高中英语语法大全
目录
TOC
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高中英语语法总结大全之名词
8
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高中英语语法总结大全之名词
8
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名词概论
8
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其它名词复数的规则变化
9
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名词复数的不规则变化
9
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不可数名词量的表示
10
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定语名词的复数
11
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不同国家的人的单复数
12
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名词的格
12
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高中英语语法总结大全之代词
13
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人称代词的用法
13
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人称代词之主、宾格的替换
13
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代词的指代问题
14
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"_Toc243034268"
并列人称代词的排列顺序
14
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"_Toc243034269"
物主代词
15
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"_Toc243034270"
双重所有格
15
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"_Toc243034271"
反身代词
16
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"_Toc243034272"
相互代词
17
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指示代词
17
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"_Toc243034274"
疑问代词
19
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关系代词
20
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"_Toc243034276"
every,
no,
all,
both,...
21
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none,
few,
some,
any,...
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代词比较辩异one,
that和it
23
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"_Toc243034279"
one/another/the
other
23
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"_Toc243034280"
"the"的妙用
24
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"_Toc243034281"
anyone/any
one;...
24
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"_Toc243034282"
both,
either,
neither,...
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many,
much
25
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"_Toc243034284"
few,
little,
a
few,...
26
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"_Toc243034285"
高中英语语法总结大全之冠词和数词
26
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"_Toc243034286"
不定冠词的用法
26
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定冠词的用法
27
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"_Toc243034288"
零冠词的用法
28
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冠词与形容词+名词结构
29
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冠词位置
29
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"_Toc243034291"
数词
30
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形容词及其用法
31
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以-ly结尾的形容词
31
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用形容词表示类别和整体
32
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多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
32
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"_Toc243034296"
副词及其基本用法
33
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"_Toc243034297"
兼有两种形式的副词
33
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形容词与副词的比较级
34
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"_Toc243034299"
as+形容词或副词原级+as
36
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比较级形容词或副词+than
36
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可修饰比较级的词
37
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many,
old和far
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the+最高级+比较范围
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和more有关的词组
38
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高中英语语法总结大全之动词
39
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动词
39
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系动词
40
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助动词be的用法
42
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助动词have的用法
43
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助动词do
的用法
43
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助动词shall和will的用法
44
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"_Toc243034312"
助动词should,
would的用法
44
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短语动词
45
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非谓语动词
45
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高中英语语法总结大全之动词的时态
46
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一般现在时的用法
46
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一般过去时的用法
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used
to/be
used
to
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一般将来时
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HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034320"
be
going
to/will
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HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034321"
be
to和be
going
to
49
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"_Toc243034322"
一般现在时表将来
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"_Toc243034323"
用现在进行时表示将来
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现在完成时
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比较过去时与现在完成时
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用于现在完成时的句型
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比较since和for
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since的四种用法
53
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延续动词与瞬间动词
53
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过去完成时
54
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用一般过去时代替完成时
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将来完成时
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"_Toc243034333"
现在进行时
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不用进行时的动词
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过去进行时
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将来进行时
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"_Toc243034337"
一般现在时代替将来时
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"_Toc243034338"
一般现在时代替过去时
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一般现在时代替完成时
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一般现在时代替进行时
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现在进行时代替将来时
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时态一致
58
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时态与时间状语
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高中英语语法总结大全之动词的语态
59
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动词的语态
59
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let
的用法
59
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短语动词的被动语态
59
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表示"据说"或"相信"的词组
60
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不用被动语态的情况
60
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主动形式表示被动意义
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被动形式表示主动意义
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need/want/require/worth
62
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"_Toc243034353"
高中英语语法总结大全之虚拟语气
62
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"_Toc243034354"
虚拟语气
62
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真实条件句
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非真实条件句
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混合条件句
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虚拟条件句的倒装
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特殊的虚拟语气词:should
65
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wish的用法
66
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"_Toc243034361"
比较if
only与only
if
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"_Toc243034362"
It
is
(high)
time
that
67
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need"不必做"和"本不该做"
67
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高中英语语法总结大全之情态动词
67
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情态动词的语法特征
67
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比较can
和be
able
to
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比较may和might
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比较have
to和must
68
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must表示推测
69
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表示推测的用法
70
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情态动词+have+过去分词
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should和ought
to
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had
better表示最好
71
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would
rather表示"宁愿"
71
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will和would
72
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情态动词的回答方式
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带to的情态动词
73
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比较need和dare
74
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高中英语语法总结大全之动词不定式
74
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不定式作宾语
74
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不定式作补语
75
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不定式主语
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It's
for
sb/It's
of
sb
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不定式作表语
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不定式作定语
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不定式作状语
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用作介词的to
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省to
的动词不定式
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动词不定式的否定式
79
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不定式特殊句型too…to…
80
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"_Toc243034391"
不定式特殊句型so
as
to
81
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"_Toc243034392"
不定式特殊句型Why
not
81
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不定式的时态和语态
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动名词与不定式
82
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高中英语语法总结大全之分词
82
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分词作定语
82
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"_Toc243034397"
分词作状语
83
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"_Toc243034398"
连词+分词(短语)
84
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分词作补语
84
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分词作表语
84
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分词作插入语
84
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分词的时态
85
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"_Toc243034403"
分词的语态
85
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高中英语语法总结大全之独立主格
86
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独立主格
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With的复合结构
87
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高中英语语法总结大全之特殊词精讲
88
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"_Toc243034408"
stop
doing/to
do
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HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034409"
forget
doing/to
do
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HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034410"
remember
doing/to
do
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HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034411"
regret
doing/to
do
89
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"_Toc243034412"
cease
doing/to
do
89
HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034413"
try
doing/to
do
89
HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034414"
go
on
doing/to
do
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"_Toc243034415"
be
afraid
doing/to
do
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"_Toc243034416"
be
interested
doing/...
