新课标2010高考英语二轮复习：专题九《特殊句式（强调、替代、省略和倒装）》

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【专题九】特殊句式（强调、替代、省略和倒装）
【考点分析】
强调句
1.强调句型用于强调陈述句；
2.强调句型用于强调一般疑问句；
3.强调句型用于强调特殊疑问句；
4.强调句型用于强调not…until…句型;
5.强调句型与状语从句、定语从句、祈使句的混合考查。
替代
1.do/does/did替代动词;
2.so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句.
省略
1.主语的省略；
2.谓语或谓语的一部分的省略；
3.宾语的省略；
4.不定式的省略；
5.宾语从句和状语从句中的省略；
6.虚拟条件句中if的省略。
倒装句
1.部分倒装；
2.完全倒装
3.常考的几个重要句型：
So +be/情态/助动词+主语
Neither+be/情态/助动词+主语
So +adj/adv …+that …
Neither …, nor …
Not only …, but also …
Not until …
【知识点归纳】
为了表达说话人强烈的感彩或达到语法结构的需要，常采用强调。应用中，强调常通过强调结构、语法性倒装、修辞性倒装等来体现。作为修辞手段，省略和替代能使语句简练、紧凑，但往往给学生的理解和选择造成一定的障碍。在近几年的高考题中省略和替代现象时有出现，而且出错率较高，原因是因为大多数考生对省略和替代的规律不明了。请注意下面的说明。
I.强调句
1.It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…
为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语、或状语），常用强调结构：
It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…
表示强调的it在这种结构的句子中作主句的主语。
原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.
强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.
强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.
强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。
另外，还有下面几点需要特别注意：
①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致
It is I who am a teacher.
②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数
It is they who often help me with my lessons.
③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型
It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.
It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序：即把is/ was提到it前面。
Did this happen in Beijing
Was it in Beijing that this happened
⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分 "
Where were you born
Where was it that you were born
⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:21世纪教育网21世纪教育网.COM]
句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
2.谓语动词的强调
It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
注意：此种强调只用do/does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
II替代
1.do/does/did替代动词
If that's the case then 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 people would weigh as much as the whole Earth
does.(= weighs)
Difficulties strengthen the mind, as labour does(= strengthen) the body.劳动锻炼身体，困难锻炼意志。
A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.（替代）
2.so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句(常用动词：think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,be afraid,fear,hope.etc.)
—Is he coming
—I suppose so./So I suppose.
否定：I suppose not.
III.省略句
省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略。
（一）词法上的省略
1.名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
①如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
②名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。
at the doctor's 在诊所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理发店
2.冠词的省略
①为了避免重复
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 电闪雷鸣。（thunder前省略了定冠词the）
②在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
③在某些独立主格结构中。
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
④在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。
3.介词的省略
①both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词
时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。
Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。
②在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。
③和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing...,
have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。
4.动词不定式中的省略
①有些动词，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构。
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我认为他懒。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。
②感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式。
中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。
They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
③在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实
义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。
④在并列结构中为了避免重复。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。
但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。
⑤在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。
Why talk so much about it 为什么大谈这个事呢？
Why not try it again 为什么不再试一试呢？
⑥动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。
They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。
在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。
—Will you go to the cinema with me 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？
—Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容词，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式
符号to。
—Will you join us in the game 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？
—Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我愿意。
有些动词，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,
forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。
He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). 尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。
注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。
—Are you a teacher 你是老师吗？ --No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
（二）句法上的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也
可以省略多个句子成分。
1.简单句中的省略
①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。
What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！
How wonderful!多妙啊！
②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。
—（Will you）Have a smoke 你抽烟吗？—No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。
（Is there）Anything else to say 还有别的要说吗？
2.并列句中的省略
①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
④在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。
3.复合句中的省略
▲名词性从句中的省略
①作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语
Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。
②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。
（I'm）Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助
动词should可以省略。
It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely.我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
▲定语从句中的省略
①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。
The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？
②关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week,
month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。
The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。
▲状语从句中的省略
当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，
常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
①在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。
While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。
②在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。
③在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。
You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。
④在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。
He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。
⑤在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。
I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。
This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。
IV.倒装句
“倒装句”主要指的是谓语语序的倒装,当然也有宾语和表语语序的倒装。将谓语的一部分提到主语之前叫部分倒装;将谓语的全部提到主语之前叫全部倒装。
(一)部分倒装
部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do / does /did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。部分倒装主要有以下几种情况:
1.句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。
这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom, rarely, hardly,scarcely, no sooner, not only, in no way, at no time, few, not, no等,
Not a word did I say to him.
