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主谓一致 学案
编制人:尹忠庆 郭睿 审核人:李庆珍 使用日期: 4.20 编号:
【学习目标】
1.掌握英语主谓一致的一般规律,熟练运用人称和数上与主语保持一致的原则。
2.能够在书面表达中杜绝主谓一致方面的错误。
【重点难点】
1. 谓语动词用单数的种种情况。
2. 就近原则。
3. 定语从句中的主谓一致。
【使用说明】
本语法学案难度较大。希望大家仔细研读,认真领会,能独立在40分钟内完成。
【自学指导】
事实上,从小学到现在同学们学习英语的八年中,主谓一致和大家一直相伴左右。现在无非就是进行了综合归纳。建议大家随着讲解,一一恢复这八年关于主谓一致的记忆。
【自主学习】
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题,可依据三项原则:语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则,总结如下:
谓语动词用单数
(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词。
例如:To work hard _____ necessary.努力工作是必要的。
Reading without comprehension is no good.只读不理解是不好的。
It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。
(2)表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用_____。
例如:Two weeks was too long.两周太长了。
Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是个小数目。
Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。
(3)主语是单数时,尽管后面跟as well as (以及),no less than (不少于……,多 达),rather than(而不是),more than(不止是,超过),but(除了),except(除……外),besides( 加之,还有),with(和……一起,和……一块儿),along with(跟……一起),accompanied by ( 由……陪同),combined with(加上),in addition to(除……以外),including(包括),together with(与……一起)等,谓语动词仍用______形式。
Every teacher as well as his students _____ (hope) to see their progress.
(4)某些不定代词,如:either, neither, each, one, other, another, anybody, anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one, nothing 等,当他们做主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例如:Each of the boys ____ an apple.每个孩子都有苹果。
Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用电话。
Everything around us is matter.我们周围一切都是物质。
(5)用and连接的并列成分前面有each, every, many a, no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词也相应地用单数形式。
例如:In China, every boy and girl ____ the right to compulsory education.在中国每个儿童都有权利接受义务教育。 (注意:上学期练习题中曾经考查过)
Each man and woman who ____ the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.参加托福考试的每个人都能在五个星期内收到成绩通知单。
Many a student and teacher _____ seen the film.不少老师和学生都看过这部影片。
(6) none(of+名词或代词)在正式文体中被看做单数,谓语动词用单数,但非正式文体中也可以用复数。
例如:None of us seem to have thought of it.我们中似乎没有人想到它。
“Is there any letter for me ” “Sorry, there’s none.”“有我的信吗” “对不起,没有。”
None of the drivers has (have) turned up.一个司机都没有来。
【探究提升】
. 谓语动词用复数
(1)用and, both...and连接的并列主语,或在both,(a)few, many, several等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。
例如:Plastics and rubber never rot.塑料和橡胶永不生锈。
He and I _____classmates when we were at college.他和我大学时曾是同班同学。
____ _____these novels _____ interesting.这两部小说都有意思。
Few people know it.几乎无人知道。
(2)集体名词people, police, public, militia, cattle, class, youth等,常用复数形式的谓语动词。
例如:The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
Most police wear uniforms.绝大多数警察穿制服。
The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.一群牛在阳光下吃草。
(3)当表示民族的词与冠词合用充当主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
例如:The Japanese were once very aggressive.日本人曾是很具有侵略性的。
The English are more conservative and less talkative than the Americans.英国人比美国人保守且不爱说话。
(4)某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人。作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:The rich ____ not always selfish.富人不总是自私的。
The wounded are well treated here.伤员在这儿接受良好治疗。
The aged _____ from various miseries in this country.老年人在这个国家承受各种悲惨遭遇。
(5)不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:Three million tons of coal were exported that year.那年出口三百万吨煤。
Two million square meters of housing were constructed in my hometown last year.我的家乡去年盖了二百万平方米的住宅。
主谓一致的几种特殊情况
1.就近原则。
有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致,主要有以下两种情况:
(1)用连词either...or, neither...nor, whether...or, not only...but(also),or等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致。
例如:What he does or what he says does not concern me.他做什么或是他说什么与我无关。
Either the boy or the girl knows him well.不是这男孩就是那女孩了解他。
Neither money nor fame____ ______ on me. 钱和荣誉都不会让我动心。
Not only you but also he is wrong.你和他都错了。
(2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。
例如:Where is your mother and younger sisters 你的母亲和妹妹们在哪里
____ ___a book, two pencils and some buttons on the table.在桌子上,有一本书,两支铅笔和一些扣子。
2.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如:army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等
例如:The family _____ the basic unit of our society.家庭是社会的基本单元。
The family _____ watching TV.全家人正在看电视。
The committee meets twice a month.委员会一月开两次会。
The committee are divided in opinion.委员会意见有分歧。
The audience _____ enormous.观众人很多。
The audience ______ greatly moved at the words.听了这话听众都很感动。
3.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。
这些短语有:a lot of(lots of),plenty of, a heap of (heaps of),half of, two thirds of, ninety percent of, part of, rest of, some of, none of等。
例如:Lots of damage _____ caused by the fire.火灾造成了很大的损失。
Two thirds of people present _____ women.在场三分之二的人是妇女。
40 percent of the students _____ from the south of China.40%的学生来自中国的南方。
____ number of students _____ late.许多同学迟到了。
4.定语从句中关系代词做主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致。
例如:I, who ____ your friend, will try my best to help you.我作为你的朋友会尽力帮助你。(来自辅导班定语从句专项练习题)
Each of us who ____ his classmates ____ willing to help him.我们这些他的同班同学都乐意帮助他。
.5.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数:
第一组: a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数
第二组; the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用( ) (注意:本知识是历次考试的考查重点)
第三组; more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数
第四组; the greater part of, a large proportion of, 50% of ,one third of, plenty of, the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致
第五组; (n)either…(n)or…. not only….. but also …… not …..but …… 谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分)一致. 注意比较: More students than one ____been referred to . More than one student ____ going to buy this book
【深度探究】
1.Mathematics as well as physics always _ me a lot if headaches.
A. has caused B. are causing C. cause D. causes
2.Many a student _ the importance of learning a foreign language .
A. have realized B. has realized C. have been realized D. has been realized
3.It is futile to discuss the matter further ,because _ going to agree upon anything today.
A. neither you nor I are B. neither you nor me is
C. neither you nor I am D. neither me nor you are
4.Three weeks _ allowed for making the necessary preparations.
A. was B. were C. being D. was to be
5.Bread and butter _ liked by Westerners.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
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