书面表达考情链接
书面表达是一个综合性题目,要求考生根据所给图画、图表、提纲(或者开放性)等,运用所学知识将提示信息组成句子,句子连成段,段连成篇。它不断要求考生有丰富的语言语法知识,而且有较强的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。它也是一种融形式、文体、交际三位于一体的试题,所考查内容都体现在表达和传递信息的交流能力,因此,书面表达有交流性、实用性、合理性等特点。
近几年来高考书面表达正在一步步地向考试要考语言运用能力这一方向改进,并采用了新的评分标准,因此要求考生语言的准确性和得体性,注重上、下文连贯,注重表达方式多样化。新的评分标准提倡考生使用高级词汇和复杂句式,运用过渡性词汇增强文章连贯性。如果考生在表达中只是运用了简单句,虽然表达了要求的信息,那么得分也不会高。因此,近几年高考要求考生掌握词汇要丰富,句式表达要复杂,适当地使用情感性语言。
一、近三年新课标书面表达考查内容分布表
2014
2015
2016
Ⅱ
Ⅱ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
体裁
书信
征文
书信
邮件
书信
书信
邮件
话题
询问是否可以接机
询问朋友代买中国结
暑假去英国学习
十年后的我
邀请去敬老院
征求摄影作品
因不能赴约而道歉
类型
图表
开放
提纲
提纲
提纲
提纲
提纲
二、命题规律与趋势
从上表我们不难发现,全国卷I近三年书面表达的体裁一直为应用文。应用文题材的多样性和特殊性决定了其语言表达更贴近生活,更能反映学生在真实情境下对语言的运用水平。全国卷偏好这种体裁,也正契合了《考纲》中“通过书面表达旨在测试考生的日常语言交际表达能力,看其是否能够用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流”的指导思想。此外,在命题形式上,全国卷近三年均选择了文字提示的方法。在三种主要的命题形式(图画、文字、表格)中,全国卷更为偏好使用文字提示,这是因为文字提示的命题形式可以让考生做到有话可说,同时又避免了图画提示或表格提示因读图(表)不准确而造成的对文章立意不清的弊端。
三、高考英语书面表达评分标准及解读
(一)评分原则
1.
本题总分为30分,按5个档次给分。
2.
评分时,应根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.
词数少于80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。
4.
评分时,应注意的主要内容:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文连贯性及语言的得体性。
5.
拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
6.
如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。
(二)内容要点:(略)
(三)各档次的给分范围和要求:
第五档次(很好):(25-30分)完全完成了试题规定的任务。
-----覆盖所有内容要点。
-----应用较多的语法结构和词汇。
-----语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。
-----有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的。
第四档(好)(19-24分)
完全完成了试题规定的任务。
-----虽漏掉1、2个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。
------应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
------语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试复杂语法结构或词汇所致。
------应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。达到了预期的写作目的。
第三档(适当):(13-18)
基本完成了试题规定的任务。
------虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。
------应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
------有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。
------应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。
第二档(较差):(7—12分)
未恰当完成试题规定的任务。
------漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。
------语法结构单调,词汇知识有限。
------有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。
------较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。
第一档(差):(1-6分)
未完成试题规定的任务。
------明显遗漏主要内容,写一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。
------语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。
------较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。
------缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者。
0分
未能传达给读者任何信息;内容太少、无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。
说明:
1.
内容要点可用不同方式表达
2.
对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分
(四)评分解读
一般来说,写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时,应该注意的主要内容为……应用词汇和语法结构的数量……上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则,“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致,具备较强的语言运用能力;有效地使用了语句间的连接成份,使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求、以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明,相对比较抽象,不易捉摸。
1.
如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”
这里所说的“词汇”,可以从高级词汇的使用、同义词的使用、短语的使用等方面去理解:
(1)
高级词汇的使用
评分标准第五档次的要求中提到,“词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”,指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求,但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇,比如frustration,
awkward,
awfully,
concern等词,都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇,定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。
I
can’t
find
any
way
to
solve
the
problem.
(换作高级词汇:I
can’t
find
any
solution
to
the
problem.)
The
pet
dog
is
so
lovely
that
almost
everybody
likes
her.
(换作高级词汇:The
pet
dog
is
so
cute
that
almost
everybody
likes
her.)
(2)
同义词的使用
英语中有些词的使用频率非常高,比如interesting,
clever等,在表达时大家都很喜欢用,这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词,就可以做到与众不同,给评卷者带来清新的感觉。例如:
It
will
be
very
interesting.
(换作同义词:It
will
be
a
lot
of
fun.)
He
was
so
clever
that
he
could
count
all
the
way
up
to
100
at
one
year
old.(
换作同义词:He
was
so
smart
that
he
could
count
all
the
way
up
to
100
at
one
year
old.)
(3)
适当利用短语取代单词
总体而言,使用短语的难度比单词要大一些,因此适当运用短语更能显出作者的功力。例如:
Suddenly
I
had
a
good
idea.
(换作短语:Suddenly
I
came
up
with
a
good
idea.)
Take
a
moment
to
see
what
is
happening
around
you.
(换作短语:Take
a
moment
to
see
what
is
going
on
around
you.)
2.
如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”
固定句式(如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等)、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些结构的正确使用,可以使文章的语言充满层次感,从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。
(1)
使用固定句式
She
was
robbed
of
her
purse
but
she
had
no
time
to
call
for
help.(使用before
one
can
do
sth.结构:She
was
robbed
of
her
purse
before
she
could
call
for
help.)
The
environment
will
never
improve
until
everybody
takes
care
of
it.
(使用倒装结构:Not
until
everybody
takes
care
of
it
will
the
environment
improve.)
(2)
使用现在分词结构
现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语,因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动,而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如:
Nowadays,
we
can
easily
travel
from
one
place
to
another
and
this
bridges
the
gap
among
different
races
or
cultures.
(换作现在分词短语:Nowadays,
we
can
easily
travel
from
one
place
to
another,
thus
bridging
the
gap
among
different
race
or
cultures.)
People
worked
together
on
the
assembly
line.(换作现在分词短语:People
worked
together
on
the
assembly
line,
moving
quickly
and
efficiently.)
(3)
使用定语从句
定语从句的使用,不仅能使上下文更加流畅,也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如:
My
favorite
living
writer
is
Roddy
Doyle.
I
think
he
is
a
genius.
(使用定语从句:My
favorite
living
writer
is
Roddy
Doyle,
who
I
think
is
a
genius.)
My
aunt
bought
me
a
book.
The
title
of
the
book
is
All
about
USA.
(使用定语从句:My
aunt
bought
me
a
book,
whose
title
is
All
about
the
USA.)
3.
如何理解“上下文的连贯性”
评分标准指出,书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”,并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成份,使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性,就是指通过连接词(包括并列连词,从属连词和连接性副词)、非谓语动词短语等语法成分,使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达,从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体,连贯流畅。
(1)连接性副词
连接性副词也被称为过渡词。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下,能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备,因此整个篇章会因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有:also,
furthermore,
in
addition,
additionally,
hopefully,
meanwhile,
however,
instead,
in
other
words,
in
brief,
in
a
word,
in
my
opinion,
on
the
whole等等。例如:
We
have
many
things
to
do.
We
believe
we
can
finish
before
the
day
is
over.
(使用连接性副词:We
have
quite
a
lot
to
do.
Hopefully,
we
will
be
able
to
finish
before
the
day
is
over.)
The
boy
comes
from
a
poor
family.
The
boy
does
very
well
in
his
studies.
The
boy
plans
to
work
his
way
through
college.
(使用连接性副词:Even
though
he
comes
from
a
poor
family,
the
boy
does
very
well
in
his
studies;
furthermore,
he
plans
to
work
his
way
through
college.)
(2)使用从属连词
常见的从属连词有after,
as,
when,
while,
as
long
as,
as
soon
as等。例如:
You
work
hard
and
never
give
up.
You
will
succeed
in
your
studies.
(使用从属连词:So
long
as
you
work
hard,
you
will
succeed
in
your
studies.)
The
teacher
came
in.
the
students
were
quiet.
(使用从属连词:The
students
were
quiet
as
soon
as
the
teacher
came
in.)
4.
如何理解“语言的得体性”
评分标准要求考生应注意“语言得体性”,就是要求在表达时根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。
(1)
体裁和题材对得性的要求
不同体裁和题材的文章有不同的用语要求。比如,书面通知中就不适合用“I
will
tell
you
a
piece
of
good
news.”或“May
I
have
your
attention,
please ”等句子。这些句子只有在口头通知中才算得体的语句。2003年高考的书面表达要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信,介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系,所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地,叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性,像“The
house
is
very
suitable
for
you.”等语句显得相当主观,若改为“Do
you
think
it
is
suitable
for
you
If
not,
I
will
try
again.”就比较得体。
另外,
英语中还有正式语和非正式语,书面语和口头语之分。写作前,还应该认真分析题目的体裁,根据不同的体裁,确定用语的类别。正式用语或书面语的句子结构严格遵循语法规则,所采用的单词使用频率不是很高,比如:permit,
inform,
discover,
depart等词都属于正式用语;而非正式用语或口头用语则较多地使用短语,所采用的单词使用频率高,也比较短。比如let,
tell,
find
out,
leave等等。费正式用语也经常使用简略语或缩略词。
(2)
文化和思想内涵对得体性的要求
只有了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响,才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如:
People
who
live
on
the
farm
can
hear
cocks’
crow
every
morning.
(rooster
和cock
都可表示“公鸡”,但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁,所以应把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)
Because
he
was
ill,
he
had
to
stay
at
home
yesterday.
(本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了,所以他不得不呆在家里”。汉语思维中常常是先原因,后结果,而英语则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为:He
had
to
stay
at
home
yesterday
because
he
was
ill.)
