专题九 情态动词与虚拟语气
高考真题回顾
1. Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy;they just be quiet people.(2009年安徽卷29题)
A. must B. may C. should D. would
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】must意思是“必须”,must be表推测意思是“一定是”;may 意思是“可能,也许;可以;祝愿”,may be 意思是“可能是”;should意思是“应该,竟然,可能”;would 意思是“将,愿意”。根据前半句的意思“有些人不喜欢讲很多话未必就是因为害羞,”可推断后选may意思更符合逻辑。另外,前一句中有一定语从句who don’t like to talk much,其先行词为some people。答案选B。
【翻译】有些不愿意多讲话的人并不是真的害羞;他们可能只是安静的人。
【扩展】选项中四个情态动词最基本的用法。
【脱口而出】
must I must leave at six today. 我今天必须6点钟离开。Must I take this horrible medicine.我必须持这种难吃的药吗?
may “Why hasn’t he come ” “He may have missed the train.”“他为什么还没来?”“他也许误了火车”。I may say I find your questions rather rude. 我可以说我发现你的问题相当无理。May you have a very happy married life!祝你的婚姻生活幸福美满!
should If you see anything unusual you should call the police.你如果发现有不正常的事情,应该打电话给警方。You shouldn’t be so impatient with him.你不应该对他这样急躁。I don’t think it will happen, but if it should, what shall we do 我认为那件事情不会发生,但如果发生的话,我们该怎么办?
would What would you do if you won a million pounds 如果你赢了100万英镑,你会做些什么?They couldn’t find anyone who would (=was willing to) take the job.他们找不到愿意做这项工作的人。
2. One of the few things you say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather.(2009年北京卷25题)
A. need B. must C. should D. can
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】根据句意,选项处在这里应表示能够。need作情态动词意思是“必须”,一般用于疑问句或否定句;must意思是“必须”;should意思是“应该,竟然,可能”;can意思是“有能力;有可能;会;可以等”。另外you can say about English people with certainty是一定语从句,先行词为One of the few things;they talk a lot about the weather.是一表语从句。答案选D。
【翻译】你能够确切地说出的有关说英语的人们的为数不多的一件事情就是他们对天气谈论很多。
【扩展】该题除对四个情态动词考查外,还考查了one of(…之一)和with certainty(确切无疑的)。
【脱口而出】
need “Need we go so soon ” “No, we needn’t.”“我们必须这么早就去吗?”“不,不必。”Do you think I need go to the meeting 你认为我必须去开会吗?
can He is so tall he can touch the ceiling.他那么高,能够到天花板。I’m sure we can settle this problem.我肯定我们会解决这个问题。She can speak French.她会说法语。“Can we go home now, please ” “No, you can’t.”“我们现在可以回家了吗?”“不,不行。”
one of Our dog is like one of the family. 我们的狗像是家里的一员。
with certainty I can’t say with (any) certainty what my plans are.我无法肯定地说我都有些什么计划。
3. I can’t leave. She told me that I _____ stay here until she comes back. (2009年全国卷Ⅱ20题)
A. can B. must C. will D. may
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】由前一句话I can’t leave (我不能走)可知选项处情态动词应是必须的意思。can意思是“有能力;有可能;会;可以等”;must意思是“必须”;will 意思是“将,愿意;惯于,总是”或用于请求某人做某事;may 意思是“可能,也许;可以;祝愿”。答案选B。
【翻译】我不能走,她叫我必须在这里等到她回来。
【扩展】除对情态动词的考查外,还考查了tell后跟宾语从句的用法及连词until“直到(某时刻)为止”的用法。
【脱口而出】
tell John told us that he’d seen you in town. John对我们说他在城里见过你。Could you tell me when it will be ready 你能告诉我这会在什么时候准备好?
until Wait until I call 等着我打电话来。I waited until 10 o’clock, but he still didn’t come.我一直等到十点,可他仍旧没来。Until when do the pubs stay open 酒吧营业至几点?
will The wedding will take place in July.婚礼将在七月举行。We can’t find anyone who will take the job.我们找不到愿意担任这项工作的人。Accidents will happen.事故总是会发生的。Oil will float on water.油浮于水。Will you phone me later, please 你过一会儿再给我打电话好吗?
4. What do you mean, there are only ten tickets There be twelve.(2009年海南卷25题)
A. should B. would C. will D. shall
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】根据上一句意思可推断选项处应为应该的意思,should意思是“应该,竟然,可能”;would 意思是“将,愿意”;will 意思是“将,愿意;惯于,总是”或用于请求某人做某事;shall常跟I, we连用意思是“将要,会;…好吗?/要不要…?”。答案选A。
【翻译】你什么意思?只有十张票吗?应该是12张。
【扩展】除对情态动词的考查外,还考查了What do you mean “你是什么意思 ”,可用于表示讨厌的事或不同意某人刚说的事。
【脱口而出】
What do you mean What do you mean, you don’t like my cooking 什么意思?你不喜欢我做的饭?
shall We shall be away next week. 下周我们将不在这里。I’ll tell her we’ll come, shall I 我告诉她我们要来,好吗?What shall I do about it 我对此事该怎么办呢?
5. ---Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is (2009年重庆卷32题)
---She _____in the classroom. I saw her there just now.
A. shall be B. should have been
C. must be D. might have been
【考点】情态动词的用法。
【解析】从上下句可判断出选项处应表示一种推测。shall be 用在第三人称的陈述句中只表示一种命令或警告语气;should have done表示应该做而未做;must be表推测意思是“一定在/是” ;might have done表示过去可能做过,是对过去发生过的事情进行推测,或者为虚拟语气,表示可能做而未做,有时还表示轻微的埋怨或批评。答案选C。
【翻译】—Tom, 你知道Jane在哪吗?—她肯定在教室。刚才还在那儿见到她了。
【扩展】本题还考查了常用短语any idea… 意思是Do you have any idea“你知道…吗 ”
【脱口而出】
should have done You should have finished your homework yesterday.你昨天就应该完成作业。(虚拟语气)
must be You must be the new teacher.你一定是新来的老师吧。(表推测)
might have done It was very dangerous. You might have injured him.真的是很悬,你会让他受伤的。(虚拟语气)You might have offered to carry it!你早就应该提出帮忙提它。(虚拟语气,且表示埋怨)
Any idea… Any idea when he’ll be back 你知道他什么时候回来吗?
