名词
一.概念
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.名词复数的规则变化
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加
-s
清辅音后读/s/
map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读
/z/
bag-bags
/car-cars
以s,
sh,
ch,
x等结尾
加
-es
读
/iz/
bus-buses/
watch-watches
以ce,
se,
ze,等结尾
加
-s
读
/iz/
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾
变y
为i再加es
读
/z/
baby---babies
2.其它名词复数的规则变化
1)
以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y
结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:
two
Marys
the
Henrys
monkey---monkeys
holiday---holidays
2)
以o
结尾的名词,变复数时:
a.
加s,如:
photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos;
b.
加es,如:potato--potatoes
tomato--tomatoes
c.
上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros
/
zeroes。
3)
以f或fe
结尾的名词变复数时:
a.
加s,如:
belief---beliefs
roof---roofs
safe---safes
gulf---gulfs;
b.
去f,fe
加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves
wolf---wolves
wife---wives
life---lives
thief---thieves;
c.
上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief:
handkerchiefs
/
handkerchieves。
3.名词复数的不规则变化
1)
child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men
woman---women
注意:由一个词加
man
或
woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是
-men
和-women,如an
Englishman,two
Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the
Bowmans。
2)
单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
,li,jin,yuan,two
li,three
mu,four
jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a
dollar,
two
dollars;
a
meter,
two
meters。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:
people police cattle
等本身就是复数,不能说
a
people,a
police,a
cattle,但可以说a
person,a
policeman,a
head
of
cattle,
the
English,the
British,the
French,the
Chinese,the
Japanese,the
Swiss
等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The
Chinese
are
industries
and
brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)
以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a.
maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。
b.
news
为不可数名词。
c.
the
United
States,the
United
Nations
应视为单数。
The
United
Nations
was
organized
in
1945.
联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d.
以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:
"The
Arabian
Nights"
is
a
very
interesting
story-book.
《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5)
表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses
(眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词
pair(对,双); suit(套);
a
pair
of
glasses;
two
pairs
of
trousers等。
6)
另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
4.
不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a.
当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较:Cake
is
a
kind
of
food. 蛋糕是一种食物。
(不可数)
These
cakes
are
sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。
(可数)
b.
当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:
This
factory
produces
steel. (不可数)
We
need
various
steels. (可数)
c.
当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:
Our
country
is
famous
for
tea.
我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two
teas,
please.
请来两杯茶。
2)
抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:
four
freedoms
四大自由
the
four
modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a
glass
of
water
一杯水/
a
piece
of
advice 一则建议。
5.
定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
用复数作定语。例如:
sports
meeting
运动会
students
reading-room
学生阅览室
talks
table
谈判桌
the
foreign
languages
department
外语系
2)
man,
woman,
gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:
men
workers women
teachers gentlemen
officials
3)
有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:
goods
train
(货车)
arms
produce 武器生产
customs
papers
海关文件
clothes
brush
衣刷
4)
数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:
two-dozen
eggs 两打鸡蛋
a
ten-mile
walk
十英里路
two-hundred
trees
两百棵树
a
five-year
plan. 一个五年计划
6.
不同国籍人的单复数
国籍
总称(谓语用复数)
单数
复数
中国人
the
Chinese
a
Chinese
two
Chinese
瑞士人
the
Swiss
a
Swiss
two
Swiss
澳大利亚人
the
Australians
an
Australian
two
Australians
俄国人
the
Russians
a
Russian
two
Russians
意大利人
the
Italians
an
Italian
two
Italians
希腊人
the
Greek
a
Greek
two
Greeks
法国人
the
French
a
Frenchman
two
Frenchmen
日本人
the
Japanese
a
Japanese
two
Japanese
美国人
the
Americans
an
American
two
Americans
印度人
the
Indians
an
Indian
two
Indians
加拿大人
the
Canadians
a
Canadian
two
Canadians
德国人
the
Germans
a
Germans
two
Germans
英国人
the
English
an
Englishman
two
Englishmen
瑞典人
the
Swedish
a
Swede
two
Swedes
7.