四、解题步骤
要想在高考有限的时间写出一篇质量上乘的书面表达,掌握熟练的解题技巧,把握住几个解题关键至关重要,这里介绍一种五步写作法:
1.认真审题
考生一看到题目不要急着开始写,而应做到“四审”:即审文体、体裁、人称和时态语态。即考生动笔前,通过仔细阅读试题,明确目的要求。通过审题可以达到:
(1)明确体裁。书面语和结束语都是基本要点,不可遗漏;
(2)确定内容。弄清题目设置的情景或提供的要点,便能紧扣题意,写什么不写什么,做到心中有数,避免随心所欲,文不对题;
(3)确定人称。弄清命题者要求考生用什么人称。历年书面表达题都对人称提要求,但历年高考都有考生在没有确定人称的情况下匆匆动笔,结果白白丢分。
(4)确定时态、语态。时态语态的准确运用,亦是判断书面表达好坏的一条重要标准。一般说来,说明文、议论文多用一般现在时,记日记多用一般过去时,记叙文多用一般过去时和过去进行时。审题是写好书面表达的基础,一篇书面表达,即使语言非常好,如果偏离了题目的要求,也难得高分。
2.
理顺要点
内容要点不能缺。在认真审题基础上,应注意逐个地、完整地把内容要点列出来。根据考纲要点,漏写或没有写清要点均要失分。理顺要点,是防止多写、漏写、乱写,保证内容完整的行之有效的办法。所以,最好在写作前将试题中的要点用笔标出,然后按事件先后或各要点之间的内在联系排好队;如是看图写话,则要依次观察每幅图画,再将每幅画的含意加以连贯,构思出文章的整体框架。有的抽象事物,如心理活动很难通过图画直观地表达出来,这就要求考生仔细观察细节,分析其心理活动,挖掘其内涵因素,使心理描写符合事情发展逻辑。理顺要点,既可保证不遗漏所要表达的信息,又可使表达的内容条理清楚,否则写出文章就有可能语无伦次,颠三倒四。
3.组织句子
将理顺的要点逐句表达出来,这是书面表达的关键一步。完成这个步骤要注意:
(1)书面表达重在达意,不要简单直译,要用英语思维,套用英语句型,用自己有把握的句子和词汇,不用自己拿不准的词汇和句式。切忌用汉语句型去套用英语,乃至写出大量汉式英语。
(2)如果碰上汉语提示中找不着相应的英语词语或句型,不要轻易放弃,要开动脑筋,学会用内容相近的句子来表达。
(3)尽可能写结构简单的句子,少用自己无把握的复合句。
(4)选择正确的人称、时态、语态,注意冠词、单复数、大小写、标题等。
4.串句成篇
这个过程是将写好的句子连贯地组织起来,形成短文。串句成篇,绝不是将一句话一句话简单地排在一起,要注意上下句的逻辑关系,必要时使用一些表示并列、递进、让步、转折、因果等意义的关联词语。有的书面表达还可以分段,但段与段之间要过渡自然。若词数少于题目要求,可适当增加一些与内容相关的句子;若词数多于题目要求,也可考虑将能够合并的句子合并起来。
5.检查修改
文章草稿写成后,默读一至两遍,检查修改,看文章是否对题,格式是否正确,内容是否完整,文句有无语病,行文是否连贯,拼写是否错误,词数是否恰当;有的书面表达题要求考生自拟标题,考生这时要注意不要丢掉标题,还要注意标题首字母的大写;如命题者不要求考生自拟标题的则不必拟标题,以免画蛇添足。经过检查修改后,再认真誊写,整洁美观的书面表达,一见便给人留下良好的第一印象,潦草的书写,字迹难辨,给人留下不良印象,得分难免会受影响。这样经过周密思考、按步骤写出来的文章,比起毫无计划、信手拈来的文章质量肯定要好得多。
五、书面表达的技巧
(一)常见的过渡表达法
1.
表示时间的过渡词
at
first,
next,
then,
after
that,
soon,
soon/shortly
after,
finally,
in
the
end,
eventually,
at
last,
lately,
recently,
since
then,
later,
in
no
time,
after
a
while,
afterwards,
to
begin
with,
immediately,
meanwhile=in
the
meantime=at
the
same
time,
so
far,,
suddenly,
at
the
age
of,
as
early
as,
as
soon
as,
before,
the
other
day,
early
in
the
morning,
after/before
dark,
one
day,
one
afternoon/evening
2.
表示空间的过渡词
to
the
left/right,
on
the
left/right,
on
the
opposite
side,
in
the
middle
of,
in
front
of,
in
the
front
of,
at
the
back
of,
at
the
bottom
of,
on
the
edge
of,
on
top
of,
opposite
to,
close
to,
next
to,
near
to,
under,
over,
below,
above,
across,
around,
behind,
before,
against
3.
表示列举和时序的过渡词
first
of
all,
in
the
first
place,
next,
and
then,
finally,
at
the
same
time,
to
begin
with,
lastly
4.
表示举例的过渡词
for
example,
for
instance,
for
one
thing…,
for
another…,
such
as,
like,
take
…for
example
5.
表示对比或者比较的过渡词
like,
unlike,
similarly,
in
the
same
way,
compared
to/with,
while,
still,
on
the
contrary,
different
from,
on
the
one
hand…on
the
another
(hand),
in
common
(with)
6.
表示增补的过渡词
and,
both…and,
not
only…but
also,
as
well
as,
also=besides=furthermore=moreover,
in
addition,
apart
from,
what’s
more,
worse
still=what’s
worse=
to
make
things/matter
worse,
including
7.
表示因果的过渡词
because,
since=now
that,
as,
for,
therefore,
thus,
so,
as
a
result,
because
of=on
account
of,
thanks
to,
for
this
reason,
if
so,
if
not
8.
表示目的的过渡词
for
this
purpose,
in
order
to
do=so
as
to
do,
in
order
that=so
that
9.
表示让步的过渡词
though=although,
in
spite
of=despite,
after
all,
even
if=even
though,
no
matter
what/when/where/how…
=whatever/whenever/wherever/however
10.
表示条件的过渡词
if,
unless,
so/as
long
as,
provided
that=on
condition
that
11.
表示强调的过渡词
above
all,
indeed,
in
any
case,
in
fact=as
a
matter
of
fact,
in
this
case,
in
particular,
obviously,
anyway=anyhow,
or
rather
12.
表示解释的过渡词
that
is
(to
say),
in
other
words,
or,
namely
13.
表示转换话题的过渡词
by
the
way,
I’m
afraid,
in
my
opinion,
to
tell
you
the
truth,
to
be
honest
14.
表示总结的过渡词
in
a/one
word,
generally
speaking,
in
short=in
brief=in
a
few
words,
in
conclusion,
on
the
whole,
as
has
been
mentioned/stated,
It
is
quite
clear
that--,
There
is
no
doubt
that--,
It
is
well
known
that--,
as
we
all
know=as
is
known
to
us
all,
as/so
far
as
I
know,
to
sum
up=
to
summarize=
in
summary
15.
表示选择或者排除的过渡词
either…or…,
or,
without,
except=but,
instead
of
16.
表示转折的过渡词
but,
however,
still,
and
yet
(二)英语中五种简单句型解析
英语基本句型有5种,即
(1)主语+
连系动词+
表语
(2)主语+
谓语(+状语)
(3)主语+
谓语+
宾语
(4)
主语+
谓语
+
间接宾语
+
直接宾语
(5)
主语+
谓语
+
宾语+
宾语补足语
从5种句型来看,一个句子的核心部分是动词。也就是说我们写出来的任何句子总少不了动词。
还有,句子的主语一般是名词,代词,---ing
形式,
不定式,
主语从句或者the
+
形容词等等。
句型一:主语+
连系动词
+
表语
常见的连系动词有:be,
look,
seem
appear,
become,
turn,
get,
feel,
sound,
smell,
taste,
grow,
go
(bad/wrong/mad/hungry/),
come(true/loose),
fall
(asleep/ill),
stay,
remain,
keep,
stand,
lie,etc.表语可以是名词,形容词,介词短语,不定式,-ing
形式,-ed分词,副词等等。
句型二:
主语
+
谓语(+
状语)
此句型的谓语由不及物动词或者相当于不及物动词的短语来充当。状语可以由副词,形容词,名词,介词短语,不定式,--ing形式或者with的复合结构等来充当。
句型三:
主语
+
谓语
+
宾语
此句型的谓语由及物动词或者相当于及物动词的短语来充当。宾语可以由名词,代词,不定式,--ing形式,
或者从句来充当.
句型四:
主语
+
谓语
+
间接宾语
+
直接宾语
间接宾语和直接宾语一起称为双宾语。能够带双宾语的动词有如下一些:give,
show,
send,
bring,
offer,
read,
pass,
lend,
leave,
hand,
tell,
return,
write,
pay,
allow,
wish,
teach,
promise,
award,
owe,
refuse,
make,
buy,
do,
fetch,
get,
paint,
spare,
cook,
sing,
etc.
句型五:
主语
+
谓语
+
宾语
+
宾语补足语
宾语补足语由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,
--ing形式,--ed分词,不定式等充当。
(三)写作常见经典句型
1.
It
was
+
时间段+before/
It
was
not
long
before/
It
will
(not)
be
+
时间段+before
2.
It
is(has
been)
+
时间段+since+
过去时
3.
be
about
to
do…when
4.
……while……(表示对比)
5.
Not
until…
的倒装句型/
It
was
not
until…that…(强调句型)
6.
as…as(not
as/so
…as)/
more
than/
more
and
more…/the
more…the
more
7.
It
+be+
过去分词/形容词/名词+to
do/that-从句
8.
It
+不及物动词(seem/appear/happen)+that-从句
9.
It
takes
sb.
some
time
to
do
sth.
10.
There
be
句型,
其中be
可以换成stand/live/lie/come…,
There
is
no
need
to
do/There
is
no
point
in
doing/There
is
no
difficulty
in
doing/There
is
no
doubt
that
11.
状语从句句型,
比如if/unless/although/though/as
long
as/no
matter
+wh-
/whether…or…/even
if/
in
case/so
that/
in
order
that/
so…that/such…that…
12.
祈使句(表条件)+and(then)+句子(表肯定结果)
祈使句(表条件)+or/or
else/otherwise+句子(表否定结果)
13.
so
as
to
do/in
order
to
do
14.
too…to
do/enough
to
do/only
to
do
15.
think/find/feel/consider/make
+it
+宾语补足语(形容词或者名词)+to
do
16.
with+宾语+宾语补足语(形容词/介词短语/to
do/doing/-ed)
17.