6. The doctor recommended that you swim after eating a large meal. (2009年浙江卷13题)
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
【考点】从句中的虚拟语气。
【解析】recommend表“建议”时,其后的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,should 可以省略。wouldn’t 意思是“不会,不能”;couldn’t 意思是“不能”;needn’t 意思是“不必”;shouldn’t 意思是“不应该”。答案选D。
【翻译】医生建议你不应该在吃很多东西后游泳。
【扩展】该题除考查虚拟语气外,还考查了四个选项的用法。
【脱口而出】
would not The government would not even consider his claim for money. 政府甚至不考虑他的赔款要求。
could not The old man could not walk without a stick. 这老人没有手杖就走不了路。
need not It was fine that day, so I need not have brought an umbrella with me. 那天天气很好, 我原本不必带伞的(但却带了)。(虚拟语气)
shouldn’t We should not tell lies.我们不应该撒谎。
recommend The committee has recommended that the training program (should )be improved.委员会建议培训计划应当改进。
7. ---I can’t find my purse anywhere.(2008年重庆卷30题)
---You have lost it while shopping.
A. may B. can C. should D. would
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】may have done表示有可能,对发生过的事进行推测;can have done用于否定句,表示不可能做过某事;should have done表示本该做而未做;would have done 表示本要做而未做。答案选A。
【翻译】---我在哪都找不到我的钱包。---你可能在购物时丢了。
【扩展】情态动词后跟完成时的用法。
【脱口而出】
may have done He may have known the truth; otherwise he wouldn't be so angry now. 他当时很可能知道事情的真相, 否则他不会这么生气。
can have done I couldn’t have finished my work on time without your help.没有你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
should have done Most people put off till tomorrow that which they should have done yesterday. 大部分的人都把本应昨天做妥的事情拖延至明天
would have done I would have done it, but I had no time.我本来要办这事,可是没时间。
8. You ______ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago!(2008年浙江卷11题)
A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
【考点】情态动词否定形式的区别。
【解析】从后面you had lunch only two hours ago!(你两小时前刚吃了午餐)可知选项处应是不可能的意思。wouldn’t 意思是“不会,不能”;can’t意思是“不能,不可能”;mustn’t 意思是“禁止,不许”;needn’t 意思是“不必”。答案选B。
【翻译】你不可能已经饿了—你两小时前刚吃的午餐。
【扩展】情态动词否定形式的用法。
【脱口而出】
can’t I can’t understand what this means.我不理解这是什么意思。They can’t have gone out because the light’s on.他们不大可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
mustn’t Cars must not be parked here. 汽车不许在这里停放。
9. John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since.(2008年北京卷)
A. might B. should C. could D. would
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】从上下句意思可判断选项处+not应是“不会、不再”的意思。因为主句是过去式,所以从句中的情态动词必须是过去式。might 意思是“可能,也许”;should意思是“应该,竟然,可能”;could意思是“有能力;有可能;会;可以“等;would 意思是“将,愿意”,would not意思是“不会,不能”。答案选D。
【翻译】John答应他的医生他不再吸烟,可从那之后一直吸烟。
【扩展】除考查情态动词否定形式的区别外,还考查了promise“许诺,答应”后跟宾语从句的用法和短语ever since“从那以后”。
【脱口而出】
ever since I went to the U.S. in 1956 and lived there ever since. 我1956年去了美国, 从那以后就一直住在那儿。
promise I promised my mother that I’d write to her.我答应妈妈一定写信给她。
might I thought it might be true. 我认为这可能是真的。
could I could run very fast when I was a school girl.我当学生时能跑得很快。He said we could smoke. 他说我们可以吸烟。
10. Although this sound like a simple task, great care is needed.(2008年四川卷10题)
A. must B. may C. shall D. should
【考点】情态动词的辨析。
【解析】这是一个由although引导的让步状语从句,选项处应为也许的意思。must意思是“必须”; may 意思是“可能,也许;可以;祝愿”; shall常跟I, we连用意思是“将要,会;…好吗?/要不要…?”;should意思是“应该,竟然,可能”。答案选B。
【翻译】尽管这也许听起来像一个简单的任务,但需要非常仔细。
【扩展】除考查情态动词的辨析外,该题还考查了短语sound like(听起来像)和great care(非常小心,非常仔细)。
【脱口而出】
sound like It sound like a nice room. Can we take a look at it 听起来不错, 能不能看一看房间。
great care Glasses are fragile and must be handled with great care.玻璃制品易碎, 必须小心轻放。
11. But for their help, we the program in time.(2009年安徽卷34题)
A.can not finish B.will not finish
C.had not finished D.could not have finished
【考点】含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气。
【解析】But for起到了对过去虚拟的条件句作用,后面自然要选would/could/might/should +have done结构,答案选D。
【翻译】要是没有他们的帮助,我们不可能及时完成那个节目。
【扩展】该题除考查情态动词中的虚拟语气的用法外,还考查了but for意思是“要不是”(=without)。
【脱口而出】
but for But for the storm we would have been in time.要不是这场暴风雨我们就会及时到的。(跟虚拟语气)But for your help I’d be stranded.要不是你的帮助,我会陷入困境。(跟虚拟语气)
12. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. (2009年江苏卷28题)
A. could express B. would express
C. could have expressed D. must have expressed
【考点】情态动词中的虚拟语气的用法。
【解析】从上下句可知这是对过去情况的一种假设,应用“情态动词后+完成式”的形式,could have expressed意思是“本可以表达(但并未表达)”;must have expressed意思是“准会表达”表示对过去事情的肯定推测。答案选C。
【翻译】他并没有遗憾说了他所做的事情,但是他觉得他本来可以表达的有所不同/用另一种方式来表达。
【扩展】除考查情态动词中的虚拟语气的用法外,还考查了regret+动名词,表示“对…感到遗憾”及副词differently(不同地)。
【脱口而出】
regret We’ve always deeply regretted selling the farm.我们一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。Later on, I regretted my decision not to take the job.后来,我后悔没接受这个职务。
differently My generation behaves differently from my father's and grandfather's. 我这一代人和我父辈及祖辈表现不同.
