备战2018高考英语一轮复习重难点语法讲解 被动语态

高中英语语法——被动语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态(active
voice)
和被动语态(passive
voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，如果有必要强调动作的执行者，动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
A.
十种常见时态的被动语态
1.
一般现在时
主动语态：do
被动语态：am
is
are
done
We
clean
the
classroom
every
day.
我们每天打扫教室。
The
classroom
is
cleaned
by
us
every
day.
教室每天都由我们打扫。
Such
songs
are
usually
sung
by
girls.
这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。
Russian
is
not
taught
in
our
school.
我们学校不教俄语。
Are
many
goods
shipped
abroad
every
day
每天都有许多货物运往国外吗
2.
一般过去时
主动语态：did
被动语态：was
were
done
We
cleaned
the
classroom
yesterday.
昨天我们打扫了教室。
The
classroom
was
cleaned
by
us
yesterday.
昨天教室被我们打扫了。
The
window
was
broken
by
my
son.
窗子是我儿子打破的。
Were
many
trees
planted
on
the
hill
yesterday
昨天山上种了许多树吗？
How
much
money
was
stolen
in
all
一共被偷了多少钱？
3.
一般将来时
主动语态：will
shall
do
被动语态：will
shall
be
done
We
will
clean
the
classroom
soon.
我们很快要打扫教室。
The
classroom
will
be
cleaned
soon.
教室很快要被打扫了。
The
work
will
be
done
immediately.
这工作将马上做。
Will
the
school
sports
meeting
be
held
next
week？
校运动会将在下星期举行吗？
When
shall
we
be
given
a
lecture
on
the
Internet
什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？
4.
一般过去将来时
主动语态：would
do
被动语态：would
be
done
We
told
him
that
we
would
clean
the
classroom
soon.
我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。
We
told
him
that
the
classroom
would
be
cleaned
soon.
我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。
He
said
that
a
new
trade
center
would
be
built
in
the
centre
of
the
city.
他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。
She
asked
whether
their
plan
would
be
considered
with
great
care.
她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。
I
wasn't
told
that
I
should
be
invited
to
the
party.
没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。
5.
现在进行时
主动语态：am
is
are
doing
被动语态：am
is
are
being
done
We
are
cleaning
the
classroom
now.
我们现在正在打扫教室。
The
classroom
is
being
cleaned
now.
教室现在正在被打扫。
A
hospital
is
being
built
in
the
centre
of
the
town.
镇中心正在兴建一家医院。
Are
the
babies
being
taken
care
of
by
this
nurse
这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？
How
is
the
new
teaching
method
being
tried
there
那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？
6.
过去进行时
主动语态：was
were
doing
被动语态：was
were
being
done
We
were
cleaning
the
classroom
this
time
yesterday.
昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。
The
classroom
was
being
cleaned
this
time
yesterday.
昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫
The
teaching
plan
was
being
discussed
at
that
time.
那时正在讨论教学计划。
Was
the
TV
set
being
fixed
this
time
yesterday
昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗？
The
house
was
being
painted
when
we
arrived
at
his
home.
我们到他家时，他家房子正在粉刷。
7.
现在完成时
主动语态：has
have
done
被动语态：has
have
been
done
The
classroom
looks
tidy.
We
have
cleaned
it.
教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。
The
classroom
looks
tidy.
It
has
been
cleaned.
教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了
Many
foreign
films
have
been
shown
on
TV
since
last
month.
上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影片。
The
radio
has
not
been
turned
on
yet.
收音机还没开。
Has
a
new
training
centre
been
set
up
in
our
town
我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？
8.
过去完成时
主动语态：had
done
被动语态：had
been
done
The
classroom
looked
tidy.
We
had
cleaned
it.
教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。
The
classroom
looked
tidy.
It
had
been
cleaned.
教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。
His
newly
written
novel
had
been
translated
into
English
by
the
end
of
last
month.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。
She
told
me
that
she
had
been
dismissed
by
her
boss.
她告诉我，她的老板已把她解雇了。
Her
homework
had
not
been
finished
when
I
got
home.
我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。