几种重要倒装句型,比如no
sooner…
than/
hardly…when/only+状语+…/not
only…but
also/neither(nor)…/so…
(四)写作中的一般表达和高级表达
解析新的高考评分细则,我们不难看出,运用高级词汇、复杂句式和适当的过渡连接词语是书面表达得高分的重要手段.这里我们所说的一般表达和高级表达指的是词汇和句式两个方面.
1.
学会使用从句
(1)使用定语从句
The
girl
is
spoken
highly
of.
Her
composition
was
well
written.
(一般)
The
girl
whose
composition
was
well
written
is
spoken
highly
of.
(高级)
(2)使用状语从句
①
I
won’t
believe
what
he
says.
(一般)
No
matter
what
he
says,
I
won’t
believe.
(高级)
②
If
you
come
back
before
six
o’clock,
you
can
go
out.
(一般)
You
can
go
out
on
condition
that
you
come
back
before
six
o’clock.
(高级)
2.
合理使用复杂的句型
①
When
he
spoke,
he
felt
more
and
more
excited.
(一般)
The
more
he
spoke,
the
more
excited
he
felt.
(高级)
②
Who
will
be
on
duty
today
(一般)
Whose
turn
is
it
to
be
on
duty
today
(高级)
3.
适度使用高级词汇
(1)
As
a
result
the
plan
was
a
failure.
(一般)
The
plan
turned
out
to
be
a
failure.
(高级)
(2)
She
went
to
Australia
in
order
to
study
music.
(一般)
She
went
to
Australia
for
the
purpose
of
studying
music.
(高级)
(五)书面表达常见错误及对策
语言运用的差错可分为三类,第一类差错(errors)是不符合语法规则的语言形式,反映学习者的语言知识和能力问题;第二类错误(mistakes)是指不符合语境的语言形式,反映学习者的语言运用问题;第三类差误(slips
和lapses)是指口误或笔误,反映学习者的身体、精神以及情感等方面的状态问题。以上三类问题在学生的书面表达中经常存在。具体表现在以下几个方面:
1.
低级错误
是指那些最基本的错误,譬如拼写(大小写)错误;冠词错误;名词单数和复数的错误;主宾格的错误;介词的误用;形容词和副词的误用;时态的错误;主谓一致等等。以上错误在写作中最常见。避免的办法是写完后认真默读一遍,仔细核对,一般可以自己改正。
2.
句子结构错误
这种错误常见的有句子结构不完整(如漏掉be动词);在表达时试图用比较复杂的结构,但往往又事与愿违,丢三落四;2个句子之间缺乏连词或多用连词;写出断句(sentence
fragment)等等。对策是学好英语中的复合句(包括定语从句,状语从句和名词性从句),重点把握连词的用法;还要充分理解句子和句子的逻辑关系。
3.
中文式英语(Chinglish)
由于受母语的影响,不少学生在写作时往往习惯于用中文构思或把中文直接翻译成英文,造成用词不当或句子成分的缺失,结果经常出现不地道的汉式英语。这种错误的出现在书面表达中最多。避免这种错误的正确做法是:掌握英语句子的基本构成(五种简单句的结构,即主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+状语;主语+连系动词+表语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语;主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语);注意英文表达和中文表达在结构(顺序)上的不同;注意英文和中文词汇意义上的差别(尤其遇到难于表达或英语中没有的词汇可以采用解释法);注意英语中的惯用句型;多读短小精悍的文章,培养语感。
六、书面表达模板
申请信
Dear
Sir/Madam,
I
am
extremely
pleased
to
hear
from
you./
to
see
your
advertisement
for
the
position
in___________________.And
I
would
like
to
write
a
letter
to
tell
you
that___________________./
I
am
confident
that
I
am
suitable
for
the
kind
of
the
job
you
are
advertising./
I
feel
I
am
competent
to
meet
the
requirements
you
have
listed.
On
the
one
hand,
___________________.On
the
other
hand,
___________________.I
am
enclosing
my
resume
for
your
kind
consideration
and
reference.
I
shall
be
much
obliged
if
you
will
offer
me
a
precious
opportunity
to
an
interview.
I
will
greatly
appreciate
a
response
from
you
at
your
earliest
convenience./
I
am
looking
forward
to
your
replies
at
your
earliest
convenience.
Best
regards
for
your
health
and
success.
Sincerely
yours,
Li
Hua
邀请信
Dear
______
,
①There
will
be
a
______(内容)at/in
______(地点)on
______(时间).
②We
would
be
honored
to
have
you
there
with
us.
③The
occasion
will
start
at
______(具体时间).
④This
will
be
followed
by
a
______(进一步的安排).
⑤At
around
______(时间),
______(另一个安排).
⑥I
really
hope
you
can
make
it.
⑦RSVP
before
______(通知你的最后期限).
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
道歉信
Dear
______,
①I
am
truly
sorry
that
______(道歉的原因).
②The
reason
is
that
______(介绍原因).
③Once
again,
I
am
sorry
for
any
inconvenience
caused.
④Hope
you
can
accept
my
apologies
and
understand
my
situation.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
建议信
Dear
______,
①You
have
asked
me
for
my
advice
with
regard
to
______
,
and
I
will
try
to
make
some
conductive
suggestions
here.
②In
my
humble
opinion,
you
would
be
wise
to
take
the
following
actions:
______(建议的内容).
③I
hope
you
will
find
these
proposals
useful,
and
I
would
be
ready
to
discuss
this
matter
with
you
to
further
details.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
推荐信
Dear
______
,
①It
affords
me
much
pleasure
to
recommend
______(要推荐的人)to
you.②During
his/her
graduate
years
he/she
was
my
______
.
③As
his/her
______
I
found
him/her
______(介绍与此人的关系).
④His/Her
performance
in
the
school
years
was
outstanding.
⑤First,
he/she
had
been
and
showed
great
talents
in
______
.
⑥In
addition,
he/she
has
a
very
pleasant
personality.
⑦He
has
developed
a
strong
sense
of
______,
and
working
with
him
is
always.
⑧I
can
state
that
he/she
has
all
the
qualities
of
being
______.(介绍此人的能力)
⑨Therefore,
I
here
recommend
him/her
to
you
with
all
my
heart.
⑩Should
you
favor
him/her
with
a
position
in
your
company/Should
you
accept
him/her
in
your
university I
am
sure
that
his/her
future
conduct/academic
work
will
prove
worthy
of
your
confidence.
I
look
forward
to
hearing
from
you
at
the
earliest
possible
moment.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
祝贺信
Dear
______
,
①I
have
learned
with
delight
that
you
______(祝贺事由).
②I
would
like
to
extend
to
you
my
utmost
congratulations
on
______.
③You
must
be
______.
④And
I
feel
very
happy
for
you.
⑤
______(所取得的成绩)is
quite
exciting
news!
⑥I
know
this
is
surely
owing
to
______(被祝贺人过去的努力).⑦It
is
a
reward
you
richly
deserve
for
your
______(被祝贺人的优点).
⑧Kindly
let
me
know
when
you
______(咨询对方何时有空).⑨I
hope
______(表达自己的愿望).
⑩My
best
wishes
for
your
further
success.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
请求信
Dear
______
,
①I
am
writing
to
formally
request
to
______(请求的内容).
②The
reason
for
______is
that
______(给出原因).
③I
______
,
so
I
______(给出细节).
④I
would
also
like
to
request
______(提出进一步的要求).
⑤I
am
sorry
for
any
inconvenience
I
have
caused.
⑥Thank
you
for
your
attention
to
these
requests.
⑦If
you
have
any
questions,
do
not
hesitate
to
contact
me
at
______(电话号码).
⑧I
look
forward
to
a
favorable
reply.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
投诉信
Dear
Sir
or
Madam,
①I
write
this
letter
to
apply
for
the
position
that
you
have
advertised
in
______(报纸名称)of
______(广告发布时间).
②Not
only
do
I
have
the
qualifications
for
this
job,
but
I
also
have
the
right
personality
for
a
______(工作名称).
③In
the
one
hand,
______(第一个原因).
④On
the
other
hand,
______(另一个原因).
⑤Should
you
grant
me
a
personal
interview,
I
would
be
most
grateful.
⑥If
you
need
to
know
more
about
me,
please
feel
free
to
contact
me
at
any
time
at
______(电话号码).
⑦Thank
you
for
considering
my
application,
and
I
am
looking
forward
to
meeting
you.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
感谢信
Dear
______
,
①I
am
writing
to
extend
my
sincere
gratitude
for
______(感谢的原因).
②If
it
had
not
been
for
your
assistance
in
______(对方给予的具体帮助),
I
fear
that
I
would
have
been
______(没有对方帮助时的后果).
③Every
one
agrees
that
it
was
you
who
______(给出细节).
④Again,
I
would
like
to
express
my
warm
thanks
to
you!
Please
accept
my
gratitude.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
询问信
Dear
______
,
①I
am
______(自我介绍).
②I
am
writing
to
see
if
it
is
possible
for
you
to
provide
me
with
information
regarding
______(要询问的内容).
③First
of
all,
what
are
______(第一个问题)
④Secondly,
when
will
______(第二个问题)
⑤Thirdly,
is
______(第三个问题)
⑥I
would
also
like
to
inquire
______(将最重要的问题单独成段).
⑦Could
you
be
so
kind
as
to
send
me
some
relevant
booklets
on
the
above-mentioned
aspects
⑧Thank
you
for
you
kindness,
and
your
prompt
attention
to
this
letter
will
be
highly
appreciated.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Ming
通知
1.口头通知
①口头通知一般是由一方向另一方口头传达的通知,叙述表达尽可能口语化,简洁明了,说清意思就行。②口头通知不用写通知时间和发通知的单位。
③口头通知一开头可有称呼语,具体因通知对象而异。常用的称呼语有“Boys
and
girls”、“Teachers
and
fellow
students”、“Ladies
and
gentlemen”,也有的不用开头语,直接开始。
④口头通知的一些常用的开头语和结束语。开头语
Attention
please!
Listen
please!结束语Any
questions
Does
everyone
understand
That‘s
all.
Thank
you.
句子多用将来时或祈使句。
书面通知
书面通知是以布告、张贴的形式出现,常常是张贴在显眼的位置,以引起公众的注意。为了醒目,标题的每个字母常大写。书面通知的格式:
①
标题:在正文上面正中的地方写上
NOTICE
.
