备战2018高考英语一轮复习重难点语法讲解 独立主格结构

高中语法——独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式
1、逻辑主语+V-ing
这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：
(1).
Such
being
the
case,
I
couldn’t
help
but
support
him.
(2).
Silver
is
the
best
conductor
of
electricity,
copper
following
it
closely.
(3).
Weather
permitting,
they
decided
to
go
for
an
outing.
(4).
There
being
no
buses,
we
had
to
walk
home
after
work
yesterday.
(5).
The
thief
fell
to
the
ground,
his
left
foot
broken
and
blood
running
down
from
his
mouth.
(6).
Time
permitting,
we
could
have
done
it
better.
(7).
It
being
noisy,
she
couldn’t
make
herself
heard
clearly.
(8).
It
being
too
late,
he
couldn’t
find
himself
any
taxis.
(9).
It
being
fine,
we
will
go
climbing.
(10).
The
Green’s
has
been
broken
into
three
times,
each
resulting
in
their
great
loss.
(11)The
thieves
ran
away
separately,
each
carrying
a
bag.
1.
__________no
bus,
we
had
to
walk
home.
A.
There
being
B.
Being
C.
Having
been
D.
There
was
2.
_______no
bus,
we
had
to
walk
home.
A.
As
there
being
B.
As
there
was
C.
Being
D.
There
was
3.
_______Sunday,
the
library
doesn't
open.
A.
Being
B.
There
being
C.
It
being
D.
Having
been
4.
______Sunday,
the
library
doesn't
open.
A.
As
it
being
B.
Being
C.
It
is
D.
As
it
is
2、逻辑主语+V-ed
该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：
(1).
His
eyes
still
fixed
on
the
map,
he
did
some
serious
thinking.
(2).
The
boy
stood
at
the
table,
his
eyes
fixed
on
the
food
in
the
plate.
(3).
The
job
finished,
we
went
home
straight
away.
(4).
The
sum
added,
we
will
have
enough
money
for
the
trip.
(5).
The
actress
looked
pure
and
fresh,
dressed
in
a
white
shirt
and
army
trousers,
her
hair
done
up
in
pigtails.
1.
_________,
the
train
started.
A.
The
signal
given
B.
Giving
the
signal
C.
The
signal
being
given
D.
The
signal
giving
2.
__________,
the
train
started.
A.
After
having
given
the
signal
B.
After
the
signal
given
C.
Giving
the
signal
D.
After
the
signal
was
given
3.
_________,
the
text
became
easier
for
us
to
learn.
A.
Explaining
new
words
B.
New
words
explained
C.
Being
explained
new
words
D.
Having
explained
new
words
4.
______________,
the
text
became
easier
for
us
to
learn.
A.
When
new
words
were
explained
B.
Explaining
new
words
C.
New
words
explaining
D.
Being
explained
new
words
3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）
该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如：
(1).
He
entered
the
room,
his
nose
red
with
colD.
(2).
He
sat
in
the
front
row,his
mouth
half
open.
(3).
Dinner
over,
we
decided
to
play
bridge.
(4).
Father
away,
he
played
games
with
his
friends.
1.
___________,
the
patient
can
leave
the
hospital.
A.
Better
conditions
B.
Conditions
better
C.
Conditions
are
better
D.
Being
better
conditions
2.
_________,
the
patient
can
leave
the
hospital.
A.
If
better
conditions
B.
If
conditions
better
C.
If
conditions
are
better
D.
Being
better
conditions
3.
________,
we’d
like
to
go
outing.
A.
Being
Sunday
B.
Sunday
OK
C.
Sunday
is
OK
D.
If
Sunday
OK
4.
___________,
we’d
like
to
go
outing.
A.
If
Sunday
is
OK
B.
Sunday
being
OK
C.
Sunday
OK
D.
A,B
and
C
5.
_________,
you
can
wait
a
while.
A.
The
play
being
still
on
B.
The
play
still
on
C
Being
still
on
the
play
D.
A
and
B
6.
_________,
so
you
can
wait
a
while
A.
The
play
is
still
on
B.