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"_Toc243034417"
mean
doing/to
do
90
HYPERLINK
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begin(start)
doing/to
do
91
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感官动词
+
doing/to
do
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高中英语语法总结大全之句子的种类
92
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句子的种类
92
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祈使句
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感叹句结构
94
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强调句结构
95
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用助动词进行强调
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反意疑问句
96
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高中英语语法总结大全之连词
99
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连词
99
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并列连词与并列结构
99
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比较and和or
100
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表示选择的并列结构
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表示转折或对比
101
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表原因关系
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比较so和
such
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高中英语语法总结大全之主谓一致
102
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主谓一致
103
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并列结构作主语谓语用复数
103
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主谓一致中的靠近原则
103
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谓语动词与前面的主语一致
104
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谓语需用单数
104
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指代意义决定谓语的单复数
104
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与后接名词或代词保持一致
105
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高中英语语法总结大全之名词性从句
105
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名词性从句
105
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引导名词性从句的连接词
105
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名词性that-从句
106
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名词性wh-从句
107
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if,
whether引导的名词从句
107
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否定转移
108
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"_Toc243034450"
高中英语语法总结大全之状语从句
109
HYPERLINK
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地点状语从句
109
HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034452"
方式状语从句
109
HYPERLINK
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"_Toc243034453"
原因状语从句
110
HYPERLINK
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目的状语从句
110
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"_Toc243034455"
结果状语从句
111
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"_Toc243034456"
条件状语从句
111
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"_Toc243034457"
让步状语从句
111
HYPERLINK
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比较while,
when,
as
113
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比较until和till
113
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表示"一…就…"的结构
114
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高中英语语法总结大全之定语从句
114
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定语从句
114
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关系代词引导的定语从句
115
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"_Toc243034464"
关系副词引导的定语从句
115
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判断关系代词与关系副词
116
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限制性和非限制性定语从句
116
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介词+关系词
117
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as,
which非限定性定语从句
117
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先行词和关系词二合一
118
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what/whatever/that...
119
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关系代词that的用法
119
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高中英语语法总结大全之倒装
119
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倒装句之全部倒装
120
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倒装句之部分倒装
120
HYPERLINK
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以否定词开头作部分倒装
121
HYPERLINK
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so,
either,
nor作部分倒装
121
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only在句首要倒装的情况
122
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as,
though引导的倒装句
122
其他部分倒装
122
高中英语语法总结大全之名词词
名词概论
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper
Nouns)和普通名词
(Common
Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
个体名词(Individual
Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
集体名词(Collective
Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
物质名词(Material
Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
抽象名词(Abstract
Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable
Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable
Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
名词
专有名词
普通名词
个体名词
可数名词
集体名词
物质名词
不可数名词
抽象名词
名词复数的规则变化
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加
-s
1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读
/z/
map-maps
bag-bagscar-cars
以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词
加
-es
读
/iz/
bus-buses
watch-watches
ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾的词
加
-s
读
/iz/
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
变y
为i再加es
读
/z/
baby---babies
其它名词复数的规则变化
1)
以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y
结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如:two
Marys
the
Henrys
monkey---monkeysholiday---holidays
比较:
层楼:storey
---storeysstory---stories
2)
以o
结尾的名词,变复数时:
a.
加s,如:
photo---photospiano---pianos
radio---radioszoo---zoos;
b.
加es,如:potato--potatoestomato—tomatoes
c.
均可,如:zero---zeros
/
zeroes
3)
以f或fe
结尾的名词变复数时:
a.
加s,如:
belief---beliefsroof---roofs
safe---safesgulf---gulfs;
b.
去f,fe
加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolves
wife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves;
c.
均可,如:handkerchief:
handkerchiefs
/
handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teeth
mouse---miceman---menwoman---women
注意:与
man
和
woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是
-men
和-women。
如:
an
Englishman,two
Englishmen.
但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the
Bowmans。
2)单复同形如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two
li,three
mu,four
jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a
dollar,
two
dollars;a
meter,
two
meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如:
peoplepolicecattle
等本身就是复数,不能说
a
people,a
police,a
cattle,但可以说
a
person,a
policeman,a
head
of
cattle,the
English,the
British,the
French,the
Chinese,the
Japanese,the
Swiss
等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
如:
The
Chinese
are
industries
and
brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a.
maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b.
news
是不可数名词。
c.
the
United
States,the
United
Nations
应视为单数。
The
United
Nations
was
organized
in
1945.
联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d.
以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
"The
Arabian
Nights"
is
a
very
interesting
story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5)
表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses
(眼镜)trousers,clothes
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词
pair(对,双);suit(套);
a
pair
of
glasses;
two
pairs
of
trousers
6)
另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a.
当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较:Cake
is
a
kind
of
food.蛋糕是一种食物。
(不可数)
These
cakes
are
sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。
(可数)
b.
当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。
This
factory
produces
steel.(不可数)
We
need
various
steels.(可数)
c.
当物质名词表示份数时,可数。
Our
country
is
famous
for
tea.
我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two
teas,
please.
请来两杯茶。
2)
抽象名词有时也可数。
four
freedoms
四大自由
the
four
modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如:
a
glass
of
water
一杯水
a
piece
of
advice一条建议
定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1)
用复数作定语。
如:sports
meeting
运动会
students
reading-room
学生阅览室
talks
table
谈判桌
the
foreign
languages
department
外语系
2)
man,
woman,
gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men
workerswomen
teachers
gentlemen
officials
3)
有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。
如:goods
train
(货车)
arms
produce武器生产
customs
papers
海关文件
clothes
brush衣刷
4)
数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen
eggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)
a
ten-mile
walk
十里路
two-hundred
trees
两百棵树
a
five-year
plan.一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的,如:
a
seven-years
child
不同国家的人的单复数
名称
总称(谓语用复数)
一个人
两个人
中国人
the
Chinese
a
Chinese
two
Chinese
瑞士人
the
Swiss
a
Swiss
two
Swiss
澳大利亚人
the
Australians
an
Australian
two
Australians
俄国人
the
Russians
a
Russian
two
Russians
意大利人
the
Italians
an
Italian
two
Italians
希腊人
the
Greek
a
Greek
two
Greeks
法国人
the
French
a
Frenchman
two
Frenchmen
日本人
the
Japanese
a
Japanese
two
Japanese
美国人
the
Americans
an
American
two
Americans
印度人
the
Indians
an
Indian
two
Indians
加拿大人
the
Canadians
a
Canadian
two
Canadians
德国人
the
Germans
a
Germans
two
Germans
英国人
the
English
an
Englishman
two
Englishmen
瑞典人
the
Swedish
a
Swede
two
Swedes
名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a
teacher's
book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)
单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the
boy's
bag
男孩的书包,men's
room
男厕所。
2)
若名词已有复数词尾-s
,只加"'",如:the
workers'
struggle工人的斗争。
3)
凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of
+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the
title
of
the
song
歌的名字。
4)
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the
barber's
理发店。
5)
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:John's
and
Mary's
room(两间)John
and
Mary's
room(一间)
6)
复合名词或短语,'s
加在最后一个词的词尾。
如:a
month
or
two's
absence
高中英语语法总结大全之代词
人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John
waited
a
while
but
eventually
he
went
home.