②
正文:包括具体的时间、地点、活动内容和注意事项。
③
单位:发通知的单位一般写在正文的右下角。有时也放于标题之上,起强调作用。
④
时间:一般写在左下角。
书面通知语言比较规范,切忌使用模糊语言和俚语、俗语。通知中常用第三人称,且被动语态使用较多。
便条
便条是一种简单的书信。虽然内容简单,但却有其独特的风格。主要目的是为了尽快地把最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。常见的便条有欠条、留言和请假条等。
特点:
文内语言尽量通俗口语化,简单扼要,直截了当,无需使用客套语言。
2.
便条虽简单,但中心务必突出,更要注明活动的时间及地点。
3.
便条不需邮寄,不用信封。通常请人代为转交。有时可写在留言板和留言簿上。
基本写作格式:
便条内容和类型不尽相同,可以灵活变通。但各类便条必须包括以下基本要素:
1)Date
2)Salutation
3)Body
4)Signature
演讲稿
Salutation,
everyone/ladies
and
gentlemen
!①It
is
a
great
honor
for
me
to
stand
here
and
give
my
speech.②Some
of
us
are
having
problems
_______.③I
fully
understand
________.④________to
make
sure
______.⑤They
have
probably
________.⑥Or
perhaps
they
just
_________.⑦My
suggestion
is
_________.⑧If
you
_______,
write
them
_______and
_______.⑨Thank
you
!
问候和称呼①礼貌开始,表达自己的心情②点明演讲的主题③点明自己的看法④持此看法的原因一
⑤持此看法的原因二
⑥持此看法的原因三⑦提出个人意见⑧具体做法及结果⑨礼貌结束语
日记
DateWeather①Today/This
morning
_______.②On
arriving
there,
we/sb.
_______.③First,
we
_______.④Then,
we
_______.⑤After
that,
we
______.⑥At
last,
we________.⑦I
think
________.⑧For
________.⑨I’ll
never
for-get
the
memorable
dat
!
日期天气①活动的时间,地点,人物②表明事情开端
③叙述事情的发展/活动内容一④事情进一步发展/活动内容二⑤事情发展的高潮/活动内容三⑥事情的结束
⑦表明个人的看法或感受⑧个人看法的原因⑨总结全文,再次抒发自己的感情
【小试牛刀】
(江苏省南通、扬州、泰州、淮安四市2017届高三下学期第三次模拟考试英语试题)
请根据你对以下两幅图的理解,以“Opportunities
favour
the
prepared
mind
”为题,用英语写一篇作文。
你的作文应包括以下内容:
1.
简要描述两幅图的内容;
2.
概述你对两幅图中不同做法的理解;
3.
举例说明两幅图对你的启示。
注意:
1.
可参照图片适当发挥;
2.
作文词数150左右;
3.
作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息,如校名、人名等。
Opportunities
favour
the
prepared
mind
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】The
two
pictures
reveal
two
men
take
completely
different
attitudes
to
building
a
bright
future.
In
Picture
1,
a
man
is
dreaming
of
opportunities
for
a
bright
future,
but
without
any
action,
while
Picture
2
shows
another
man
devotes
himself
to
his
studies
to
get
fully
prepared.
The
message
conveyed
here
is
clear,
“Opportunities
favour
the
prepared
mind.”
The
difference
between
the
two
lies
only
in
the
way
each
treats
opportunities.
Successful
people
always
make
adequate
preparations
to
seize
opportunities.
Unsuccessful
people,
on
the
other
hand,
work
little
and
just
wait,
seeing
them
pass
by.
To
further
stress
the
importance
of
our
attitude
towards
opportunities,
let’s
take
Liu
Xiang
for
example.
In
order
to
win
the
gold
medal
in
the
Olympics,
he
trained
hard
every
day
and
eventually
made
it.
Therefore,
we
should
spare
no
efforts
to
fulfill
our
dreams.
It’s
universally
acknowledged
that
we
would
accomplish
nothing
without
actions
and
efforts.
写作时要求观点明确,要点全面,条理清楚。并注意运用宾语从句that
we
would
accomplish
nothing
without
actions
and
efforts.和devotes
to,
make
adequate
preparations,
In
order
to,
spare
no
efforts
等词语及on
the
other
hand,
Therefore等连接词。书面表达感悟高考
Passage1
(2016年新课标1卷)假定你是李华,暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职,已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Ms
Jenkins
写信,请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。
注意:
1.
词数100左右;
2.
可以适当增加细节,已使行文连贯。
【答案】
Dear
Ms
Jenkins,
I
am
Li
Hua.
I
am
writing
to
tell
you
something
about
my
plan
for
the
coming
summer
vacation
and
I
also
want
you
to
do
me
a
favor.
In
order
to
get
some
practical
experience,
I
am
planning
to
take
a
part-time
job
in
a
foreign
capital
company.
I
have
already
finished
my
job
application
and
personal
resume.
But
this
is
the
first
time
that
I
have
written
an
application
and
the
personal
resume,
so
I
don’t
even
know
if
there
are
something
to
pay
attention
to.
So,
I’m
writing
you
the
letter
,
hoping
you
can
give
me
some
help.
I
will
be
very
grateful
if
you
can
help
me.
Looking
forward
to
your
reply.
And
I’d
be
really
thankful.
Yours,
Li
Hua
【亮点】
本文是一篇较为优秀的范文。格式正确,要点全面,语言通顺流畅,很好地完成了写作任务。在本文中开头提出写信的目的,然后具体讲述自己的困难,再提出请求,最后表达自己的感激之情。所以在内容上逻辑性较强。此外,作者还使用了不定式短语In
order
to
get
some
practical
experience,
现在分词短语hoping
you
can
give
me
some
help,
宾语从句if
there
are
something
to
pay
attention
to等。经典句式this
is
the
first
time
that
I
have
written
an
application
and
the
personal
resume也是文章的亮点所在。
Passage2
(2016年浙江卷)“Planning
is
good
,
but
doing
is
better”是一句英国名言。请以此为题用英语写一篇100~120词的短文。
要求如下:
1.
简述你对这句名言的理解;
2.
用一个具体事例加以说明;
3.
给出恰当的结尾。
注意:1.
文章的标题已给出(不计词数):
2.
文中不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、老师或同学姓名等真实信息,否则按作弊行为认定。
Planning
Is
Good,
But
Doing
Is
Better
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Planning
Is
Good,
But
Doing
Is
Better
Planning
is
good
as
it
decides
in
detail
how
we
do
what
we
want
to
do.
However,
a
plan
can
bear
no
fruit
without
being
actually
carried
out.
My
experience
in
the
English
speech
contest
last
October
is
a
case
in
point.
A
month
before
the
event,
I
spent
hours
working
out
a
schedule
outlining
my
goals
and
practical
steps.
After
that,
I
set
out
to
read
widely
for
an
inspiring
topic,
wrote
a
speech,
and
practiced
its
delivery
in
beautiful
pronunciation
with
good
public
speech
skills.
I
finally
came
out
of
the
contest
as
the
first
prize
winner.
I
know
how
I
achieved
my
success.
It
came
from
good
planning
and
better
doing
combined.
【解析】
试题分析:本文为一篇开放式作文。题目给出标题和提纲。结合题目可判断出主要是介绍将计划付诸实施的重要性。围绕这个主旨去写,不能跑题。提纲部分还要求三个方面:1.简述你对这句名言的理解;2.用一个具体事例加以说明;3.给出恰当的结尾。这就确定了作文的结构框架。在主旨和结构确定下来后,还要注意文章应用第一人称和一般现在时和一般过去时。写作时发挥自己的想象,灵活运用英语知识,采用不同的表达方式将文章完整地表述出来。注意要主次分明、详略得当,语言力求准确、简洁,同时应选用合适的连接词或过渡词,使文章自然连贯。最后要认真查验是否有漏写情况,有无拼写错误及标点误用等。
【名师点睛】
本篇范文短小精悍,结构合理,语言简洁,时态、人称准确,很好地完成了写作任务。在文章开头,作者紧扣题目,提出自己对plan的理解,同时引出下文,然后用自己的亲身经历表明要将计划付诸实施非常重要。在文中,作者用到了短语in
detail,
bear
no
fruit,
carry
out,
set
out
to等短语,避免了文章表达的单一。此外,还用到了宾语从句how
we
do和how
I
achieved
my
success,
以及句型It
came
from
good
planning
and
better
doing
combined等,这些都给文章增加了亮点。
Passage3
(2016年北京卷)假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国朋友Jim
在给你的邮件中提到他对中国历史很感兴趣,并请你介绍一位你喜欢的中国历史人物。请你给Jim回信,内容包括:
1.
该人物是谁;
2.
该人物的主要贡献;
3.
该人物对你的影响。
注意:
1.
词数不少于50;
2.
开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear
Jim,
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li
Hua
【答案】
Dear
Jim,
It’s
great
to
hear
from
you.
I
feel
proud
knowing
your
interest
in
Chinese
history.
As
for
my
favourite
figure
in
Chinese
history,
it
must
be
Wei
Yuan,
a
great
thinker
in
the
late
Qing
Dynasty.
He,
in
his
book,
Haiguo
Tuzhi
(Maps
and
Records
of
the
World),
introduced
modern
technologies
and
ideas
to
China.
That
opened
our
eyes
to
the
world.
In
fact,
he
inspires
me
to
major
in
English
in
college
to
be
a
bridge
between
China
and
the
world.
Interested
in
knowing
more
I
can
find
you
some
books!
Just
let
me
know.
Cheers!
Yours,
Li
Hua
亮点说明:范文使用了词组hear
from,
As
for,
In
fact和搭配inspire
sb
to
do
sth等,丰富了作文内容;范文注意上下文的语意连贯。
【名师点睛】
本题偏向于信息介绍类的开放式写作,对于应用文格式的要求并不高,但对于语言组织和词汇积累的要求极高。本次应用文并没有限定考生必须写某一位历史人物,但是谈及人物的贡献和对自己的影响时,考生有可能会遇到大量的词汇障碍,故难度较去年明显提升。
Passage4
(2015年新课标1卷)假定你是李华,你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿,要点如下:
1.
栏目介绍;
2.
稿件内容;
3.
稿件长度:约400词;
4.
