备战2018高考英语一轮复习重难点语法讲解 定语从句

高中语法——定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
提示：
关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
1.
连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。
I
gave
her
all
the
money
that
I
had.
我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that
连接先特词
money和定语从句I
had）
2.
替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
The
man
who
lives
nest
door
is
a
famous
teacher.
住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who
替代the
man）
3.
成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
I
like
pictures
which
are
painted
in
the
traditional
Chinese
style.
我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语）
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who,
whom,
whose,
which,
that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A．Who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What
was
the
name
of
the
man
who
lent
you
the
money
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the
man）
He
who
laughs
last
laughs
best.
谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）
The
chairman
of
the
meeting,
who
spoke
first,
sat
on
my
right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the
chairman）
B．Whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There
are
some
people
whom/who
we
like
and
others
whom/who
we
dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people,
others）
The
people
whom/who
I
work
with
are
all
friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the
people）
Mr.
Carter,
whom
I
spoke
to
on
the
phone
last
night,
is
very
interested
in
our
plan.
Mr.
Carter,
to
whom
I
spoke
on
the
phone
last
night,
is
very
interested
in
our
plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom）
Two
men,
neither
of
whom
I
had
ever
seen
before,
came
into
my
office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）
C．Whose
人、物皆可，做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词，先行词和后面的名词之间往往是从属关系。
There
are
some
people
whose
faces
you
can
never
forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）
I
saw
some
trees
whose
leaves
were
black
because
of
the
polluted
air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）
D．Which
1．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English
is
a
language
which
is
easy
to
learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The
children
like
cookies
(which)
my
wife
makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)
2．which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and
this。
Jim
passed
his
driving
test,
which
surprised
everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the
driving
test）
Sheila
couldn't
come
to
the
party,
which
was
a
pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the
party）
3．which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
John
stayed
here
for
a
week,
during
which
time
we
visited
the
West
Lake
together.
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It
might
snow
this
weekend,
in
which
case
we
won't
go
to
Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
E．That
指人时，相当于who
或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。
He
is
the
man
that
lives
next
door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the
man，作主语）
I
don't
like
stories
that
have
unhappy
endings.
我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）
The
dress
(that)
Ann
bought
doesn’t
fit
her
very
well.
安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the
dress，that作宾语可省略）
Is
there
anything
(that)
I
can
do
for
you
有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）
F．As
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①
在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such,
so,
the
same修饰的先行词之后。
Such
men
as
heard
him
were
deeply
moved.
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语）
I've
never
heard
such
stories
as
he
tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）
He
lifted
so
heavy
a
stone
as
no
one
else
can
lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）
比较：
在the
same
as结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the
same
as强调相同，the
same
that注重同一。
She
wore
the
same
dress
as
her
younger
sister
wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）
She
wore
the
same
dress
that
she
wore
at
Mary's
wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物）
②
在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
As
everyone
knows,
Taiwan
belongs
to
China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He
is
from
the
outh,
as
we
can
know
from
his
accent.
他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
必背：
一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。
as
is
known
to
all
这是众所周知的
as
has
been
said
before
如前所说
as
is
often
the
case
情况常常如此
as
may
be
imagined
这可以想象得出
as
has
been
pointed
out
正如已经指出的那样
as
often
happens
这种情况常常发生
由as,
which
引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and
this或and
that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
　　As
we
know,
smoking
is
harmful
to
one\'s
health.
如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The
sun
heats
the
earth,
which
is
very
important
to
us.
太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题　
1）Alice
received
an
invitation
from
her
boss,
___came
as
a
surprise.
A.
it　
B.
that　
C.
which　　D.
he
　
答案C.
此为非限定性从句，不能用
that修饰，而用which.，it
和he
都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The
weather
turned
out
to
be
very
good,
___
was
more
than
we
could
expect.
A.
what　B.
which　C.
that　D.
it
　
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That
不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It
rained
hard
yesterday,
____
prevented
me
from
going
to
the
park..
A.
that　B.
which　　C.
as　
D.
it
　
答案B.
as
和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）as
引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2）
as
代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
as
的用法
例1.
the
same…as；such…as
中的as
是一种固定结构,
和……一样……。例如：
　　
I
have
got
into
the
same
trouble
as
he
（has）.
我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
例2.
as可引导非限制性从句，常带有\'正如\'。例如：
　　
As
we
know,
smoking
is
harmful
to
one\'s
health.
如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
　　
As
is
known,
smoking
is
harmful
to
one\'s
health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
二、关系副引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系副词有when,
where或
why等。when,
where,
why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。
A．when
指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I
still
remember
the
day
when
I
first
came
to
this
school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when=
on
which)
He
came
at
a
time
when
we
needed
him
most.