13. We last night, but we went to the concert instead.(2009年陕西卷)
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
【考点】情态动词中的虚拟语气的用法。
【解析】根据后面but we went to the concert instead (但是我们反而去音乐会了)可推测前面应表示该做某事而未做的意思,must have studied意思是“准会学习”,对过去事情的推想;might study 意思是“也许学习,或许学习”;should have studied 意思是“本该学习(而未学习)”;would study意思是“(将)要学习”。答案选C。
【翻译】昨晚我们本该学习,我们反而去了音乐会。
【扩展】除考查情态动词中的虚拟语气的用法外,还考查了副词instead(代替,顶替,反而)的用法。
【脱口而出】
instead If you can't sign your name, make a cross instead.你如果不会签名, 画一个十字也可以。It’s too wet to go for a walk; let’s go swimming instead.天气太潮湿,不适宜散步,我们改去游泳吧。
must have done If he had told me I must have helped him.如果他告诉了我,我准会帮助他的。
14. This printer is of good quality. If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.(2009年天津卷15题)
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【考点】考查情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法。
【解析】从上下句可知是对将来的虚拟,表示对将来的虚拟时用should/were to do +v原形。should表示“假如,万一”的意思。答案选B。
【翻译】这台打印机的质量很好。如果在第一年里它坏了的,修理费用由我们负担。
【扩展】该句除考查情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法外,还考查了of good quality(质量很好),break down(坏了,出故障),at our expense(由我方付费)。
【脱口而出】
should If you should need any help, here is my number.万一你需要我帮助的话,这是我的电话号码。I should stay in bed if I were you.我要是你,我会在床上躺着。
break down The telephone system has broken down. 电话系统失灵了。
of good quality It is difficult to recruit teachers of high quality.要聘到素质好的教师是很困难的an actor of real quality=a very good actor一个非常优秀的演员。
at one’s expense He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出钱印了书。
15. What a pity. Considering his ability and experience, he better.(2008年江西卷)
A. need have done B. must have done
C. can have done D. might have done
【考点】考查情态动词跟完成式的用法。
【解析】从上句可知选项处应是对过去进行的推测,need做情态动词常用在否定或带有否定意义的句子中。needn’t have done意思是“本来不需做”;must have done意思是“一定会做”;can也常用于否定句can’t have done意思是“不可能做过”; might have done表示对过去发生过的事情进行推测,意思是“可能做”。答案选D。
【翻译】就他的能力和经验而言,他可能做得更好。
【扩展】该句除考查情态动词的用法外,还考查了介词considering(考虑到…,就…而论)。
【脱口而出】
considering Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.就对方的实力而论,我们能进两个球很不错了。
need have done Need they have done it yesterday 他们昨天做这事有必要吗?You needn’t have told the news; he knew it already.你本来不必告诉他那消息,他早就知道了。
基本要点梳理
情态动词
情态动词表示说话人的需要、可能、愿意和怀疑等语气。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should和半情态动词need, dare, be able to, have to, had better(best), would rather等。
1 can的基本用法
1.1 能力
She can run very fast.她能跑得很快。
I can’t promise anything, but I’ll do what I can.
我不能许诺什么,但我将尽力而为。
1.2 可能性
Can you help me with the heavy box 你能帮我抬这重箱子吗?
I’m afraid I can’t go with you.恐怕我没法和你一道去。
I can finish the work tomorrow.我可以明天完成这项工作。
We can eat at home.我们可以在家吃饭。
1.3 (用于否定句及疑问句)可能(表推测)
That can’t be David—he is in Australia now.
那不可能是David,他现在澳大利亚。
Surely you can’t be hungry. You’ve only just had lunch.
你肯定不会饿的,你刚吃过午饭。
He can’t have taken it upstairs.他不可能把它拿上楼了。
1.4 可以,跟may差不多口语中多用can。
You can(may) play football on the playground.你可以在操场上踢足球。
You can’t smoke here. 你不能在这里吸烟。
2 could的基本用法
2.1 can的过去式,表示过去情况:
表能力:
I could run very fast when I was a school boy.
我是学生时能跑得很快。
I read the report but I couldn’t understand it.我看了报告,但没看懂。
表可能性:
It was so dark that I could see nothing.天如此黑以致于我什么也看不见。
He said he couldn’t come.他想他不能来。
2.2 用来代替can,说明现在的情况:
婉转的提出请求、想法、建议等,一般疑问句的答语用can:
Could you show me the way to the railway station
你能指给我去火车站的路吗?
We could write a letter to the headmaster.我们可以给校长写封信。
You could have a kindergarten here.你可以在这儿办一个幼儿园。
—Could I say it in Chinese 我可以用汉语说吗?
—Yes, you can./Yes, of course./Sure. 可以。/当然。
—No, you can’t./No, I’m afraid not.不可以。/恐怕不行。
用于疑问句及否定句表示惊异、不相信等:
Could this be true 真能是真的吗?
I couldn’t have left it on the bus.我不可能把它丢在公交车上。
They couldn’t have left so soon.他们不可能这么早就走了。
Could they still be working at this late hour 这么晚了他们还在工作吗?
2.3 用于虚拟条件句:
If you tried you could do the work.如果你试试,你可以干这工作。
If you studied harder you could pass the exam.