交稿日期:6月28日前。
注意:
1.
词数100左右;
2.
可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯的;
3.
开头语已为你写好。
【答案】
Dear
Peter,
I'd
like
to
ask
you
to
write
an
article
for
our
school’s
English
newspaper.
The
“Foreign
Cultures”
section
in
our
newspaper
is
very
popular
among
us
students.
It
carries
articles
written
by
foreign
friends
about
the
cultures
of
their
home
countries.
Would
you
please
write
something
about
the
culture
in
your
part
of
the
United
States
And
we
would
especially
welcome
articles
about
how
Americans
spend
their
holidays
and
festivals,
and
the
life
of
American
high
school
students.
You
can
write
anything
relevant
so
long
as
it’
s
interesting
and
informative.
400
words
would
be
fine.
Could
we
have
your
article
before
June
28
I’m
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you.
Yours,
Li
Hua
【亮点说明】
本文结构紧凑,层次分明,而且使用了多种句式和结构。比如It
carries
articles
written
by
foreign
friends
about
the
cultures
of
their
home
countries.运用了过去分词作后置定语,
And
we
would
especially
welcome
articles
about
how
Americans
spend
their
holidays
and
festivals,
and
the
life
of
American
high
school
students.运用了宾语从句。此外,文章还使用了大量习语和短语,如be
popular
among,
so
long
as,
look
forward
to
,
hear
from等。
Passage5
(2014年新课标2卷)一家英语报社向中学生征文,主题是“十年后的我”,请根据下列要点和你的畅想完成短文。
1.
家庭:
2.
工作:
3.
业余生活。
注意:1.词数100左右:
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯:
3.开头语已为你写好。
【答案】
I
often
imagine
what
my
life
would
be
like
in
the
future
.
I
think
my
life
will
be
very
different
in
ten
years
.i
will
be
twenty
–eight
years
old
by
then
.
I
will
have
my
own
family,
probably
with
a
lovely
child
.
I
hope
I
will
work
in
a
computer
company
as
a
program
designer
.
I
will
enjoy
my
work
and
get
along
well
with
my
colleagues
.
I’will
do
a
good
job
in
whatever
I
do
.In
my
free
time
,
I
will
continue
to
take
regular
exercise,
such
as
swimming
,
running
and
various
ball
games
.
On
my
holidays
,
I
will
travel
around
the
world
.In
a
word
,
my
life
will
be
much
richer
and
more
colorful
.
【亮点说明】
本篇范文短小精悍,要点全面,语言简练,时态人称准确,很好的完成了写作任务。在文章开头作者紧扣题目,提出自己对未来的畅想,然后从生活,工作,家庭三个方面描述了自己十年后的生活。在文中作者用到了短语In
my
free
time
,
In
a
word
,
such
as等介词短语,避免了文章句式的单一。此外,还用到了宾语从句in
whatever
I
do、I
will
work
in
a
computer
company
as
a
program
designer等,这些都给朴素的语言带来了亮点。短文改错考情链接
从近三年新课标卷英语短文改错的特点来看,体裁主要以记叙文为主,题材内容比较广泛,语言材料通常取材于考生自己的作品或类似于考生的随笔,且话题常见,篇章结构的难易程度符合中学生的认知水平,明白易懂。大多数题材贴近学生的日常生活或中学生应该具备的生活常识,主要以考查学生日常写作中的常见错误为主,通常以故事和日记的形式出现。
短文基本上无生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语句结构,句中既有简单句又夹杂着复合句。需要注意的是,句子结构以简单句为主逐渐过渡到以复合句和并列句为主。从近几年考试题来看,短文改错的句子平均长度趋于平稳,由于多数句子不是只占一行,所以只有读完整个句子,仔细分析,才能发现错误、纠正错误。
例如,近三年的高考真题中,2016年全国1卷就是讲述作者的叔叔开餐馆的故事;2016年全国2卷讲述的是作者和同学纠结暑假去哪里过的事情;2016年全国3卷讲的是十几岁的青少年渴望独立,却又离不开父母的决定;2015年的全国1卷讲述的是作者是孩子的时候,梦想生活在城市。而当作者现在生活在城市,却向往着乡下;2015年全国2卷讲的是孩子和父母逛街走散后又重逢的故事;2014年全国1卷讲的是种植圣女果的心得;2014年全国2卷讲述的是作者理想中的学校是什么样子的。短文改错在体裁和题材上的特点我们可以从下表中清晰的看到:
一、2014-2016年全国高考短文改错
卷
别
体
裁
题
材
短文长度
句
数
2016全国I卷
记叙
作者叔叔开餐馆的故事
95
9
2016全国II卷
记叙
作者和同学纠结暑假去哪里过的事情
106
10
2016全国III卷
记叙
青少年渴望独立,却又离不开父母的决定
120
11
2015全国I卷
记叙
作者是孩子时,梦想生活在城市。而当现在生活在城市,却向往着乡下
107
9
2015全国II卷
记叙
孩子和父母逛街走散后又重逢的故事
105
10
2014全国I卷
记叙
种植圣女果的心得和体会
103
8
2014全国II卷
记叙
作者理想中的学校是什么样子的
119
9
二、命题意图
课标卷中的短文改错题,是在语篇的情景中,考查词汇、语法、句型结构等方面的知识和逻辑关系的推断及综合分析。要求考生具备发现、判断及纠正语境中语言使用错误的能力,以及在语篇中综合运用英语知识的能力。短文改错题是在较高层次上考查学生对英语知识的掌握和语言综合运用能力的一种题型。
三、命题特点
英语短文改错是高考命题的必考题型之一,是集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身的综合性试题,具有题型小,灵活性大,覆盖面广,综合性强,测试层次多的特点。短文改错试题并不是单纯检测语法知识,突出的是检测考生在改错和书写的过程中,在语篇和上下文理解中运用语言知识去解决实际的语言问题。具体来说,短文改错主要检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力,以考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性。
高考英语短文改错的考点涵盖知识的领会、运用、分析、综合等诸多方面,考查目标既涉及语言知识的多个方面(词法、句法、语篇结构、行文逻辑等),又涵盖理解、分析、运用和整体思维等诸方面能力。
短文改错的文章内容浅显,词数为100左右,多采用记叙文文体,偶尔也有说明文和应用文。
短文改错的文章中的错误主要是词语、语法、篇章结构和行文逻辑等方面的错误,这些错误往往需要在不同程度上借助语境进行判断,它不仅要求考生掌握好一定的词汇、语法知识,还要求考生具有一定的阅读、分析和逻辑推理能力。
典例1
【2015年全国高考1卷】
When
I
was
a
child,
I
hoped
to
live
in
the
city.
I
think
I
would
be
happy
there.
Now
I
am
living
in
a
city,
but
I
miss
my
home
in
countryside.
There
the
air
is
clean
or
the
mountains
are
green.
Unfortunately,
on
the
development
of
industrialization,
the
environment
has
been
polluted.
Lots
of
studies
have
been
shown
that
global
warming
has
already
become
a
very
seriously
problem.
The
airs
we
breathe
in
is
getting
dirtier
and
dirtier.
Much
rare
animals
are
dying
out.
We
must
found
ways
to
protect
your
environment.
If
we
fail
to
do
so,
we’ll
live
to
regret
it.
【答案及解析】
76.
【答案】think—thought
77.
【答案】
countryside前加the
【解析】句意:但是我想念农村的家乡。countryside是特指,故用定冠词the。
78.
【答案】
or—and
【解析】句意:那里山绿并且空气新鲜。连词错误。前后句为并列关系,故用连词and。
79.
【答案】
on—with
【解析】句意:随着工业化的发展。搭配错误。with
the
development
of随着……的发展。
80.
【答案】
been去掉
【解析】句意:许多研究表明。语态用法错误。主语与动词为主动关系,这里不用被动语态。
81.
【答案】
seriously—serious
【解析】句意:全球变暖已成为严重的问题。词性用法错误。修饰名词,前面用形容词修饰。
82.
【答案】
airs—air
【解析】句意:我们呼吸的空气变得越来越脏。名词用法错误。名词air为不可数名词。
83.
【答案】
much—many
【解析】句意:许多罕见的动物已经消失。animal为可数名词,故用many修饰。
84.
【答案】
found—find
85.
【答案】
your—our
【解析】句意:我们必须找到方法来保护我们的地球。代词用法错误。这里应当是保护我们的环境。
典例2
【2015年全国II卷】
One
day,
little
Tony
went
to
a
shopping
center
with
his
parent.
It
was
very
crowded.
Tony
saw
a
toy
on
a
shop
window.
He
liked
it
so
very
much
that
he
quickly
walked
into
the
shop.
After
looks
at
the
toy
for
some
time,
he
turned
around
and
found
where
his
parents
were
missing.
Tony
was
scared
and
begun
to
cry.
A
woman
saw
him
crying
and
telling
him
to
wait
outside
a
shop.
Five
minutes
later,
Tony
saw
parents.
Mom
said,
“How
nice
to
see
you
again!
Dad
and
I
were
terrible
worried.
”
Tony
promised
her
that
this
would
never
happen
again.
【答案及解析】
71.
【答案】
parent改为parents
【解析】看下文可知,是父母两个,所以用parents。
72.
【答案】
on改为in
【解析】Tony走进商店,说明玩具在橱窗里面,用in。
73.
【答案】
very
【解析】去掉这里是“如此喜欢以至于”的意思,应该是:like
so
much
that…
74.
【答案】
looks改为looking
【解析】after之后跟从句或v.
-ing形式,故looks改为looking。
75.
【答案】
where改为that或者去掉where
【解析】found后面的宾语从句是陈述句,故where改为that或者去掉where。
76.
【答案】
begun改为began
【解析】and前后的谓语动词时态要一致,故begun改为began。
77.
【答案】
telling改为told
【解析】and前后的谓语动词时态要一致,see和tell是并列谓语,故telling改为told。
78.
【答案】
a改为the
【解析】由上下文可知,此处shop是第二次出现,应该用定冠词,故a改为the。
79.
【答案】
saw后加his
80.