他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when=
at
which)
We
will
never
forget
the
year
1949,
when
th
People's
Republic
of
China
was
founded.
我们永远忘不了1949年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when=
in
which)
B．where
指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
I
recently
went
back
to
the
town
where
I
was
born.
我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where
=
in
which)
I
would
like
to
live
in
a
country
where
there
is
plety
of
sunshine.
我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where
=
in
which)
What's
the
name
of
the
place
where
you
spent
your
holiday
你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where
=
at
which)
C．why
指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。
Please
tell
me
the
reason
why
you
missed
the
plane.
请告诉我你误机的原因。(why
=
for
which)
Te
reason
why
he
was
punished
is
unknown
to
us.
他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意:
无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。
【误】This
is
the
book
that
I
borrowed
it
yesterday.
【正】This
is
the
book
that
I
borrowed
yesterday.
这就是我昨天借的书。（that在定语从句中取代了先行词the
book，作borowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it）
【误】The
English
Corner
is
the
place
where
people
often
go
there
to
practise
their
spoken
English.
【正】The
English
Corner
is
the
place
where
people
often
go
to
practise
their
spoken
English.
英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where在定语从句中取代了先行词the
pace，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there）
三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。
1.
介词+关系代词中介词的位置
关系代词whom,
which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that,
who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
He
is
a
man
of
rich
experience,
from
whom
much
can
be
learned.
=
He
is
a
man
of
rich
experience,
whom
much
can
be
learned
from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The
school
in
which
he
once
worked
is
a
key
school.
=The
school
(which
that)
he
once
worked
in
is
a
key
school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
The
manager
in
whose
company
I
work
pays
much
attention
to
improving
our
working
conditions.
=The
manager
whose
company
I'm
working
in
pays
much
attention
to
improving
our
working
conditions.
我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
2．介词+关系代词的常见结构
①介词+which
whom
This
is
the
famous
singer
about
whom
we
have
often
talked.
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。
Fortunately
we
had
a
map,
without
which
we
would
have
got
lost.
很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。
②名词+of+
which
/whom
Please
pass
me
the
book
the
cover
of
which
is
blue.
请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose
cover）
③数词+of+
which
/whom
She's
got
three
lucky
pens,
two
of
which
she
never
uses.
她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。
④代词+of+
which
/whom
In
the
basket
I
find
many
apples,
some
of
which
have
gone
bad.
我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There
are
fifty
students
in
our
class,
most
of
whom
are
from
big
cities.
我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
⑤最高级+of+
which
/whom
China
has
thousands
of
islands,
the
largest
of
which
is
Taiwan.
中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
⑥介词+which+名词
He
usually
returns
home
at
ten,
at
which
hour
his
father
locks
all
the
doors
ad
windows.
他通常十点钟回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。
His
wife
got
seriously
ill,
in
which
case
he
had
to
give
up
the
chance
of
going
abroad.
他的妻子病得很重，在这种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。
3．关系代词前介词的选择
在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
①
根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。
The
two
things
of
which
they
felt
proud
were
Jim's
watch
and
Della's
hair.
他们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。（feel
proud
of是固定搭配词组）
In
the
dark
street
there
was
not
a
single
person
to
whom
she
could
turn
for
help.
在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn
to
sb.
for
help是固定搭配词组）
②根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。
I'll
never
forget
the
ay
on
which
I
first
met
him.
我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the
day前面一般用介词on)
Can
you
imagine
a
proper
situation
in
which
the
expression
can
be
used
你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a
situation前面一般用in)
③有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。
Is
that
the
house
in
which
you
once
lived
那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(Live
in
the
house)
④根据所要表达的意思来确定。
This
is
my
pair
of
glasses,
without
which
I
cannot
see
clearly.
这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
注意：
当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
I,
who
am
your
best
friend,
will
do
all
that
I
can
to
help
you.
我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所能来帮你。
The
family,
who
are
fond
of
music,
go
to
the
concert
once
a
month.
这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听一次音乐会。
He
is
one
of
the
boys
in
our
class
who
speak
English
well.
他是班上英语说得很好的男生之一。（one
of
+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式）
He
is
the
only
one
of
the
boys
in
our
class
who
speaks
English
well.
他是班上唯一英语说得很好的男生。（the
(only)
one
the
very
one
the
right
one
of
+复数名词+关系代词
引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
A．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
This
is
the
boy
who
broke
the
window.
这就是打破窗子的孩子。（the
boy是先行词，who
broke
the
indow是限制性定语从句，明确指出the
boy是打破窗子的那个孩子）
I
have
a
book
which
teaches
English
grammar.