约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John
hoped
the
passenger
would
be
Mary
and
indeed
it
was
she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When
he
arrived,
John
went
straight
to
the
bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I
saw
her
with
them,
at
least,
I
thought
it
was
her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾
语,them做介词宾语,her作主语补语)
a.
--
Who
broke
the
vase --谁打碎了花瓶?
b.
--
Me.--我。(me作主语补语=
It's
me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1)
宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not
后,多用宾语。
----
I
like
English.--我喜欢英语。
----
Me
too.--我也喜欢。
----
Have
more
wine --再来点酒喝吗
----
Not
me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。
但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He
is
taller
than
I/me.
He
is
taller
than
I
am.
2)
主格代替宾格
a.
在介词but,except
后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b.
在电话用语中常用主格。
----
I
wish
to
speak
to
Mary.
--我想和玛丽通话。
----
This
is
she.
--我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be
或to
be
后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I
thought
it
was
she.
我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I
thought
it
to
be
her.(宾格----宾格)
I
was
taken
to
be
she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)
They
took
me
to
be
her.他们把我当成了她。
(宾格----宾格)
代词的指代问题
1)不定代词
anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,
someone,
everyone,no
one,
及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,
his,
him代替。
Nobody
came,
did
he 谁也没来,是吗
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,
she,带有亲切的感彩。
Give
the
cat
some
food.
She
is
hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感彩时常用she。
并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)
单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称
->
第三人称
->
第一人称
you
->
he/she;it
->
I
You,
he
and
I
should
return
on
time.
2)
复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称
->
第二人称
->
第三人称
we->you
->They
注意:
在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a.
在承认错误,承担责任时,
It
was
I
and
John
that
made
her
angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b.
在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,
如:I
and
you
try
to
finish
it.
c.
并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,
d.
当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John
had
cut
his
finger;
apparently
there
was
a
broken
glass
on
his
desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my,
your等)和名词性(mine,
yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构,例如:
Jack's
cap意为
The
cap
is
Jack's.
His
cap
意为
The
cap
is
his.
2)
名词性物主代词的句法功能
a.
作主语,例如:
May
I
use
your
pen
Yours
works
better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?
你的比我的好用。
b.
作宾语,例如:
I
love
my
motherland
as
much
as
you
love
yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c.
作介词宾语,例如:
Your
should
interpret
what
I
said
in
my
sense
of
the
word,
not
in
yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d.
作主语补语,例如:
The
life
I
have
is
yours.
It's
yours.
It's
yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
双重所有格
物主代词不可与
a,
an,
this,
that,
these,
those,
some,
any,
several,
no,
each,
every,
such,
another,
which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
公式为:
a,
an,
this,
that
+名词+of
+名词性物主代词。如:
a
friend
of
mine.
each
brother
of
his.
反身代词
1)
列表
I
you
you
she
he
myself
yourself
yourselves
herself
himself
we
they
it
one
ourselves
themselves
itself
oneself
2)做宾语
a.
有些动词需有反身代词
absent,
bathe,
amuse,
blame,
dry,
cut,
enjoy,
hurt,
introduce,
behave
We
enjoyed
ourselves
very
much
last
night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please
help
yourself
to
some
fish.请你随便吃点鱼。
b.
用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take
pride
in,
be
annoyed
with,
help
oneself
to
sth.
I
could
not
dress
(myself)
up
at
that
time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,
get
up,
sit-down,
stand
up,
wake
up等。
Please
sit
down.请坐。
3)
作表语;
同位语
be
oneself:
I
am
not
myself
today.我今天不舒服。
The
thing
itself
is
not
important.事情本身并不重要。
4)
在不强调的情况下,but,
except,
for
等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No
one
but
myself
(me)
is
hurt.
注意:
a.
反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错)
Myself
drove
the
car.
(对)
I
myself
drove
the
car.我自己开车。
b.
但在and,
or,
nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself
作主语。
Charles
and
myself
saw
it.
5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
You
should
be
proud
of
yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。
相互代词
1)相互代词只有each
other和one
another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:
It
is
easy
to
see
that
the
people
of
different
cultures
have
always
copied
each
other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)
相互代词的句法功能:
a.
作动词宾语;
People
should
love
one
another.
人们应当彼此相爱。
b.
可作介词宾语;
Does
bark,
cocks
crow,
frogs
croak
to
each
other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each
other,
存在于两个以上人和物之间用one
another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
He
put
all
the
books
beside
each
other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He
put
all
the
books
beside
one
another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually
these
small
groups
were
independent
of
each
other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c.
相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
The
students
borrowed
each
other's
notes.
学生们互借笔记。
指示代词
1)
指示代词分单数(this
/
that)和复数(these
/
those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
单数复数
限定词:This
girl
is
Mary.Those
men
are
my
teachers.
代词:This
is
Mary.
Those
are
my
teachers.
2)
指示代词的句法功能;
a.
作主语
This
is
the
way
to
do
it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b.
作宾语
I
like
this
better
than
that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c.
作主语补语
My
point
is
this.
我的观点就是如此。
d.
作介词宾语
I
don't
say
no
to
that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There
is
no
fear
of
that.
那并不可怕。
说明1:
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
(对)That
is
my
teacher.那是我的老师。(
that作主语,指人)
(对)He
is
going
to
marry
this
girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He
is
going
to
marry
this.(this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I
bought
this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:
That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和
these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对)
He
admired
that
which
looked
beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对)
He
admired
those
who
looked
beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错)
He
admired
that
who
danced
well.(that作宾语时不能指人)
(对)
He
admired
those
who
danced
well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对)
He
admired
those
which
looked
beautiful.
他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
疑问代词
1)
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人:
who,
whom,
whose
指物:
what
既可指人又可指物:
which
2)
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,
which,
whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose
are
these
books
on
the
desk
桌上的书是谁的?
What
was
the
directional
flow
of
U.
S.
territorial
expansion
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:Whose
books
are
these
on
the
desk
桌上的书是谁的?