如果你学习再努力一点,你可以通过考试。
Even if he had been there, he couldn’t have helped you.
即使他在那里,他也帮不了你的忙。
2.4 could+完成式,
可用来谈过去的情况:
Tom could have taken it; he was here alone yesterday.
可能是Tom拿走了,昨天他一个人在这儿。
She could not have been more than six then.那时她不可能超过6岁。
表示本来可以做但未做
He could have sent a message.他本来可以少个口信来的。
The accident could have been prevented.这事故本来可以防止的。
We could have finished the work a little earlier.
我们本可以早一点完成工作。
3 may的基本用法
3.1 用于提问题表示“可不可以”,引导的一般疑问句的回答可以用may,但多避免用may,以免口气显得太严峻或不客气。
May I use your computer Mine doesn’t work.
我可以用你的电脑吗?我的坏了。
May I have your name 你叫什么名字?
—May I take the book out
—Yes, you can./Yes, please./Certainly.可以。/当然可以。
—No, you can’t./Please don’t. /No, you mustn’t.不可以。/不能。
3.2 用于陈述句表示“可以”:
You may only keep the books for one month. 这些书你只能借一个月。
Pets may not be taken into the garden.宠物不许带入花园。
3.3 表可能, 否定句中may not否定后面的成分;can’t中not否定can。
Anna may know Tom’s phone number. Anna可能知道Tom的电话号码。
They may be waiting at the station. 他们可能正等在车站。
He may not be there.=It is possible that he is not there.
他可能不在那里。(否定后面的成分)
He can’t be there.=It is not possible that he is there.
他不可能在那里。(not否定can)
3.4 用在某些状语从句中:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
讲清楚些,以便他们能听明白。
Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain. 把窗子关上,以防下雨。
3.5 表祝愿:
May God be with you.愿上帝与你同在。
May you be happy!祝你幸福!
4 might的基本用法
4.1 may 的过去式:
表可以:
Mary asked me if she might go home half an hour earlier today.
Mary问我她是否可以提前半小时回家。
I thought you might stay with us.我想你可以祝我们这儿。
表“可能”:
He said he might be late.他说他可能晚到。
用于某些状语从句中:
I lent him $ 50 so that he might go home.我借给他50美元以便他能回家。
4.2 用来代替may, 谈现在情况,口气比might更委婉:
表可以:
Might I use your bicycle?我可以用一下你的自行车吗?
表“可能”、“或许”:
He might have gone home.他或许回家了。
She might not believe your story.她可能不会相信你的说法。
4.3 用来代替may, 谈现在情况,口气比might更委婉:
If you invited him, he might come.如果你邀请他,他可能回来。
The pills might have helped him, if he’d taken them regularly.
如果这些药片他定时吃,可能对他有效。
5 must 的用法:
5.1 表示“必须”、“一定要”、“得…”(多指现在或将来情况)
You must finish your homework today.你必须今天完成作业。
mustn’t意思是“不许”、“禁止”:
Cars mustn’t park here.这儿不许停车。
You mustn’t drive without a license.你不得无照驾车。
5.2 表推测“一定”、“准是”:
You must be hungry. Have something to eat.你一定饿了,吃点东西吧。
I can’t find my cell phone. I must have left it at home.
我找不到手机了,准是留在家了。
6 ought to 的用法:
6.1 表应该、应当,口气比should 稍重,长表示因责任、义务等该做的事。
I ought to call her today.我今天应该给他打电话。
You oughtn’t to talk loudly in class.你不应该在班上大声讲话。
6.2 可跟完成、进行、被动形式:
You ought to have come to school on time. 你应该准时来学校。
He ought to be isolated.他应当被隔离。
6.3 表推测:
She ought to pass the exam. 她应当考试通过了。
He ought to be there by now.他现在应该已经到了。
7 will的基本用法:
7.1 用于将来时态:
I will come back tomorrow.我明天回来。
7.2 用于疑问表请求:
Will you please tell me the way to the post office
请问您能告诉我到邮局的路吗?
7.3 表愿意,肯:
Go where you will.你想去哪就去哪。
7.4 表决心,承诺:
I won’t do it any more, I promise you.我答应你我再也不会这样做了。
8 would 的基本用法
8.1 will 的过去式表示愿意、肯、会:
They said they would meet us at 10:30 at the station.
他们说会在10:30在车站见我们。
8.2 婉转地提出请求:
Would you kindly send me his address 劳驾可否把他的地址寄给我?
8.3 用于虚拟条件句:
He would be delight if you went to see him.你要是去看他,他会很高兴。
I would have done more, if I’d had the time.
如果我有时间,我就会做得更多些。
9 shall的基本用法
9.1 常用于第一、三人称,征询对方意见或提出建议
I shall be very happy to see him again.再次见到他我会很高兴。
What time shall I come 我什么时候来?
Let’s look at it again, shall we 我们再瞧瞧,好吗?
Shall those books be sent over to you at once
那些书要不要马上给你送来?
9.2 一般疑问句的回答:
—Shall I help you carry the box upstairs 我帮你把箱子抬到楼上,好吗?
—Yes, please./Please do.好的。
—No, please don’t./Please don’t./No, thanks.不用了。/谢谢。
—Shall we call a taxi 咱们叫辆出租车好吗?
—Yes, let’s.好的,叫吧。
—No, let’s not./No, I don’t think we shall.不,不用了。
9.3 用于二、三人称陈述句中,表许诺、警告、命令;用于三人称中,表义务。
She shall get her share.她应该得到她的那一份。(表许诺)
If you work well, you shall have higher wages.
如果你工作得好,你将获得高工资。(表许诺)
He shall be punished if he disobeys.如果他不服从就处罚他。(表警告)
Then you shall come.那你就得来。(表命令)
Each competitor shall wear a number.每个参赛者都必须佩戴号码。
10 should的基本用法:
10.1 用于第一人称,构成过去将来时
I said I should be glad to help.我说我将乐于帮忙。
I never thought I should (would) see you again.我以为我再也见不到你了。
10.2 作情态动词表应该:
The police should do something about it.警方对此应想些办法。
He really shouldn’t work so hard.他的确不应当工作如此劳累。
We should have checked the time before we left.