Never have I found him so happy.
Little does he care about what I said.
I can’t swim. Neither can he.
No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.
单项选择题：
①Hardly ________ the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at B. had I arrived C. had I reached D. I had got to
② —Have you ever seen anything like that before
—No, ________ anything like that before.
A. I never have seen B. never I have seen C. never have I seen D. I have seen
③She is not fond of cooking, ________ I.
A. so am B. nor am C. neither D. nor do
(key:CCB)
2.only + 状语放在句首,要部分倒装。
Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语)
Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词)
Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句)
注意:如果only后面不是状语,则不用倒装。例如:OnlyWang Ling knows this.
单项选择题：
①Only in this way ________ make progress in your English.
A. you B. can you C. you be able to D. will you able to
②Only when the meeting was over________ go back to meet his friend.
A. he could B. he was able to C. was he able to D. was able to he
(key:BC)
3.so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装。
I saw the film, so did she.
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
单项选择题：
①I like sports and ________ my brother.
A. so does B. so is C. so can D. so likes
②The doctor told Charlie to breathe deeply and ________.
A. so did Charlie B. Charlie did so C.Charlie does so D. did Charlie so
③So loudly ________ that ________ hear her clearly.
A. did she speak; could everyone B. did she speak; everyone could
C. she spoke; could everyone D. she spoke; everyone could
④If you don’t go to his birthday party next Friday,__________.
A. so do I B. so will I C. nor do I D. nor will I
(key:ABBD)
4.“Not only + 分句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装。
Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it.
但not only...but also...连接主语时,不倒装。Not only the mother but also the children are sick.
单项选择题：
________ himself wrong, but his friends were wrong.
A. Not was only he B. Not only he C. Not only was he D. Not only was
(key:C)
5.Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装。
Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句)
Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句)
单项选择题：
①Not until the early years of the 19th century ________ know what heat is.
A. man did B. man C. didn’t man D. did man
②Not until I began to work ________ realize how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I B. did I C. I didn’t D. I
(key:DB)
6.as引导的让步状语从句
Proud as these nobles are, he’s afraid to see me.
Tired as he was, he kept on running.
单项选择题：
________, he’s honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he
(key:C)
7.在以often, well, many a time, now and again
等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构
Many a time has John given me good advice.
Often have we made that test.
单项选择题：
Many a time ________ swimming alone.
A. the boy went B. went the boy C. did the boy go D. did go the boy
(key:C)
8.在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。
Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
9.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
May you succeed!
(二)全部倒装
全部倒装有以下几种情况:
1.There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear,live, rise, stand
等。
There stood a dog before him.
There exist different opinions on this question.
单项选择题：
________ a beautiful palace ________ the foot of the hill.
A.There stand; at B.There stands; under C.Stands there; under D.There stands; at
(key:D)
2.“Here, There, Now, Then + come (或be等) + 主语” 结构
说明:本句型中there是副词,应重读,强调地点。而前一句型中的there是引导词,本身没意义。如:
Here comes the old lady!
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
There comes the bus.
Now comes your turn.
除了then引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。
Here you are.
There she comes.
单项选择题：
There ________. And here ________.
A.goes the phone; she comes B.is the phone going; is she
C.does the phone go; does she come D.the phone goes; come she
(key:A)
3.表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。但主语是代词时部分倒装。
In came Mr White.
Up went the arrow into the air.
Away went the boy.
单项选择题：
①Out ________, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush
②________ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him.
A.Jumped down the robber B.Jumped the robber down
C.Down jumped the robber D.Down the robber jumped
(key:CC)
4.表示地点的介词短语 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in the middle of the room等)放在句首时,要全部倒装。
On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.
In front of the classroom is a playground.
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.
单项选择题：
Near the church ________ cottage.