What
events
led
to
most
of
the
east
of
the
Mississippi
River
becoming
part
of
the
United
States 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which
和
what
所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which
girls
do
you
like
best
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What
girls
do
you
like
best
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,
例如:
Who(m)
did
you
meet
on
the
street
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m)
are
you
taking
the
book
to
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To
whom
did
you
speak
on
the
campus
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词
后,不能用who取代。)
说明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For
what
do
most
people
live
and
work
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What
are
you
looking
for
你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I
can't
make
out
what
he
is
driving
at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can
you
tell
me
whose
is
the
blue
shirt
on
the
bed
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much
of
what
you
say
I
agree
with,
but
I
cannot
go
all
the
way
with
you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
关系代词
1)
关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The
girl
to
whom
I
spoke
is
my
cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the
girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2)
关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that
可指人也可指物,见下:
限定性非限定性限定性
指人指物指人或指物
主
格whowhich
that
宾
格
whomthat
that
属
格
whoseof
which/whoseof
which/whose
例如:
This
is
the
pencil
whose
point
is
broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose
指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He
came
back
for
the
book
which
he
had
forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
3)
关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He
said
he
saw
me
there,
which
was
a
lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明:
关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,
例如:
I've
forgotten
much
of
the
Latin
I
once
knew.
我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's
changed.
He's
not
the
man
he
was.
他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
every,
no,
all,
both,...
1)不定代词有
all
,
both,
every,
each,
either,
neither,
more,
little,
few,
much,
many,
another,
other,
some,
any
,
one,
no
以及some,
something,
anything,
everything,
somebody,
someone,
anybody,
anyone,
nothing
,
nobody,
no
one,
none,
everybody,
everyone.等。
2)
不定代词的功能与用法
a.除every
和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I
have
no
idea
about
it.
b.all
都,指三者以上。
all
的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All
goes
well.一切进展得很好。
all
通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说
all
the
book,而说
the
whole
book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如
all
day,all
night,all
the
year;
但习惯上不说
all
hour,all
century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如
all
China,all
the
city,all
my
life,
all
the
way
3)both都,指两者。
a.both
与复数动词连用,但
both…
and…可与单数名词连用。
b.both,
all
都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,
be
动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省
去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who
can
speak
Japanese We
both
(all)
can.
4)neither两者都不
a.neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b.
作定语与单数名词连用,但neither…
nor
用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c.可用于下列句型,避免重复。
She
can't
sing,neither
(can)
he.
neither
与nor
d.如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用
nor。
If
you
don't
do
it,neither
should
I.如果你不干,我也不干。
e.
如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
He
can't
sing,nor
dance,nor
skate.
none,
few,
some,
any,...
一、
none
无
1)
none作主语,多与of
构成短语
none
of。
在答语中,none可单独使用。
Are
there
any
pictures
on
the
wall None.
2)
none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。
It
is
none
of
your
business.
二、few
一些,少数
few
作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some
一些
1)
可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2)
当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(=
a
certain)
You
will
be
sorry
for
this
some
day.
总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A
certain
(some)
person
has
seen
you
break
the
rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would
you
like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:
Would
you
like
some
coffee
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
If
you
need
some
help,let
me
know.
c.some位于主语部分,
Some
students
haven't
been
there
before.
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:
I
haven't
heard
from
some
of
my
old
friends
these
years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any
一些
1)any
多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here
are
three
novels.
You
may
read
any.这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one,
ones
为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some,
any,而不
用ones。
Have
you
bought
any
rulers Yes,I
've
bought
some.
代词比较辩异one,
that和it
one表示泛指,that和it
表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it
与所指名词为同一个。
I
can't
find
my
hat.
I
think
I
must
buy
one.(不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The
hat
you
bought
is
bigger
than
that
I
bought.(同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I
can't
find
my
hat.
I
don'
t
know
where
I
put
it.(
同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
one/another/the
other
one…
the
other只有两个
some…
the
others有三个以上
one…
another,another…
some…
others,others…
others
=
other
people/things
the
others
=
the
rest剩余的全部
1)
泛指另一个用another。
2)
一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the
other。
3)
一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one
(another),第三个可用the
other,a
third。
4)
一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the
others。
5)
泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
"the"的妙用
He
is
one
of
the
students
who
help
me.
He
is
the
one
of
the
students
who
helps
me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the
students
一致。
第二句定语从句与the
one
一致。
anyone/any
one;...
1.anyone
和
any
one
anyone仅指人,any
one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no
one
和none
a)none
后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no
one只单独使用,只指人。
b)none
作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no
one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None
of
you
could
lift
it.
你们中没有人可举起它。
----
Did
any
one
call
me
up
just
now --刚才有人打电话给我吗
----
No
one.--没有。
3.every
和each
1)every
强调全体的概念,
each强调个体概念。
Every
student
in
our
school
works
hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each
student
may
have
one
book..每个学生都可有一本书。
2)every
指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物
(含两个)。
3)every
只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every
student
has
to
take
one.
Each
boy
has
to
take
one.
Each
of
the
boys
has
to
take
one.
4)every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
5)every
有反复重复的意思,如
every
two
weeks等;
each没有。
6)every
与not
连用,表示部分否定;
each
和not连用表示全部否定。
Every
man
is
not
honest.
并非每个人都诚实。
Each
man
is
not
honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。
both,
either,
neither,...
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be
动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1)both
(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),
neither
(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither
of
the
two
boys
is
clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
2)
both,either
both与复数连用,either与单数连用。
Both
the
boys
are
clever.两个男孩都很聪明。
Either
of
the
two
boys
is
clever.
两个男孩都很聪明。
There
are
flowers
on
both
sides
of
the
street.
(两岸)
There
are
flowers
on
either
side
of
the
street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3)
all
(所有的,全部的人或物),any
(任何一个),
none
(都不)。
以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All
the
flowers
are
gone.所有的花都谢了。
I
don't
like
any
of
the
flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
I
like
none
of
the
flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。
All
of
the
students
are
there.
所有的学生都在那。
All
(of)
the
milk
is
there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
many,
much
Many,much都意为"许多",
many
+
可数名词,much
+
不可数名词。
How
many
people
are
there
at
the
meeting
How
much
time
has
we
left
Many
of
the
workers
were
at
the
meeting.
Much
of
the
time
was
spent
on
learning.
few,
little,
a
few,...
