备战2018高考英语一轮复习专题讲解（词法部分）形容词和副词

形容词和副词
形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等；副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。
形容词作定语时的位置
大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面,
如a
red
bus,
a
beautiful
park,
cold
weather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。
当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。
“限定词
＋
一般描绘性形容词
＋
表示大小、长短、高低的形容词
＋
表示形状的形容词
＋
表示年龄、新旧的形容词
＋
表示颜色的形容词
＋
表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词
＋
表示物质、材料的形容词
＋
表示用途、类别的形容词
＋
被修饰的名词”例如：
his
beautiful
small
round
old
brown
French
wooden
writing
table
当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。
形容词修饰everything,
something,
anything,
nothing时,
只能放在其后面。如:
Some
farmers
saw
something
strange
in
the
sky.
I’ve
got
something
important
to
say.
There
is
nothing
interesting
at
all.
else只能修饰疑问代词who,
whom,
whose,
what和不定代词something,
anything,
nothing,
somebody,
someone,
anybody,
anyone和nobody,
no
one.而且只能放在其后。如:
Is
there
anything
else
you
want
to
say
What
else
do
you
want
else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时,
只能在else后加's,
而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加's.
如说someone
else's,
而不能说
someone’s
else。
who
else的所有格有两种形式who
else's或whose
else例如:
—
Is
this
hat
yours
—
Whose
else
(
=Who
else's)
could
it
be

enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:
a
nearby
building
=a
building
nearby
We
have
enough
food(=food
enough)to
last
us
for
a
week.(food
enough…是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)
貌似副词的形容词
在英语构词法中,
以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly
(渐老的,
年龄相当大的),
friendly
(朋友似的,
友好的),
lively
(活泼的,
生动的),
lonely
(孤独的,
寂寞的),
lovely
(可爱的,
美丽的),
orderly
(有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:
She
gave
us
a
lively
lesson
yesterday.
她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。
She
gave
us
a
lesson
lively.
(误将lively用作副词,
是错句)
应该说:
She
gave
us
a
lesson
in
a
lively
way.
她生动地给我们上一节课。
表语形容词
形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid,
alike,
alive,
alone,
asleep,
awake,
glad,
scarce,
sorry,
sure,
worth,
unable等。例如:
The
child
is
asleep/sleeping.
(作表语)
但是:the
sleeping
child,不能说
the
asleep
child(作定语)
注意:
只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语（相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句）如:
Who's
the
greatest
man
(that
is)
alive
The
people
(who
are)
present
at
the
meeting
are
famous
scientists.
The
boy
(who
is)
afraid
of
exams
is
my
brother.
若这些形容词前有修饰语时,
也可放在名词前面作定语,
如:
a
fast
asleep
man,
the
wide
awake
child.
它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:
People
who
find
hibernating
animals
asleep
often
think
they
are
dead.
(作宾语补足语)
An
enemy
officer
was
caught
alive.
(作主语补足语)
系表结构中形容词后的宾语
afraid,
glad,
sorry,
sure,
worth等形容词与系动词
be,
seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:
be
afraid
to
do
sth.表示“不敢干某事”,
而be
afraid
of
sth.
(doing
sth.)
则表示“害怕
(干)某事”，如:
She
is
afraid
to
go
out
alone
at
night.
(她不敢夜晚独自出门.)
Are
you
afraid
of
snakes
(你害怕蛇吗 )
试比较下列两个句子:
She
was
afraid
to
wake
her
husband.
She
was
afraid
of
waking
her
husband.
第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。
be
afraid
+
that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话,
that可以省略。如:
I
am
afraid
(that)
I
can’t
go
with
you.
be
glad后可接of,
不定式或that-clause.
如:
I
am
glad
of
your
success.
I
am
glad
to
meet
you.
I
am
glad
that
you
have
passed
the
examination.
be
sorry可接about或for,
也可按不定式或that-clause.
如:
Aren't
you
sorry
about
(for)
what
you've
done
I’m
sorry
for
you.