9.
将来完成时
主动语态：will
shall
have
done
被动语态：will
shall
have
been
done
We
will
have
cleaned
the
classroom
by
five
o'clock.
我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。
The
classroom
will
have
been
cleaned
by
five
o'clock.
教室将在五点以前打扫完。
The
new
books
will
have
been
entered
in
the
register
before
another
parcel
arrives.
这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。
How
many
expressways
will
have
been
completed
by
the
end
of
next
year
到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路？
Before
you
return
my
work
will
have
been
done.
你回来前我的工作将会做完。
10.
过去将来完成时
主动语态：would
have
done
被动语态：would
have
been
done
I
said
we
would
have
cleaned
the
classroom
by
500.
我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。
I
said
the
classroom
would
have
been
cleaned
by
500.
我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。
The
headmaster
said
the
article
would
have
been
translated
by
the
end
of
next
month.
校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。
The
day
was
drawing
near
when
the
dam
would
have
been
completed.
大坝完工的日子不远了。
He
told
me
that
preparations
would
have
been
finished
by
600.
他告诉我准备工作将在六点前完成。
B.
“get+过去分词”结构
被动语态除常用“be
+过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。
The
boy
got
hurt
when
he
was
riding
to
school.
那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。
Did
your
letter
get
answered
你收到回信了吗？
注意：
用“get+过去分词”结构时，其后的动作执行者（即by短语）一般不表示出来。
Finally
his
bike
got
repaired.
最后他的自行车得到了修理。
As
I
passed
by,
my
skirt
got
caught
on
a
nail.
我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子挂住了。
C．“seem
appear
+过去分词”结构
有时“seem
appear
+过去分词”也可以构成被动语态。
She
seemed
annoyed
by
his
words.
她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。
The
house
appears
deserted.
这房子好像没人居住。
提示：
并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或seem,
appear等词代替。
【误】She
got
born
in
a
small
village.
【正】She
was
born
in
a
small
village.
她出生在一个小村庄。
【误】The
old
man
got
offered
a
large
sum
of
money.
【正】The
old
man
was
offered
a
large
sum
of
money.
这位老人获得了一大笔钱。
【误】Colin
got
caught
cheating
in
the
exam.
【正】Colin
were
caught
cheating
in
the
exam.
科林考试作弊被抓住了。
D．被动语态中常用的介词
1．by表示动作的执行者或施加者
By
whom
is
the
book
written
这本书是谁写的？
The
children
were
driven
indoors
by
the
rain.
孩子们被雨赶进了室内。
2．with表示用某种工具
The
wolf
was
killed
with
a
gun.
狼被枪打死了。
The
field
was
spread
with
wild
flowers.
田野里野花遍地。
3．from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料）
Good
wine
is
made
from
grain.
好酒是粮食制成的。
4．of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料）
The
table
is
made
of
wood.
这张桌子是用木头做的。
5．其他介词
You
are
wanted
on
the
phone.
有电话找你。
He
is
known
to
everybody.
大家都认识他。
She
was
caught
in
the
rain.
她遭雨淋了。
注意：
动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作执行者。
A
policeman
is
known
by
the
clothes
he
wears.
警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。（by表示方式）
He
was
much
flattered
by
her
asking
him
to
dinner.
她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。（by表示原因）
The
snow
was
piled
high
by
the
gate.
门口雪堆积得很高。（by表示地点）
二、被动语态的用法
英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态：
A.
不知道或不必说出动作的执行者
How
is
this
word
pronounced
这个单词怎么发音？
Scientists
say
that
work
is
done
whenever
a
force
moves.
科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。
A
greater
number
of
magic
English
books
will
be
published
next
year.
明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。
After
war,
everything
had
been
destroyed.
战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。
B.
强调动作的承受者
If
you
break
the
school
rules,
you
will
be
punished.
如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you）
A
new
Hope
School
will
be
opened
in
our
village.
我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a
new
Hope
School）
She
is
liked
by
everybody.
大家都喜欢她。
Xiao
Li
was
elected
monitor
of
the
class.
小李被选为班长。
C.
动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物
The
bridge
was
washed
away