我们本应先核对一下时间再动身。
You shouldn’t be reading a novel. You should be reading a textbook.
此刻你不应当在看小说,而应当在看课本。
10.3 用于虚拟条件句:
I should have helped her if she had asked me.
要是她提出来,我本来会帮她的。
We shouldn’t have succeeded without your help.
要不是你帮忙,我们本不会成功。
10.4 用在条件句中:
Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.如果明天有空我就来。
10.5 用在in case, so that, lest等引导的状语从句中:
She hid it under the pillow so that he should not see it.
她把它藏在枕头下以防他看到。
Here is $ 50 in case you should need it.给你50美元以备需要。
10.6 表猜测:
It’s 6:30. They should be back home.现在6点,他们应该回到家了。
11 need的基本用法
11.1 作情态动词的用法:
用于否定结构或带有否定意思的句子中,表示“不必”
You needn’t come to the meeting if you are too busy.
如果你太忙就不必来开会了。
She need not have been punished so severely.
她本来不必受这么严厉的惩罚。
He said I needn’t go to school.他说我不需去学校。
I scarcely need say how much I enjoy the holiday.
我简直不用说我假期过得多愉快。
Nobody need be afraid of catching H1N1.谁都不必怕染上H1N1。
I don’t believe you need worry.我认为你不必忧虑。
构成疑问句:
—Need we come tomorrow —No, you needn’t (yes, you must).
—我们要来吗?—不必来(你们得来)。
I asked him whether he need go.我问他是否必须得去。
I wonder if I need bring my computer.不知我是否需要带上电脑。
11.2 作及物动词的用法:
跟名词或代词:
All living things need water.一切生物都需要水。
Don’t go—I may need you.别走了,我可能会需要你。
跟不定式:
I need to ask you some questions.我需要问你几个问题。
All you need to do is (to ) fill in this form.你只需要填一下这张表。
跟动名词:
The garden doesn’t need watering—it rained last night.
花园无需浇水,昨晚下雨了。
跟复合宾语:
I need my watch repaired.我的手表需要修。
I need you over to help me with the children.我需要你来帮我照料孩子。
12 dare的基本用法:
12.1 作情态动词的用法:
表示“敢…”,没有人称形式,但有过去式dared, 主要用于否定句、带有否定意义的句子、疑问句及条件从句:
They dared not move.他们不敢动。
She dare not say what she thinks.她不敢说出她的想法。
He doesn’t dare (to) say anything.他什么都不敢说。
I daren’t have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now.
昨天我没敢这样做,但我想今天我敢。
He never dared stay long.他从不敢多呆。
I scarcely dare think of it. 这是我简直不敢想。
How dare you speak to me like that! 你怎么敢多这样讲话!
How dare he take my bicycle without evening asking!
他怎么干不问一声就把我自行车骑走。
I wonder if she dared come home.不知道她敢不敢回家。
12.2 作及物动词的用法:
表示敢(做某事):
He dares to accuse me of dishonesty.他竟敢说我不老实。
I did not dare to complain.我不敢抱怨。
表示敢于面对(尝试):
He will dare any danger.他敢于面对任何危险。
He dared the anger of her family. 他敢于面对她家人的愤怒。
13 be able to的基本用法:
13.1 作及物动词的用法:
be able to 可跟一动词,意思和can差不多,有时可互换,但可用于更多时态,用于一般过去时态的肯定句时,强调通过克服困难、利用自己的聪明才智“成功”地做成某事:
I’m not able to (can’t)answer your question.我回答不了你的问题。
Are you able to (Can you) play the piano.你会弹钢琴吗?
When he was young he was able to (could) climb any tree.
小时候他什么树都爬的上去。
I shan’t be able to come to your wedding.我将不能来参加你的婚礼。
13.2 跟情态动词或系动词连用:
I ought to be able to get in touch with him.我应当可以和他取得联系。
He might be able to find a good hotel.他或许能找到一家好宾馆。
He seemed able to put complicated thought in simple words.
他似乎能把复杂的思想用简单的话语说出来。
13.3 用于非谓语动词中:
I should like to be able to read the book in the original.
我希望能阅读这本书的原文。
He much regretted not being able to come to your wedding.
我很遗憾没能参加你们的婚礼。
She grasped my hand, not being able to say anything.
她抓住我的手,什么也说不出来。
14 have to的基本用法
14.1 意思接近must,强调主观性、说话人的意愿;have to 表示客观上的必要性,常可译为“不得不”,否定形式表示“不必”,可用于多种时态:
We must remember this.我们必须记住这一点。
You must take good care of her.你要好好照顾她。
We have to be careful in such matters. 处理这类事我们得小心。
He has to do a lot of reading. 她得看很多书。
We’ll have to help him as much as we can.我们将不得不尽力帮助他。
疑问式和否定式都借助do构成:
Do you have to leave so soon 你这么快就得走吗?
You don’t have to get up so early.你不必起这么早。
14.2 可用于被动语态:
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.有种种困难需要克服。
A lot of letters had to be answered.有大量的信要回。
可跟may, might连用:
We may have to cancel the plan.我们可能不得不取消这项计划。
They might have to ask her permission to do this.
他们要这样做可能得请求她的许可。
14.3 和have got to 意思差不多:
We’ve got to send her to hospital.我们不得不送她进医院。
She has got to be operated on.她的动手术。
15 had better 基本用法
接近情态动词,后跟动词原形,表示“最好…”
We’d better go before it gets dark.我们最好趁天没黑就走。
Hadn’t we better take an umbrella 我们是不是带把伞比较好?
What had we better do 我们最好怎么办?