我有一本讲解英语语法的书。（a
book是先行词，which
teaches
English
grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰the
book）
The
people
whom
you
met
in
the
hall
are
from
Japan.
你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。（定语从句whom
you
met
in
the
hall定先行词the
people）
B．非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。
I,
who
am
your
friend,
will
share
the
work
with
you.
我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。（I是先行词，who
am
your
friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用）
New
Concept
English
is
intended
for
foeign
students,
which
is
known
to
us
all.
新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。（which
is
known
to
us
all是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明）
C．在下列情况下，通常使用非限制性定语从句。
1．当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。
The
sun,
which
gives
us
light
and
heat,
is
a
fixed
star.
太阳是一颗恒星，它给我们光和热。
Last
year
I
visted
the
People's
Great
Hall,
where
many
important
meetings
are
held
every
year.
去年我参观了人民大会堂，每年许多重要会议都要在那里举行。
2．当定语从句修饰整个主句时。
Taiwan
belongs
to
China,
as
everyone
knows.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
The
weather
was
very
terrible,
which
we
hadn't
expected.
天气非常糟糕，这点们没有料到。
3．当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身指示意义十分明确时。
Mr.
Joe
lives
in
Beijing
now,
which
is
quite
a
long
way
from
here.
乔先生现在住在北京，那里距离这儿很远。
I
congratulate
my
neighbour,
whose
son
has
just
won
the
election.
我祝贺我的邻居，他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。
非限制性定语从句的五个“不能”
(1)
关系词不能用
that
(2)
关系词不能用
why，只能用
for
which
(3)
有且只有
as
能放整个句首，which
不能
(4)
“介词+关系代词
其中的关系代词不能用
as。
介词
+
which/
whom
(5)
指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格
whom;
不能用
who
替换，也不能省略。
四、关系代词和关系副词的选用
引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用，比较复杂除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成份外，还要根据习惯用法而定。
方法一：
用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This
is
the
mountain
village
where
I
stayed
last
year.
这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll
never
forget
the
days
when
I
worked
together
with
you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
　
判断改错：
　
（错）
This
is
the
mountain
village
where
I
visited
last
year.
　
（错）
I
will
never
forget
the
days
when
I
spent
in
the
countryside.
　
（对）
This
is
the
mountain
village
（which）
I
visited
last
year.
　
（对）
I'll
never
forget
the
days
（which）
I
spent
in
the
countryside.
　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词
where,
when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
　
方法二：
准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1.
Is
this
museum
___
you
visited
a
few
days
age
　
A.
where　B.
that　
C.
on
which　
D.
the
one
例2.
Is
this
the
museum
____
the
exhibition
was
held.
　
A.
where　B.
that　
C.
on
which　　D.
the
one
例1变为肯定句：
This
museum
is
___
you
visited
a
few
days
ago.
例2变为肯定句：
This
is
the
museum
___
the
exhibition
was
held.
　　在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,
that,
on
which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the
one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
　　而句2中,
主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因
in
the
museum词组，可用介词in
+
which
引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on
用的不对，所以选A。
　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,
whom,
that,
which,
whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where
地点状语，when
时间状语，why
原因状语）。
A．只用who
1．在非限制定语从句中指人时：
His
mother,
who
loves
him
very
much,
is
strict
with
him.
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
2．先行词是one,
anyone,
those等指人时：
One
who
has
nothing
to
fear
for
hiself
dares
to
tell
the
truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone
who
breaks
the
law
shall
be
published.
任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those
who
are
against
the
plan
put
up
your
hands
please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
3．在there/here
be开头的句子中。
Here
is
a
boy
who
wants
to
see
you.
有个男孩想见你。
B．
只用which
或whom
在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替which
whom。
1．在非限制性定语从句中。
The
weather
was
very
terrible,
which
we
hadn't
expected.
天气非常糟糕，这我们没有料到。
2．介词后面。
关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。
He
climbed
up
to
the
top
of
a
large
rock,
from
which
he
got
a
good
view.
他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from
where）
Sound
is
a
tool,
by
means
of
which
people
communicate
with
each
other.
声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。
C．只用that
1．当先行词为everything,
anything,
nothing,
all,
none,
few,
little等词时，或当先行词被every,
any,
all,some,
no,
little,
few,
much等词修饰时。
Everything
that
they
said
was
true.
他所说的一切都是真的。
He
is
dead
and
there's
nothing
that
can
be
done.
他死了，再也没有什么办法了。
There
was
little
that
we
could
do
to
help
her.
我们没有什么能帮助她的。
These
walls
are
all
that
remain
of
the
ancint
city.
这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。
提示:
something
后面可用which引导定语从句。
There
is
something(which/
that)
I'd
like
to
tell
you.