by
the
flood.
桥被洪水冲走了。
We
were
shocked
by
the
news
of
his
death.
我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。
Many
accidents
were
caused
by
careless
driving.
许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。
D.
修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称
He
appeared
on
the
stage
and
was
warmly
applauded
by
the
audience.
他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。
The
old
professor
gave
a
lecture
on
American
history
and
was
well
received.
这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。
I
was
shown
round
the
school
campus
by
Sean,
who
had
entered
the
school
just
a
year
before.
肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。
E.
为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己
You've
been
told
many
times
not
to
make
the
same
mistake.
你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。
Everybody
is
expected
to
obey
the
following
rules.
希望大家遵守以下规定。
The
control
room
may
not
be
entered
without
permission.
非经许可，勿入控制室。
F.
科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程
The
film
is
coated
with
light-sensitive
chemicals,
which
are
changed
by
the
different
shades
and
colours
of
light.
胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。
G.
新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性
The
west-east
gas
pipeline
project
was
kicked
off
on
July
4,
a
big
event
in
the
nation's
west
development
campaign.
西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。
H．有些动词习惯上常用被动语态
He
was
born
in
this
city.
他出生在这个城市。
The
school
is
situated
in
the
suburbs.
这所学校位于郊外。
注意：
被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。
The
vegetables
didn't
taste
very
good.
They
had
been
cooked
too
long.
蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者）
He
arrived
at
the
airport,
where
he
was
met
by
his
friend.
他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by
his
friend，句子的意思不完整）
Everybody
was
cast
down
by
such
news
as
that.
大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语）
三、主动语态变被动语态
中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。
中国人常这样说：I
expect
you
to
be
there
on
time.
我希望你准时到那里。
英美人常这样说：You
are
expected
to
be
there
on
time.
希望你准时到那里。
这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。
A.
主语
+
谓语
+
宾语
“主语
+
谓语
+
宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语：
They
will
discuss
the
plan
at
the
meeting.
他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。
--
The
plan
will
be
discussed
at
the
meeting.
这个问题将在会议上讨论。
In
the
past
the
king
possessed
great
wealth.
过去国王拥有巨大的财富。
In
the
past
great
wealth
was
possessed
by
the
king.
过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。
B.
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：
We
gave
the
student
some
books.
我们给了这个学生几本书。
--
The
student
was
given
some
books.
这个学生被给了几本书。
--
Some
books
were
given
to
the
student.
几本书被给了这个学生。
His
father
bought
him
a
computer
last
week.
上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
--
He
was
bought
a
computer
by
his
father
last
week.
上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
--
A
computer
was
bought
for
him
by
his
father
last
week.
上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to,
for,
of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。
They
awarded
him
the
Nobel
Prize.
他们授予他诺贝尔奖。
--
The
Nobel
Prize
was
awarded（to）him.
诺贝尔奖被授予给他。
The
host
had
caught
us
some
fish.
主人给我们捉了一些鱼。
Some
fish
had
been
caught
for
us
by
the
host.
主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省）
C.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语：
All
the
villagers
painted
the
houses
white.
所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。
--
The
houses
were
painted
white
by
all
the
villagers.
房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。
They
kept
us
waiting
for
a
long
time.
他们让我们等了很长时间。
--
We
were
kept
waiting
for
a
long
time.
我们等了很长时间。
We
regarded
him
as
the
best
doctor
in
town.