We're
sorry
to
hear
that.
be
sure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:
We're
sure
of
a
warm
welcome.
I
was
not
sure
about
two
things
—
the
grammar
and
some
of
the
idioms.
Are
you
sure
that
he
is
honest
worth,
worth
while和worthy
be
worth表示“价值”时,
可直接接名词。如:
The
used
car
is
worth
＄300
at
most.
还可接动名词的一般式,
主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:
This
book
is
worth
reading.
在It
is
worth
while这一结构中,
it为形式主语,后面可用动名词,
也可用动词不定式:
It
is
worth
while
visiting
the
place.
It
is
worth
while
to
visit
the
place.
(=
The
place
is
worth
visiting.)
形容词worthy可作定语,
修饰名词。
如a
worthy
team
1eader.
它与of连用可作后置定语。如:
an
enemy
worthy
of
his
sword
(剑);
a
cause
worthy
of
support
作表语时,
of后可接名词。如:
This
place
is
worthy
of
a
visit.
也可接动名词,
常用其被动式。如:
This
place
is
worthy
of
being
visited.
(=This
place
is
worth
visiting.)
如不与of连用,
则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:
This
book
is
worthy
to
be
read.
(
=
The
book
is
worth
reading.)
形容词、副词前定冠词的用法
说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词
“the”
严格地说,
应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。
形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词,
副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。
形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词,
表示“非常”。如:
This
is
a
most
interesting
story.
但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句,
则要用定冠词。即:
This
is
the
most
interesting
story
in
this
book
(I've
ever
heard).
表示两者间“较…的一个”时,
形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:
Which
is
the
better
of
the
two
pianos
Who
is
the
elder
of
the
two
brothers
一般说来,
在same之前要加定冠词。如:
They
are
exactly
the
same.
We
are
of
the
same
age.
又如在短语中:
all
the
same,
at
the
same
time等。
在the
+
比较级…the
+
比较级…表示“越…就越…”这个结构中,
不管是形容词还是副词都必须加定冠词。如:
The
nearer
an
object
is
to
us,
the
bigger
it
looks.
The
more
they
talked,
the
more
excited
they
were.
在某些形容词前加上定冠词,
则表示同类人。如:
the
rich(富人),the
poor
(穷人),
the
young
(年轻人),
the
blind
(盲人),
the
wounded
(伤员),
the
dead
(死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。
Generally,
the
rich
is
cruel
to
the
poor.
The
dead
is
his
father.
The
new
is
sure
to
take
the
place
of
the
old.
某些常见副词的区别
sometimes,
sometime,
some
time,
some
times
Sometimes是副词,
意思是“有时”。如:
My
father
usually
goes
to
work
by
bike,
but
sometimes
on
foot.
sometime也是副词,
意思是“某个时候”。如:
I
saw
him
sometime
in
October.
用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:
He
will
go
to
call
on
his
uncle
sometime
next
week.
some
tome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。some
times的意思是“数次”。如:
Let's
have
dinner
some
time
next
week.
He
has
waited
for
some
time.
fairly和rather
fairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词；在翻译上都可以译成“挺…地，相当…地”的意思。区别如下：
rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。
Let’s
go
by
bus.
It’s
rather
cold
outside.
Her
English
is
fairly
good.
rather可与比较级（形容词或副词）连用，也可与too连用，表示a
little（有点）、slightly
（稍微）的意思，fairly则不能这样用。
与比较级连用，“……多了”
My
brother
is
rather
better
today.
This
dictionary
is
rather
more
expensive
than
that
one.
与too连用“有点…；稍微…”
This
book
is
rather
too
difficult
for
the
juniors
and
rather
too
easy
for
the
seniors.
We
had
a
fairly
nice
dinner,
but
the
price
is
rather
too
high.
当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。
如：a
fairly
pretty
girl
/
rather
a
bad
boy
即可作形容词又能作副词的
“-ly”副词的用法
抽象与具体
deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply
均可（但deep更常用）；
deeply用于抽象的情况。
He
dived
deep
/deeply
into
the
water.