(a)
few
+
可数名词,
(a)
little
+
不可数名词
a
few
/
a
little
为肯定含义,还有一点
few
/
little为否定含义,没有多少了。
He
has
a
few
friends.他有几个朋友。
He
has
few
friends.他几乎没有朋友。
We
still
have
a
little
time.
我们还有点时间。
There
is
little
time
left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although
he
's
wealthy,he
spends___
on
clothes.
A.
littleB.
fewC.
a
littleD.
a
few
答案:
A.
spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或
a
little.
本句为although引导的
让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only
a
few
(=few)not
a
few
(=many)quite
a
few
(=many)
many
a
(=many)
Many
books
were
sold.
Many
a
book
was
sold.
卖出了许多书
高中英语语法总结大全之冠词和数词
不定冠词的用法
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the
Definite
Article),另一种是不定冠词(the
Indefinite
Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero
Article)。
不定冠词a
(an)与数词one
同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
1)
表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a
certain。
A
Mr.
Ling
is
waiting
for
you.
2)
代表一类人或物。
A
knife
is
a
tool
for
cutting
with.
Mr.
Smith
is
an
engineer.
3)
词组或成语。
a
little
/
a
few
/
a
lot
/
a
type
of
/
a
pile
/
a
great
many
/
many
a
/
as
a
rule
/
in
a
hurry
/
in
a
minute
/
in
a
word
/
in
a
short
while
/
after
a
while
/
have
a
cold
/
have
a
try
/
keep
an
eye
on
/
all
of
a
sudden
定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
Take
the
medicine.把药吃了。
2)上文提到过的人或事:
He
bought
a
house.I've
been
to
the
house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3)指世上独一物二的事物:
the
sun,
the
sky,
the
moon,
the
earth
4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the
dollar
美元;
the
fox
狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the
rich
富人;
the
living
生者。
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,
very,
same等前面:
Where
do
you
live I
live
on
the
second
floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's
the
very
thing
I've
been
looking
for.那正是我要找的东西。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
They
are
the
teachers
of
this
school.指全体教师)
They
are
teachers
of
this
school.(指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
She
caught
me
by
the
arm..她抓住了我的手臂。
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
the
People's
Republic
of
China中华人民共和国
the
United
States美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She
plays
the
piano.她会弹钢琴。
10)
用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the
Greens格林一家人
(或格林夫妇)
11)
用在惯用语中:
in
the
day,
in
the
morning
(afternoon,evening),the
day
after
tomorrow
the
day
before
yesterday,the
next
morning,
in
the
sky
(water,field,country)
in
the
dark,in
the
rain,in
the
distance,
in
the
middle
(of),in
the
end,
on
the
whole,by
the
way,go
to
the
theatre
零冠词的用法
1)
国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They
are
teachers.
他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure
is
the
mother
of
success.失败乃成功之母。
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Man
cannot
live
without
water.人离开水就无法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、
假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We
go
to
school
from
Monday
to
Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
The
guards
took
the
American
to
General
Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词
如:have
breakfast,play
chess
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I
can't
write
without
pen
or
pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by
与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by
bus,by
train;
10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court
等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
go
to
hospital去医院看病
go
to
the
hospital去医院
(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a.
序数词前有物主代词
b.
序数词作副词He
came
first
in
the
race.
c.
在固定词组中at
(the)
first,
first
of
all,from
first
to
last
冠词与形容词+名词结构
1)
两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
He
raises
a
black
and
a
white
cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The
black
and
the
white
cats
are
hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2)
如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
He
raises
a
black
and
white
cat.他养了一只花猫。
冠词位置
1)
不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:
a.
位于下列形容词之后:
such,what,many,half,
I
have
never
seen
such
an
animal.
Many
a
man
is
fit
for
the
job.
b.
当名词前的形容词被副词as,
so,
too,
how,
however,
enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
It
is
as
pleasant
a
day
as
I
have
ever
spent.
So
short
a
time.
Too
long
a
distance.
c.
quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。
但当rather,quite
前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite
a
lot
d.
在as,though
引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:
Brave
a
man
though
he
is,he
trembles
at
the
sight
of
snakes.
他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。
2)
定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,
both,double,half,twice,three
times等词之后,名词之前。
All
the
students
in
the
class
went
out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1)基数词写法和读法:
345three
hundred
and
forty-five;
2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
a.
与of
短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连
用,如scores
of
people
指许多人;
b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里;
如:They
arrived
in
twos
and
threes.他们三三两两的到达了。
c.
表示"几十岁";
d.
表示"年代",用
in
+the
+数词复数;
e.
在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3
x
5
=
15
Three
fives
is
(are)
fifteen.
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式:
first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31st
三、
数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
a.
主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+
as
+
adj.
+
as
I
have
three
times
as
many
as
you.我有你三倍那么多。
b.
主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+
the
size
(amount,length…)
of…
The
earth
is
49
times
the
size
of
the
moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c.
主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+
形容词(副词)比较级+
than…
The
grain
output
is
8
percent
higher
this
year
than
that
of
last
year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d.
还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
The
production
of
grain
has
been
increased
by
four
times
this
year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2)分数表示法
构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:
1/3
one-third
;
3/37
three
and
three-sevenths
高中英语语法大全之形容词和副词
形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot
热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid
害怕的。
(错)He
is
an
ill
man.
(对)The
man
is
ill.
(错)She
is
an
afraid
girl.
(对)The
girl
is
afraid.
这类词还有:
well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake
等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
something
nice
以-ly结尾的形容词
1)
大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但
friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错)
She
sang
lovely.
(错)
He
spoke
to
me
very
friendly.
(对)
Her
singing
was
lovely.
(对)
He
spoke
to
me
in
a
very
friendly
way.
2)有些以-ly
结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The
Times
is
a
daily
paper.
The
Times
is
published
daily.
用形容词表示类别和整体
1)
某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the
dead,the
living,the
rich,the
poor,the
blind,the
hungry
The
poor
are
losing
hope.
2)
有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。
the
British,the
English,the
French,the
Chinese.
The
English
have
wonderful
sense
of
humor.
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)
--出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a
small
round
table
a
tall
gray
building
a
dirty
old
brown
shirt
a
famous
German
medical
school
an
expensive
Japanese
sports
car
典型例题:
1)
Tony
is
going
camping
with
___
boys.
