专题八 非谓语动词
高考真题回顾
1. The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.(2009年安徽卷)
A. produced B. being produced
C. to be produced D. having been produced
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。
【解析】注意题目中的时间短语“next month”下个月,表示将来。只能选不定式表达将来。答案选C。
【翻译】下个月即将上演的剧目将主要反映本土文化。
【扩展】动词不定式可用于表示将来,也可以用来表示目的。例如:To complete the project in time, the staff are working at weekends. 为了及时完成项目,员工们在周末也工作。(in time 及时,on time 准时,记忆时的简单方法,“及ji时”中有i,所以是in time)
【脱口而出】
aim to do sth 目标是做… I am aiming to lose 4kg before the winter holidays.我的目标是在寒假前减掉4公斤体重。
aim at/for Tom aims for the First Prize of the final examination. Tom的目标是获得期末考试一等奖。
2. All of them try to use the power of the workstation ___ information in a more effective way.(2009年北京卷)
A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present
【考点】本题考查动词不定式的用法。
【解析】use sth to do sth else利用(优势),一般情况下,两个动词连用,第二个动词前需要用动词不定式to。答案选D。
【翻译】他们都努力利用工作站的优势更有效地显示信息。
【扩展】use这个单词在日常生活中非常用到,也是高考经常考察的知识点。具体的用法详见下表。
【脱口而出】
use sth Can I use your phone 我能用一下你的电话吗?
use sth for doing sth I use this room for keeping my books.我用这间房屋存放书籍。
use sth to do sth He used his position as manager to get jobs for his friends.她利用自己的经理职位为朋友谋职。
make(good) use of 利用 We should make the best use of the school’s library.我们应当充分利用学校的图书馆资源。
be in use 在使用过程中 All the machines are in use at the moment.眼下所有的机器都在用着。
use to do sth过去常常做…(现在没有时间做了) I used to go to the cinema a lot, but I never get the time now.过去我常去看电影,但现在根本没有时间看了。
be/get used to 习惯于 I’m sure I will get used to the hard work.我肯定会适应这项艰苦的工作的。
3. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, reduce unemployment pressures. (2009年湖南卷)
A. help B. to have helped C. to help D. having helped
【考点】本题考查动词不定式的用法。
【解析】这道题第一眼看去很长,其实中间的一句“almost…”是插入语,不影响整个句子,在解题过程中可以忽略。前半部分讲学校扩大短期教师的招聘数量,那目的是什么呢?后半句给出解释,表示目的。根据整个句子的时态,用“to help”。实际上,此处还能填“in order to”答案选C。
【翻译】中国的学校计划招聘五万名大学毕业生作为短期教师用以缓解就业压力,这一数字相当于去年的三倍。
【扩展】schools across China这里across作在全部…,在整个…。例如:This programme is very popular across the whole country.这个节目在全国广受欢迎。
此外,across还可作横过,穿过,越过(从上方),例如flying across the Atlantic飞越大西洋;would you like me to help you across the road 你需要我帮你过马路吗?
【脱口而出】
The rent was much more than we had expected to pay.租金比我们预计的要高的多。
A job and somewhere to live—is that too much to expect
有一份工作,有地方住—这是不是期望过多了?
4. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit on his own farm.(2009年北京卷24题)
A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。
【解析】水果等农作物是由人来种植的,因此这里应该用被动形式,另外,本题没有时间的限制,不用ing表示现在,也不用动词不定式表示将来。答案选A。
【翻译】早餐他只喝由自己农场出产的新鲜水果压榨的果汁。
【扩展】-ed分词还可以放在名词前作前置修饰语,如the risen sun已经升起的太阳,written English英语写作,a finished project一项已经完成的项目
【脱口而出】
written English We should master both spoken and written English.我们需要同时掌握英语口语和写作。
fried chicken I would like to have some fried chicken for lunch.午饭我想来点油炸的鸡肉。
5. When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere. (2009年湖南卷)
A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open
【考点】本题考查不定式的用法。
【解析】从时间上看,先要找到钥匙,才能开门。要表示时间上的先后,需要用动词不定式“be to do sth”。答案选B。
【翻译】当他准备开门时,他发现找不到钥匙了。
【扩展】when和while引导时间状语从句,when 和while是高考经常考察的知识点,以下是二者的区别:
1)when,while都有“当……时候”的意思。when既可表示某一点时间,也可以表示某一段时间 。在when引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的,可与主句中的谓语动词同时发生,也可在其后发生。 例如: 1、I was just reading a book when my sister came into my room. 我妹妹走进我房间时,我正在看书。 2、What were you doing when the teacher came in 老师进来的时候,你在干什么? 3、When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。
2)while只能表示某一段时间,不能表示某一点时间。在while引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词只能是延续性的,而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。 例如: 1、While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him. 正当吉姆修自行车时,林涛来看他。 2、You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV. 你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。
3)另外,when和while的区别还在于:while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态,而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。 例如: 1、While they were talking , the bell rang. 正在他们谈话的时候,上课铃响了。 2、I was doing my homework when my mother came back home yesterday evening. 昨天晚上妈妈回家的时候,我正在做家庭作业。
when while
when既可表示某一点时间,也可以表示某一段时间 while只能表示某一段时间,不能表示某一点时间
when引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的,可与主句中的谓语动词同时发生,也可在其后发生 while引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语动词只能是延续性的,而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。
when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态 while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态
【脱口而出】
I was preparing for the examination when Jim called me.
吉姆给我打电话时,我正在准备考试。
I was in the toilet while Jim was knocking at the door.吉姆敲门时,我在厕所里。
6. ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.(2009年北京卷)
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】注意句子的主语是“postman”,邮递员是被狗咬的,而且发生在过去,应该用“bitten”,A选项表示现在正在被咬,D选项表示将来要被咬,C选项语法有错误,应为“Having been bitten”。答案选B。
【翻译】被咬了两次,那个邮递员拒绝收发我们的信件,除非换条狗。
【扩展】原形bite 过去式bit 过去分词bitten
【脱口而出】
Once bitten twice shy.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
7. not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. (2009年福建卷)
A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】句子的主语是“manager”,他是提醒的对象,因而选“Reminded”,答案选B。
【翻译】由于被提醒不要错过下午15:20的飞机,经理匆忙赶往机场。
【扩展】remind sb to do sth Please remind me to buy stamps.请提醒我买邮票。
remind sb (that/what/how) Remind me what to do, I haven’t used this machine for ages.(Remind me how to control the machine)请提醒我该怎么做,我已经很久没用过这台机器了。
remind sb of Hearing that song always reminds me of the wonderful night I spent with Lucy. 听到那首歌总使我想起与露西共度的那个美好夜晚。
【脱口而出】
set out动身踏上(尤指漫长的旅途) We set out for the destination.我们向终点进发。We set out from our school for the museum.我们从学校出发,前往博物馆。
set to开始积极做某事,决心努力做某事 If you set to, you can finish your homework in half an hour.如果你努力干,半个小时就能完成家庭作业。
set sth up建立,设立,创立(公司,机构等) This university was originally set up in 1964.这所大学最初建立于1964年。
set sb up诬陷,陷害(某人) The boy claimed that he had been set up by the police.那个男孩声称他是被警察陷害的。
8. Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.
A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】表达人感觉劳累,应该用“tired”。比如:I am very tired。答案选C。
【翻译】每天晚饭后,如果不是特别累的话,我都会花些时间来遛狗
【扩展】注意一些动词-ed和-ing的区别。在这些成对的形容词当中,以-ed结尾的形容词描写的是有这种感觉的人,而以-ing结尾的形容词描写的是使人产生这种感受的人或事物。
-ed -ing
tired 困倦的,累的。I am so tired I could sleep for a week.我太累了,我甚至能睡上一周。 tiring 令人困倦的,令人疲劳的。We have a very tiring day, let’s go to bed and have a good sleep.今天太疲劳了,我们睡觉去吧,好好休息一下。
bored厌烦的,不感兴趣的 I got bored watching TV. boring乏味的,无趣的,无聊的
interested 对…感兴趣的 I am interested in English study. interesting …非常有趣English is a very interesting subject.
