备战2018高考英语一轮复习专题讲解（句法部分）非谓语动词

非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，顾名思义也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词（但与助动词结合可构成“进行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”），非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。现在笔者向同学们作分类介绍：
动词不定式
不定式作主语
一般置于句首：
To
see
one
time
is
better
than
to
hear
one
hundred
times.
常见用it代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾：
It's
our
duty
to
serve
the
people．
在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it作形式主语。常见：
Is
it
a
good
idea
to
plant
some
flowers
there？
不可以说：
Is
to
plant
some
flowers
there
a
good
idea？
不定式作表语
连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义动词do时，表语常可用不带to的不定式。例如：
My
idea
is
to
have
a
trip
on
Sunday．
The
only
thing
I
can
do
now
is
wait
at
home.
不定式作动词宾语
动词＋不定式：The
girl
asked
to
see
the
headmaster．
常见的跟带to的不定式结构作宾语的动词有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide，
demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。但help后的不定式常可省掉的，如：
They
helped（to）do
the
cleaning
this
morning.
动词十疑问词（why除外）＋不定式：We
must
find
out
what
to
do
next.
常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有：decide，find
out，forget，know，learn，
remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。
形式宾语it十宾语补足语十不定式
I
felt
it
my
duty
to
report
it
to
the
headmaster．
有时也用：形式宾语it＋宾语补足语＋for＋名词＋不定式：
All
these
noises
made
it
impossible
for
me
to
go
on
with
the
work.
后接以上结构的常用动词有：feel，find，make，think，count等。
不定式作介词宾语
一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。但在以下两种情况则可以。
在介词but／except之后接不定式作宾语。如果but／except前有实义动词do，but／except
后的不定式通常不带to；如果but／except前没有实义动词do，but／except后的不定式—般要带to。试比较：
They
could
do
nothing
but
wait
for
the
teacher
to
arrive.
He
seldom
comes
except
to
ask
for
help.
介词＋疑问词（why除外）＋带to的不定式
They
are
talking
about
where
to
spend
their
holiday.
Everyone
has
his
own
idea
of
how
to
do
it.
不定式作宾语补足语
这类结构常见的有：
动词＋宾语＋带to的不定式
They
warned
us
not
to
go
out
at
night.
后接“宾语＋带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage，
forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，call
on，wait
for，show,
how，teach／teach
how，tell／tell
how等。
动词十宾语＋不带to的不定式：Did
you
notice
anyone
take
away
my
raincoat？
后接“宾语十不带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，watch，listen
to,
notice，observe等。注意：
feel十宾语＋to
be的不定式时，
to不可省略。
let变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。
have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。
see，hear，make，listen
to,
notice，observe变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to的不定式：
That
made
us
wait
for
five
years.
＞＞＞
We
were
made
to
wait
for
five
hours.
不定式作定语
不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。
I
have
no
wish
to
become
a
sailor.
不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系
动宾关系：
Do
you
have
anything
else
to
say？
（anything是to
say的逻辑宾语）
I
have
a
lot
of
things
to
do.
(to
do与a
lot
of
things之间存在逻辑动宾关系。)
说明修饰的名词的内容：
She
has
a
wish
to
go
back
to
her
home
village.（不定式说明wish的具体内容）
主谓关系：
The
next
man
to
come
is
Mr.．Green（the
next
man是to
come的逻辑主语）
“不及物动词不定式＋介词”作后置定语
如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修
饰的名词发生联系：
They
had
no
house
to
live
in．
There
is
nothing
（for
us）
to
worry
about.
当不定式修饰time，place或way时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如：
They
had
no
place
to
live.（一般不加in）
There
is
still
plenty
of
time
to
finish
the
work.
This
is
the
way
to
wash
my
teeth．
不定式用在the
first，the
second以及the
last，the
only等后，或用在最高级后作定语。
He
loves
parties；
He
is
always
the
first
to
come
and
the
last
to
leave.
She
was
the
last
one
to
hand
in
her
paper．
不定式作状语
表示目的：
He
was
running
to
catch
the
bus.
不定式作目的状语时，前后常加in
order或so
as。如：
He
came
here
in
order
to
learn
from
you.
I
went
early
so
as
not
to
miss
the
train.
注意：to或in
order
to引起的状语可放在句首或句尾：而so
as
to引起的状语只能放在句中或句尾。
表示结果：
They
lifted
a
rock
only
to
drop
it
on
their
own
feet.