(具体)
I
was
deeply
moved
by
his
heroic
deeds.
(抽象)
high和highly
The
bird
is
flying
high
in
the
sky.
(具体)
He
was
highly
thought
of
by
the
students.
(抽象)
wide和widely
He
opened
his
eyes
wide.
(具体)
English
is
widely
used
in
the
world.
(抽象)
习惯用法
easy与easily
副词easy常用于习语中
go
easy
(宽容)；go
easy
on
(节省)；take
it
easy
(放松)；easy
does
it
(不着忙)；get
off
easy
(不受严厉惩罚)；stand
easy
(休息)；Easy
come,
easy
go.
(来的易去的快)
除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如：
This
TV
set
can
be
easily
moved
about.
aloud,
loud,
loudly
aloud
“大声地”，常与cry,
shout连用；表示“出声地”与silently相对。
The
boy
in
the
water
is
crying
aloud
for
help.
Please
read
the
text
aloud.
loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak,
talk,
laugh,
say,
shout连用。但如果说的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。
He
was
about
to
speak
loud
when
the
naughty
boy
began
to
cry
loudly.
另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：
Today
she
is
very
loudly
dressed.
slow与slowly
在walk,
run,
climb,
go,
speak,
read,
burn以及how之后常用slow,
如：
How
slow
he
climbs
up
the
hill!
其他场合一般用slowly
She
eats
more
slowly
of
all
the
family.
quick与quickly
两者意思均为“快地；迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。
He
ran
as
quick
as
I
did
at
the
sports
meeting.
另外，在口语中，
quick通常在词组中作副词，如在
Come
quick（快点来）这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用
quickly
意义相似，常可互换。
这样的词常见的有：clear
/
clearly;
direct
/
directly;
free
/
freely;
bad
/
badly;
quiet
/
quietly
等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y的副词通常表示结果。例如：
The
door
is
closed
tight.
Please
tightly
close
the
door.
The
photo
has
not
come
out
clear.
He
remembers
the
photo
clearly.
频率副词
常见的频率副词有always,
usually,
often,
sometimes,
seldom,
hardly,
never等。
频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如:
I
usually
get
up
at
six
in
the
morning.
Li
Ming
is
often
late
for
school.
We
could
hardy
understand
him.
在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如：
Can
they
usually
find
time
for
amusements
Yes,
they
always
can.
为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often,
seldom,
hardly,
barely,
never在句首时，句子要倒装。如：
Sometimes
we
play
basketball,
sometimes
we
play
table
tennis.
Often
did
we
warn
them
not
to
do
so.
其中seldom,
hardly,
和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部分常用肯定式。如：
You
seldom
go
to
your
uncle’s,
do
you
She
can
hardly
read
and
write,
can
she
older和elder;
farther和further
old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older,
elder和oldest,
eldest。在就年龄作比较时和修饰物时要用older,
oldest。如：
I
am
one
year
older
than
you.
Mr.
Smith
is
the
oldest
in
the
office.
My
coat
is
older
than
yours.
elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:
My
elder
sister
is
at
college.
He
is
my
eldest
daughter.
Who
is
the
eldest
of
the
three
(sisters或brothers)
下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别:
My
elder
brother
is
one
year
older
than
I.
far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further;
farthest和furthest。对距离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther,
farthest,
英国英语中further较farther更常用。如：
He
is
too
tired
to
go
any
further
(farther).
The
school
is
on
the
further
(farther)
side
of
the
mountain.
further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:
Don’t
make
any
change
till
further
notice.
Please
wait
for
further
information.
furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:
Who
ran
(the
)
farthest
She
is
the
farthest
advanced
of
all
my
students.
形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语
形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有：
many,
much,
a
lot,
a
good
(great)
dea1,
far
(by
far)
等表示“…得多”,如:
We
are
making
far
greater
progress
now
than
we
did
last
year.