我们认为他是城里最好的医生。
--
He
was
regarded
as
the
best
doctor
in
town.
他被认为是城里最好的医生。
注意：
有些使役动词和感官动词,如make,
see,
hear,
watch,
notice,
observe,
listen
to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。
We
heard
him
say
good-bye
to
his
friends.
我们听见他向朋友们道别。
He
was
heard
to
say
good-bye
to
his
friends.
他被听到向朋友们道别。
D.
含有情态动词的主动句变被动句
含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+
be
done”构成。
情态动词
can
could
may
might
must
have
had
to
will
would
shall
should
ought
to
主动形式
Can
could
do
May
might
do
must
do
have
had
to
do
will
would
do
shall
should
do
ought
to
do
被动形式
Can
could
be
done
May
might
be
done
must
be
done
have
had
to
be
done
will
would
be
done
shall
should
be
done
ought
to
be
done
The
machine
must
be
operated
with
care.
这机器必须小心操作。
Such
a
sentence
ought
not
to
be
used
here.
这个句子不应该用在这里。
What's
done
cannot
be
undone.
覆水难收。
People
had
to
be
reminded
of
the
danger
that
night.
那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。
E.
含有“be
going
to
do”和“be
to
do”等结构的主动句变被动句
含有“be
going
to
do和
be
to
do
等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be
going
to
+
be
done”和“be
to
+
be
done”。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。
The
problem
is
going
to
be
discussed
at
the
meeting.
这个问题将在会上讨论。
This
new
film
is
to
be
shown
on
TV
next
week.
这部新片下周将在电视上放映。
F．含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。
They
said
that
he
had
gone
abroad
to
study
English.
他们说他出国学英语去了。
--
It
was
said
that
he
had
gone
abroad
to
study
English.
据说他出国学英语去了。
We
haven't
decided
when
we
should
go
camping.
我们还未决定什么时候去野营。
--
It
hasn't
been
decided
when
we
should
go
camping.
什么时候去野营尚未决定。
提示：
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。
We
believed
that
he
would
succeed.
我们相信他会成功。
--
He
was
believed
to
succeed.
人们相信他会成功。
Father
expected
that
I
should
become
an
engineer.
父亲希望我成为工程师。
--
I
was
expected
(by
my
father)
to
become
an
engineer.
（父亲）希望我成为工程师。
G．祈使句的被动语态
肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let
+
宾语
+
be
+
过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Don't
+
let
+
宾语
+
be
+
过去分词（或Let
+
宾语
+
not
+
be
+
过去分词）。
Move
the
desks
into
the
corridor.
--
Let
the
desks
be
moved
into
the
corridor.
把课桌搬到走廊去。
Don't
trust
her.
--
Don't
let
her
be
trusted.
--
Let
her
not
be
trusted.
不要相信她。
H.
动词短语构成的被动语态
一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。
The
nurses
in
this
hospital
look
after
the
patients
very
well.
--
The
patients
are
well
looked
after
by
the
nurses
in
this
hospital.
病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。
They
have
put
off
the
meeting
till
next
Saturday.
--
The
meeting
has
been
put
off
till
next
Saturday.
会议已推迟到下周六了。
注意：
在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。
Such
a
bad
habit
should
be
got
rid
of.
这样的坏习惯应该改掉。
All
the
important
matters
have
now
been
attended
to.
所有重要的事情都得到了处理。
I.
双重被动结构
双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。
They
asked
us
to
discuss
the
problem
at
once.
--
We
were
asked
to
discuss
the
problem
at
once.
--
The
problem
was
asked
to
be
discussed
at
once.
这个问题被要求立刻讨论。（双重被动）
She
offered
to
buy
a
recorder
for
me.
--
A
recorder
was
offered
to
be
bought
for
me.
有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。（双重被动）
The
teacher
ordered
that
we
should
take
the
desk
away.
--
The
desk
was
ordered
to
be
taken
away.
课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动）
J．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by
Smoke
filled
the
meeting
room.
烟充满了会议室。
The
meeting
room
was
filled
with
smoke.
会议室里充满了烟。
A
cloth
covered
the
table.
一块布把桌子罩了起来。
The
table
was
covered
with
a
cloth.
桌子上铺着一块布。
K．不能变为被动语态的结构
1．受动词的限制
①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。
某些表示状态的及物动词，如have,
own,
cost,
lack,
want
(缺乏),
become
(适合),
fit,
resemble,
fail,
last,
flee,
benefit,
hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。
She
resembles
her
mother.
她像她妈妈。
He
lacks
self-confidence.
他缺乏自信。
This
hall