不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配：
so…as
to
“如此…以致……”
Would
you
be
so
kind
as
to
lend
me
your
dictionary？
such…as
to“如此……以致¨…·”
He
is
such
a
fool
as
to
think
that
he'll
be
a
king.
enough
to
“足以……”
This
sea
fish
looks
almost
good
enough
to
eat.
He
didn't
jump
high
enough
to
win
a
prize.
too…to…
“太…而不（以致不）…”
He
was
too
young
to
understand
all
that.
但要注意，在以下句子中的too…to并无否定意义：不定式也不表示结果：
I
shall
be
only
too
pleased
to
get
home．（only
too
=very）
They
were
too
anxious
to
leave.
（too＝very）
It's
too
kind
of
you
to
have
told
me
that.（不定式作主语）
You
are
too
ready
to
quarrel
with
others.（不定式作ready的状语）
不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。试比较
He
went
to
the
Internet
bar
to
see
his
friend.（表目的）
He
went
to
the
Internet
bar
only
to
see
his
teacher.（表结果）
表示原因：
We
jumped
with
joy
to
hear
the
news.
从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不同，试比较：
The
woman
wept
to
obtain
sympathy.（目的：为获得同情）
The
woman
wept
to
become
all
tears.（结果：泪流满面）
The
woman
wept
to
hear
the
bad
news.（原因：因闻此坏消息）
不定式的复合结构
for＋名词或代词宾格＋带to的不定式
如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for引起的短语来表示：
It
will
be
a
mistake
for
us
not
to
help
them。
We'd
better
find
some
work
for
the
students
to
do．
of＋名词或代词＋带to的不定式
在it作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语
的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of引起的短语表示：
It's
kind
of
you
to
think
so
much
of
us.
（=You
are
so
kind
to
think
so
much
of
us.）
常见能用于这类结构的形容词有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。
不定式的否定式
在不定式前面加not，never等构成其否定式，如果该不定式前不带to，则直接在动词原
形前面加not，never等。例如：
They
got
up
early
so
as
not
to
miss
the
early
bus
They
decided
not
to
accept
their
invitation.
You'd
better
not
go
to
the
party
tonight.
They
are
believed
not
to
have
done
such
a
thing.
不定式的完成式
形式：（以do为例）to
have
done（主动形式），to
have
been
done（被动形式）；
用法：不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用不定式的完成式：
He
is
said
to
have
written
a
new
book
about
Europe.
不定式的完成式主要用于以下几种情况：
和seem，happen，appear，be
said，be
believed，be
thought等连用，构成复合谓语：
She
seemed
to
have
heard
about
it
already．
用在作表语的形容词glad，sorry，lucky等后面作状语：
用在pretend，expect，mean，would
like等动词后面作宾语：
I
meant
to
have
told
you
about
it，
but
I
forgot
to
do
so.
不定式的进行式
形式：（以do为例）to
be
doing
用法：如果谓语动词表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式：
He
seems
to
be
enjoying
himself.
不定式的进行式主要可以用于：
构成复合谓语：
They
are
said
to
be
building
another
bridge
across
the
river．
在某些动词后构成复合宾语：
We
didn't
expect
you
to
be
waiting
for
us
here.
在某些动词后作宾语：
You
don't
need
to
be
worrying
about
her.
She
is
safe
at
home.
不定式的被动式
形式：（以do为例）to
be
done（一般式），to
have
been
done（完成式）；
用法：当不定式的逻辑主语是用不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动
形式：
She
asked
to
be
sent
to
work
in
the
country．
这种形式可以用来做主语、宾语、定语、状语，并可构成复合宾语或复合谓语。但须注意的是，在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的含义，用的却是主动形式：
We
still
have
many
difficulties
to
smooth
away．
They
found
the
sentence
hard
to
understand.
在以上句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词（代词）却可能有主谓关系，运或许是用主动形式的原因。如果不存在这种主谓关系，这不定式仍常用被动式：
Let
me
show
you
the
room
to
be
used
as
teachers’
reading
room.
巩固训练
The
girl
seemed
very
interested
in
watching
me
________
the
experiment.
A.
to
do
B.
do
C.
in
doing
D.
for
doing
We
wish
you
________
how
disappointed
we
were
when
we
heard
the
news..
A.
realize
B
.
realizing
C.
to
realize
D.
will
realize
What
________
you
to
make
such
a
decision
A.
made
B.
let
C.
had
D.
caused
Bob’s
par4ents
want
Bob
________
all
the
rules
at
school.