She
looks
much
younger
than
she
actually
is.
Joan
made
a
lot
more
paper
flowers
than
Mary.
some,
any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如:
I
have
got
some
more
books,
but
not
enough.
Have
you
got
any
more
money
from
him
a
little,
a
bit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:
May
I
stay
here
a
little
longer
This
lesson
is
a
bit
more
difficult
than
that
one.
still,
even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:
Tom
studies
harder
than
Jack.
Peter
studies
even
(still)
harder.
当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地…”
When
I
learned
that
he
was
a
boy
of
not
more
than
ten,
my
wonder
was
all
the
greater.
在比较句型more
than的结构中应注意以下几点
表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如：
My
father
is
less
angry
than
yesterday.
(我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)
no
+
比较级
+
than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么……”或“一样”。如:
My
whole
school
education
added
up
to
no
more
than
one
year.
I
could
see
no
more
than
you.
not
+
比较级
+
than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:
That
boy
is
not
more
than
fifteen,
I
think..
请注意下面的句子
They
designed
a
device
(装置)
no
bigger
/
not
bigger
than
a
match
box.
用no
bigger
than表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用not
bigger
表示这一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。
no
more…than或not…any
more
than“和…一样地不…”，意味着两者都否定，但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：
Mary
is
no
more
diligent
than
Tom.
=
Neither
Mary
nor
Tom
is
diligent.
“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”
not
more…
than“不如…；不及于…”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“not
so
/
as
…
as”互换使用。例如：
This
story
is
not
more
interesting
than
that
one.
=
This
story
is
not
so/as
interesting
than
that
one.
用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:
There
are
10
more
students
in
our
class
than
in
Class
2.
Mr.
Johnson
is
three
years
older
than
his
wife.
倍数表示法
英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:
A
+
be
(或谓语动词)
+
数词
+
times
+
as
+
形容词原级
+
as
B.
This
playground
is
three
times
as
large
as
that
one.
A
+
be
(或谓语动词)
+
数词
+
times
+
the
+
(size,
weight,
length,
width,
depth,
height,
number…)
+
of
+
B.
This
playground
is
three
times
the
size
of
that
one.
A
+
be
(或谓语动词)
+
数词
+
times
+
形容词比较级
+
than
B.
This
playground
is
twice
larger
than
that
one.
以下句子的意思是相同的。
This
street
is
four
times
the
length
of
that
one.
=
This
street
is
four
times
as
long
as
that
one.
=
This
street
is
four
times
longer
than
that
one.
=
This
street
is
four-fold
longer
than
that
one.
注意：但若表示“比…大
（长、宽、重、高、深…等）多少”，须用“数字％＋比较级＋than”来表达。上句还可转换为：
This
street
is
300%
longer
than
that
one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或：这条街是那条街四倍长)
巩固训练
There
is
________
place
than
home.
A.
no
better
B.
no
best
C.
no
a
better
D.
no
good
The
Yellow
River
is
________
river
in
China.
A.
second
longest
B.
second
longer
C.
the
second
longest
D.
the
second
longer
Which
is
________
book,
the
new
one
or
the
old
one
A.
better
B.
the
better
C.
best
D.
the
best
There
are
________
students
in
our
school
than
in
your
school.
A.
much
more
B.
much
many
C.
many
more
D.
more
much
The
picture
is
________
beautiful
than
that
one.
A.
much
more
B.
very
more
C.
quite
more
D.
fairly
more
He
works
________,
if
not
harder
than
his
brother.
A.
no
harder
B.
as
hard
as
C.
hard
as
D.
as
hard
The
world
cup
in
Paris
was
the
biggest
________
football
match
in
the
world.
A.
alive
B.
lively
C.
living
D.
live
________
you
learn,
________
it
will
become.
A.
The
more;
the
more
B.
The
more;
the
easier
C.
More;
easier
D.