有些事我想告诉你。
2．当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The
first
place
(that)
they
visited
in
London
was
the
Big
Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
She
was
probably
the
hardest
working
student
(that)
I
have
ever
taught.
她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。
3．当先行词被the
very,
the
only修饰时。
This
is
the
very
grammar
book
(that)
I
want
to
buy.
这正是我要买的语法书。
Beauty
is
the
only
thing
(that)
Emily
can
be
proud
of.
美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。
4．当先行词为who或前面有who,
which等疑问代词时。
Who
that
has
common
sense
will
believe
such
nonsense
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
Who
is
the
man
that
is
standing
by
the
gate
站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which
is
the
T-shirt
that
fits
me
most
哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
5．当先行词为人与事物或动物时。
The
driver
and
his
car
that
fell
into
the
river
have
not
yet
been
discovered.
掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。
The
boy
and
his
dog
that
were
believed
to
be
lost
in
the
wood
were
rescued
this
morning.
被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
6．先行词在定语从句中做表语时。
She
is
no
longer
the
sweet
girl
(that)
she
used
to
be.
她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。
He
is
not
the
man
(that)
he
seems.
他这人不貌相。
D．关系副词与关系代词的选择
当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。
I
will
never
forget
the
days
when
we
spent
our
holidays
together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。（when作状语）
I
will
never
forget
the
days
which
we
spent
together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。（which作we
spent宾语）
I
know
a
place
where
we
can
have
a
picnic.
我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。（where作状语）
I
know
a
place
which
is
famous
for
its
beautiful
natural
scenery.
我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。（which作主语）
E．关系词的省略
在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。
1．关系代词that,
which,
who,
whom在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。
Are
these
keys
(that
which)
you
were
looking
for
这是你正在寻找的钥匙吗？
The
man
(who
that)
I
was
sitting
net
to
on
the
plane
talked
all
the
time.
飞机上坐在我旁边的那个人一直在喋喋不休。
2．以the
way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in
which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
I
don't
like
the
way
(that
in
which)
she
walks.
我不喜欢她走路的样子。
The
way
(that
in
which)
he
answered
the
questions
was
surprising.
他回答这些问题的方式令惊奇。
3．在the
time
when,
the
place
where,
the
reason
why结构中，when,
where,
why可省略。
I
shall
never
forget
the
day
(when)
we
first
met.
我永远不能忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
That's
the
place
(where)
he
stayed
when
he
was
in
the
country.
那就是他在乡下呆过的地方。
F．定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1．定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，起限定作用。而同位语从句等同于它所修饰的名词，是名词性的，其功能是对所修饰的名词作补充说明。
It
is
a
fact
(that)
you
can't
deny.
这是一个你不能否认的事实。（定语从句）
It
is
a
fact
that
she
has
done
her
best.
她尽了最大的努力，这是事实。（同位语从句）
2．在定语从句中，that代先行词，在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当某个句子成分，在作宾语时通常可省略。而在同位语从句中，that只起连接主句和从句的作用，无意义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不可省。
The
news
(that)
we
heard
spread
all
over
the
school
campus.
我们听到的消息传遍了校园。（定语从句）
The
news
that
Mr.
Li
will
be
our
new
English
teacher
is
true.
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。（同位从句）
五、判断定语从句引导词的一般思路
1.
明确引导词的常规用法
定语从句的引导词在定语从句中不仅起到引导从句的作用，而且都有具体含义，因此定语从句的引导词，包括that，在定语从句中一定充当一个句子成分。从词性上看，这些引导词可以分为两大类：代词和副词。that,
which,
who,
whom，as等为代词，when,
where,
why等为副词。代词类的引导词在定语从句中可以充当主语、表语或宾语，副词类的引导词可以充当状语。从具体用法上看，that即可代人也可代物，which只能代物，who和whom只能代人，分别作主语和宾语。as引导定语从句时为代词，可作主语、宾语或表语。在定语从句中，when作时间状语，where作地点状语，why作原因状语。
2.
明确定语从句的逻辑语序
一般说来,定语从句和其他各类从句一样采用陈述句的语序，但实际上和一般陈述句的语序并不完全相同。相同之处在于和陈述句一样，定语从句也是主语在前、谓语动词在后的语序，不同之处在于引导词要位于从句句首，因为引导词的作用就在于引导从句。如上文分析，定语从句的引导词既是从句中的一个句子成分，还必须位于从句句首，这就造成了从句的实际语序和逻辑语序不一致的现象，对理解引导词在定语从句中充当的成分造成困难，分析从句的逻辑语序就成了确定引导词在从句中充当何种句子成分的有效手段。
3.