frightened 对…感到恐惧的,害怕的Don’t be frightened of the big dog. It doesn’t bite.不要害怕那条大狗,它不咬人。 frightening 令人恐惧的,害怕的The big dog is really frightening.这条大狗真让人感到恐惧。
【脱口而出】
I got bored of math study. 我厌倦学习数学。
I always thought math was deadly boring.我一直认为数学枯燥得要命。
9. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain ______ until the plane has come to a complete stop. (2009年四川卷)
A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】保持坐立的姿势(状态),用remain seated。答案选A。
【翻译】女士们,先生们,直到飞机完全停止前请务必坐好。
【扩展】be seated,remain/stay seated是日常生活经常用到,也是高考常考的知识点。例如:Jim was seated with a big smile.吉姆笑容满面地坐着。
【脱口而出】
Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention please The meeting will start in a minute. Please be seated quickly. Thank you very much for your cooperation.
女士们,先生们,烦请大家注意一下。会议马上就要开始了,请大家尽快就坐。非常感谢大家的配合。
10. In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.
A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】非谓语动词做状语,其后有宾语,所以该动词与句子的主语是主动关系,且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行,用现在分词marking。答案选A。
【翻译】2009年4月,胡主席在青岛检阅了海军舰队,标志着中国人民解放军海军建军60周年。
【扩展】inspect除检阅外,还可以作检查用。例如:He carefully inspected the china for cracks.他仔细检查瓷器看有无裂缝。
【脱口而出】
On October 1st, 2009,President Hu inspected the armies, celebrating the 60th anniversary of the founding of China.
2009年10月1日,胡主席检阅了部队,庆祝中国建国六十周年。
11. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and ______ what to do about his future.
A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering
C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered
【考点】本题考查动词分词的用法。
【解析】live和wonder都是主语Dave的动作,用主动形式。现在分词作方式状语,表示伴随,and 为并列连词,连接相同的成份。答案选A。
【翻译】29岁的大卫是一个工人,住在波士顿附近的一间小公寓,思索着未来的方向。
【扩展】wonder可以做动词,也可作名词。作动词,有想要知道,对(某事)感到惊讶,怀疑等意义;作名词,有惊叹,奇迹等意义。例如:What are they going to do, I wonder.我想知道他们现在准备做什么。I wonder how he dares to show his face after cheating in the examination.在考试中作弊后还敢露面,我觉得很奇怪。
【脱口而出】
At the age of 18, I left my hometown and began to live by myself in Beijing. At that time, one of the questions which I wondered most was what to do in the future.
18岁那年,我背井离乡来到北京,独自一人生活。那时,我思考最多的一个问题是将来做些什么。
12. _____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. (2008年天津卷4题)
A. To throw B. Thrown C. Throwing D. Being thrown
【考点】本题考查现在分词的用法。
【解析】the fans与throw之间存在逻辑上的主动关系,可以排除B,D两项。to throw表示目的或者将来,不符合要求。答案选C。
【翻译】把帽子扔向空中,获胜方的支持者们发出胜利的欢呼声。
【扩展】let out发出…声音,例如:She let out a sudden scream.她突然发出一声尖叫。
【脱口而出】
Throwing their hats into the air, the students celebrate graduation from university.