A.
obey
B.
to
obey
C.
obeying
D.
will
obey
many
parents
closed
their
children
________own
decisions.
A.
to
make
their
B.
making
the
C.
made
their
D.
will
make
their
Will
you
attend
the
meeting
________
next
month
A.
to
hold
B.
being
held
C.
to
be
held
D.
will
be
held
We
won’t
________
him
be
treated
in
that
way.
A.
make
B.
permit
C.
have
D.
let
We
didn’t
expect
ct
you
________
for
us
here.
A.
waiting
B.
to
be
waiting
C.
to
have
waited
D.
waited
He
is
believed________
a
new
book.
A.
having
already
written
B.
already
writing
C.
to
write
already
D.
to
have
already
written
Most
of
the
officials
think
the
best
man
________
the
position
is
Professor
Johnson.
A.
holding
B.
to
hold
C.
having
held
D.
will
hold
It
is
important
________
to
turn
off
the
light
when
you
leave
the
room.
A.
remember
B
.
to
remember
C.
of
remembering
D.
remembering
It
is
great
honor
________
present
at
this
meeting.
A.
for
us
to
be
B.
for
us
to
C.
of
us
to
b
e
D.
for
your
being
It’s
kind
________
so
much
of
us.
A.
for
you
to
think
B.
for
you
thinking
C.
of
you
to
think
D.
of
you
thinking
What
I
would
suggest
is
________
the
job
right
away.
A.
to
start
B.
starts
C.
of
staring
D.
for
staring
It’s
a
new
dictionary,
he
seems
________
this
book
the
other
day.
A.
to
buy
B.
buying
C.
to
have
bought
D.
to
have
been
bought
KEY:
BCDBA
CDCDB
BACAC
动名词
动名词作主语
一般置于句首：
Reading
English
is
easier
than
speaking
it.
有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。
It
will
be
nice
seeing
them
again.
这类句子结构常见的还有：
It’s
no
use…；It
is
no
use
crying
over
spilt
milk.
It's
no
good…；It
is
no
good
feeling
self——satisfied
over
your
first
success．
Is
it
any
good…？
Is
it
any
good
trying
to
exp1ain？
It's
a
waste
of
time…；It's
a
waste
of
time
arguing
about
it.
动名词还可以在There
is
no…句子结构中做主语：
There
is
no
asking
him
to
come
now．He
is
busy．
这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It
is
impossible
to
do…
动名词作表语
连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：
Our
task
is
building
China
into
a
powerfu1
modern
socialist
country.
动名词作宾语
作动词宾语：
This
factory
has
stopped
producing
the
old
type
of
engine.
必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有：consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish，
give
up，cannot
help（禁不住），imagine，mind，miss，practise，put
off，resist，suggest，
pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。
作介词宾语：
在介词后面，常常用动名词作宾语，这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语
There
are
several
ways
of
doing
it.（定语）
After
finishing
the
experiments，
we
wrote
down
the
results.（状语）
这样的介词短语间或作表语：
I
am
for
putting
the
meeting
off.
须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多，最常见的有：Insist
on,
think
of
dream
of
hear
of
prevent…from,
keep…from,
stop…from,
be
engaged
in,
look
forward
to，depend
on，thank…for,
feel
like，excuse…for,
aim
at,
devote…to,
set
about,
spend…（in），waste…(in),
get／be
used
to，be
fond
of
be
afraid
of,
be
tired
of
succeed
in,
be
interested
in,
feel／be
ashamed
of,
be
proud
of等。
动名词的逻辑主语：
动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。
物主代词＋动名词
这种结构可置于句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语：
His
going
there
won't
do
any
harm（主语）
Do
you
think
his
going
there
will
be
of
any
help？
（主语）
What's
troubling
them
is
their
not
having
enough
food．（表语）
They
insisted
on
my
staying
there
for
dinner.（宾语）
名词的所有格＋动名词
其用法与“物主代词＋动名词”相同：
We
all
thought
Tom's
going
there
a
great
mistake.
人称代词宾格＋动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）He
was
angry
about
me
not
having
to
leave
early.
名词的普通格＋动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）
I
don't
like
young
people
smoking.
其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式
如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格。
Is
there
any
hope
of
your
factory
winning
the
game？
如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组，也只能用普通格：
Did
you
ever
hear
of
a
man
of
good
sense
refusing
such
an
order？
当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时，常用其宾格：
There
is
no
chance
of
that
being
settled.
I’m
sorry.