A.little
two
otherB.
two
little
otherC.two
other
littleD.little
other
two
答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)
--性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2)One
day
they
crossed
the
____bridge
behind
the
palace.
A.
old
Chinese
stone
B.
Chinese
old
stoneC.
old
stone
ChineseD.
Chinese
stone
old
答案A.
几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3)
----
How
was
your
recent
visit
to
Qingdao
----
It
was
great.
We
visited
some
friends,and
spent
the
___days
at
the
seaside.
A.
few
last
sunnyB.
last
few
sunnyC.
last
sunny
fewD.
few
sunny
last
答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those
+
three
+
beautiful
+
large
+
square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old
+
brown
+
wood
+
table
副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置:
1)
在动词之前。
2)
在be动词、助动词之后。
3)
多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a.
大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。
We
could
see
very
clearly
a
strange
light
ahead
of
us.
b.
方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
He
speaks
English
well.
二、副词的排列顺序:
1)
时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2)
方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。
Please
write
slowly
and
carefully.
3)
多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very
可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错)I
very
like
English.
(对)I
like
English
very
much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I
don't
know
him
well
enough.
There
is
enough
food
for
everyone
to
eat.
There
is
food
enough
for
everyone
to
eat.
兼有两种形式的副词
1)
close与closely
close意思是"近";
closely
意思是"仔细地"
He
is
sitting
close
to
me.
Watch
him
closely.
2)late
与lately
late意思是"晚";
lately
意思是"最近"
You
have
come
too
late.
What
have
you
been
doing
lately
3)deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
He
pushed
the
stick
deep
into
the
mud.
Even
father
was
deeply
moved
by
the
film.
4)high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
The
plane
was
flying
high.
I
think
highly
of
your
opinion.
5)wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
He
opened
the
door
wide.
English
is
widely
used
in
the
world.
6)free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely
的意思是"无限制地"
You
can
eat
free
in
my
restaurant
whenever
you
like.
You
may
speak
freely;
say
what
you
like.
形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1)
规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall(高的)
great(巨大的)
tallergreater
tallestgreatest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-
le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice(好的)large(大的)able(有能力的)
nicerlargerabler
nicestlargestablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est
big(大的)hot
(热的)
biggerhotter
biggesthottest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est
easy(容易的)busy(忙的)
easierbusier
easiest
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever(聪明的)narrow(窄的)
cleverernarrower
cleverestnarrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。
important(重要的)easily(容易地)
more
importantmore
easily
most
importantmost
easily
2)
不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good(好的)well(健康的)
better
best
bad
(坏的)ill(有病的)
worse
worst
old
(老的)
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many(多的)
more
most
little(少的)
less
least
far
(远的)
farther/further
farthest/furthest
as+形容词或副词原级+as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so…
as。
He
cannot
run
so/as
fast
as
you.
2)当as…
as
中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as
+形容词+
a
+单数名词
as
+
many/much
+名词
This
is
as
good
an
example
as
the
other
is.
I
can
carry
as
much
paper
as
you
can..
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。
This
room
is
twice
as
big
as
that
one.
Your
room
is
the
same
size
as
mine.
4)
倍数+
as
+
adj.
+
as<=>
倍数+
then
+
of
This
bridge
is
three
times
as
long
as
that
one.
This
bridge
is
three
times
the
length
of
that
one.
Your
room
is
twice
as
large
as
mine.
Your
room
is
twice
the
size
of
mine.
比较级形容词或副词+than
You
are
taller
than
I.
They
lights
in
your
room
are
as
bright
as
those
in
mine.
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
(错)
He
is
more
cleverer
than
his
brother.
(对)
He
is
more
clever
than
his
brother.
(对)
He
is
clever
than
his
brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错)
China
is
larger
that
any
country
in
Asia.
(对)
China
is
larger
than
any
other
countries
in
Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The
population
of
Shanghai
is
larger
than
that
of
Beijing.
It
is
easier
to
make
a
plan
than
to
carry
it
out.
4)要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。
比较:Which
is
large,
Canada
or
Australia
Which
is
the
larger
country,
Canada
or
Australia
She
is
taller
than
her
two
sisters.
She
is
the
taller
of
the
two
sisters.
可修饰比较级的词
1)a
bit,
a
little,
rather,
much,
far,
by
far,
many,
a
lot,
lots,
a
great
deal,
any,
still,
even等
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by
far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1)----
Are
you
feeling
____
----
Yes,I'm
fine
now.
A.
any
wellB.
any
betterC.
quite
good
D.
quite
better
答案:B.
any
可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The
experiment
was____
easier
than
we
had
expected.
A.moreB.much
more
C.much
D.more
much
答案:C.much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If
there
were
no
examinations,
we
should
have
___
at
school.
A.
the
happiest
timeB.
a
more
happier
time
C.
much
happiest
timeD.a
much
happier
time
答案:D。
many,
old和far
1)
如果后接名词时,
much
more
+不可数名词
many
more
+可数名词复数
2)
old
有两种比较级和最高级形式:
older/oldest
和elder/eldest。
elder,eldest
只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My
elder
brother
is
an
engineer.
Mary
is
the
eldest
of
the
three
sisters.
3)
far
有两种比较级,farther,further.
在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中,father
表示距离,further表示进一步。
I
have
nothing
further
to
say.
the+最高级+比较范围
1)
The
Sahara
is
the
biggest
desert
in
the
world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词
the,副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。
It
is
a
most
important
problem.
=It
is
a
very
important
problem.
注意:
使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错)Tom
is
the
tallest
of
his
three
brothers.
(对)Tom
is
the
tallest
of
the
three
brothers.
2)
下列词可修饰最高级,by
far,
far,
much,
mostly,
almost
This
hat
is
nearly
/
almost
the
biggest.
注意:
a.very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
This
is
the
very
best.
This
is
much
the
best.
b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa
is
the
second
largest
continent.
3)
句型转换:
Mike
is
the
most
intelligent
in
his
class.
Mike
is
more
intelligent
than
any
other
students
in
his
class.
4)
"否定词语+比较级","否定词语+
so…
as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing
is
so
easy
as
this.
=Nothing
is
easier
than
this.
=This
is
the
easiest
thing.
和more有关的词组
1)
the
more…
the
more…越……就越……
The
harder
you
work,the
greater
progress
you'll
make.