把帽子扔向空中,学生们庆祝毕业。
13. Peter received a letter just now ________ his grandma would come to see him soon. (2007年四川卷26题)
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
【考点】本题考查动词分词的用法。
【解析】Peter与say之间存在逻辑上的主动关系,可以排除A项。to say表示目的或者将来,不符合要求。此外,says是第三人称单数形式,跟整个句子不相符。这里用saying引导后面的句子补充说明信件的内容。答案选C。
【翻译】皮特刚收到一封信,信上说他的奶奶马上回来看他。
【扩展】receive与accept这两个单词都表示“收到,接受”,但是有些区别。简单地分析,accept表示主动的,心甘情愿的接受;receive只是单纯的接受,不表明是否愿意。例如:I received an offer from Microsoft, but I didn’t accept it.我收到了微软公司的入职通知书,但是我没有接受。
【脱口而出】
Jim received an invitation from the board of that company, saying they would offer him good payment, but he didn’t accept it.吉姆收到了那家公司董事会的邀请,信中表示将会给他提供丰厚的回报,但是他并没有接受。
14. ________ many times , he finally understood it. (2009年四川卷)
A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】首先确定句子的主语“he”,他被告知,用被动式。时态上“understood”为过去时,被告知的内容肯定发生在“理解”之前,用过去完成时,“Having been told”。答案选D。
【翻译】被告知多次后,他终于明白了。
【扩展】这个地方用现在分词作状语。类似的还有They went to the school, singing and dancing. 他们向学校走去,一路上又唱又跳。
【脱口而出】
Having been told many times, the boy made the same mistake again.尽管被教育了多次,那个男孩仍然再次犯了同样的错误。
15. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported_______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. (2007年全国卷29)
A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. to break
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】首先,根据be reported to可以排除A和B选项。刘翔打破记录应该是已经完成的动作,用完成时。因此答案选C。
【翻译】当看见创造了110米栏新的世界记录者刘翔的身影时,人群热烈地欢呼起来。
【扩展】初见,乍见;out of sight 在视野外,看不见;
【脱口而出】
at first sight I fell in love with that beautiful girl at first sight.我一见到那个女孩就爱上她了。
out of sight My mother stood there and waved until the bus was out of sight. 母亲站在那,不停地挥手,直到汽车看不见为止。
16. ---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301
---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room.(2007年北京卷28题)
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】have sb do sth,固定用法,因此答案选A。
【翻译】您好先生,请问301房间怎么走?请稍等,我让Bob带您过去。
【扩展】通过情景对话来考查学生的语法掌握情况将成为高考的趋势。同时也表明国家将更加突出英语的使用和交流功能。因此,考生如能通过口语的锻炼来掌握语法点,必将会事半功倍。
【脱口而出】
Don’t sit there doing e and help me with this table.
别坐在那无所事事,过来帮我摆这张桌子。
17. ---Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
---Sorry. With so much work my mind, I almost break down. (2007年福建卷26题)
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】在with复合结构中,so much work与动词fill之间是主动关系,答案选B。如果用filled,则正确的表达应该是my mind filled with so much work.
【翻译】“失去的东西再也不会回来”。我不禁对自己说.
【扩展】fill sth with: Please fill the bottle with clean water.
be filled with: The bottle is filled with clean water.
break down 停止运转:The machine is always breaking down.
【脱口而出】
With my family standing behind me, I am very confident.
全家人都站在我后面(有了全家人的支持),我非常自信。
18. “Things _________ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself. (2007年湖南卷34题)
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】东西已经失去,用lose的过去分词lost。答案选A。
【翻译】“失去的东西再也不会回来”。我不禁对自己说
【扩展】couldn’t help doing sth,表示情不自禁地干某事。
【脱口而出】
I couldn’t help thinking of my mum。我情不自禁地思念我的妈妈。
19. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _________, and asked myself what I was going to do. (2007年湖南卷29题)
A. moved B moving C. to move D. being moved
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】C项表示将来,D项表示被动,均不符合句意。“我在那,没有移动”,这里没有移动表示主语“我”的状态,答案选B。
【翻译】当等变绿的时候,我站立了一会,没有移动,心里问自己接下来该做些什么。
【扩展】turn在英语中属于常用词汇,与不同的介词搭配使用
turn off关上 When you leave the room, please make sure the gas was turned off. 离开房间时,请确认煤气处于关闭状态。
turn on 打开,启动 Could you turn on the light, please 能帮忙把灯打开吗?
turn down调低 Could you turn the TV down, please I am going to sleep now.能把电视声音调低点吗?我要去睡觉了。
turn up调高,重新出现 Please turn up the radio.请把收音机的声音调大一些。I couldn’t find my watch for a long time, then one day it turned up in a box.我有很长时间找不到手表了,突然有一天它出现在一个盒子里。
turn into变成 The sofa turns into a bed.沙发变成了床。
turn out最后结果是 It turned out that he didn’t get the job in the end.结果是,他没有得到那份工作。
【脱口而出】
I stood there for a moment, not moving.我在那站立了一会,没有移动。
You’ll never turn me into a salesman, Dad. I’m not made for it.
