备战2018高考英语一轮复习重难点语法讲解 句子成分与结构

高中英语语法——句子成分与结构
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there
be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词前面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During
the
1990s,
American
country
music
has
become
more
and
more
popular.（名词）
We
often
speak
English
in
class.（代词）
One-third
of
the
students
in
this
class
are
girls.（数词）
To
swim
in
the
river
is
a
great
pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking
does
harm
to
the
health.（动名词）
The
rich
should
help
the
poor.（名词化的形容词）
When
we
are
going
to
have
an
English
test
has
not
been
decided.（主语从句）
It
is
necessary
to
master
a
foreign
language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He
practices
running
every
morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You
may
keep
the
book
for
two
weeks.
He
has
caught
a
bad
cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We
are
students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,
become,
get,
look,
grow,
turn,
seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our
teacher
of
English
is
an
American.（名词）
Is
it
yours （代词）
The
weather
has
turned
cold.（形容词）
The
speech
is
exciting.（分词）
Three
times
seven
is
twenty
one （数词）
His
job
is
to
teach
English.（不定式）
His
hobby（爱好）is
playing
football.（动名词）
The
machine
must
be
out
of
order.（介词短语）
Time
is
up.
The
class
is
over.（副词）
The
truth
is
that
he
has
never
been
abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They
went
to
see
an
exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The
heavy
rain
prevented
me
form
coming
to
school
on
time.（代词）
How
many
dictionaries
do
you
have
I
have
five.（数词）
They
helped
the
old
with
their
housework
yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He
pretended
not
to
see
me.（不定式短语）
I
enjoy
listening
to
popular
music.（动名词短语）
I
think（that）he
is
fit
for
his
office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend
me
your
dictionary,
please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They
elected
him
their
monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His
father
named
him
Dongming.（名词）
They
painted
their
boat
white.（形容词）
Let
the
fresh
air
in.（副词）
You
mustn’t
force
him
to
lend
his
money
to
you.（不定式短语）
We
saw
her
entering
the
room.（现在分词）
We
found
everything
in
the
lab
in
good
order.（介词短语）
We
will
soon
make
our
city
what
your
city
is
now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin
is
a
beautiful
city.（形容词）
China
is
a
developing
country;
America
is
a
developed
country.（分词）
There
are
thirty
women
teachers
is
our
school.（名词）
His
rapid
progress
in
English
made
us
surprised.（代词）
Our
monitor
is
always
the
first
to
enter
the
classroom.（不定式短语）
The
teaching
plan
for
next
term
has
been
worked
out.（动名词）
He
is
reading
an
article
about
how
to
learn
English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light
travels
most
quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He
has
lived
in
the
city
for
ten
years.（介词短语）
He
is
proud
to
have
passed
the
national
college
entrance
examination.（不定式短语）
He
is
in
the
room
making
a
model
plane.（分词短语）
Wait
a
minute.（名词）
Once
you
begin,
you
must
continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How
about
meeting
again
at
six （时间状语）
Last
night
she
didn’t
go
to
the
dance
party
because
of
the
rain.（原因状语）
I
shall
go
there
if
it
doesn’t
rain.（条件状语）
Mr
Smith
lives
on
the
third
floor.（地点状语）
She
put
the
eggs
into
the
basket
with
great
care.（方式状语）
She
came
in
with
a
dictionary
in
her
hand.（伴随状语）
In
order
to
catch
up
with
the
others,
I
must
work
harder.（目的状语）
He
was
so
tired
that
he
fell
asleep
immediately.（结果状语）
She
works
very
hard
though
she
is
old.（让步状语）
I
am
taller
than
he
is.（比较状语）
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1.
The
students
got
on
the
school
bus.
2.
He
handed
me
the
newspaper.
3.
I
shall
answer
your
question
after
class.
4.
What
a
beautiful
Chinese
painting!
5.
They
went
hunting
together
early
in
the
morning.
6.
His
job
is
to
train
swimmers.
7.
He
took
many
photos
of
the
palaces
in
Beijing.
8.
There
is
going
to
be
an
American
film
tonight.
9.
He
is
to
leave
for
Shanghai
tomorrow.
10.
His
wish
is
to
become
a
scientist.
11.
He
managed
to
finish
the
work
in
time.
12.
Tom
came
to
ask
me
for
advice.
13.
He
found
it
important
to
master
English.
14.
Do
you
have
anything
else
to
say
15.
To
be
honest;
your
pronunciation
is
not
so
good.
16.
Would
you
please
tell
me
your
address
17.
He
sat
there,
reading
a
newspaper.
18.
It
is
our
duty
to
keep
our
classroom
clean
and
tidy.
19.
He
noticed
a
man
enter
the
room.
20.
The
apples
tasted
sweet.
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He
is
six
years
old;
She
didn’t
hear
of
you
before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do
they
like
skating
How
old
is
he
Is
he
six
or
seven
years
old
Mary
can
swim,
can’t
she
3）祈使句：Be
careful,
boys;
Don’t
talk
in
class
4）感叹句：How
clever
the
boy
is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g.
He
often
reads
English
in
the
morning.
Tom
and
Mike
are
American
boys.
She
likes
drawing
and
often
draws
pictures
for
the
wall
newspapers.
2)
并列句：由并列连词（and,
but,
or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g.
You
help
him
and
he
helps
you.
The
future
is
bright;
the
road
is
tortuous.
前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g.
The
foreign
visitors
took
a
lot
of
pictures
when
they
were
at
the
Great
Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.
He
is
a
student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.
We
work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.
Henry
bought
a
dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.
My
father
bought
me
a
car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.
Tom
made
the
baby
laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1.
We
often
study
Chinese
history
on
Friday
afternoon.
2.
The
boy
who
offered
me
his
seat
is
called
Tom.
3.
There
is
a
chair
in
this
room,
isn’t
there
4.
My
brother
and
I
go
to
school
at
half
past
seven
in
the
morning
and
come
back
home
at
seven
in
the
evening.
5.
He
is
in
Class
One
and
I
am
in
Class
Two.
6.
He
was
fond
of
drawing
when
he
was
yet
a
child.
7.
Neither
has
he
changed
his
mind,
nor
will
he
do
so.
8.
What
he
said
at
the
meeting
is
very
important,
isn’t
it
9.
The
farmer
is
showing
the
boy
how
to
plant
a
tree.
10.
Both
Tom
and
Jack
enjoy
country
music.