【答案】
terrible改为terribly
【解析】修饰形容词worried要用副词,故terrible改为terribly。
由以上真题可以总结出,短文改错通常考查的有:
(1)
词法改错
词法的测试包括:定冠词和不定冠词的用法;名词的单复数和名词的所有格;动词的时态、语态、语气,情态动词和非谓语动词等;人称代词、人称代词的格、物主代词、指示代词、连接代词、不定代词等的用法;介词的搭配;并列连词、从属连词的用法;形容词、副词的区别以及比较级和最高级的用法;固定搭配和习惯用法。
(2)
句法改错
句法的测试包括:主语谓语在数上的一致性;名词性从句、定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句和强调句;句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性和逻辑性。
(3)
语篇改错
语篇的测试包括:上下文的时态是否一致;上下文中的代词指代是否一致;上下文中的逻辑关系是否一致。
四、短文改错解题步骤
1.
浏览全文,掌握大意
要求考生把握全篇主旨,弄清上下文逻辑关系。有时孤立地分析某个句子,其结构正确、语意通顺,但联系上下文,会发现有不合逻辑的地方。阅读时,如有明显的错误可随手改正。
2.
分句阅读,逐行找错
在读懂文章之后,要逐句分开。分析在词法、句法、行文逻辑等方面是否有错。要做到逐行分析,不可遗漏,句与句之间要注意连词的使用,具体做到以下几点:
(1)
注意整篇文章的语态与时态前后是否一致。
(2)
名词的数与格,名词前该不该用冠词,用什么冠词。
(3)
习语结构搭配是否完整,有无缺少或多了介词、副词的现象。
(4)
非谓语动词(不定式、分词、动名词)的运用是否正确。
(5)
连词与关系代(副)词用法是否贴切。名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等的结构与用法。
(6)
代词用法与结构是否正确。人称代词、物主代词以及it作形式主语或形式宾语等的用法。
(7)
形容词、副词的比较级、最高级是否混用。
3.
由易到难,
各个击破
纠错要从最简单、最熟悉的项目入手,
先从语法的角度入手,
再从逻辑方面考虑,
最后推敲难题。
4.
检查核对,注意方法
再浏览改后的全文,看全篇是否语意通顺,注意无错行一般是一行。要按照绝对规范的要求去答题。
五、短文改错口诀
短文改错要做好,常见类型应记牢。
名词爱考"数"与"格",冠词在前"错"、"多"、"少"。
动词时态和语态,非谓搭配莫错了。
连、代、形、副错一样,多是故意来混淆。
介词多半考搭配,多、漏、误用想周到。
句法涉及到"一致",从句多考关系词。
词法句法均未错,逻辑推理去寻找。
【小试牛刀】
(河南省南阳信阳六市2017届高三第二次联考英语试题)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。作文中共有10处错误,每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Hello,
I'm
Li
hua,
chairman
of
Student
Union.
We'
re
going
to
organize
a
bicycle
trip
to
our
school
farm
on
this
Sunday.
It
was
located
in
the
western
suburb,
covered
an
area
of
about
50
acres.
There
are
different
kinds
of
cattle
raised
and
various
vegetable
planted,
without
some
harmful
things
in
the
feed
or
the
fertilizer.
The
products
are
provided
for
the
school
canteen,
which
we
enjoy
a
health
diet.
On
the
farm
you
can
combine
you
have
learned
with
practice
to
the
fullest.
You
are
expected
to
arrive
there
at
about
9
o'clock,
Remember:
following
the
workers
and
don't
try
to
do
anything
strange
to
interest
the
animals
or
do
damage
to
the
plants
during
my
visit.
【答案与解析】
1.【答案】删去this前的
on;
【解析】考查时间状语。this
Sunday“这个星期天”,直接可以作时间状语,不需要再加介词。故删去this前的on。
2.【答案】was改为is;
【解析】考查时态。此处描述的是客观事实,应使用一般现在时。故was改为is。
3.【答案】covered改为covering;
4.【答案】vegetable改为vegetables;
【解析】考查名词单复数。根据修饰词various“各种各样的”可知,此处应使用vegetable的复数形式。故vegetable改为vegetables。
5.【答案】some改为any;
【解析】考查量词。此处指“没有任何的有害物质”,any“任何”,some“一些”。故some改为any。
6.【答案】which改为where/
which前加in;
【解析】考查定语从句连接词。此处为定语从句,先行词为the
school
canteen
,连词在从句中作地点状语,引导定语从句时in
which=where。故which改为where/
which前加in。
7.【答案】health改为healthy;
【解析】考查形容词。此处修饰diet,意为“健康的饮食”,应使用形容词。故health改为healthy。
8.【答案】combine后加
what/all;
【解析】考查宾语从句和定语从句的省略。句意:在农村里,你能将所学到的东西与实践充分地结合起来。combine后添加what则为宾语从句,what作learn的宾语;如果填写all则为all
that的省略,all为先行词,that在定语从句中作宾语时,可以省略掉。故combine后加
what/all。
9.【答案】following改为follow;
【解析】考查祈使句。分析句子结构可知,此处为祈使句与后面的and
don't
try及or
do
damage动词形式保存一致。故following改为follow。
10.【答案】my改为your;短文改错各地优秀试题汇编
1.(广东省汕头市2017届高三第二次模拟考试英语试题)假定英语课上英语老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处;错误涉及一个单词的增加,删除或修改。
增加:在缺同处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的同。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一间;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
As
the
saying
goes,
“Time
is
money.”
So
as
far
as
I’m
concerned,
time
is
even
more
precious
than
money.
Time
flies
like
a
arrow
before
we
realize
it
and
when
it
goes
by,
it
will
never
return.
However,
many
people
still
don’t
make
full
use
to
their
time.
A
number
of
students
spend
a
lot
of
time
in
sleeping,
chatting,
playing
computer
games
and
another
meaningless
matters.
Though
they
are
always
complaining
that
they
can’t
do
good
in
their
study,
but
they
don’t
accept
the
truth
that
it
is
wasting
time
on
those
things
that
leads
to
their
failures
in
study.
As
students,
we
must
be
engaging
in
our
studies
so
as
to
serve
the
society
and
our
national
in
the
future.
All
in
all,
we
should
aware
of
the
significance
of
time
and
get
into
the
good
habit
of
saving
time.
Do
not
put
off
which
can
be
done
today
until
tomorrow.
【答案与解析】
1.【答案】so→but
2.【答案】a→an
【解析】考察冠词。arrow首字母为元音,故应用an。
3.【答案】to→of
【解析】考察介词。固定搭配make
full
use
of充分利用。
4.【答案】another→other
【解析】考察形容词。other意为“其他的”,而another意为
“另一个”,根据句意应用other。
5.【答案】good→well
【解析】考察副词。修饰动词do,因而将good改为well。
6.【答案】去掉but
【解析】考察连词。though与but不能同时使用。
7.【答案】engaging→engaged
【解析】考察非谓语动词。be
engaged
in固定搭配
“忙于,从事于”。
8.【答案】national→nation
【解析】考察名词。形容词our后接名词nation。
9.【答案】should后加be
10.【答案】which→what
【解析】考察连词。此处what引导宾语从句,在从句中有实意且充当宾语;而that引导宾语从句时无实意,不在从句中充当任何成分。
2.(2017届河北省衡水中学高三下学期七调英语试卷)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear
Steven,
I'm
glad
that
you
are
coming
to
Beijing
this
summer
vacation.
You
asked
many
question
in
your
letter,
and
now
let
me
answer
them.
To
start
with,
Beijing,
the
capital
of
China,
is
very
attractive
city
with
a
long
history.
You
can
found
all
kinds
of
delicious
food
in
Beijing,
of
that
the
most
famous
is
the
roast
Beijing
duck.
I
hope
we
will
enjoy
it,
Besides,
there
is
a
great
number
of
tourist
attractions
worth
visiting,
such
as
the
Great
Wall,
the
Summer
Palace
or
the
Forbidden
City.
These
scenic
spots
have
attracted
millions
of
tourists
in
this
year.
I
promise
you
will
have
a
wonderfully
time
here
in
Beijing.
I’m
looking
forward
to
hear
from
you
as
soon
as
possible.
Yours,
Liu
Chao
【答案与解析】
第一处:【答案】question
改为questions
【解析】考察名词复数
根据
many可知
将question
改为questions
第二处:【答案】is后添加a
【解析】考察冠词用法
名词前缺少冠词
故添加a
第三处:【答案】found
改为find
【解析】情态动词
can
could
may
must
后动词必须是原型
故将found
改为find
第四处:【答案】that改为which
第五处:【答案】we
改为you
【解析】考察人称,全篇的宾语是you,故将we
改为you
第六处:【答案】is
改为are
【解析】考察be动词
后文attractions是复数
故将is
改为are
第七处:【答案】or改为and
【解析】句子中列出的景点应为并列关系,故将or改为and
第八处表示今年的的时间状语是
this
year,故删去in。
第九处:【答案】wonderfully
改为wonderful
【解析】考察形容词用法
名词前应用形容词
故将wonderfully
改为wonderful
第十处:【答案】hear改为hearing
【解析】固定搭配
look
forward
to
doing,故改为hearing.
3.(2017届河南省郑州市第一中学高三4月模拟调研英语试卷)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下短文。短文中共有10处错误,每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
Last
weekend
our
class
had
a
exciting
basketball
match
with
our
neighbor
Class
4.I
had
thought
that
our
team
was
consisted
of
strong
and
able
player,me
included,while
the
opposite
team
were
no
match
for
us.And
when
the
match
started,I
was
surprised
to
find
that
every
member
of
the
other
team
was
fighting
hardly,regardless
of
the
fact
that
they
were
far
less
capable
than
us.Therefore,it
came
as
no
surprise
that
we
become
the
winner
in
the
match,but
the
loser
won
our
respect
for
our
fight
in
the
match.The
result
of
the
match
have
taught
me
that,whatever
the
outcome
is,which
counts
is
that
we
have
tried
our
best.Only
in
this
way
we
make
progress
in
life.
【答案与解析】
1.【答案】a改成an
【解析】考查冠词,以元音字母开口的名词,用an修饰,故把a改成an.