2)
more
B
than
A与其说A不如说B
less
A
than
B
He
is
more
lazy
than
slow
at
his
work.
=
He
is
less
slow
than
lazy
at
his
work.
3)
no
more…
than…
与……一样……,不比……多
The
officials
could
see
no
more
than
the
Emperor.
no
less…
than…与……一样……
He
is
no
less
diligent
than
you.
4)
more
than不只是,非常
She
is
more
than
kind
to
us
all.
典型例题
1)The
weather
in
China
is
different
from____.
A.
in
AmericaB.
one
in
AmericaC.
America
D.
that
in
America
答案:D.
本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
2)After
the
new
technique
was
introduced,the
factory
produced
___
tractors
in
1988
as
the
year
before.
A.
as
twice
manyB.
as
many
twiceC.
twice
as
manyD.
twice
many
as
答案C.
此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。
表示倍数用"倍数+
as
+
形容词原形+
as
+比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
This
ruler
is
three
times
as
long
as
that
one
高中英语语法总结大全之动词
动词
1)
表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2)
根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional
Verb)、系动词(Link
Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary
Verb)、情态动词(Modal
Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We
are
having
a
meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)
He
has
gone
to
New
York.他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
3)
动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive
Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive
Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.
和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She
can
dance
and
sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She
can
sing
many
English
songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4)
根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite
Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite
Verb)例如:
She
sings
very
well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She
wants
to
learn
English
well.
她想学好英语。(to
learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word
Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal
Verb)、动词短语(Verbal
Phrase)例如:
The
English
language
contains
many
phrasal
verbs
and
verbal
phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
Students
should
learn
to
look
up
new
words
in
dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。(look
up是短语动词。)
The
young
ought
to
take
care
of
the
old.
年轻人应照料老人。(take
care
of是动词短语。)
6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original
Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular
From
in
Third
Personal)、过去式(Past
Form)、过去分词(Past
Participle)、现在分词(Present
Participle)。
系动词
系动词亦称联系动词(Link
Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He
fell
ill
yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
He
fell
off
the
ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He
is
a
teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,
rest,
remain,
stay,
lie,
stand,
例如:
He
always
kept
silent
at
meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
This
matter
rests
a
mystery.此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem,
appear,
look,
例如:
He
looks
tired.他看起来很累。
He
seems
(to
be)
very
sad.他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel,
smell,
sound,
taste,
例如:
This
kind
of
cloth
feels
very
soft.
这种布手感很软。
This
flower
smells
very
sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,
grow,
turn,
fall,
get,
go,
come,
run.
例如:
He
became
mad
after
that.自那之后,他疯了。
She
grew
rich
within
a
short
time.她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,
trun
out,
表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The
rumor
proved
false.这谣言证实有假。
The
search
proved
difficult.搜查证实很难。
His
plan
turned
out
a
success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn
out表终止性结果)
词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary
Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main
Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He
doesn't
like
English.他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2)
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a.
表示时态,例如:
He
is
singing.他在唱歌。
He
has
got
married.他已结婚。
b.
表示语态,例如:
He
was
sent
to
England.他被派往英国。
c.
构成疑问句,例如:
Do
you
like
college
life 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did
you
study
English
before
you
came
here 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d.
与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I
don't
like
him.我不喜欢他。
e.
加强语气,例如:
Do
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
evening.
明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He
did
know
that.他的确知道那件事。
3)
最常用的助动词有:be,
have,
do,
shall,
will,
should,
would
助动词be的用法
1)
be
+现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They
are
having
a
meeting.他们正在开会。
English
is
becoming
more
and
more
important.
英语现在越来越重要。
2)be
+
过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The
window
was
broken
by
Tom..窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English
is
taught
throughout
the
world.世界各地都教英语。
3)
be
+
动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a.
表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
He
is
to
go
to
New
York
next
week..他下周要去纽约。
We
are
to
teach
the
freshpersons.我们要教新生。
说明:
这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b.
表示命令,例如:
You
are
to
explain
this.对此你要做出解释。
He
is
to
come
to
the
office
this
afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。
c.征求意见,例如:
How
am
I
to
answer
him 我该怎样答复他?
Who
is
to
go
there 谁该去那儿呢?
d.
表示相约、商定,例如:
We
are
to
meet
at
the
school
gate
at
seven
tomorrow
morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
助动词have的用法
1)have
+过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
He
has
left
for
London.他已去了伦敦。
By
the
end
of
last
month,
they
had
finished
half
of
their
work.
上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have
+
been
+现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
I
have
been
studying
English
for
ten
years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been
+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
English
has
been
taught
in
China
for
many
years.
中国教英语已经多年。
助动词do
的用法
1)
构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do
you
want
to
pass
the
CET 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did
you
study
German 你们学过德语吗?
2)
do
+
not
构成否定句,例如:
I
do
not
want
to
be
criticized.我不想挨批评。
He
doesn't
like
to
study.他不想学习。
In
the
past,
many
students
did
not
know
the
importance
of
English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3)构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't
go
there.不要去那里。
Don't
be
so
absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。
说明:
构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)
放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do
come
to
my
birthday
party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I
did
go
there.我确实去那儿了。
I
do
miss
you.我确实想你。
5)
用于倒装句,例如:
Never
did
I
hear
of
such
a
thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only
when
we
begin
our
college
life
do
we
realize
the
importance
of
English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明:
引导此类倒装句的副词有never,
seldom,
rarely,
little,
only,
so,
well等。
6)
用作代动词,例如:
----
Do
you
like
Beijing --你喜欢北京吗?
----
Yes,
I
do.--是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like
Beijing.)
He
knows
how
to
drive
a
car,
doesn't
he
他知道如何开车,对吧?
助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I
shall
study
harder
at
English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
He
will
go
to
Shanghai.他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will
只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He
shall
come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He
will
come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
助动词should,
would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I
telephoned
him
yesterday
to
ask
what
I
should
do
next
week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
"What
shall
I
do
next
week "I
asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)
2)
would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He
said
he
would
come.他说他要来。
比较:
"I
will
go,"
he
said.