The
play
being
still
on
C.
As
the
play
is
still
on
D.
The
play
still
on
4、逻辑主语+介词短语
该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。如：
(1).
---Can
I
help
you
---I’d
like
to
buy
a
presend
for
my
father’s
birthday,
one
at
a
proper
price
but
of
great
value.
(2).
In
half
an
hour
Delia
came,
her
right
hand
in
bandage.
(3).
Book
in
hand,
Mr
Smith
came
in.
(4).
Gun
on
shoulder,
the
soldiers
are
marching
on.
1.
The
boy
followed
the
nobleman
here,
___________.
A.
a
sword
in
hand
B.
a
sword
in
his
hand
C.
being
a
sword
in
hand
D.
sword
in
hand
2.
The
boy
followed
the
nobleman
here
___________.
A.
with
a
sword
in
his
hand
B.
with
a
sword
in
hand
C.
with
a
sword
being
in
hand
D.
a
sword
being
in
hand
3.
He
left
the
office,
__________.
A.
tears
being
in
eyes
B.
tears
in
eyes
C.
being
tears
in
eyes
D.
with
tears
being
in
eyes
4.
He
left
the
office
__________.
A.
with
tears
being
in
eyes
B.
with
tears
in
his
eyes
C.
being
tears
in
eyes
D.
tears
being
in
eyes
5、逻辑主语+名词
(1).
A
team
of
15
Indian
experts
are
organizing
a
workforce
of
400
Cambodians,
most
of
them
(
being
)
women.
独立主格结构
,
and
most
of
them
are
women.
并列句
;
most
of
them
are
women.
并列句
,
most
of
whom
are
women.
定语从句
(2).
The
doctor
has
two
daughters,
one
a
nurse,
the
other
an
engineer.
二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：
1、原因状语
该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
1).
________
no
bus,
we
had
to
walk
home.
A.
There
being
B.
As
there
was
C.
There
was
D.
A
and
B
2).
_________Sunday,
the
library
doesn't
open.
A.
It
being
B.
As
it
is
C.
Being
D.
A
and
B
3).
____________,
I
had
to
ask
for
two
days’
leave.
A.
Mother
being
ill
B.
Mother
ill
C.
As
mother
was
ill
D.
A,B
and
C
4).
____________,
we
have
to
work
late
into
the
night.
A.
The
exam
near
B.
The
exam
being
near
C.
As
the
exam
is
near
D.
A,B
and
C
2、时间状语
独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when,
as
soon
as,
after等引导的时间状语从句。如：
1).
__________,
the
train
started.
A.
The
signal
given
B.
After
the
signal
was
given
C.
Given
the
signal
D.
A
and
B
2).
__________,
the
text
became
easier
for
us
to
learn.
A.
New
words
explained
B.
When
new
words
were
explained
C.
When
teacher
explained
new
words
D.
all
above
3、条件状语
独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如：
1).
___________,
we'll
go
to
visit
the
Great
Wall.
A.
Weather
permitting
B.
If
weather
permits
C.
If
permitting
D.
A
and
B
2).
_________,
the
patient
will
recover
himself
soon.
A.
If
the
treatment
is
in
time
B.
The
treatment
in
time
C.
The
treatment
being
in
time
D.
A,B
and
C
4、伴随状语
独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：
1).
We
have
lessons
every
day,
___________.
A.
Sunday
included
B.
Sunday
including
C.
Sunday
is
including
D.
all
the
above
2).
The
boy
fell
asleep,___________.
A.
cap
on
head
B.
with
a
cap
on
head
C.
a
cap
was
on
head
D.
all
the
above
3).
Father
came
home,_________
A.
a
dog
following
him
B.
a
dog
followed
him
C.
being
followed
by
a
dog
D.
all
the
above
with
+
复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法
“with
+
复合宾语”结构是指“with
+宾语（名词或代词）+形容词或副词、非谓语动词（分词、不定式）等”所构成的一种介词短语。
He
likes
to
sleep
with
the
door
open.
The
man
raised
his
head
with
eyes
full
of
wonder
and
mystery.
