备战2018高考英语一轮复习专题讲解（句法部分）定语从句

定语从句
Ⅰ.
定语从句的特点
定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词，它由“关系代词或副词＋从句”构成，它所修饰的名词或代词称作先行词。定语从句通常置于先行词之后。例如：
My
brother
works
in
the
factory
which
is
not
far
from
your
house.
注意：关系代词或副词在定语从句中，一定充当一个成分。
Ⅱ.
用于限定性定语从句的关系代词
who,
whom,
which,
that,
whose等关系代词在定语从句中所指对象是人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语。它们的形式变化如下：
指
代
对
象
人
事
物
人
+
事物
主
格
who/that
which/that
that
宾
格
who(m)/that
which/that
that
所有格
whose
whose/of
which
Ⅲ.
who,
whom,
that代表人
who,
that作主格，不能省略。例如：
The
man
who/that
spoke
at
the
meeting
this
morning
is
a
famous
lawyer.
作主格时，who较that更常用。
who,
whom,
that,作动词的宾语。口语中常用who或that代替whom。经常可以省略。例如：
The
girl
who(m)/that
you
saw
just
now
is
Jane.
The
girl
you
saw
just
now
is
Jane.
当先行词是all,
nobody,
no
one,
somebody,
someone,
anybody等词或者名词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，指人时who和that都可以用。例如：
All
who/that
heard
the
news
were
excited.
介词
+
whom引导
定语从句时，whom不能由who或that代替,也不能省略。例如：
I
don’t
know
the
person
to
whom
you
talked.
但在口语中，通常把介词放在从句后面。此时，可以用who或that代替whom;
经常省略关系代词。例如：
I
don’t
know
the
man
(who/that)
you
talked
to.
The
hero
(who/that)
you
often
hear
of
will
come
to
our
school
tomorrow.
Ⅳ.
which,
that代表事物
which,
that作主格。不能省略。例如：
This
is
the
book
which/that
was
written
in
easy
English
by
our
English
teacher.
which/that作动词的宾语可以省略。例如：
The
picture
(which/that)
he
drew
in
the
1980s
are
on
show.
介词
＋
which
＋从句
1)
此结构中，which不能用that代替，也不能省略。但是口语中，当介词放在从句后
面时，可that代替which，也可省略。如：
The
chair
on
which
she
is
sitting
is
made
of
plastics.
The
chair
(which/that)
she
is
sitting
on
is
made
of
plastics.
2)
可用when代替表示时间的at/in
which:
I’ll
always
remember
the
day
on
which/when
I
visited
Professor
Wang.
3)
可用where代替表示地点的at/in
which:
I
haven’t
ever
been
to
the
house
in
which/where
my
uncle
lives.
4)
可用why表示原因的for
which:
The
reason
for
which/why
he
refused
to
go
the
party
was
that
they
had
not
invited
him
to.
当先行词是all,
much,
little,
everything,
none或是由no构成的词组时，通常用that,很少用which。例如：
All
the
oranges
that
she
brought
me
were
eaten
by
my
little
brother.
Ⅴ.
whose用作所有格
whose指人，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”：
I
don’t
want
to
hire
the
boy
whose
father
is
now
in
prison.
Once
there
was
a
wise
king
whose
name
was
Alfred.
whose也指事物，表示所修饰的“某物的”：
Look
at
the
house
whose
roof
is
red.
用于这中场合的“whose
＋
从句”结构常可以用“…of
which
+
从句”或“of
which…＋从句”或“with
＋
短语”代替。例如：
Look
at
the
house,
the
roof
of
which
is
red.
Look
at
the
house,
of
which
the
roof
is
red.
Look
at
the
house
with
a
red
roof.
Ⅵ.
通常只用who代表人的场合
当先行词是one,
ones,
anyone,或those等：
Anyone
who
does
that
must
be
mad.
Those
who
are
to
break
the
law
will
be
punished.
在there
be结构中可用that,
但who较多用。
There
is
a
young
man
who/that
wants
to
see
you.
当先行词是人而后面有较长的修饰语时：
I
met
a
friend
of
mine
in
the
park
yesterday
who
had
got
three
gold
medals
in
the
Asian
Games.
为了避免重复或引起歧义：
The
man
that
spoke
at
the
meeting
is
our
new
headmaster
who
has
just
come
from
Shanghai.
当先行词是、
I,
you,
he,
they等时（常用语谚语中）
He
who
plays
with
fire
gets
burned.
(玩火者必自焚)
Ⅶ.