跟进行式,表示立即做某事:
I think I’d better be going.我想我最好还是马上走。
We’d better be getting our clothes ready.我们最好马上把衣服准备好。
16 would rather基本用法
常用来表示选择,后接动词原形,意思是“宁愿,宁可”:
I’d rather go home. 我宁可回家。
I’d rather not say anything. 我宁可什么也不说。
—Would you rather work on a farm —Yes, I would.
—你愿意在农场干活吗?—是的,我愿意。
Wouldn’t you rather work on a farm —No, I would not./I’d rather not.
—你不愿意在农场干活吗?—是的,我不愿意。
would rather…than…表示“宁愿…也不…”:
She would rather have the small one than the large one.
她宁愿要小的也不要大的。
I would rather listen to others than talk myself.=I would prefer to listen to others rather than talk myself.=I prefer listening to others to talking myself.
我宁愿听别人说话,也不愿自己说。
虚拟语气
英语中非真实条件句表假设或实现可能性不大的情况要用虚拟语气。
1 与现在事实相反
从句谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”,主语谓语动词用“should(would, could, might)+动词原形”。
If you were here, I could help you with your English.如果你在这儿,我可以帮你学英语。
If it were not for the rain, the crops would die.要不是这场雨,庄稼就得旱死。
How nice it would be if you could stay a little longer!
要是你能再多呆些时候该多好啊!
What would you do if you saw an injured bird now
如果你现在看见一只受了伤的鸟,你会怎么办?
2 与过去事实相反
从句谓语动词用“had+过去分词”,主句谓语动词用“should(would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
If I had not taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake.要不是听了你的劝告,我就犯大错误了。
If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.要不是你的帮助,我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
3 与将来事实相反
从句谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”或者“were+不定式”或者“should+动词原形”,主句谓语动词用“should(would, could, might)+动词原形”。
If you lived there for a while, you would change your mind about that place.
假如你在那住上一段时间,你就会改变对那个地方的看法。
If he were to come, what should we say to him
假如他来了,我们对他说什么呢?
If he should see me, he would know me. 假如他看见我,他就会认识我。
4 条件状语从句中虚拟语气注意要点:
4.1 倒装
如条件状语从句中有were, had或should时,可将if省略,然后将were, had或should放到句首,构成倒装。
Were she here, she would support me.如果她在这儿,她就会支持我。
Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
如果不是亲眼看到,我是不会相信的。
Had Tom been in charge, it wouldn’t have happened.
如果是Tom负责,这时就不会发生了。
4.2 错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句与主句表达的时间不一致时,主句和从句的谓语动词应作相应的调整。
You would be much better, and most probably you could be walking about if you had followed the doctor’s advice.
如果你当时听了医生的话,你现在就会好多了,很可能都能四处走动了。
If you had taken her advice, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. 如果你听了她的劝告,你现在就不会有这种麻烦。
4.3 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表达出来,而包含在介词短语、上下文或其他方式中。
I would have written before but I have been ill.
要不是病了,我早给你写信了。
He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy.
他本来要多给你一些帮助的,只是他太忙了。
Such a thing wouldn’t have happened elsewhere.
这样的事别处是不会发生的。
4.4 省略结果主句
这种条件句常用if only来引导,表示一种不可能实现的愿望。
If only he were here.如果他在这儿就好了。
If only I had listened to my teacher!
要是那时我听老师的话就好了。
5 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
5.1 wish 后的宾语从句
表示与现在事实相反的愿望时用“had+过去分词”;表示与过去事实相反的愿望时用“had+过去分词”;表示与将来事实可能相反的愿望时用“would, could, might+动词原形”。wish后的that常常省略,其后不能用should。
I wish I were an engineer.我希望自己是一名工程师。
She wishes she hadn’t said that.她真希望她没说过那话。
I wish he would come tomorrow.要是他明天来就好了。
I wish that it were raining now. 要是现在正在下雨就好了。
5.2 would rather后面的宾语从句
would rather 表愿望。如果指现在或将来,宾语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be用were)”;如果指过去,宾语从句中的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”,后不能加that。
I would rather you started off right away.我真希望你马上就动身。
I would rather you hadn’t told me about it. 我宁愿你未曾把这事告诉我。
5.3 其他常见动词的宾语从句
动词suggest(建议)、propose(建议)、advise(建议)、order(命令)、ask(要求,请求)、demand(要求)、require(要求)、request(请求)、desire(希望)、insist(坚持,坚持要求)、prefer(宁愿)等动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。(suggest作“暗示”解,insist作“坚持认为、坚持说”解时,其宾语从句中谓语动词不用虚拟语气。)
I suggested that he (should )leave early tomorrow.我建议他明天早点动身。
She demanded that I pay her immediately.她要求我立即付款给她。
He insisted that Jennie send her to dancing school.
他坚持要Jennie送她进舞蹈学校。
I advise that he go at once. 我建议他马上就走。
The teacher desires that you should come at once.老师希望你马上来。
5.4 如把上面的动词改为主语从句“It is suggested that…”,从句中的谓语动词仍为“(should)+动词原形”。
It is desired that we (should ) get everything ready tonight.
希望一切在今晚准备好。
It is ordered that the classroom be put in order. 有人要求把教室整理好。
5.5 上面个动词相对应的名词形式构成的表语从句或同位语从句,谓语动词仍为“(should)+动词原形”。
My suggestion is that we (should) send a few people to help that group.
我的建议是派几个人帮助那个组。
He gave orders that the work (should) be started immediately.