With
production
up
by
60%,
The
company
has
had
another
excellent
year.
The
naughty
boy
stood
before
his
teacher
with
his
head
down.
It
was
quiet
night,
with
the
moon
high
up
in
the
sky.
The
woman
walked
along
the
river
with
his
head
down.
She
said
it
with
tears
in
her
eyes.
He
sat
there
thinking
with
his
chin
on
his
hand.
With
tears
of
joy
in
her
eyes,
she
saw
her
daughter
married.
The
soldier
stood
guard
with
a
rifle
in
his
hand.
It
being
hot
last
summer,
he
slept
with
the
windows
open
at
night.
She
used
to
sit
reading
in
the
evening
with
her
pet
dog
her
only
companion.
He
died
with
his
daughter
yet
a
school
girl.
She
stood
there
chatting
with
her
friends,
with
her
daughter
playing
beside
her.
He
sat
there
alone,
with
tears
streaming
down
his
cheeks.
With
the
exams
coming
next
week,
I
have
no
time
for
a
social
life.
With
other
conditions
being
equal,
the
pressure
remains
constant.
Without
anyone
noticing,
he
slipped
out
of
the
room.
The
murderer
was
brought
in,
with
his
hands
tied
behind
his
back.
With
his
wallet
stolen,
Mr
Hill
dare
not
return
home
to
face
his
wife.
With
all
she
needed
bought,
she
left
the
supermarket
happily.
She
listened
to
the
music
of
Mozart
With
her
face
bathed
in
tears.
I
sat
in
my
room
for
a
few
evenings,
with
my
eyes
glued
to
a
book.
You
can
use
a
large
plastic
bottle,
with
its
top
cut
off,
as
a
pot
to
grow
young
plants
in.
The
hero
walked
towards
the
top
of
the
hill,
with
his
arms
tied
behind
himself.
He
can’t
go
to
see
the
film
with
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
With
you
to
lead
us,
our
group
is
sure
to
succeed.
With
ten
minutes
to
go,
you’d
better
hurry.
该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：
1、原因状语
1.
With
the
man
______
us
ahead,
we
had
no
trouble
finding
the
village.
A.
to
guide
B.
guiding
C.
guided
D.
to
have
guide
2.
With
a
lot
of
work_____,
she
doesn’t
have
time
to
rest.
A.
to
do
B.
to
be
done
C.
doing
D.
done
3.
With
the
machine
_____all
the
time,
we
finished
harvesting
crops
in
time.
A.
to
work
B.
worked
C.
working
D.
being
working
2、时间状语
1.
The
street
looks
more
beautiful
with
all
the
lights
_____.
A.
are
on
B.
on
C.
to
be
on
D.
been
on
2.
With
our
problem
________,
we
all
felt
happy.
A.
to
settle
B.
to
be
settled
C.
settled
D.
being
settled
3.
With
his
work______,
the
secretary
began
to
walk
home.
A.
to
do
B.
doing
C.
done
D.
to
be
done
3、伴随状语
1.
She
left
the
offices
with
tears
________.
A.
in
her
eyes
B.
in
eyes
C.
being
in
eyes
D.
to
be
in
eyes
2.
The
man
found
the
door
with
both
his
eyes
______.
A.
to
be
closed
B.
being
closed
C.
closed
D.
closing
3.
We
felt
uncomfortable
with
two
waitresses_______.
A.
standing
by
B.
to
be
standing
by
C.
stood
by
D.
being
standing
by
4.
The
murderer
was
brought
in,
with
his
hands________.
A.
to
be
tied
behind
B.
tied
behind
C.
tying
behind
D.
being
tied
behind
5.
You
can’t
see
well
________.
A.
with
the
glasses
on
B.
being
on
the
glasses
C.
with
the
glasses
to
be
on
D.
with
the
glasses
4、后置定语
1.
Do
you
know
the
man
______
a
book
in
his
hand
A.
with
B.
having
C.
being
D.
A
and
B
2.
Please
offer
your
seat
to
the
woman
_____
a
baby
in
her
arms.
A.
carrying
B.
having
C.
with
D.
all
the
above