明确句子成分的基本概念
分析定语从句的实际语序和逻辑语序离不开对各种基本句子成分的概念的准确理解。一般说来，主语和宾语由名词或代词充当，而表示时间、地点或原因的结构往往是句子的状语。根据定语从句引导词的词性可以确定that，which，who，whom，as等代词性的引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，而when，where，why等副词在从句中作状语。
4.
确定定语从句引导词的一般思路
在明确了引导词的常规用法、定语从句的逻辑语序和句子成分的基本概念之后，我们可以通过如下思路逐步确定定语从句的引导词：
（1）
通过分析定语从句的逻辑语序确定引导词在句中是何成分。
（2）
根据引导词在从句中充当的成分确定引导词的词性。如果引导词在从句中为主语或宾语，则引导词为代词，并且定语从句中充当宾语的引导词可以省略；如果引导词在句中为状语，则引导词为副词。
（3）
确定了引导词的词性之后，参考先行词和句意最终确定引导词。如果引导词为代词，其必然代指先行词。先行词为物，则用that或which，先行词为人，则用that或who（whom）；如果引导词为副词，则根据句意判断其为时间、地点或是原因，分别对应when，where和why。
练习：
They
talked
for
about
an
hour
of
things
and
persons
_____
they
remembered
in
the
factory.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
who
D.
whom
We
are
going
to
spend
this
Spring
Festival
in
Beijing,
_____
live
our
grandparents
and
some
relatives.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
who
D.
where
There
are
many
areas
in
the
world
_____
lack
experienced
doctors.
A.
where
B.
in
which
C.
which
D.
what
The
years
and
months
_____
we
spent
together
are
really
wonderful
to
us
all.
A.
when
B.
on
which
C.
in
which
D.
that
_____
has
been
described
above,
it
is
a
general
rule
that
solids
expand
as
the
temperature
increases
and
contract
when
they
are
cooled.
A.
It
B.
As
C.
That
D.
Which
The
boss
in
_____
company
Miss
Read
worked
called
at
the
hospital.
A.
who’s
B.
which
C.
whose
D.
this
He
told
me
_____
had
happened
to
him.
A.
all
B.
everything
C.
all
what
D.
what
Susan
is
not
the
brilliant
writer
_____
she
used
to
be.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
who
D.
whom
I,
who
_____
your
friend,
will
try
my
best
to
help
you.
A.
be
B.
am
C.
are
D.
is
The
size
of
the
audience,
_____
we
had
expected,
was
well
over
1600.
A.
as
B.
that
C.
which
D.
who
They
have
started
an
investigation,
_____
are
being
kept
secret.
A.
whose
detail
B.
whose
the
details
C.
the
details
of
which
D.
the
detail
of
it
Have
you
ever
asked
him
the
reason
_____
may
explain
his
absence
A.
why
B.
for
which
C.
which
D.
what
Mr
Seal
has
changed
a
lot,
and
many
of
his
friends
say
that
he
is
not
the
same
man
_____.
A.
like
he
was
B.
as
he
used
to
be
C.
as
he
was
used
to
D.
like
what
he
was
There
were
two
rooms
in
the
beach
house,
_____
served
as
a
kitchen.
A.
the
smaller
of
them
B.
the
smallest
of
which
C.
the
smaller
of
which
D.
smallest
of
which
Mont
Blanc
_____
we
visited
last
summer,
is
the
highest
mountain
in
Europe.
A.
where
B.
that
C.
which
D.
,
which
He
imagined
various
ways
_____
he
could
teach
her
how
to
learn
English
well.
A.
/
B.
that
C.
in
which
D.
A
,
B
&
C
The
speed
_____
light
travels
is
said
to
be
the
maximum
in
the
universe.
A.
in
which
B.
by
which
C.
at
which
D.
from
which
Can
you
think
out
a
situation
_____
this
idiom
can
be
used
A.
in
which
B.
that
C.
where
D.
A
&
C
China
has
hundreds
of
islands,
_____
is
Taiwan.
A.
in
which
the
largest
B.
its
largest
of
which
C.
of
which
the
largest
D.
which
the
largest
We
ate
in
a
luxurious
restaurant
but
it
wasn’t
such
a
good
dinner
_____
she
had
promised
us.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
as
D.
what
Edison
made
a
lot
of
inventions,
_____of
great
importance.
A.
which
I
think
they
B.
which
I
think
they
are
C.
which
I
think
are
D.
I
think
which
are
They
stayed
with
me
for
three
weeks,
_____
they
drank
all
the
wine
I
had.
A.
which
B.
which
time
C.
during
which
D.
during
which
time
She
was
dressed
in
the
same
way
_____
she
was
when
I
saw
her
last
time.