他发出指示要立即开始工作。
6 主语从句中的虚拟语气
6.1 在“It is important that…”句型中,主语从句的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”。能力常用此句型的表语形容词有essential, strange, necessary, impossible, natural, right, surprising, (un)fortunate, best等。
It is important that I work hard. 我努力工作是很重要的。
It is quite natural that she should think so. 她这样想是很自然的事。
6.2 在“It is a pity/a shame/no wonder/no surprise that…”句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”。
It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
真遗憾他竟然拒绝接受帮助。
It is no surprise that Tom (should)have won the game. Tom
赢得比赛并不奇怪。
7 定语从句中的虚拟语气
在“It is (high)time (that)…”句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词常用过去式或“(should)+动词原形”。
It’s time we went. 我们该走了。
It’s high time that you bought a new car. 你该买辆新车了。
8 as if / though从句中的虚拟语气
8.1 引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中,如从句所表达的内容与现实情况相反,用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词的构成形式与wish后的宾语从句相同。
They are talking as if they hadn’t seen each other for years.
他们谈的好像多年没见面了似的。
8.2 引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中,如从句所表达的内容被看做是事实,则用陈述语气。
I sounds as if somebody is knocking at the door.
命题趋势预测
1、 考点预测
情态动词和虚拟语气是历年高考中必考内容,考点主要在单项选择和完形填空题中,在阅读理解中也常会遇到。对于这部分内容要从基础入手,在其基础上进一步掌握易混点的辨析,把握细节要点。从近五年高考题中可看出其中对这部分内容除了对各情态动词基本意思及用法理解的考查,而更多是对情态动词中的虚拟语气、倒装句中的虚拟语气、状语从句中的虚拟语气等综合性的考查。预计在2010年高考中会对基础和综合的双向考查,且综合性考查概率更高。现把2010年高考考点预测总结如下,供考生复习备考使用。
1. 对常用情态动词和虚拟语气基本认知的考查。
2. 对情态动词跟be动词及完成式的考查。
3. 情态动词中用虚拟语气辨析的考查。
4. 对常跟虚拟语气的动词用法的考查。
5. 倒装句及状语从句中情态动词和虚拟语气的使用的综合考查。
6. 时间上错综的虚拟语气的考查。
7. 对隐含虚拟语气的考查。
2、 考点预测题:
1. I recommend that everyone this dictionary.
A. bought B. had bought C. would buy D. should buy
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】动词recommend当“建议”讲时,后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气形式即“(should)+动词原形”。答案选D。
【翻译】我建议这字典每个人买一本。
2. it not been for their support, we couldn’t have won the election.
A. If B. otherwise C. had D. have
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】从后面主句we couldn’t have won the election.(不可能赢得选举)是虚拟语气可知,从句应是一虚拟条件状语从句,从句中有been可知应用have或had, 从主句中可判断是对过去情况的虚拟条件句,用had,该题考查省略if的条件状语从句,助动词提前用倒装语序。答案选C。
【翻译】要不是有他们支持我们不可能赢得选举。
3. It is requested that Mr. Smith a performance at the party.
A. will give B. give C. must give D. would give
【考点】情态动词
【解析】该题考查主语从句中的虚拟语气,在It is requested that从句中要用虚拟语气,其后的谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式即“(should)+动词原形”。答案选B。
【翻译】有人请Smith先生在聚会上表演一个节目。
4. Our only request is that this settled as soon as possible.
A. should B. should be C. should have D. should had
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】该句考查request后的表语从句,从句谓语动词用虚拟语气形式,即“(should)+动词原形”,从句中this作主语,故应用被动语态。答案选B。
【翻译】我们唯一的请求是尽快解决这个问题。
5. your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
A. But for B. If C. Because D. For
【考点】虚拟语气相关的常用短语
【解析】该题考查的是含蓄条件句,由选项后是your help这一名词,可知前应是一介词或介词短语,由后面we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.可知选项处应是一条件,but for 意思是“如果没有,要不是因为”;if意思是“如果”。答案选A。
【翻译】如果不是你的帮助,我们的试验是不会成功的。
6. I’m really very busy, otherwise I certainly go there with you.
A. will B. would C. had D. have
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】从上下句可判断该句是一含蓄条件句,主句应用虚拟语气。答案选B。
【翻译】我真是非常忙,否则我一定会和你一块去那儿。
7. How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】wish后跟宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的愿望时用虚拟语气。答案选B。
【翻译】我多么希望每个家庭都有一个带花园的大房子。
8. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】这是一时间错综的虚拟条件句。根据主句的时间状语today,可知其谓语动词表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,根据条件状语从句的时间状语at age of seven可知谓语动词应是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。答案选B。
【翻译】如果不是我在7岁时就喜欢上了家乡的Melinda Cox图书馆,很难想象我今天在干什么。
9. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I your advice.
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】分析该句的语义可知,由于当时没听对方的话,因此现在陷入困境,是省略主句的含蓄条件句,If only后面表达的是与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。答案选C。
【翻译】看看我所陷入的困境!我当时要是听你的话就好了。
10. fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would be B. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
【考点】虚拟语气
【解析】该题考查与将来时相反的虚拟语气。从句中有should可以把if省略,should放句首,构成倒装。答案选B。
【翻译】假如你被解雇,你的保险和其他补助金不会马上终止。
典型习题演练
1. ---It’s the office! So you know eating is not allowed here.(2009年湖南卷)
---Oh, sorry.
A. must B. will C. may D. need
2. The traffic is heavy this day, I arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place (2009年辽宁卷)
A. can B. must C. need D. might
3. ---I don’t care what people think.
---Well , you _______.(2009年四川卷)
A. could B. would C. should D. might
4. It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it be rather cold sometimes.(2008年福建卷)
A. must B. can C. should D. would
5. You don’t have to know the name of the author to find a book. You _____ find the book by the title.(2008年湖南卷)
A. must B. need C. can D. would
6. ---I’m sorry. I _______ at you the other day.(2008年江苏卷)
---Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted
7. She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.(2008年天津卷6题)
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
8. Peter ______ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.(2008年辽宁卷)
A. shall B. should C. can D. must
9. Liza ___ well not want to go on the trip. she hates traveling.(2008年全国卷)
A. will B. can C. must D. may
10. --- My cat’s really fat.