can
hold
2,000
people.
这个大厅能容纳两千人。
②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。
Would
you
have
a
cup
of
tea
你要喝杯茶吗？
She
had
a
bad
cold
yesterday,
and
now
she
is
feeling
much
better.
昨天她得了重感冒，现在好多了。
③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。
Do
you
get
me
你明白我的意思吗？
How
do
you
take
this
passage
这段话你怎么理解？
I
owe
50
pounds
to
you.
我欠你五十英镑。
His
careless
driving
cost
his
life.
他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。
2．受宾语的限制
①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。
They
simply
cannot
contain
themselves
for
joy.
他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。
He
absented
himself
from
a
meeting
yesterday.
他昨天缺席会议了。
For
years
the
two
sisters
looked
after
one
another.
多年来两姐妹互相照顾。
②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。
I
could
not
believe
my
eyes
when
I
saw
him
still
alive.
看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
The
doctor
shook
his
head
and
then
went
out
without
any
words.
医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。
注意：
动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。
He
fixed
his
eyes
on
the
oil
painting.
他注视着这幅油画。
--
His
eyes
were
fixed
on
the
oil
painting.
他的两眼注视着这幅油画。
③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。
This
kind
of
dictionary
costs
ten
dollars.
这种字典价值十美元。
The
case
weighs
twenty
kilos.
这箱子重二十公斤。
④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。
He
laughed
a
hearty
laugh.
他由衷地笑了笑。
She
dreamt
a
sweet
dream.
她做了一个美梦。
⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。
He
admitted
having
done
wrong.
他承认做错了。
He
has
decided
to
go
and
study
abroad.
他已决定出国留学。
⑥如果enter,
leave,
reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态
He
left
the
army
in
1998.
他1998年退伍。
She
entered
the
hall
at
once.
她立刻就进入了大厅。
⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take
place,
lose
heart,
belong
to,
consist
of,
change
colour等，也不能改为被动语态。
The
book
belongs
to
me.
这本书是我的。
She
caught
a
very
bad
cold.
她患了重感冒。
必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组
catch
a
cold
感冒
eat
one's
words
食言
lose
heart
丧失信心
lose
patience
失去耐心
make
a
face
做鬼脸
make
up
one's
mind
决心
make
bed
铺床
make
room
for
为……腾出地方
keep
watch
守望
keep
silence
保持安静
speak
one's
mind
表明见解
take
place
发生
take
one's
time
从容不迫，别着急
take
office
就职
take
one's
leave
请假
take
notes
作笔记
take
up
arms
拿起武器
take
one's
place
就位
⑧含有would
rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。
I
would
rather
do
it
now.
我宁可现在就干这件事。
He
dare
not
do
it.
他不敢干那件事。
四、被动语态与系表结构
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
A.
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。
The
gate
to
the
garden
was
locked
by
the
girl.
花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构）
The
gate
to
the
garden
was
locked.
花园门锁了。（系表结构）
The
tree
was
blown
down
by
the
high
winds.
那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动结构）
The
tree
was
blown
down
when
we
saw
it.
我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。（系表结构）
注意：
少数“连系动词be
+
用作表语的动词-ed形式”也带by短语。
The
old
man
was
surrounded
by
small
children.
老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态）
Guilin
is
surrounded
by
hills
and
mountains.
桂林周围都是山。（系表结构）
We
were
held
up
by
fog.
我们因雾受阻。（被动语态）
The
tree
is
known
by
its
fruit.
看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构）
B.
系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。
The
composition
is
well
written.
这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构）
The
composition
is
being
written.
这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
C.
系表结构中的过去分词可被very,
too,
so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。
The
boy
was
too
frightened
to
move.
这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构）
He
was
very
excited.他很激动。（系表结构）
He
was
much
excited
by
the
news.
他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
D.
be
+
不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。
Her