2.【答案】去掉was
【解析】考查动词,consist
of意为由……组成,无被动形式,故应把was去掉。
3.【答案】player改成players
4.【答案】and改成but
【解析】考查连词,根据句意:比赛开始的时候,我发现另一队伍的每个成员都在奋力拼搏,与上一句形成转折,故应把and改成but。
5.【答案】hardly改成hard
【解析】考查副词,hard本身就有副词的意思:努力地,不需要变形,故应把hardly改成hard。
6.【答案】become改成became
【解析】考查动词,整篇文章都在叙述过去的事情,故应把become改成became。
7.【答案】our
改成their
【解析】考查人称代词,主语是loser,故应把our
改成their。
8.【答案】have改成has
【解析】考查动词,主语是the
result
of
the
match
故应把have改成has。
9.【答案】which改成what
【解析】考查主语从句,what引导主语从句,what可以在从句中充当主语,宾语成分which
引导主语从句,意思为哪一个,哪一些,一般后面需要紧跟名词,做具体说明是什么东西,故应把which改成what。
10.【答案】在we前面加can
4.(湖南省衡阳市第八中学2017届高三实验班第一次模拟考试英语试题)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(﹨)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Nowadays,
the
computer
technology
develops
very
fast
that
the
Internet
has
become
more
and
more
popular.
Some
students
regarded
it
as
a
great
helper.
Because
there
has
a
lot
of
information
on
line,
so
you
can
surf
the
Internet
for
any
information
you
need
in
a
short
time
without
working
hard
in
the
library.
This
is
also
very
convenient
to
talk
with
others
by
using
the
Internet.
Moreover,
other
students
think
that
there
is
some
information
on
line
that
is
not
good
for
students.
In
addition,
spend
too
much
time
playing
games
will
not
only
have
a
bad
effect
on
their
studies
but
also
do
harm
for
health.
Therefore,
we
should
make
properly
use
of
the
Internet.
It
is
of
great
important
to
separate
good
plants
from
wild
weeds.
【答案与解析】
第一处:【答案】very改成so
【解析】固定搭配so...that...如此……以至于……。故very改成so。
第二处:【答案】regarded改成regard
【解析】这里表示的是一个经常性、普遍的动作,所以不能用过去分词regarded,应用一般现在时regard。故regarded改成regard。
第三处:【答案】has改成is
【解析】there
be句型。故has改成is。
第四处:【答案】删去so
【解析】这一句是因果关系,在英语中因为和所以只用其一,故把so删去。
第五处:【答案】This改成It
【解析】这里表示前文所说的Internet,此处是一个代词。代指前文内容用it,故This改成It。
第六处:【答案】Moreover改成However
【解析】这里的前后两部分是转折关系。moreover是此外、而且的意思,however、but有但是的意思,但这里和下一句中间有“,”分开,故Moreover改成However。
第七处:【答案】spend改为spending
【解析】这里动词spend做主语,动词做主语时,动词要变为动名词的形态。故spend改为spending。
第八处:【答案】for改成to
【解析】固定搭配do
harm
to/be
harm
for对……有害。故for改成to
第九处:【答案】properly改成proper
第十处:【答案】important→importance
【解析】of
great
importance,要用名词形式。
5.
Patience
is
of
great
important
in
our
daily
life.
Once
I
waited
a
bus
to
come
at
a
stop.
30
minutes
past,
but
no
bus
came.
Both
upset
and
annoyed,
I
decided
to
walk
on
feet.
But
no
sooner
had
I
left
when
the
bus
arrived.
I
thought
if
I
had
waited
for
one
more
minute,
I
would
have
caught
it.
If
I
chose
to
take
a
next
bus,
I
would
have
to
wait
for
other
30
minutes.
Only
then
do
I
realize
my
problem.
Being
impatient
will
possibly
waste
all
the
effort
that
we
have
put
it
in.
Now
whenever
I
am
close
to
lose
my
patience,
I’ll
think
of
this
experience
【语篇导读】通过一件事,讲述耐心的重要性。
1.【答案】important
-importance
【解析】考查固定句型。句意:耐心在我们的生活中非常的重要。Be
of
importance
等于
be
important
。
2.【答案】
waited后加for
【解析】考查固定短语。Wait
for
sth
等待。。
3.【答案】
past-passed
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意:30分钟过去了,但没有一辆车来。根据but
no
bus
came用一般过去时。
4.【答案】on
foot
【解析】考查固定短语。句意:沮丧又着急,我决定步行去。On
foot
步行
5.【答案】when-than
【解析】考查固定句型。No
sooner
...than
一...就
6.【答案】
take
the
next
bus
【解析】考查固定短语。
句意:如果我选择下一辆车的话,我还得再等待三十分钟。The
next
bus
下一趟车。
7.【答案】another
30
minutes
【解析】考查搭配。句意:如果我选择下一辆车的话,我还得再等待三十分钟。Another
30
minutes
再三十分钟。
8.【答案】did
I
realize
9.【答案】
put后it去掉
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:耐心会浪费掉所有你所投入的努力。that
we
have
put
in
是all
the
effort的定语从句。
10.【答案】
losing
【解析】考查固定短语。Close
to
靠近,
to是介词,故后面用动名词的形式。
6.
Our
government
is
trying
hard
to
build
an
energy-saving
society.
It
is
somebody’s
duty
to
work
hard
and
reach
this
goal.
Besides,
not
everybody
has
realized
the
important
of
it.
Take
our
school
for
example.
Sometime
we
can
see
that
lights
and
computers
are
still
on
after
class.
Some
students
even
forget
to
turn
on
the
tap
after
using
it
and
have
water
run
all
the
time.
Our
papers
are
printed
on
only
one
side,
which
causing
much
waste.
It’s
time
we
did
something
to
avoid
this
kind
of
waste.
Firstly,
make
sure
that
all
the
light
and
other
electric
facilities
turned
off
when
we
leave
the
rooms.
Try
to
form
the
habit
of
turning
off
the
tap
immediate
after
using
it.
What’s
more,
papers
should
be
printed
on
both
sides
and
reused
if
possible.
【语篇导读】主要讲建设节能型社会的重要性。
1.【答案】somebody’s
---everybody’s
【解析】考查不定代词。从语境判断此处指建设节能型社会是所有人们的职责而不是某个人的责任,所以somebody’s改为everybody’s。
2.【答案】Besides
---However
【解析】考查副词用法。前句讲建设节能型社会是我们的职责,而后句说并不是每个人都意识到了重要性,由此可知,前后句是转折关系,把Besides改为However。
3.【答案】important
---importance
【解析】考查名词用法。分析句子结构可知realize动词后面应该是宾语,而important形容词不可做宾语,故把important改为importance。
4.【答案】Sometime---
Sometimes
【解析】考查相似词语辨析。Sometime意思是某个时候;而根据语境此处应该表示“有时候”,所以把Sometime改为Sometimes
5.【答案】on
---off
【解析】考查动词短语。从句意判断使用后应该是关掉水龙头,而turn
on意思是“打开”,所以把on改为off。
6.【答案】run
---running
【解析】考查非谓语用法。Have
sb
dosth指让某人去做某事;而此处是让水一直流着,强调动作的持续,所以应该是have
sb
doing
sth
,故把run改为running
7.【答案】which
去掉;或causing改为causes
【解析】考查定语从句。分析结构可知此处如果是定语从句的话,causing是现在分词不做谓语,所以把causing改为cuases;
如果是分词做结果状语的话,那么就应该把which去掉,所以答案是把causing改为cuases或者把which去掉。
8.【答案】light
---lights
9.【答案】turned前加are
【解析】考查被动语态。句意是把电灯等电器关掉,此处是被动意思,所以改为被动句,而且文章是讲平时要养成的习惯,所以用一般现在时态,而且根据主谓一致原则,答案应该在turned前加are。
10.【答案】immediate
---immediately
【解析】考查副词用法。immediate是形容词用来做表语或者定语,而此处是做状语,所以把immediate改为immediately。短文改错感悟高考
Passage1(2016·全国卷一)
My
uncle
is
the
owner
of
a
restaurant
close
to
that
1
love
.Though
not
very
big
,but
the
Restaurant
is
popular
in
our
area
.It
is
always
crowded
with
customers
at
meal
times
.Some
People
even
had
to
wait
outside
My
uncle
tells
me
that
the
key
to
his
Success
is
honest.
Every
day
he
makes
sure
that
fresh
vegetables
or
high
quality
oil
are
using
for
cooking.
My
uncle
says
that
he
never
dreams
becoming
rich
in
the
short
period
of
time.
Instead,he
hopes
that
our
business
will
grow
steady.
【语篇解读】主要介绍叔叔开饭店成功的秘诀。
1.【答案】that
→which
【解析】介词后面的宾语从句缺少状语表示地点。
2.【答案】but去掉
【解析】though不和but
连用。
3.【答案】had→have
4.【答案】honest→honesty
【解析】此处指诚实是他成功的秘诀,用名词形式。
5.【答案】or→and
【解析】从句意判断是并列关系。
6.【答案】
using
→used
【解析】此处表示被动含义,be
used
for“被用来去做”。
7.【答案】
becoming前加of
【解析】固定短语:
dream
of
梦想做某事。
8.【答案】
the
→a
【解析】固定短语:in
a
short
time在短时间内。
9.【答案】
our→
his
【解析】此处指叔叔的生意,用his指代。
10.【答案】
stead→steadily
【解析】Grow指增长,不是系动词,故用副词修饰。
passage2
(2016·四川卷)
It
is
Mother’s
Day
today.
Though
it’s
a
western
festival,
it’s
popular
in
China
now.
Mom
has
a
full-time
job,
so
she
has
to
do
most
of
the
houseworks.
She
is
a
great
mother.
Both
Dad
or
I
planned
to
do
something
on
Mother’s
Day.
We
get
up
early
in
the
morning.
Dad
cleaned
the
house,
and
then
went
on
shopping.
When
he
came
back,
I
found
a
bunch
of
flowers
in
her
hand.
I
asked
Mom
to
stay
in
the
sitting
room
and
I
cooked
in
kitchen.
The
dishes
what
I
cooked
were
Mom’s
favoritiest.
At
dinner,
we
said
to
her,
“Happy
Mother’s
Day!”Mom
was
grateful
and
moving.
【答案与解析】
1.
【答案】
so→but。
【解析】句意:妈妈有一个全职工作,但是她不得不做多数的家务。此处表示转折关系,故把so改为but。
2.
【答案】
houseworks→housework。
【解析】housework是不可数名词,故把houseworks改为housework。
3.