A.
that
B.
as
C.
once
D.
in
which
The
fire
started
on
the
first
floor
of
the
hospital,
_____
patients
are
mostly
elderly
people.
A.
its
B.
which
C.
whose
D.
their
The
company
official
_____
I
thought
would
be
fired
received
a
raise.
A.
whom
B.
whoever
C.
who
D.
of
whom
Alec
asked
the
policeman
_____
he
worked
to
contact
him
whenever
there
was
an
accident.
A.
with
him
B.
who
C.
whom
D.
with
whom
We
are
living
in
an
age
_____
many
things
are
done
on
computer.
A.
at
which
B.
that
C.
when
D.
which
The
factory
produces
half
a
million
pairs
of
shoes
every
year,
80%
_____
are
sold
abroad.
A.
which
B.
which
of
C.
of
which
D.
of
that
The
road
conditions
there
turned
out
to
be
very
good,
_____
was
more
than
we
could
expect.
A.
it
B.
which
C.
what
D.
that
He’s
such
a
good
teacher
_____
we
all
love
and
respect.
A.
that
B.
as
C
who
D.
whom
---Is
that
the
small
town
you
often
refer
to
---Right,
just
the
one
_____
you
know
I
used
to
work
for
years.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
where
D.
what
Today,
more
and
more
people
are
concerned
about
the
way
_____
the
environment
is
being
destroyed.
A.
which
B.
in
that
C.
in
which
D.
how
Is
that
_____
he
has
reserved
for
his
wedding
A.
restaurant
the
one
B.
the
restaurant
C.
restaurant
D.
A
&
B
The
hours
_____
the
children
spent
in
their
one
way
relationship
with
television
people
undoubtedly
affect
their
relationship
with
real
life
people.
Which
is
wrong
A.
when
B.
that
C.
/
D.
which
It
is
the
one
of
the
best
films_____.
A.
which
have
been
made
in
China
B.
that
has
ever
been
made
in
China
C.
that
have
ever
been
made
in
China
D.
which
has
been
made
in
China
The
old
man
finally
got
a
chance
to
visit
the
school,
_____
he
used
to
study,
_____
he
had
been
dreaming
of
for
years.
A.
that…
which
B.
where…
that
C.
in
which…what
D.
where…which
The
doctor
_____
is
going
to
operate
_____
your
uncle.
A.
to
whom
a
nurse
is
talking…/
B.
a
nurse
is
talking
to
him…/
C.
whom
a
nurse
is
talking…on
D.
a
nurse
is
talking
to…on
This
is
the
least
interesting
book
_____
during
my
holidays.
A.
that
I
have
ever
read
it
B.
what
I
have
ever
read
C.
I
have
ever
read
D.
which
I
have
ever
read
I
have
brought
two
pens,
_____
writes
well.
A.
neither
of
them
B.
both
of
which
C.
and
both
of
them
D.
neither
of
which
There
comes
a
time
in
every
man’s
life
_____.
A.
then
he
has
to
think
B.
which
he
needs
C.
when
he
has
to
think
D.
at
that
time
he
has
to
think
The
result
is
not
the
same
_____
they
had
expected,
_____
was
rather
disappointing.
A.
which…as
B.
as...
that
C.
that…which
D.
as…
which
We
interviewed
the
old
lady,
_____
had
been
killed
in
the
air
crash
last
week.
A.
whose
all
children
B.
all
her
children
C.
all
of
her
children
D.
all
of
whose
children
There
are
altogether
eleven
books
on
the
shelf,
_____
are
mine.
A.
of
which
five
B.
in
which
five
C.
five
of
which
D.
A
&
C
_____
was
lying.
A.
Those
who
told
you
that
B.
Anyone
told
you
that
C.
Whoever
told
you
that
D.
Who
told
you
that
---Is
this
dictionary
_____
you
want
to
buy
---Yes,
this
is
the
very
dictionary
_____
I
need.
A.
which…that
B.
the
one…which
C.
the
one…/
D.
the
one
that…which
I’ll
give
you
my
friend’s
home
address,
_______
I
can
be
reached
most
evenings.
A.
which
B.
when
C.
whom
D.
where
The
friendship
is
like
health,
_____
is
seldom
known
until
it
is
lost.
A.
its
value
B.
the
value
of
it
C.
the
value
of
which
D.
whose
the
value
I
can
think
of
many
cases
_____
students
obviously
knew
a
lot
of
English
words
and
expressions
but
couldn’t
write
a
good
essay.
A.
which
B.
in
which
C.
where
D.
B
&
C
The
artist
_____
the
judge
gave
a
prize
is
the
teacher
_____
I
have
been
taught
painting
for
two
years.