通常只用that的场合
当先行词是人＋事物时
They
talked
about
the
persons
and
things
that
they
had
visited.
当the＋形容词最高级/last/next/only/very
＋（名词）作先行词时：
This
is
the
best
film
that
I
have
ever
seen.
That
is
the
very
film
that
I
want
to
see.
当先行词中含有序数词时：
This
is
the
first
letter
that
I
have
received
from
her
since
she
left.
当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时：
China
is
not
the
country
that
it
used
to
be.
当先行词是anything/something/nothing/everything等不定代词时，经常用that:
I’ll
tell
you
everything
that
I
know
about
the
meeting.
为了避免重复：
Which
is
the
car
that
hit
the
boy
Who
was
the
man
that
she
danced
with
当先行词是疑问代词who时：
Who
that
has
such
a
house
does
not
love
it
Ⅷ.关系代词which的其它用法
代表主句中谓语的整个概念：
He
can
write
a
letter
in
English,
which
I
cannot
do.
代表整个主句：
I
said
nothing,
which
made
him
still
angrier.
当先行词本身是that，表示事物时，关系代词通常用which：
He
has
found
that
which
he
was
looking
for.
Ⅸ.
when,
where,
why作关系副词
when代替at/in/on/during
which,
在定语从句中作状语。如：
Tell
me
the
time
when
(=
at
which)
the
train
leaves.
July,
when
(=
in
which)
we
can
go
home
for
a
rest,
is
coming
soon.
I
will
never
forget
the
day
when
(=
on
which)
I
reached
the
top
of
the
Huangshan
Mountain.
You
will
have
some
spare
time
when
(=
during
which)
you
can
learn
French
at
home.
有时候when可以用that代替或省略，如：
I
know
the
time
when/that
John
left.
或
I
know
the
time
John
left.
注意：当表示时间的先行词time,
morning,
afternoon,
day,
night,
moment,
childhood等充当从句的主语、动词或介词的宾语时，不能够when。如：
His
uncle
is
going
to
Beijing
in
October,
which
is
the
best
season
there.
(这里的which指October,
作主语)
I
will
never
forget
the
days
that/which
I
spent
with
your
family.(which指days,作宾语)
在
It
is
the
first/last
time
that…句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用when替代。如：
It
is
the
first
time
that
I
have
been
to
the
Great
Wall.
where代替at/in/to
which,
在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：
This
is
the
school
where
(=
at
which)
I
used
to
study.
What
is
the
name
of
the
town
where
(=
in
which)
we
stayed
last
night
Think
of
a
place
where
(=
to
which)
we
can
go
for
dinner.
在口语中偶尔用that代替where,
如：
This
is
the
very
spot
where/that
the
accident
happened.
where有时作关系代词，经常用在from
where
＋
从句之中。例如：
His
head
soon
appeared
out
of
the
window
from
where/which
he
could
see
nothing
but
trees.
注意：where不能用作从句的主语或动词的宾语。例如：
The
museum
which/that
we
visited
yesterday
has
a
history
of
200
years.
(不能说
The
Museum
where
we
visited
yesterday
has
a
history
of
200
years.)
请注意观察和比较以下两例中的关系词：
The
Museum
where
/in
which
he
works
has
a
long
history.
The
Museum
(which/that)
he
visited
has
a
long
history.
why代替for
which用作reason的定语从句。如：
I
don’t
know
the
reason
why
(=
for
which)
he
left
here.
同样在口语中,
why可以省略。
That’s
the
reason
(why)
he
left
home.
注意观察下例：
The
reason
why
his
sister
is
late
is
that
his
husband
is
dangerously
ill
in
hospital.
句中why不用that代替，以避免重复；that不能够用because或why代替，陈述主语reason的表语从句只用that引导，that不作从句的某一成分，试比较：
I
didn’t
know
the
reason
why
he
was
late.
The
reason
why
he
was
late
was
that
his
wife
was
ill.
His
wife
was
very
ill.
That’s
why
he
was
late.
It’s
because
his
wife
was
ill
in
bed.
in/by
which或that用在the
way之后，在定语从句中作方式状语，例如：
I
admired
the
way
(in
which/that)
you
answered
his
question.
This
is
the
way
(by
which/that)
we
came
last
time.
Ⅹ.非限定性定语从句
与限定性定语从句的区别
限定性定语从句不能用逗号与主句隔开，它限制所修饰的先行词的意义；非限定性定语从句前面需用逗号与主句分开，它只是先行词的附加说明，省去后不会影响主句的意思。例如：
My
brother
who
lives
in
New
York
has
six
children.