【答案】
or→and
【解析】固定搭配:both…and…两个都……,故把or改为nd。
4.
【答案】
get→got。
【解析】句意:在母亲节的早上我们起床很早。此处用一般过去时态,故把get改为got。
5.
【答案】去掉on。
6.
【答案】
her→his。
【解析】句意:在爸爸手里。故把her改为his。
7.
【答案】在in和kitchen之间加the。
【解析】句意:我在厨房里做饭。此处特指在厨房里,故在in和kitchen之间加the。
8.
【答案】
what→that/which(或去掉what)。
【解析】此处考查引导定语从句的关系代词。句意:我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。the
dishes作先行词,指物,定语从句缺少引导词,从句缺少宾语,可知引导词在定语从句中作宾语,故把what改为that/which(或去掉what)。
9.
【答案】
favoritest→favorite。
【解析】“favorite”本身就是“最喜欢”,故把favoritest改为favorite。
10.
【答案】
moving→moved。
【解析】句意:妈妈既感激又感动。故把moving改为moved。
passage3
(2016·浙江卷)
When
I
was
a
very
young
children,
my
father
created
a
regular
practice
I
remember
well
years
late.
Every
time
he
arrived
home
at
end
of
the
day,
we’d
greet
her
at
the
door.
He
would
ask
who
we
was
and
pretend
not
to
knowing
us,
Then
he
and
my
mother
would
have
had
a
drink
while
she
prepared
dinner
and
they
would
talk
about
his
day
and
hers.
While
they
chat,
my
father
would
lift
my
sister
and
me
up
to
sit
in
the
top
of
the
fridge.
It
was
both
excited
and
frightening
to
be
up
there!
My
sister
and
I
thought
he
was
so
cool
for
putting
us
there.
【答案与解析】
1.【答案】children改成child
【解析】考查名词。单复数因为前面有不定冠词a,所以这里用单数。故children改成child。
2.【答案】late改成later
3.【答案】在at后面加the
【解析】考查冠词。at
the
end
of为固定搭配,意为“在……结束的时候”。故在at后面加the。
4.【答案】her改成him
【解析】考查代词。根据上文可知我们每天在门口迎接爸爸。用him指代my
father,作greet的宾语。故her改成him。
5.【答案】was改成were
【解析】考查主谓一致。这句话的主语是we,谓语要用复数,而且这篇文章是作者回忆小时候的事情,用一般过去时。故was改成were。
6.【答案】knowing改成know
【解析】考查动词不定式。pretend后面接不定式作宾语,这里是否定式pretend
not
to
do。故knowing改成know。
7.【答案】去掉had
【解析】考查动词形式。句意:他和我妈妈会喝些东西。这里不是虚拟语气,不能用would
have
done,用would
do表示“过去常常做”。故去掉had。
8.【答案】chat改成chatted
【解析】考查动词时态。根据主句内容my father would lift my sister 可知while引导的时间状语从句应用一般过去时。故chat改成chatted。
9.【答案】in改成on
【解析】考查介词。on
the
top
of…为固定搭配,意为“在……顶部”。故in改成on。
10.【答案】excited改成exciting
【解析】考查形容词。以-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物;以-ing结尾的形容词主要用于说明事物的性质或特征,本句的主语是形式主语it,真正的主语是to
be
up
there,故excited改成exciting。
passage4
(2015·陕西卷)
My
soccer
coach
retired
in
last
week.
I
wanted
to
do
anything
special
for
him
at
his
retirement
party.
My
mum
makes
the
better
biscuits
in
the
world,
so
I
decide
to
ask
her
for
help.
Mum
taught
me
some
basic
step
of
baking.
I
insisted
on
doing
most
of
the
baking
myself.
I
thought
the
biscuits
were
really
well.
My
only
mistake
was
that
I
dropped
some
on
the
floor
after
I
was
packing
them
up.
At
a
party,
my
coach,
with
a
biscuit
in
his
mouth,
asked
surprisingly
who
made
them
and
joked,
“I
might
have
to
retire
again
next
year
just
get
some
more
of
these
biscuits.”
My
favorite
picture
at
the
party
is
of
my
coach
and
me
enjoy
the
biscuits
with
happy
laughter!
【语篇解读】文章介绍作者的教练退休了,在退休聚会上作者送给教练自己亲手烘焙的饼干。教练非常高兴。
1.
【答案】去掉in。
2.
【答案】
anything
改为something。
【解析】句意:我想在他退休聚会上为他做些特别的事情。肯定句用something。
3.
【答案】
better改成best。
【解析】句意:我妈妈做的是世界上最好的饼干。用最高级,better改成best。
4.
【答案】
decide改成decided。
【解析】句意:所以我决定向她求助。这篇文章使用一般过去时,decide改成decided。
5.
【答案】
step改为steps。
【解析】句意:妈妈教我一些基本的烘焙的步骤。step
是可数名词,用复数steps。
6.
【答案】
well改成good。
【解析】句意:我认为这些饼干很好。做表语用形容词,well改成good。
7.
【答案】
after改成when/while。
【解析】句意:我唯一的错误是在我将它们打包的时候将它们掉在地上。
8.
【答案】
a改为the。
【解析】这里是特指第一段提到的退休聚会。a改为the。
9.
【答案】
just后加to。
10.
【答案】
enjoy改为enjoying。
【解析】句意:我最喜欢的照片是我和我的教练在聚会上开心地享受饼干。of后面接动名词,my
coach
and
me是逻辑主语,enjoy改为enjoying。
passage5
(2015·浙江卷)
My
old
classroom
was
interesting
because
three
side
of
the
classroom
were
made
from
glass.
I
enjoyed
sit
close
to
the
windows
and
looking
at
the
view.
On
the
left-hand
side
of
the
class,
I
could
easy
see
the
football
field.
In
the
mornings,
it
was
full
of
students
exercising.
The
view
from
the
back
of
the
classroom
is
also
splendid.
Close
to
the
school
there
was
a
beautiful
park
with
many
trees
around
them.
Farther
in
the
distance,
I
could
not
enjoy
the
view
of
snowy
mountains.
On
the
right
side
of
the
class
was
the
road.
I
was
always
interested
to
see
the
drivers
in
hurry
in
the
morning.
The
position
of
the
classroom
with
its
view
made
me
felt
like
I
was
dreaming.
If
I
was
only
a
child
when
I
studied
in
that
classroom,
I
will
never
forget
it.
【语篇解读】这是一篇介绍教室的文章。
1.
【答案】side-sides。
【解析】考查名词的单复数。根据前面的three,此处应该使用复数形式。
2.
【答案】from-to。
【解析】考查介词搭配。make
of与make
from两者都常用在被动语态中,表示“某物由...构成的”。make
of的原材料是看的到的,即平常我们说的物理现象,比如The
chair
is
made
of
wood.
椅子是有木头做成的。而make
from的原材料是看不到的,比如Paper
is
made
from
the
trees.
纸张是由木材做成的。这是一种化学变化,从纸上是看不出一棵树滴。
3.
【答案】
sit-sitting。
【解析】考查动名词。动词enjoy后接-ing形式。
4.
【答案】
easy-easily。
【解析】考查副词。此处的副词修饰动词see。
5.
【答案】
is-was。
【解析】考查动词的谓语时态
根据前后句的谓语时态都是使用过去的,所以这里面也需要用过去时态。
6.
【答案】
them-it。
【解析】考查代词。此处的it指代的是学校。
7.
【答案】
删除not。
【解析】考查意思是否表否定。该句的意思应该是表达肯定而不是否定所以要删除not。
8.
【答案】
in
hurry-
in
a
hurry。
【解析】考查冠词。in
a
hurry
意为“立刻”,也是一个固定搭配。
9.
【答案】
felt-feel。
10.
【答案】
If-Although/Though。
【解析】考查连词的用法,根据句意“尽管在我读书的时候我是一个小孩,但我不会忘记它”表达让步,而不是条件。而且翻译为如果意思上也不通。
passage6
(2016·全国三)
The
teenage
year
from
13
to
19
were
the
most
difficult
time
for
me.
They
were
also
the
best
and
worse
years
in
my
life.
At
the
first,
I
thought
I
knew
everything
and
could
make
decisions
by
yourself.
However,
my
parents
didn’t
seem
to
think
such.
They
always
tell
me
what
to
do
and
how
to
do
it.
At
one
time
,I
ever
felt
my
parents
couldn,t
understand
me
so
I
hoped
I
could
be
freely
from
them.
I
showed
them
I
was
independent
by
wear
strange
clothes.
Now
I
am
leaving
home
to
college.
At
last,
I
will
be
on
my
own,
but
I
still
want
to
have
my
parents
to
turn
to
whenever
need
help.
【答案与解析】
1.【答案】year—years
【解析】考查名词复数。13到19年是复数概念,year是可数名词,故把year改为years。
2.【答案】worse—worst
【解析】考查形容词最高级。根据前句"13到19岁是最困难的时期"可知,应该用最高级;and表并列,根据best可知,and连接了两个最高级,故把worse改为worst。
3.【答案】the去掉
【解析】考查冠词。at
first起初,是固定词组,不需要冠词,故把the去掉。
4.【答案】yourself—myself
【解析】考查反身代词。句意:我认为我什么都知道,可以自己拿主意了。这里指作者自己做决定,根据主语I可知,应该用myself,故把yourself改为myself。
5.【答案】
such—so
【解析】考查so/such的用法。
my
parents
didn’t
seem
to
think
so我的父母似乎不这样认为,so指代上一句的内容,故把such改为so。
6.【答案】tell—told
7.【答案】freely—free
【解析】考查形容词变副词。be后跟形容词构成系表结构,be
free
from....摆脱……,不受……的影响,故把freely改为free。
8.【答案】wear—wearing
【解析】考查固定搭配。by是介词,意为"通过",后跟名词/代词或动名词,故把wear改为wearing。
9.【答案】to—for
【解析】考查介词。leave
sp.
for
sp.离开某地前往另一地,college是目的地,故把to改为for。
10.【答案】
whenever
∧I
【解析】考查状语从句。whenever引导让步状语从句,意为"无论何时,随时",从句缺少主语,根据句意可知,这里指"我"需要父母的帮助,故在whenever后加I。