--- You ______ have given her so much food.(2007年浙江卷15题)
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
11. ---Turn off the TV, Jack. _____ your homework now
---Mum, just ten more minutes, please.(2007年全国卷30题)
A. Should you be doing B. Shouldn’t you be doing
C. Couldn’t you be doing D. Will you be doing
12. --- Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.
--- Great! You ______ read widely and put a lot of work into it.(2007年上海卷)
A. must B. should C. must have D. should have
13. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition. (2009年福建卷)
A. would not win B. would not have won
C. would win D. would have won
14. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ____ it without you.(2008年山东卷)
A. can manage B. could have managed
C. could manage D. can have managed
15. The teacher have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn't have wasted time on him, I suppose.(2007年安徽卷23题)
A. should B. can C. would D. must
16. ---How’s your tour around the North Lake Is it beautiful
---It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted. (2007年全国卷27题)
A. will B. would C. should D. must
17. --- She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam.
--- I guess so. It’s not difficult after all.(2007年江苏卷22题)
A. should B. could C. must D. might
18. --- Could I have a word with you, Mum
--- Oh dear, if you ________.(2006年浙江卷19题)
A. can B. must C. may D. should
19. ---Must he come to sign this paper himself
--- Yes, he _______.(2006年广东卷22题)
A. need B. must C. may D. will
20. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday.I the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.(2006年江西24题)
A. should have taken B. could have taken
C. needn't have taken D. mustn't have taken
答案与解析:
1. 解析:根据整个句子的意思,既然知道是办公室,就一定知道不允许吃东西。用must,答案选A。
翻译:---这是办公室!因此你一定知道这里是不允许吃东西的。
---噢,对不起。
2. 解析:考查情态动词表推测。can 常用于疑问、否定的猜测句;must“一定”表示很肯定的猜测,而此处的语境应该是“或许,大概”之意,用might。答案选D。
翻译:今天的交通很拥堵,我可能会迟到一会,你能帮我占上一个位置吗?
3. 解析:could(可以);would(愿意);might(可以);should(应该)。根据整个句子的意思,应该用should。答案选C。Well在口语中可以用来表示多种意义,这里表示怀疑,不同意。例如:—I think the right answer is B. —Well, I don’t agree with you.
翻译:—我不在意别人的想法。—你应该在意。
4. 解析:根据整个句子的意思,这里需要一个词来表示“会,能够”的意思。must必须,should应该,would愿意,只有can表示“能够、会”。答案选B。
翻译:我们家乡在三月份的时候一般都很温暖,但是有时也会相当冷。
5. 解析:根据上一句可推测选项处应表示“可以,能够”的意思,用can。答案选C。
翻译:找书的时候你不一定要知道作者的名字。你可以根据书名来找。
6. 解析:这句话是对过去已发生事情的虚拟,表示“本不应当”,用shouldn’t + have done。答案选B。
翻译:---对不起,我那天不应该对你嚷嚷。
---没关系,那天我也有些失控。
7. 解析:根据后半句她的自行车还在,可以很肯定地推断出她没有离开学校,选项处表示“不可能”用can’t,答案选A。
翻译:她不可能已经离开学校了,因为她的自行车还在这儿。
8. 解析:shall只与第一人称连用,用于第三人称时表示应该;should应该;must必须;can会、可能。根据句意,用can,答案选C。
翻译:通常Peter都是一个很好的人,然而有时也会非常难相处。
9. 解析:注意空白处后的“well”,表示程度,can能够,must必须,都不接表示程度的词。may与well连用加大推断的可能性,符合句意,答案选D。
翻译:Liza应该很不愿意参与这次旅行。她不喜欢旅行。
10. 解析:表示对过去动作的虚拟,本不应该,用should/shouldn’t + have done,答案选C。
翻译:---我的猫太肥了。
---你本不应该喂它那么多食物。
11. 解析:表示对现在动作的虚拟,现在应该正在做某事,用shouldn’t + be doing,否定、疑问放前表肯定的意思。答案选B。
翻译:---关上电视,杰克,难道你现在不该去写作业吗?
---妈妈。就十分钟好吗?
12. 解析:根据句意,得了A一定是读了很多书,花了很多精力,而且读书是发生在过去,用must have read,答案选C。
翻译:---猜猜看!我的期末论文得了A。
---真棒,你一定看了读了很多书,花了很多精力。
13. 解析:but for要不是,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟,这里用would + have done表示,答案选B。
翻译:要是没有英语老师的帮助,我不会获得英语写作比赛一等奖。
14. 解析:表示对过去已发生事实的虚拟,用could have+动词过去分词,答案选B。
翻译:感谢你上周的辛苦工作。我认为没有你我们不能做成。
15. 解析:老师已经花了时间在Johnson身上,一定是认为值得的,用must,答案选D。
翻译:老师肯定认为Johnson值得她那样做,否者她不可能在他身上浪费时间,我认为。
16. 解析:根据后一句句意已经受到严重的污染,可推断这里应用should(应该),答案选C。
翻译:---北湖之旅如何?它的风景美丽吗?
---它本应该美丽的,但是现在已经受到严重的污染。
17. 解析:她非常高兴,推断出她一定是通过了考试,“一定”用must表示, 答案选C。
翻译:---她看起来非常高兴。她一定通过了考试。
---我猜想是的。这次考试并不难。
18. 解析:oh dear表示惊奇,妈妈没有预料到孩子想跟她谈话。这里四个选项只有must放在句子中符合句意,表示“如果你必须的话”。答案选B。
翻译:---妈妈,我能跟您简单聊聊吗?
---哦,亲爱的,如果你必须的话。
19. 解析:这里考查的是must引导一般疑问句的回答方式。肯定回答用must。否定一般用needn’t。这里是肯定的回答,答案选B。
翻译:---他必须来签署这份文件吗?
---是的,他必须。
20. 解析:四个选项区别在于情态动词的选择,句子里表示不需要,用needn’t,答案选C。
翻译:昨天天气变好了。我本不需要找麻烦带着雨伞的。
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