爸爸,你千万别指望我会成为推销员。我天生不是那块料。
20. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom. (2007年全国卷II第12题)
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
【考点】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】首先,噪音是由人发出的,这里把“noise”放在主语的位置,则需要用被动语态,be+V过去分词,可以排除A和D。选项B表示将来的动作。选项C表示现在进行的动作。要听到噪音,那么噪音的产生与听见应该同时发生。答案选C。
【翻译】在课堂的开始阶段,开关课桌的声音在教室外都能听见。
【扩展】这里的现在分词作定语修饰noise,类似的还有:The boy speaking to our English teacher is one of my best friends.那个跟我们英语老师说话的男孩是我最好的朋友之一。
【脱口而出】
At the beginning of every semester, we will have a ceremony, to welcome new students.每个学期的开始,我们有会举行仪式,欢迎新同学的到来。
基本要点梳理
非谓语动词,简单地说包含三部分,即动词不定式,V+ing(动名词和现在分词)和过去分词。以下分别从各自的构成和在句子中的功能两方面进行梳理。
1、 动词不定式
1 动词不定式的构成(to)+do,其否定在不定式符号to之前,为not + (to) do
1.1 一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后, 例如:
I'm very glad to meet you.
She seems to know a lot about computer.
We plan to pay a visit to Peking University.
He wants to be an basketball player.
He wants not to be a writer.
1.2 进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The girl pretended to be studying hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
1.3 完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have made such a stupid mistake.
我后悔犯了如此愚蠢的错误。
I happened to have seen the play.
我碰巧看过这个剧目。
He is pleased to have met his friend.
他很高兴预见了朋友。
2 不定式的句法功能:
2.1 作主语:
To finish the work in five minutes is very hard.
在五分钟内完成这项工作非常难。
To lose your heart means failure.
失去信心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in five minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有:It + be +名词+ to do;It takes sb.+ some time+ to do;It + be +形容词+of sb +to do;It + be+形容词 + for sb. + to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
2.2 作表语:
My job is to clean the blackboard. 我的工作是擦黑板。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他看起来感冒了。
2.3 作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,例如:I want to play badminton with my friend.
如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Chairman Mao found it important to study the situation in China.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here. 我没有选择,只有呆在这。
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn Chinese.
2.4 作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,以下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the party.
但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
2.5 作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
2.5.1 动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in. 地点
She has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with 工具
如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send
Have you got anything to be sent
2.5.2 说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
2.5.3 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here.
2.6 作状语(高考常考用法):
2.6.1 表目的:
He worked day and night to get higher paid.
She sold her hair to buy the gift.(in order to buy the gift)
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.(他为了省钱)
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.(他为了学习英语)
2.6.2 表结果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调:
I went to his house only to find him out.
2.6.3 表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
2.6.4 表程度:
It’s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
2.6.5 作独立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don’t want to do it, you don't need to.
2.6.6 不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study English and become a translator.
2、 动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1 动名词的形式: V + ing;否定式:not + 动名词
1.1 一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
1.2 被动式:
Tom came to the party without being invited.汤姆未被邀请就来到了晚会。
1.3 完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
1.4 完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Beijing when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到北京去过。
1.5 否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following her advice. 我后悔没听她的劝告。
1.6 复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2 动名词的句法功能:
2.1 作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is my interest. 集邮是我的兴趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It’s no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
2.2 作表语:
Our responsibility is keeping the classroom clean and tidy.
我们的责任是保持教室的整洁。
2.3 作宾语:
They haven’t finished doing the homework. 他们还没有做完作业。
We have to prevent the water resources from being polluted.