A.
from
whom…by
whom
B.
to
whom…who
C.
to
whom…by
whom
D.
from
whom…who
We
must
go
_____
we
are
most
needed.
A.
where
B.
to
which
C.
to
the
place
where
D.
A
&
C
American
women
usually
identify
their
best
friend
as
someone
_____
they
can
talk
frequently.
A.
who
B.
as
C.
about
which
D.
with
whom
Last
night,
I
took
a
taxi,
_____
took
me
straight
home.
A.
and
it
B.
it
C.
which
D.
A
&
C
I
shall
never
forget
the
days
_____
I
lived
in
the
countryside
with
the
farmers,
_____
has
a
great
effect
on
my
life.
A.
when…that
B.
when…when
C.
when…which
D.
which…which
_____
all
that
_____
to
be
done
been
done
A.
Have...have
B.
Have…has
C.
Has…has
D.
Has…have
The
town
_____
you
visited
last
month
is
the
one
_____
Einstein
was
born.
A.
where…where
B.
which…which
C.
that…where
D.
that...which
--Why
am
I
so
slow
at
doing
the
cloze
test
--I
guess
you
didn't
realize
the
use
______
the
contexts.
A.
you
should
have
made
of
B.
you
must
have
made
from
C.
from
which
you
could
have
made
D.
out
of
which
you
need
make
Don’t
leave
the
knife
_____.
Which
is
wrong
A.
in
a
place
where
children
can
get
it
B.
where
children
can
get
it
C.
in
a
place
which
is
within
children’s
reach
D.
in
which
children
can
get
it
_____
is
known
to
all,
China
will
be
a
_____
and
powerful
country
in
30
years’
time.
A.
That…developing
B.
It…developed
C.
It…developing
D.
As…developed
He’s
got
himself
into
a
dangerous
situation
_____
he
is
likely
to
lose
control
over
the
plane.
A.
where
B.
which
C.
at
which
D.
in
that
Tom’s
mother
kept
telling
that
he
should
work
harder,
_____
didn’t
help.
A.
but
it
B.
as
C.
which
D.
A
&
C
I’m
looking
for
a
present
for
my
mother’s
birthday,
_____
she
can
use
and
at
a
reasonable
price.
A.
that
B.
one
C.
what
D.
which
--Do
you
have
anything
in
mind
_____
you’d
like
for
supper
--Well,
_____
is
okay
with
me.
A.
that…anything
B.
which…everything
C.
what…whatever
D.
where…something
Father
was
disappointed
to
see
the
radio
_____
went
wrong
again.
A.
he
had
it
repaired
B.
he
had
repaired
it
C.
had
been
repaired
D.
he
had
had
repaired
There
isn’t
much
_____
I
can
do,
_____
makes
me
disappointed.
A.
that…which
B.
which…that
C.
that…that
D.
which…which
That
e-book
is
no
larger
than
an
ordinary
book
with
a
screen
_____
you
can
read
novels.
A.
in
which
B.
that
C.
where
D.
of
which
"Who
moved
my
cheese ”,
_____
is
a
best-selling
book,
is
written
by
Spencer
Johnson.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
it
D.
whose
Shirley
said
that
she
would
have
a
two-week
holiday
in
July,
_____
I
think,
is
impossible.
A.
it
B.
that
C.
when
D.
which
The
girl
_____
everybody
had
thought
would
win
a
gold
medal
failed
at
last.
A.
which
B.
whom
C.
who
D.
what
It
was
an
exciting
moment
for
these
football
fans
this
year,
_____
for
the
first
time
in
years
their
team
won
the
World
Cup.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
when
D.
while
The
curious
child
didn’t
believe
the
fact
_____.
A.
that
most
of
them
thought
it
to
be
true
B.
most
of
them
thought
to
be
true
C.
what
most
of
them
thought
was
true
D.
as
most
of
them
thought
true
I
was
so
angry
at
all
_____
he
was
doing
_____
I
walked
out.
A.
that…that
B.
which…that
C.
which…which
D.
/…which
Nothing
but
a
few
pictures
_____
given
to
Tom,
_____
he
was
fond
of.
A.
was…which
B.
were…which
C.
was…that
D.
were…that
TV’s
influence
should
be
measured
not
only
in
terms
of
immediate
change
in
behavior,
but
also
by
the
extent
_____
it
develops
a
certain
view
of
life.
A.
which
B.
by
which
C.
in
which
D.
to
which
The
conclusion
_____
the
police
came
to
_____
he
was
innocent
didn’t
satisfy
everybody.
A.
that…which
B.
/…that
C.
which…which
D.
that…/
The
moment
he
set
his
foot
in
the
new
country,
to
his
great
surprise,
he
was
surrounded
by
friendly
people
_____
he
could
turn
for
help.