我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（不止一个兄弟）
My
brother,
who
lives
in
New
York,
has
six
children.
我的兄弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。（只有这一个兄弟）
由以上例句可见：非限定性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”，翻译时通常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and…替换。又如：
I
met
a
boatman,
who
(=
and
he)
took
me
across
the
river.
They
will
fly
to
Kunming,
where
(=
and
there)
they
will
stay
for
several
days.
非限定性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法
在任何情况下都不能省略；
who（主格），whom
（宾格），which（主、宾格）不能用that代替，也不能互相替换；
介词
＋
which/whom
＋
从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；
when,
where可用于非限定性定语从句。
Ⅺ.关系代词作主语时数的判定
who,
which,
that本身并没有数和性的变化，它们的数和性应以先行词的数和性而定，从句中的动词谓语形式应与其数保持一致。例如：
I
talked
with
the
boy
who
swims
the
fastest
in
your
school.
(注意：…
the
boy
who
swims)
All
the
boys
who
are
now
swimming
in
the
river
are
from
Wuhan,
(注意：…
the
boys
who
are
now
swimming)
one
of
…
和the
one/the
only
one
of
…
He
is
one
of
the
teachers
who
know
English
well.
He
is
the
only
one
of
the
teachers
who
knows
English
well.
句1中who指the
teachers,作复数，意指：精通英语的教师之一；句2中who指the
only
one,
作单数，意指：教师中唯一精通英语的。
根据具体情况而定。例如：
Please
look
at
the
woman
with
two
children
who
is
sitting
under
the
tree.
Please
look
at
the
woman
with
two
children
who
are
playing
under
the
tree.
句1中who代表the
woman:那位带着两个孩子坐在数下树下的妇女；句2中的who代表two
children:那位带着两个在树下玩的孩子的妇女
Ⅻ.
as作关系代词
as代表整个主句或主句中的某一成分，常可用which取代。例如：
She
is
very
careful,
as
(=
which)
her
work
shows.
It
is
like
a
snake,
as
(=
which)
anybody
can
see.
但要注意，当as从句位于句首时，as不能用which取代。例如：
As
she
had
hoped,
he
saw
the
play.
使用as的几个惯用结构
the
same
…
as;
They
are
studying
the
same
subject
as
we
are.
such
as;
The
book
is
not
such
as
I
expect.
such
…
as;
Such
books
as
this
are
too
difficult
to
beginners.
as
many
…
as;
He
had
as
many
books
on
physics
as
I
had.
as
much
…
as;
There
is
a
plenty
of
hot
water.
You
can
use
as
much
as
you
need.
as
…
as;
I
ran
as
fast
as
I
could.
not
so/as
…
as;
He
is
not
so
strong
as
he
used
to
be.
一些使用as的惯用语
as
any
body
can
see
(正如人人都能看到的那样)
as
we
all
know
(正如我们大家所知道的那样)
as
is
well-known
(众所周知)
as
we
had
expected
(正如我们所预料的那样)
as
often
happens
(正如经常发生的那样)
as
has
been
said
before
(如上所述)
the
same
…
as和the
same
…
that
the
same
…
as指
“同类”；the
same
that指
“同一样”。试比较：
This
is
the
same
bag
as
I
lost
yesterday.
This
is
the
same
bag
that
I
lost
yesterday.
句1：与我昨天丢的包是同样的；句2；就是我昨天丢的那个包（=
This
is
the
very
bag
that
I
lost
yesterday.）
XIII.
but作关系代词
but有时用在否定结构后，相当于who/that
…
not的意思。例如：
In
China
there
is
no
one
but
knows
Lei
Feng.
(=
…
there
is
no
one
who
does
not
know
Lei
Feng.)
There
is
no
rule
but
has
some
exceptions.
(=
There
is
no
rule
that
does
not
have
some
exceptions.)
巩固训练
单项选择：
The
Swede
did
not
understand
the
questions
______
were
asked
in
French.
A.
where
B.
who
C.
in
which
D.
which
When
you
read
the
book,
you’d
better
make
a
mark
______
you
have
any
questions.
A.
at
which
B.
at
where
C.
the
place
where
D.
where
Finally,
the
thief
handed
everything_______
he
had
stolen
to
the
police.
A.
after
B.
what
C.
whatever
D.
that
Was
it
in
this
palace
_______
the
last
emperor
died
A.
that
B.
in
which
C.
in
where
D.
which
That
dinner
was
the
most
expensive
meal
we
________.
A.
would
have
B.
have
had
C.
had
never
had
D.
had
ever
ha
His
parents
wouldn’t
let
him
marry
anyone
_______
family
was
poor.