money
is
all
gone.
她的钱都花光了。
The
honoured
guests
are
arrived.
贵宾们到了。
The
moon
is
risen.
月亮升起来了。
She
is
grown
up.
她长大了。
The
leaves
are
fallen.
树叶落了。
We
are
prepared
for
the
worst.
我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。
E.
表示“充满”意思的“be
+
过去分词
+
with”结构多为系表结构。
The
mountain
is
covered
with
snow
all
the
year
round.
这座山终年被积雪覆盖。
The
classroom
was
crowded
with
pupils.
教室里挤满了学生。
The
lake
is
dotted
with
fishing
boats.
湖里渔帆点点。
The
floor
was
piled
with
old
books.
地板上堆满了旧书。
F.
remain,
feel,
lie,
stand
以及
become,
grow
等词
+
过去分词结构多为系表结构。
The
matter
remained
unsettled.
这件事悬而未决。
She
felt
disappointed.
她感到失望。
The
road
became
crowded.
道路拥挤了。
G.
句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。
The
bank
is
closed.
银行现在关门了。（系表结构）
The
bank
is
usually
closed
at
six.
银行通常六点关门。（被动语态）
He
is
married.
他结婚了。（系表结构）
He
was
married
in
Beijing.
他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态）
五、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。
A．某些不及物动词的被动意义
英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。
When
did
the
accident
occur
事故是什么时候发生的？
Ice-cream
always
goes
well
in
hot
weather.
冰淇淋在暑天销路好。
Does
life
exist
on
the
moon
月球上存在着生命吗？
B．一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词
Class
begins
at
eight.
八点钟开始上课。
The
meeting
ended
up
with
warm
applause.
会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。
C．一些表示“运转”意义的动词
The
machine
runs
well.
机器运转良好。
His
voice
records
well.
他的音录下来很好。
D．当read,
write,
translate等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时
动词read,
write,
translate,
act,
add,
wash,
wear,
cook,
lock,
sell,
tear,
cut,
keep,
feel,
burn,
strike,
last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。
The
book
sells
well.
这书的销路很好。
My
pen
writes
smoothly.
我的笔很好写。
The
play
reads
more
easily
than
acts.
这剧本易读不易演。
提示：
这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。
His
car
can't
move.
他的车不能开了。
E．表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义
有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如look,
smell,
taste,
sound,
prove,
appear,
turn
out等主动形式表示被动意义。
Good
medicine
tastes
bitter.
良药苦口。
What
he
said
proved
to
be
correct.
他的话证明是正确的。
The
flowers
smell
sweet.
这些花闻起来很香。
Your
sentence
doesn't
sound
right.
你这话听起来不大对头。
F．一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作
The
meat
is
cooking.
肉正在烧。
The
book
is
printing.
这本书正在印刷之中。
G．有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的
She
is
to
blame.
她应该受到责备。
The
house
is
to
let.
此房出租。
六、被动形式表示主动意义
　1．
在need，want，require,
bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The
house
needs
repairing（to
be
repaired）．这房子需要修理。
　　2．
形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例The
picture-book
is
well
worth
reading．（＝The
picture-book
is
very
worthy
to
be
read．）
　　3.
动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,
不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
　例
I
have
a
lot
of
things
to
do
this
afternoon．
(to
do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)
　　试比较：I’ll
go
to
the
post
office.
Do
you
have
a
letter
to
be
posted
(
此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
　　4.
在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
　　例This
problem
is
difficult
to
work
out
.（可看作to
work
out省略了for
me）.
　　5．
在too…
to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
　　例This
book
is
too
expensive
(for
me)
to
buy.
　　6.
在there
be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。
　　例There
is
no
time
to
lose（to
be
lost）．（用
to
lose可看成for
us
to
lose；用to
be
lost，谁
lost
time不明确。）
　　7.
在be
to
do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,
被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
　　例
Who
is
to
blame
for
starting
the
fire
　
练习：
1.---Put
these
glasses
away
before
they
_______.
---Ok.
I’ll
put
them
in
the
cupboard.
A.have
broken
B.are
breaking
C.get
broken
D.will
be
broken
2.
I
_______
ten
minutes
to
decide
whether
I
should
reject
the
offer.