他说:"我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语,就成了:
He
said
he
would
come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal
Verb)。例如:
Turn
off
the
radio.把收音机关上。(turn
off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1)
动词+副词,如:black
out;
2)
动词+介词,如:look
into;
3)
动词+副词+介词,如:look
forward
to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。
非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)不定式
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to
do
to
be
done
完成式
to
have
done
to
have
been
done
2)动名词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being
done
完成式
having
done
having
been
done
3)分词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being
done
完成式
having
done
having
been
done
否定形式:
not
+不定式,not
+
动名词,not
+
现在分词
高中英语语法总结大全之动词的时态
一般现在时的用法
1)
经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语:
every…,
sometimes,at…,
on
Sunday
I
leave
home
for
school
at
7
every
morning.
2)
客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
Shanghai
lies
in
the
east
of
China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。
Pride
goes
before
a
fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus
proved
that
the
earth
is
round..
4)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I
don't
want
so
much.
Ann
Wang
writes
good
English
but
does
not
speak
well.
比较:Now
I
put
the
sugar
in
the
cup.
I
am
doing
my
homework
now.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now
watch
me,
I
switch
on
the
current
and
stand
back.
第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday,
last
week,
an
hour
ago,
the
other
day,
in
1982等。
Where
did
you
go
just
now
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When
I
was
a
child,
I
often
played
football
in
the
street.
Whenever
the
Browns
went
during
their
visit,
they
were
given
a
warm
welcome.
3)句型:
It
is
time
for
sb.
to
do
sth"到……时间了""该……了"
It
is
time
sb.
did
sth.
"时间已迟了""早该……了"
It
is
time
for
you
to
go
to
bed.你该睡觉了。
It
is
time
you
went
to
bed.你早该睡觉了。
would
(had)
rather
sb.
did
sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd
rather
you
came
tomorrow.
4)
wish,
wonder,
think,
hope
等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I
thought
you
might
have
some.
我以为你想要一些。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine
was
an
invalid
all
her
life.
(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine
has
been
an
invalid
all
her
life.
(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs.
Darby
lived
in
Kentucky
for
seven
years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs.
Darby
has
lived
in
Kentucky
for
seven
years.
(
含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意:
用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want,
hope,
wonder,
think,
intend
等。
Did
you
want
anything
else
I
wondered
if
you
could
help
me.
2)情态动词
could,
would.
Could
you
lend
me
your
bike
used
to/be
used
to
used
to
+
do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother
used
not
to
be
so
forgetful.
Scarf
used
to
take
a
walk.(过去常常散步)
be
used
to
+
doing:
对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He
is
used
to
a
vegetarian
diet.
Scarf
is
used
to
taking
a
walk.(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题
----
Your
phone
number
again
I
___
quite
catch
it.
----
It's
69568442.
A.
didn'tB.
couldn'tC.
don'tD.
can't
答案A.
本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看
出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will
所代替。
will
在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which
paragraph
shall
I
read
first.
Will
you
be
at
home
at
seven
this
evening
2)be
going
to
+不定式,表示将来。
a.
主语的意图,即将做某事。
What
are
you
going
to
do
tomorrow
b.
计划,安排要发生的事。
The
play
is
going
to
be
produced
next
month。
c.
有迹象要发生的事
Look
at
the
dark
clouds,
there
is
going
to
be
a
storm.
3)be
+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We
are
to
discuss
the
report
next
Saturday.
4)be
about
to
+不定式,意为马上做某事。
He
is
about
to
leave
for
Beijing.
注意:be
about
to
不能与tomorrow,
next
week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be
going
to/will
用于条件句时,
be
going
to表将来
will表意愿
If
you
are
going
to
make
a
journey,
you'd
better
get
ready
for
it
as
soon
as
possible.
Now
if
you
will
take
off
your
clothes,
we
will
fit
the
new
clothes
on
you
in
front
of
the
mirror.
be
to和be
going
to
be
to
表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be
going
to
表示主观的打算或计划。
I
am
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
(客观安排)
I'm
going
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
(主观安排)
一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:come,
go,
arrive,
leave,
start,
begin,
return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The
train
leaves
at
six
tomorrow
morning.
When
does
the
bus
star
It
stars
in
ten
minutes.
2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Here
comes
the
bus.
=
The
bus
is
coming.
There
goes
the
bell.
=
The
bell
is
ringing.
3)在时间或条件句中。
When
Bill
comes
(不是will
come),
ask
him
to
wait
for
me.
I'll
write
to
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
there.
4)在动词hope,
take
care
that,
make
sure
that等后。
I
hope
they
have
a
nice
time
next
week.
Make
sure
that
the
windows
are
closed
before
you
leave
the
room.
用现在进行时表示将来
意为:"意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为
come,
go,
start,
arrive,
leave,
stay等。
I'm
leaving
tomorrow.
Are
you
staying
here
till
next
week
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:
have
(has)
+过去分词。
比较过去时与现在完成时
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday,
last
week,…ago,
in1980,
in
October,
just
now,
具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this
morning,
tonight,this
April,
now,
once,before,
already,
recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for,
since,
so
far,
ever,
never,
just,
yet,till
/
until,
up
to
now,
in
past
years,
always,
不确定的时间状语
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,
teach,
learn,
work,
study,
know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,
go,
leave,
start,
die,
finish,
become,
get
married等。
举例:
I
saw
this
film
yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I
have
seen
this
film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why
did
you
get
up
so
early
(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who
hasn't
handed
in
his
paper
(强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)
She
has
returned
from
Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She
returned
yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He
has
been
in
the
League
for
three
years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He
has
been
a
League
member
for
three
years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He
joined
the
League
three
years
ago.
(
三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I
have
finished
my
homework
now.
---Will
somebody
go
and
get
Dr.
White
---He's
already
been
sent
for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如
yesterday,
last,
week,
in
1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom
has
written
a
letter
to
his
parents
last
night.
(对)Tom
wrote
a
letter
to
his
parents
last
night.
用于现在完成时的句型
1)It
is
the
first
/
second
time….
that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It
is
the
first
time
that
I
have
visited
the
city.
It
was
the
third
time
that
the
boy
had
been
late.
2)This
is
the…
that…结构,that
从句要用现在完成时.
This
is
the
best
film
that
I've
(ever)
seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This
is
the
first
time
(that)
I've
heard
him
sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1)
---Do
you
know
our
town
at
all
---No,
this
is
the
first
time
I
___
here.
A.
wasB.
have
beenC.
cameD.
am
coming
答案B.
This
is
the
first
time
后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2)
---Have
you
____
been
to
our
town
before
---No,
it's
the
first
time
I
___
here.
A.
even,
comeB.
ev