我们必须阻止水源被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
2.4 作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school 你们学校有游泳池吗?
2.5 作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
3、 现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1 现在分词的形式:V+ing,否定式:not + 现在分词
1.1 现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.
做完作业,他开始打篮球。
The problem being discussed is very important.
正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
1.2 现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
2 现在分词的句法功能:
2.1 作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
2.2 现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.
正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
2.3 作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
2.4 现在分词作状语:
2.4.1 作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
2.4.2 作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others.
由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
2.4.3 作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
2.4.4 作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
2.4.5 作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
2.4.6 作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
2.4.7 作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
2.4.8 与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
2.4.9 作独立成分:
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
4、 过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则,需要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1 过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.
当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2 过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3 过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4 过去分词作状语:
Praised by his teachers, he became the pride of his parents.
受到老师们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, we'll be able to finish the tough task.
如果给予更多的时间,我们将能完成那项艰巨的任务。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears, they entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他们走进山洞。
命题趋势预测
1、 考点预测
在英语语法中,非谓语动词用法在高中英语中乃重中之重,它也是高考英语试题中的常客。在近几年的全国各省市的高考英语单项填空试题中,几乎都出现了对非谓语动词这一知识点的考查,短文改错和有些省市的题型(单词拼写、翻译句子等)对其也有所考查;另外,掌握非谓语动词的用法还特别有助于考生对英语篇章及其细节的理解,所以这也对考生做好完形填空、阅读理解试题大有裨益;若考生能在书面表达中准确、适当地运用些非谓语动词,也会给自己的作文增添不少亮点,从而获得高分。
非谓语动词仍然会成为高考考查的重点,其中现在分词和过去分词的考察更是重中之重。同事,考查的形式将更加口语化,通过“情景对话”的方式提出。广大考生应掌握分词的基本用法,并通过高考真题解析“脱口而出”部分经典例句的操练建立非谓语动词的语感。
2、 考点预测题:
1. ______ by what everyone says about him, he has a good chance of winning.
A. Judged B. To Judge C. Having Judged D. Judging
【考点】非谓语动词的用法。
【解析】考查现在分词作独立成分,judging by,答案选D。注意have a good chance of doing,表示干…的机会很大。
【翻译】通过每个人对他的评价来看,他获胜的机会很大。
2. The houses ________ by the first company will be completed by the end of this year.
A. being built B. built C. to be building D. to build
【考点】非谓语动词作定语的用法。
【解析】房子被建造,应该用被动,符合的选项只有A。此外,根据整个句子的意思,这些房子将在年底前完工,因此现在肯定正在建造当中,用being built,答案选A。
【翻译】第一公司承建的房屋将在今年年底完工。
3. ________ in an atmosphere of simple life was what her parents wished for.
A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated
C. The girl’s being educated D. The girl to be educated
【考点】非谓语动词作主语的用法。
【解析】这道题猛地一看,有些不知所云。仔细分析一下句子结构,不难发现是“主语+was+标语”的简单结构。因此was前面的成分作整个句子的主语,选项A,B和D都是the girl作主语,只有C项是动名词的复合结构作主语。答案选C。
【翻译】让自己的女儿在简单的生活氛围中接受教育是她父母所希望的。
4. With many important affairs considered ________, the manager decided to hold a meeting to discuss about them.
A. to solve B. being solved C. solving D. solved
【考点】非谓语动词作定语的用法。
【解析】有问题需要解决,这里用动词不定式作定语。答案选A。
【翻译】有很多重要的事情需要解决,经历决定召开一次会议进行讨论。
5. ---Who would you like to see at the moment
---The man ________ Mr. Grant.
