do tomorrow ”
Nancy asked me ____________________.
7.“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth,”the teacher told me.
The teacher told me the earth _____ the sun and the moon ______ the earth.
(八)句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体。
句子成分 意义 充当此成分的词性
主语 句子要说明的人或事物 名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等
谓语 说明主语的行为动作或所处的状态,有人称、数和时态的变化 实义动词;系动词;情态动词/助动词+动词原形
表语 说明主语的身份、特征或状态 名词、数词、形容词、副词、分词、不定式等
宾语 及物动词(短语)或不及物动词+介词/副词所涉及的对象 名词、代词、不定式及动名词等
定语 修饰名词或代词 形容词、名词、数词、不定式等
状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句
补足语 补充说明宾语 不定式短语、名词、形容词、分词等
【特别提醒】
(1)若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
(2)有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。直接宾语一般放在问接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词,如to或for等。give sb.sth.=give sth.to
sb.;buy sb.sth.=buy sth.for sb.
(3)有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish,hope,promise,decide,agree,choose,care等。
(4)有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss,suggest,keep(on)等。
(5)有的动词后既可接不定式,又可接动名词,但含义不同。如forget,remember,stop等。
(6)定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语,则放在后面。
(7)单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。
(8)常接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。
语法专练
划分并标注下列句子成分
1.Ted typed his report at nine yesterday morning.
2.My job is teaching English.
3.Mr Wang taught us English last year.
4.We have something to do tomorrow.
5.I found it difficult to learn English well.
(九)简单句的五种类型
简单句就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子,其句式结构主要有
主+谓
主+谓+宾
五种: 主+谓+表
主+谓+间宾+直宾
主+谓+宾+宾补
基本句型:
1.主语+不及物动词(s+v)
The boys are swimming happily.男孩们在快乐地游泳。
注意:(1)动词是不及物动词,后面不能跟宾语,也无被动语态。(2)很多情况下,不及物动词有副词或别的状语修饰,有的动词如果不加状语修饰语修饰,句意可能不完整。 She lived.→She lived in the country.
2.主语+及物动词+宾语(s+v+o)
They will visit the Bird's Nest this weekend.
主语 谓语 宾语
他们周末要去参观鸟巢。
注意:如果动词词组是“动词+副词”型,而宾语又是代词时,只能将宾语置于动词和副词之问;若宾语是名词,则在副词前后均可。
3.主语+系动词+表语(s+v+p)
It is cool in autumn,and the trees turn yellow.
秋天凉爽,树叶变黄。
注意:系动词有三类 (1)表示状态的连系动词有:be;seem;appear;stand;sit;live,stay,keep等 (2)表示感官的连系动词有:look,sound,smell,feel,taste (3)表示变化的连系动词有:get,go,become,turn,grow等。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(s+v+oi+od)
Her father bought her a doll.
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾
她父亲给她买了个布娃娃。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(s+v+o+c)
We must keep our classroom clean.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补
注意:(1)动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语时,一般要带to。
常见的结构有:
tell sb.to do sth.(告诉某人干某事);ask sb.to do sth.(请求某人干……);order sh.to do sth.(命令某人干……);want sb.to do sth.(想让某人干……);get sb.to do sth.(让某人干……)
(2)不定式在表示感官或使役的动词后面作宾补时,要省略to。常见结构有:
hear sb.do sth.(听见……);see sb.do sth.(看见……);
watch sb.do sth.(注意/看到……);make/let/have sb.do sth.(让,使……)
(3)在主动句中make,see,watch,have等后不定式作宾补时要省略to,在被动语态中要加上to。
语法专练
1.我发现那本书很有用。
翻译:______________________________________
2.判断下列句子类型
①She couldn’t speak a word.
______________________________________
②The house dog was fat.
______________________________________
③My parents don’t allow me to practice basketball.
______________________________________
④Who is singing in the next room
______________________________________
⑤Nancy is going to teach her sister English.
______________________________________
参考答案:
三、句 法
(一)There be句型
[语法专练]
1.【解析】选B。There be结构中的be遵循就近原则,即最近的名词决定be的形式,some
apples是复数形式,be用复数are。
2.【解析】选A。There be结构的一般将来时态:There will/is going to be+名词…,只有A项正确。
3.【解析】选A。There be结构的反意疑问句附加部分用there,排除C、D两项;前旬中
nothing表示否定意义,后句用肯定形式,A项正确。
4.【解析]doing There be sb.doing sth.某人正在做……。
5.a.How many bottles of milk are there in the box
b.What’s in the box
(二)祈使句
[语法专练]