A.
from
whom
B.
to
whom
C.
on
whom
D.
by
whom
All
of
the
flowers
now
raised
here
have
developed
from
those
_____
wild
in
the
forest.
A.
once
they
grew
B.
they
grew
once
C.
that
once
grew
D.
once
grew
It
was
not
until
Mum
agreed
to
take
her
to
KFC,
_____
was
her
favorite,
_____
the
spoilt
girl
stopped
crying.
A.
that…that
B.
that…which
C.
which…that
D.
which…which
You
can
use
a
large
plastic
bottle,
_____
cut
off,
as
a
pot
to
grow
flowers
in.
Which
is
wrong
A.
the
top
of
which
is
B.
whose
top
is
C.
its
top
is
D.
with
its
top
The
book
about
new
approaches
to
English
teaching
_____
I’ve
read
some,
was
written
by
our
English
teacher.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
of
that
D.
of
which
The
British
are
not
so
familiar
with
different
cultures
and
ways
of
doing
things,
______is
often
the
case
in
other
countries.
A.
that
B.
so
C.
what
D.
as
Among
all
the
contestants,
only
Mary
_____
had
supposed
could
win
the
first
prize.
A.
who
B.
/
C.
I
D.
that
Keep
the
drug
_____
is
out
of
children’s
reach.
A.
in
a
place
where
B.
where
C.
in
a
place
which
D.
in
which
The
price
of
the
food
and
vegetables
_____
we
had
expected.
A.
were
a
little
lower
than
B.
was
cheaper
than
C.
was
a
little
higher,
as
D.
were
higher,
which
---Where
did
you
see
him
---
It
was
in
the
bookstore
_____
your
mother
worked.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
where
D.
in
which
When
we
talk
about
the
cities
in
United
States,
the
first
_____
comes
into
our
mind
is
New
York.
A.
one
B.
city
C.
that
D.
which
He
arrived
in
Shanghai
in
2003,
_____,
some
time
later,
he
became
a
teacher.
A.
when
B.
where
C.
that
D.
which
At
this
critical
moment,
we
badly
need
a
mayor
to
handle
this
difficult
situation,
_____.
A.
for
whom
every
citizen
has
confidence
B.
in
whom
every
citizen
has
confidence
C.
who
every
citizen
has
confidence
D.
whom
everyone
has
confidence
The
challenge
is
to
create
a
system,
_____
the
farmers
can
teach
the
world
about
plant
medicine.
A.
where
B.
which
C.
when
D.
for
which
To
save
money
for
my
education,
my
mother
often
takes
on
more
work
_____
good
for
her.
A.
than
what
is
B.
than
that
is
C.
than
it
is
D.
than
is
Jogging
on
the
road
was
one
of
the
reasons
_____
21
people,
including
20
students
and
1
teacher,
died
and
another
16
were
injured
in
the
accident
in
Shanxi
Province.
A.
because
B.
which
C.
for
which
D.
how
After
five
hours’
drive,
they
reached
_____
they
thought
was
the
place
they’d
been
dreaming
of.
A.
that
B.
what
C.
where
D.
the
place
where
It
was
in
the
Beihai
Park,
_____
they
made
a
date
for
the
first
time
_____
the
old
couple
told
us
their
love
story.
A.
where…that
B.
that…that
B.
that…where
D.
where…when
I
feel
disappointed
as
the
new
house
isn’t
quite
_____
it
should
be.
A.
as
B.
that
C.
what
D.
which
The
war
and
the
suffering
_____
caused
affected
him
greatly.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
it
D.
what
Is
this
factory
_____
you
came
to
try
the
newly
invented
machine
with
the
workers
A.
the
one
that
B.
the
one
C.
where
D.
in
which
Living
in
the
countryside
has
many
advantages,
_____
freedom
from
noise
is
the
best.
A.
which
B.
whose
C.
of
which
D.
to
which
The
scientists
and
technicians
overcame
a
lot
of
difficulty
_____
the
personal
computer.
A.
they
had
developing
B.
having
developing
C.
they
had
developed
D.
that
had
to
develop
It
was
said
_____
the
reason
_____
my
teacher
was
against
the
plan.
A.
that
was…that
B.
that
that
was…for
C.
that
was…why
D.
that
that
was…why
Later
in
this
chapter
cases
will
be
introduced
to
readers
_____
consumer
complaints
have
resulted
in
changes
in
the
law.
A.
where
B.
when
C.
who
D.
which
A
child
notices
a
thousand
times
a
day
the
differences
between
the
language
he
uses
and
the
language
_____
around
him
use.
A.
who
B.
those
C.
that
D.
which