A. called himself B. we call him C. calling himself D. is called
【考点】非谓语动词作定语
【解析】The man与call是主动关系,用现在分词作定语,表示“自称Mr. Grant的那个人”。答案选C。
【翻译】你那是希望见到谁?那个自称Grant的人。
典型习题演练
1. He told us whether _______ a picnic was still under discussion.(2009年四川卷)
A. to have B. having C. have D. had
2. The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom.(2009年海南卷)
A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at
3. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it . (2009年湖南卷)
A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused
4. With the world changing fast, we have something new _______with all by ourselves every day.(2009年重庆卷)
A. deal B. dealt C. to deal D. dealing
5. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good .(2008年宁夏卷)
A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed
6. ---The last one __________________ pays the meal.
---Agreed! (2007年全国卷25题)
A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving
7. We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday.(2009年山东卷)
A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding
8. , you need to give all you have and try your best.(2009年辽宁卷)
A. Being a winner B. To be a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
9. There is a great deal of evidence that music activities engage different parts of the brain .(2009年浙江卷)
A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating
10. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one. (2009年重庆卷)
A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared
11. ______ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. (2009年浙江卷)
A. To be tried B. Tired C. Tiring D. Being tired
12. ______ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.(2009年江西卷)
A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given
13. Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions (2009年海南卷)
A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take
14. ---What’s that noise
---Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine ______.(2008年天津卷7题)
A. was tested B. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested
15. _____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.(2009年天津卷)
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
16. The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down
17. We finished the run in less than half the time ____.(2008年江西卷)
A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows
18. ____ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (2007年浙江卷20题)
A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven
19. It is one of the funniest things ______ on the Internet so far this year. (2008年浙江卷13题)
A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found
20. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____ all four people on board. (2009年上海卷)
A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill
21. They use computers to keep the traffic ______ smoothly.(2009年全国卷)
A. being run B. run C. to run D. running
22. When we visited my old family home, memory came ______ back.(2009年辽宁卷)
A. flooding B. to flood C. flood D. flooded
23. The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.(2009年江西卷)
A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced
24. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school, the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.(2009年江苏卷)
A. Attend B. To attend C. Attending D. Having attended
25. _______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.(2008年安徽卷)
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
26. ______ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.(2008年北京卷)
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen
27. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and ____ better ones of your own.(2008年北京卷)
A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced
28. .We had an anxious couple of weeks _____ for the results of the experiment. (2008年四川卷14题)
A. wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting
29. ________in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.(2008年福建卷22题)
A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having waited D. To have waited
30. The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.(2007年上海卷36题)
A. to be completed B. having been completed
C. completed D. being completed
答案与解析:
1. 解析:野餐实际上还未发生,表示将来,用动词不定式。答案选A。
翻译:他告诉我们是否去野餐仍然在讨论中。
2. 解析:turn to do sth,两个动词连用,第二个动词前用动词不定式。答案选B。
翻译:当著名的女星走进教室的那一刻,所有的学生的目光都转而聚焦在她身上。
3. 解析:首先,垃圾是被再次利用,应用被动式。此外,回收利用发生在分类以后,用不定式表示。答案选D。
翻译:如今,人们有时把垃圾进行分类以方便回收再利用。
4. 解析:本题考查不定式作定语,have something to do。答案选C。
翻译:随着世界的快速变化,我们每天要处理很多新事物。
5. 解析:air是被呼吸的,按照一般理解应该用被动。然而,在形容词easy,difficult,comfortable,heavy等词后常用不定式作状语,主动表示被动。比如:This problem is very difficult to understand。答案选B。
翻译:夏天我喜欢早点起床,早上的空气格外清新。
6. 解析:注意句子的语境。一些人进行对话,提到最后到的买单,相对于说话的时间来说,到达的动作还未发生,因此用动词不定式。答案选C。
翻译:最后到的同志买单。 同意!