名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a
teacher's
book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1)
单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the
boy's
bag
男孩的书包,men's
room
男厕所。
2)
若名词已有复数词尾-s
,只加"
'
",如:the
workers'
struggle 工人的斗争。
3)
凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of
+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the
title
of
the
song
歌的名字。
4)
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the
barber's
理发店。
5)
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:
John's
and
Mary's
rooms(两间) John
and
Mary's
room(一间)
6)
复合名词或短语,'s
加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a
month
or
two's
absence
三.巩固练习
1.He
was
eager
to
make
some
extra
money,
since
during
these
years
he
could
hardly
live
on
his_______.
a.
little
wage
b.
few
wage
c.
wage
d.
wages
2.Most
of
the
houses
in
the
village
were
burnt
to
______
during
the
war.
a.
an
ash
b.
the
ash
c.
ash
d.
ashes
3.The
students
at
colleges
or
universities
are
making
______
for
the
coming
New
Year.
a.
many
preparations
b.
much
preparation
c.
preparations
d.
preparation
4.Paiting
in
_____
is
one
of
their
spare-time
activities.
a.
oil
b.
an
oil
c.
oils
d.
the
oil
5.In
the
view
of
the
foreign
experts,
there
wasn’t
____
oil
here.
a.
much
b.
lots
of
c.
a
great
deal
of
d.
many
6.The
large
houses
are
being
painted,
but
______.
a.
of
great
expense
b.
at
a
great
expense
c.
in
a
lot
of
expenses
d.
by
high
expense
7.The
room
was
small
and
contained
far
too
______.
a.much
new
furniture
c.
much
new
furnitures
b.many
new
furniture
d.
many
new
furnitures
8.Jim
was
late
for
two
classes
this
morning.
He
said
that
he
forgot
both
of
the
______.
a.
rooms
number
b.
room
number
c.
room’s
numbers
d.
room
numbers
9.Computers
can
do
______
work
in
a
short
time,
but
a
man
can
not
do
______
by
himself.
a
great
many…many
c.
much…a
great
deal
b.great
deal
of…much
d.
many…a
great
many
10.She
didn’t
know
_____
he
had
been
given.
a.
how
many
information
c.
how
many
informations
b.
the
number
of
information
d.
how
much
information
11.He
invited
all
of
his
______
to
join
his
wedding
party.
a.
comrade-in-arms
c.
comrades-in-arm
b.
comrades-in-arms
d.
comrade-in-arm
12.All
the
______
in
the
hospital
got
a
rise
last
month.
a.
women
doctors
c.
woman
doctors
b.
women
doctor
d.
woman
doctor
13.After
ten
years,
all
these
youngsters
became_____.
a.
growns-ups
c.
growns-up
b.
grown-up
d.
grown-ups
14.The
police
investigated
those
_____
about
the
accident.
a.
stander-by
c.
standers-by
b.
stander-bys
d.
standers-bys
15.The
Nazi
kept
those
______
in
their
concentration
camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars
c.
prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars
d.
prisoner-of-war
16.The
manager
was
greatly
appreciate
that
_____
made
by
Linda
lately.
a.
new
reel
b.
news
reel
c.
new-reels
d.
news
reels
17.Mary’s
dress
is
similar
in
appearance
to
her
______.
a.
elder
sister
b.
elder
sister’s
c.
elder
sisters
d.
elder
sisters
dress
18.All
the
people
at
the
conference
are
______.
a.
mathematic
teachers
c.
mathematics
teacher
b.mathematics
teachers
d.
mathematic’s
teachers
19.Professor
Mackay
told
us
that
______
of
lead
are
its
softness
and
its
resistance.
a.
some
property
c.
properties
b.
some
properties
d.
property
20.Physics
_____
with
matter
and
motion.
a.
deal
b.
deals
c.
dealing
d.
are
答案DDCCA
CADCD
CADBB
BBCCB