More;
easiest
They
live
in
a
________
village
far
away
from
the
town,
but
they
don’t
feel
________.
A.
alone;
alone
B.
alone;
lonely
C.
lonely;
lonely
D.
lonely;
alone
I’m
two
years
________
than
my
sister.
A.
older
B.
elder
C.
oldest
D.
eldest
Your
brother
is
________
Wang
Lin.
A.
as
a
good
boy
as
B.
as
good
a
boy
as
C.
as
better
a
boy
than
D.
as
better
a
boy
as
Which
of
the
following
is
wrong
A.
The
house
is
twice
larger
than
that
one.
B.
The
house
is
twice
as
large
as
that
one.
C.
The
house
is
twice
the
size
of
that
one.
D.
The
house
is
as
twice
large
as
that
one.
He
drives
as
________
as
he
can.
A.
carefully
B.
careful
C.
much
careful
D.
more
carefully
The
harder
you
study,
__________
progress
you’ll
make.
A.
greater
B.
the
greater
C.
the
greatest
D.
the
more
great
He
made
the
__________
mistakes
in
the
dictation
exercises.
A.
less
B.
least
C.
fewer
D.
fewest
Which
do
you
think
tastes
__________,
the
chicken
or
the
fish
A.
well
B.
good
C.
better
D.
best
The
horse
is
getting
old
and
cannot
run
__________
it
did.
A.
as
faster
as
B.
so
fast
than
C.
so
faster
as
D.
as
fast
as
John
has
three
sisters;
Mary
is
__________
of
the
three.
A.
more
cleverest
B.
most
clever
C.
the
cleverest
D.
clever
He
had
never
spent
a
__________
day.
A.
more
worry
B.
most
worrying
C.
more
worrying
D.
most
worried
If
we
followed
his
plan,
we
could
have
done
the
job
better
with
__________
money
and
__________
people.
A.
less;
less
B.
fewer;
fewer
C.
less;
fewer
D.
fewer;
less
—
Can
I
help
you
—
Well,
I’m
afraid
the
box
is
__________
heavy
for
you,
but
thank
you
all
the
same.
A.
much
B.
very
C.
so
D.
too
After
the
new
technique
was
introduced,
the
factory
produced
________
tractors
in
1988
as
the
year
before.
A.
as
twice
many
B.
as
many
twice
C.
twice
as
many
D.
twice
many
as
—
Excuse
me,
is
this
Mr.
Brown’s
office
—
I’m
sorry,
but
Mr.
Brown
________
works
here.
He
left
about
three
weeks
ago.
A.
not
now
B.
no
more
C.
not
still
D.
no
longer
The
piano
in
the
other
shop
will
be
________,
but
________.
A.
cheaper;
not
as
better
B.
more
cheap;
not
as
better
C.
cheaper;
not
as
good
D.
more
cheap;
not
as
good
His
dictionary
is
________
expensive
but
________practical
(实用的)
than
mine.
A.
more;
more
B.
less;
less
C.
very;
more
D.
more;
less
—
Shall
I
sit
at
this
end
of
the
boat
or
the
other
end
—
If
you
keep
still,
you
can
sit
at
________
end.
A.
neither
B.
each
C.
either
D.
any
People
say
that
the
new
film
is
________.
A.
worth
to
watch
B.
well
worthy
to
watch
C.
worthy
of
watching
D.
worth
watching
—
How
did
you
find
your
visit
to
the
museum
—
I
thoroughly
enjoyed
it.
It
was
________
interesting
than
I
expected.
A.
far
more
B.
even
much
C.
so
more
D.
a
lot
much
My
brother
has
just
bought
________
car.
A.
fairly
a
good
B.
a
fairly
good
C.
rather
a
good
D.
a
rather
good
I
don’t
speak
________
you.
A.
as
half
as
B.
so
half
well
as
C.
well
as
half
as
D.
half
so
well
as
KEY:
1—10.
ACBCA
BDBCA
11—20.
BDABD
CDCCC
21—30.
DCDCD
CDABD