7. 解析:聚会被举办,是动宾关系。通过语句了解到,聚会在下周举办,因此用不定式形式。答案选A。
翻译:我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举办的聚会。
8. 解析:想要成为一名成功者,表示目的,用动词不定式。答案选B。
翻译:为了成为一名成功人士,你需要发挥自己的所有才能,并尽全力。
9. 解析:动词ing形式作后置定语修饰evidence。答案选B。
翻译:有很多证据显示音乐活动包含了大脑不同区域。
10. 解析:Michael的房子是被比较,用V-ed形式,答案选D。
翻译:麦克的新房子与以前的旧房子相比就像一座巨大的皇宫。
11. 解析:表示人感觉到累,用tired。答案选B。
翻译:安迪和鲁迪第一批到达泰山山顶,劳累而且上气不接下气。
12. 解析:年轻人是培训的接受者,属于被动关系,答案选D。
翻译:提供合适的训练,这些年轻的球员有朝一日也会成长为国际巨星。
13. 解析: decision是由我们做出的,是动宾关系,答案选C。
翻译:既然我们已经讨论过这些问题了,人们最我们最后的决定感到满意吗?
14. 解析:机器被测试,用V-ed形式,根据句意,这台设备的测试正在进行,所以用被动语态的现在进行时。答案选C。
翻译:什么声音?我忘了告诉你,新机器正在测试中。
15. 解析:farmers受到鼓舞,属于动宾关系,用V-ed形式,答案选C。
翻译:受到技术改进的鼓舞,许多农民在地里建起了风力田。
16. 解析:tree是被吹倒的,动宾关系,排除C和D。being blown down表示正在被吹倒,与句意不相符。答案选B。
翻译:在暴雨中被吹倒的树已经从路上被挪开了。
17. 解析:time与allow是动宾关系,被允许的时间。可以确定答案选C
翻译:我们跑完全程用了不到给定时间的一半。
18. 解析:farmers与driven的关系为逻辑上的动宾关系,排除C和D。being driven表示正在被驱动,与句意不相符。答案选A。
翻译:受到更大蔬菜需求量的驱使,农民们建了更多的蔬菜大棚。
19. 解析:found为过去分词作后置定语。being found是现在分词的被动形式,表示现在的动作,与实际语境不相符。答案选D。
翻译:这是今天英特网上发现的最有趣的事情了
20. 解析:考查现在分词作伴随状语,表示空难造成人员的死亡。答案选D。
翻译:一架小型飞机撞上了城市东部5英里外的小山上,造成机上4人全部遇难。
21. 解析:考查现在分词作伴随状语。keep sth doing表示让…保持。答案选D。
翻译:他们通过电脑控制, 让交通保持流畅运转。
22. 解析:考查现在分词作伴随状语。flooding 伴随came 意思为“记忆洪水般地涌现”,答案选A。
翻译:当我回到以前的住所时,记忆洪水般地涌现。
23. 解析:本题考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰new laws。答案选B。
翻译:政府计划颁布新法律约束父母承担更多的子女教育责任。
24. 解析:这个句子比较长,可以把不需要的信息去掉,最后变成our alumni are attending the ceremony。答案选C。
翻译:尊敬的各位来宾,朋友们,欢迎来到我校。今天,参加50周年庆典的有来自国内外的校友。
25. 解析:V-ing形式发在句首作状语,walk的动作由he发出。答案选B。
翻译:在三月的一个下午,他漫步在田间,似乎可以触摸到春天的温暖。
26. 解析:V-ing形式放在句首作状语,see的动作由“I”发出,答案选A。
翻译:看见她准备睡觉,我问她是否喜欢她床上的小玩偶
27. 解析:“and”用来连接两个并列的句子,前半句是“considering”,那后半句也应该用“introducing”。答案选C。
翻译:关于方便食品如此受欢迎的原因和介绍自己喜欢的食品都很值得。
28. 解析:此题的后半句是用来修饰“week”的,句子的主语“we”是wait这个动作的发出者,因此用-ing形式。答案选D。
翻译:我们有那么几周非常焦虑地等待着实验的结果。
29. 解析:注意句子中表示时间的“for half an hour”,表示时间段,需要用完成时;另外用-ing作状语表示时间,结合两个条件,可以判断出答案选C。
翻译:在排队等了半个小时候,那位老人才突然意识到他把支票忘在车里了
30. 解析:镇会堂与建立是动宾关系,用被动形式。
翻译:1800年落成的镇会堂是当时最辉煌的建筑。
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