1.【解析】选C。句意:—迈克,下次不要迟到了。一对不起,我不会了。对否定祈使句
的回答常用Sorry,I won’t。
2.【解析】选C。禁止拍照。
3.【解析】选C。祈使句的否定形式:Don’t+动词原形。
4.【解析】选B。句意:—对不起,我又迟到了。一下次要准时到这儿,否则你将受到
惩罚。祈使句+or+简单句,祈使句表示条件。
5.【解析】If;don’t祈使旬+or+简单句。可转换为if引导的条件状语从句的复合句。
6. Don’t listen to music in class.
(三)反意疑问句
[语法专练]
1.【解析】选C。陈述句是现在完成时的肯定句,附加问句应用现在完成时的否定形式。
2.【解析】选D。hardly是否定副词,“几乎不”,反意疑问部分用肯定形式,前句有could,反意疑问部分用could。
3.【解析】选D。句意:一你不是一名学生,对吗 —不,我是。我在第十中学学习。事实是肯定的,用yes回答,排除A、C两项,B项前后不一致,排除。
4.【解析】选B。Let’s开头的祈使句,反意疑问句部分用shall we
5.【解析】①are there there be结构,反意疑问句,主语仍用there。②can he当“I don,t think+宾语从句”构成反意疑问句时,附加疑问句要与宾语从句在主谓上保持一致,并根据主句决定是用肯定形式还是用否定形式。③will you④hasn’t she⑤is she
(四)状语从句
[语法专练]
1.【解析】选B。句意:开会时不要大声交淡,如果大声交谈,你将不得不离开。if引导的条件状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来的动作,助动词do代替前句中的“talk loudly”。
2.【解析】选B。句意:—一些学生完成学业之后想要做什么 —他们想开始工作,这样
他们就不必完全依靠他们的父母了。as soon as“一……就……”;before“在……之前”;while“当……时候”,引导时间状语从句;so that“为了……”引导目的状语从句。
3.【解析】选C。句意:南希说昨晚她在做作业时睡着了。A项“在……之后”,B项“在……之前”;C项“当……时候”,D项“一……就……”,C项符合句意。while引导的时间状 语从句常用进行时态。
4.【解析】选B。though与but,because与so都不能连用,首先排除C、D两项。句意:—尽管士兵非常劳累,他们继续工作。—他们太伟大了,我们必须向他们学习。B项符合题
意。
5.【解析】选D。句意:直到我们真正吸取了教训,我们才能从生活中学到东西。until“直
到”。
6.too fast;to
7.in order to/so as to
8.taller than
9.Why does;want
l0.so that
(五)定语从句
[语法专练]
1.【解析】选B。句意:全世界正在共抗甲型H1N1流感,这种疾病已经导致许多人死亡。
先行词a disease是事物,在从句中作主语,关系代词用which。
2.【解析】选D。关系代词在定语从句中作定语修饰classes,应用关系代词whose。
3.【解析】选A。定语从句的先行词schools表地点,且所选的关系词在定语从句中作状语,
故选A。
4.【解析】选A。句意:—Barba ra’你父亲在哪里工作 一他在一家卖汽车的工厂里工
作。定语从句先行词company是物,关系词用which。
5.【解析】选C。定语从句先行词boy是人,关系词在定语从句中作主语,用who/that。
6.(that/which)you don’t need at all
(六)宾语从句
[语法专练]
1.【解析】选B。考查宾语从旬的语序。宾语从句用陈述语序,含有特殊疑问词时,语序是特殊疑问词+主语+谓语。排除A、C、D三项。
2.【解析】选B。考查宾语从句的三个考点:①时态②语序③连接词。主句是过去时。从句也用过去时,排除C项。宾语从句用陈述语序,排除A项。从句是肯定句,用that引导,排除D项。
3.【解析】选C。考查宾语从句连接词。由答句“道路严重破坏,他们只得步行”知,问句询问如何到达。why为什么,when何时,how如何,where哪儿,故C项符合题意。
4.【解析】选C。宾语从句中从句应用陈述语序,由答语he was born in Canada可知问句询问地点,故选C。
5.【解析】选A。由答句:他在2009年去过那儿,知问旬询问时间。B项询问方式;C项询问地点,D项询问原因,皆不合句意。
6.if/whether your grandma is well/in good health now
7.where I can buy some CDs
8.she had to look after/she had to take care of/she had to babysit
(七)直接引语和间接引语
[语法专练]
1.he was sorry to be late and kept me waiting
2.if/whether she would mind his smoking there
3.how she got thinner like that
4.to remember to give the bird food twice a day
5.not to stay out after ten in the evenmg
6.what l was going to do the next day
7.moves around;moves around
(八)句子成分
[语法专练]
1. Ted typed his report at nine yesterday morning.
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
2. My job is teaching English.
主语 系动词 表语
3. Mr Wang taught us English last year.
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾 状语
4. We have something to do tomorrow.
主语谓语 宾语 定语 状语
5. I found it difficult
主语 谓语 形式宾语 宾补
to learn English well.
宾语
(九)简单句的五种类型
[语法专练]
1.【解析】I find/found the/that book(very) useful.这个简单旬的句式结构为“主+谓+ 宾+宾补”。
2.①主+谓+宾 ②主+系+表 ③主+谓+宾+宾补 ④主+谓 ⑤主+谓+间宾+直宾