A.
gave
B.
was
given
C.
was
giving
D.
had
given
3.
The
police
found
that
the
house
________
and
a
lot
of
things
________.

A.
has
broken
into;
has
been
stolen
B.
had
broken
into;
had
been
stolen

C.
has
been
broken
into;
stolen
D.
had
been
broken
into;
stolen
4.
---Have
you
moved
into
the
new
house

---
Not
yet,
the
rooms
________.

A.
are
being
painted
B.
are
painting
C.
are
painted
D.
have
been
painted
5.
As
we
joined
the
big
crowd
I
got
_______
from
my
friends.

A.
separated
B.
spared
C.
lost
D.
missed
6.
The
air
company
going
from
bad
to
worse,
the
workers_______
hardly
enough
to
make
a
living.
A.
are
paid
B.
are
paying
C.
have
paid
D.
paid
7.
Great
changes
_______
in
the
city,
and
a
lot
of
factories
_______.

A.
have
been
taken
place;
have
been
set
up
B.
have
taken
place;
have
been
set
up
C.
have
taken
place;
have
set
up
D.
were
taken
place;
were
set
up
8.
The
suit’s
finished,
_______
it

A.
doesn’t
B.
isn’t
C.
hasn’t
D.
has
9.
The
surface
of
the
table
_______
smooth
enough.

A.
hasn’t
felt
B.
doesn’t
feel
C.
isn’t
feeling
D.
isn’t
felt
10.
All
the
preparations
for
the
task
______,
and
we’re
ready
to
start.
A.completed
B.complete
C.had
been
completed
D.have
been
completed
11.
These
kinds
of
shoes
_______
well.

A.
were
not
sold
B.
won’t
be
sold
C.
are
not
sold
D.
don’t
sell
12.Visitors
________
not
to
touch
the
exhibits.

A.
request
B.
will
request
C.
are
requesting
D.
are
requested
13.
When
the
speaker
entered
the
hall,
all
the
listeners
________.

A.
had
seated
B.
were
seated
C.
seated
D.
were
seating
14.
Don’t
get
that
ink
on
your
shirt,
for
it
________.

A.
won’t
wash
out
B.
won’t
be
washing
C.
isn’t
washing
out
D.
doesn’t
wash
out
15.---I
believe
you
could
have
asked
my
brother
for
help
for
he
is
very
good
at
maths.
---Really
Oh,
a
night
_________.
Why
not
tell
me
earlier

A.
is
wasted
B.had
wasted
C.
was
wasted
D.
will
waste
16.
He
said
he
wouldn’t
mind
________
at
home.

A.
leaving
alone
B.
being
left
alone
C.
to
be
left
lonely
D.
to
leave
alone
17.
Tom
was
said
to
________
Mary
for
40
years.

A.
have
been
married
to
B.
have
married
with
C.
be
married
D.
marry
18.
The
TV
play
________
last
night.

A.
was
tired
out
me
B.
tired
out
me
C.
was
tired
me
out
D.
tired
me
out
19.
I
remember
___
for
the
job,
but
I
forget
the
exact
amount.

A.
to
be
paid
B.
being
paid
C.
to
pay
D.
paying
20.
In
front
of
the
hall
color
flags
were
________.

A.
hunged
B.
hanged
C.
hang
D.
hanging
21.
No
permission
has
_______
for
anybody
to
enter
the
building.(MET
88)

A.
been
given
B.
given
C.
to
give
D.
be
giving
22.Once
environmental
damage
______
,
it
takes
many
years
for
the
system
to
recover.
A.
has
done
B.
is
to
done
C.
does
D.
is
done
23.The
fifth
generation
computers,
with
artificial
intelligence,
_______
and
perfected
now.
A.developed
B.
have
developed
C.are
being
developed
D.
will
have
been
developed
24.Rainforests
______
and
burned
at
such
a
speed
that
they
will
disappear
from
the
earth
in
the
near
future.
A.
cut
B.
are
cut
C.
are
being
cut
D.
had
been
cut
25.In
order
to
prevent
the
fire
spreading,
some
of
the
houses
nearby
_____
before
the
fireman
arrived.
A.have
been
pulled
down
B.has
pulled
down
C.had
been
pulled
down
D.had
pulled
down.
26.
What
I
wanted
to
know
was
when
and
where
the
meeting
_______.
A.
was
holding
B.had
held
C.was
to
hold
D.was
to
be
held
27.This
kind
of
glasses
made
by
experienced
workers
________
comfortably.
A.is
worn
B.
wears
C.
has
worn
D.has
been
worn
28.The
grey
building
is
where
the
workers
live,
and
the
white
one
is
where
the
spare
parts
______.
A.
are
producing
B.
are
produced
C.
have
produced
D.
were
produced.
29.---
Alice’s
second-hand
computer
______
wrong
although
she
used
it
only
once.
---
You’d
better
go
to
check
it.
A.went
B.
is
going
C.
has
gone
D.
had
gone
30.
---How
about
the
book
on
the
most
famous
musicians
of
that
age
---Oh,
Mozart’s
story
______
well.
A.
has
read
B.has
been
read
C.
reads
D.was
read