A.was such an old B.had a so old C.was such old a D.is so an old
(key:A)
5.其它形式的完全倒装
Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容词短语）
Such was the story he told me.（代词）
East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语)
First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语)
Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词)
Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语)
6.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
【高考预测】
1.At no time,as we know,______forget that solving Taiwan Issue is entirely internal Chinese affair.
A.we can B.we could C.can we D.could we
2.So hard________that he can go to an ideal university.
A.studied Tom B.did Tom study C.does Tom study D.studies Tom
3.—How is the man injured in the earthquake
—The doctor said if______in a proper way,he was likely to be saved.
A.treated B.treating C.is treated D.to be treated
4.It was not what he said but______he ________said it that hurt my feelings.
A.that B.what C.how D.whether
5.it’s in the city_______you are going to pay a visit to_______this kind of beer is produced.
A./;where B.where;that C./;that D.that;which
6.Peter is not working this week.You can ring him at home_________.
A.if necessary B.if so C.if true D.if any
7.—Don’t go there alone in such late hours.
—Don’t worry.I__________.
A.don’t B.won’t C.haven’t D.didn’t
8.old as the car is,___ __it works quite well.
A.but B.yet C.so D.however
9.—He has performed very well.
—__________,and_________.
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have
10.—In which part of the play was________your brother appeared
—In the last ten minutes.
A.that where B.this when C.it that D.it where
11.I’d rather you did some housework when you are free,but you_________.
A.don’t B.didn’t C.wouldn’t D.weren’t
12.—it is many years since I last saw you.I didn’t recognize you at first.
—I_________,either,if someone hadn’t called you by name.
A.wouldn’t B.wouldn’t have C.didn’t D.hadn’t
13.________and we will complete the task sent to us.
A.Another hour B.An hour later C.After an hour D.In an hour
14._________happened to be no one in the building when the fire broke out.
A.It B.There C.This D.That
15.—How was the weather them
—Hardly_______off the plane when it started to rain.
A.I had stepped B.had I stepped C.I stepped D.did I step
16.Not until quite recently_________that language is closely related to culture.
A.he realized B.did he realize C.had he realized D.he did realize
17.It’s require that the students________mobile phones in their school,so seldom_______them using one.
A.not use,will you see B.should not use;you will see
C.don’t use;will you see D.would not use;you will see
18.It is only when the stress gets out of control ___ it can lead to poor performance and ill health.
A.when B.until C.that D.before
19.It _______ we have had a chance to discuss it thoroughly ______ the problem will be settled.
A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until;that
20.—People says your little brother has been admitted into Qinghua University.
—Yes.Never ________ he could achieve so much success.
A.I had thought B. I would have thought C.could I have thought D. will I have thought
21.—Jack, you promised!
—Well, ________.But it was you who didn’t keep your word first.
A. so was I B. so did I C. so I was D. so I did.
22.Only by joint efforts ________a warm relationship between teachers and students.
A. we can enjoy B. can we enjoy C. we enjoy D. we must enjoy
23.The thief has not yet turned out, but when _______, I’ll telephone to you.
A.he does B. he is C. they do D. they are
24.________ that they cannot be shown in the maps.
A.So small those ponds and streams are B.So small are those ponds and streams
C.So those ponds and streams are small D.So are those ponds and streams are small
25.________,he can succeed in his work if he works hard.
A.As a person is foolish B.Foolish as a person is
C.As is a person foolish D.As foolish a person is
26.—You should have thanked the hostess before leaving.
—I meant . But I couldn’t find her when I was leaving.
A.to do B.to C.doing D.doing so
27.I don't remember how many years ago ______ people began to grow crops.
A. it was when B. it was that C. was it when D. was it that
28.—Where was it ___ _ the earthquake broke out yesterday —In an Italian city.
A.where B.which C.how D.that
29.Little that danger in the earthquake when they were busy saving their students．
A.the teachers realized B.the teachers didn’t realize
C.didn’tthe teachers realize D.did the teachers realize
30.We must apply what we have learned to our daily work because in no case_______from practice.
A.should theory separate B.should theory be separated
C.theory should separate D.theory should be separated
【参考答案】1-5CCACC 6-10ABBBC 11-15ABABB
16-20BACDC 21-25DBABB 26-30BBDDBwww.
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