A.
of
whom
B.
whom
C.
of
whose
D.
whose
All
______
is
needed
is
a
supply
of
oil.
A.
the
thing
B.
that
C.
what
D.
which
He
paid
the
boy
$10
for
washing
ten
windows,
most
of
_______
hadn’t
been
cleaned
for
at
least
a
year.
A.
these
B.
those
C.
that
D.
which
Did
you
show
them
around
the
room
________
Premier
Zhou
once
worked
and
lived
A.
what
B.
when
C.
where
D.
which
10.
The
mountain
village
___
you
visited
twenty
years
ago
has
developed
into
a
big
town.
A.
what
B.
where
C.
in
which
D.
that
11.
My
grandma
liked
to
live
in
a
room
______
window
opens
to
the
south.
A.
that
B.
where
C.
which
D.
whose
12.
She
heard
a
terrible
noise,
______
brought
her
heart
into
her
mouth.
A.
it
B.
which
C.
this
D.
that
13.
My
brother,
_____
you
met
last
night,
is
a
PLA
man.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
who
D.
whom
14.
I
shall
be
surprised
if
he
does
this
the
same
way
_____I
do.
A.
as
B.
like
C.
which
D.
what
15.
Don’t
talk
about
such
things
______
you
do
not
understand.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
as
D.
those
16.
He
______
does
not
reach
the
Great
Wall
is
not
a
true
man.
A.
who
B.
that
C.
which
D.
those
17.
I
don’t
think
it’s
a
good
way
______
he
chose
to
the
small
village.
A.
which
B.
on
which
C.
in
which
D.
by
which
18.
Who
is
it
______
came
to
visit
your
father
last
Sunday
A.
who
B.
which
C.
that
D.
he
He
was
born
in
the
United
States
in
1980,
______
,
seven
years
later,
he
began
his
school.
A.
where
B
.
when
C.
there
D.
which
This
is
the
same
book
______
I
lost
last
week.
Could
you
please
give
it
back
to
me
A.
as
B
.
that
C.
which
D.
what
Key:
1---10.
DDDAD
DBDCD
11---20.
DBDAC
AACAB
多项选择
Robinson
has
become
a
policeman
_______
I
very
much
want
to
be.
A.
who
B.
that
C.
不填
D.
whom
There
is
a
famous
man
______
lives
in
this
town.
A.
who
B.
that
C.
不填
D.
whom
Is
this
village
______
you
have
ever
visited
A.
that
B.
which
C.
the
one
D.
the
one
that
Do
you
remember
the
man
and
the
place
______
I
told
you
A.
where
B.
who
C.
that
D.
不填
Please
show
me
______
you
bought
the
other
day.
A.
all
that
B.
all
C.
what
D.
that
which
I
don’t
like
the
way
______
he
treats
his
wife.
A.
in
which
B.
that
C.
不填
D.
how
The
house
______
faces
south
is
my
home.
A.
of
which
the
door
B.
whose
door
C.
the
door
of
which
D.
of
whose
door
The
house
_____
he
bought
in
1997,
and
_____
he
sold
two
years
later,
is
again
on
the
market.
A.
which;
which
B.
不填;
which
C.
不填;
不填
D.
which;
不填
He
told
me
the
same
story
______
you
had
told
me
before.
A.
as
B.
which
C.
that
D.
what
This
is
the
place
______
he
stayed
______
when
he
was
in
London.
A.
in
which;
不填
B.
where;
不填
C.
which;
in
D.
that;
in
The
reason
_____
he
refused
to
go
to
the
party
was
unknown.
A.
why
B.
that
C.
for
which
D.
不填
It
is
the
first
time
______
I’ve
been
to
the
Great
Wall.
A.
that
B.
when
C.
which
D.
in
which
It
rained
all
night
and
all
day,
______
the
ship
broke
in
pieces.
A.
during
which
B.
when
C.
during
which
time
D.
which
This
is
the
hotel
____
we
once
stayed
_______.
A.
不填;
不填
B.
不填;
in
C.
不填;
at
D.
where;
in
I
still
remember
the
time
______
I
first
became
a
college
student.
A.
when
B.
as
C.
that
D.
which
Key:
1.
BC
2.
AB
3.CD
4.
CD
5.ABCD
6.
ABC
7.
ABC
8.
AB
9.
AC
10.
ABCD
11.
ACD
12.
A
13.
ABC
14.
BC
15.
AC