I
have
no
idea
of
it
being
midnight.
动名词的否定式
一般式：not
doing（主动形式）：not
being
done（被动形式）
完成式：not
having
done（主动形式）；not
having
been
done（被动形式）
注意：当动名词带有逻辑主语时，not应放在逻辑主语后面。如：his
not
seeing
the
film.
动名词的完成式
其形式为：（以do为例）having
done（主动形式）；having
been
done（被动形式）。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用其完成式：
He
was
praised
for
having
completed
thirty
years
of
teach.
但是在forget，remember，regret等动词和apologize
for，excuse…for，thank…for等成语后，
经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式：
I
remember
posting
（＝having
posted）
the
letter．
Excuse
me
for
coming
（＝having
come）
late
动名词的被动式
其形式为：（以do为例）being
done（一般式）；having
been
done（完成式）
当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象；当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动式（多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式）：
They
insisted
on
their
being
treated
as
ordinary
workers.
This
question
is
far
from
being
settled.
巩固训练
People
call
that
________
two
birds
with
one
stone.
A.
kill
B.
killed
C.
killing
D.
being
killed
It’s
no
good
his
________
in
these
conditions.
A.
work
B.
to
work
C.
working
D.
works
We
missed
________
the
film
when
it
was
shown
last
week.
A.
seeing
B.
to
see
C.
that
we
saw
D.
having
been
seen
he
thought
that
his
fears
of
________
had
been
proved
true.
A.
fooling
B.
to
fool
C.
being
fooled
D.
to
be
fooled
After
that
he
expected
Peter
to
do
thee
work
without
________how.
A.
tell
B.
to
tell
C.
telling
D.
being
told
He
never
told
me
about
his
________
the
experiment
many
times.
A.
to
do
B.
doing
C.
having
done
D.
having
been
done
There
is
no
________
what
will
happen.
A.
tell
B.
to
tell
C.
telling
D.
told
Paul
is
angry
about
________
to
the
party.
A.
not
inviting
B.
not
having
invited
C.
having
not
been
invited
D.
not
being
invited
Sorry,
we
don’t
allow
________here.
A.
smoking
B.
to
smoke
C.
for
anyone
smoking
D.
to
be
smoking
I
had
a
hard
time
________
with
the
problem.
A.
to
deal
B.
dealing
C.
dealt
D.
to
be
dealt
During
the
holiday
part
of
his
time
was
spent
________.
A.
to
swim
B.
to
a
swim
C.
to
swimming
D.
swimming
I
was
afraid
of
the
________
down
during
the
night.
A.
house
being
fallen
B.
houses
being
fallen
C.
house
falling
D.
house’s
falling
This
prevented
the
letter
________.
A.
not
to
send
B.
not
to
be
send
C.
from
sending
D.
from
being
sent
The
teacher
insisted
on
________
a
little
louder.
A.
at
the
back
the
student’s
speaking
B.
the
student’s
at
the
back
speaking
C.
the
student
at
the
back
speaking
D.
for
the
student
speaking
at
the
back
There
is
a
chance
of
________
here.
A.
several
coming
B.
several’s
coming
C.
severals’
coming
D.
for
several
coming
KEY:
CCACD
CCDAB
DCDCA
分词
分词的基本概念
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己
的宾语、表语、状语等。
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:
在语态上，现在分词表示主动的意思，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思：
the
moving
body（运动着的物体）：the
moved
body（被移动的物体）。
在时间关系上，一般来说，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程，即它所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的；而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态，即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作：
I
saw
someone
opening
the
door.
I
saw
the
door
opened.
分词作定语
分词或分词短语作定语，通常是说明句子中名词的，但有时也说明代词one（ones），that
(those)，some，others，anything，something等：
The
girl
in
the
next
room
is
his
sister.
Today's
computers
are
of
much
greater
difference
those
used
in
the
past（说明those）
现在分词作定语
表示正在进行的动作（变为定语从句时常用进行时态）：
The
man
standing（＝Who
is
standing）at
the
door
is
our
new
maths
teacher．
表示经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）：
They
visited
the
museum
lying（＝which
lies）nearby
.
动词wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的现在分词短语常可用作定语。例如：
People
wishing
（＝
who
wished）to
see
the
film
star
had
waited
two
hours
outside
the
cinema.
除以上情况外，用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如：
The
students
who
had
attended
the
lecture
were
discussing
it.
过去分词短语作定语
意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生：
Is
this
book
written
by
the
young
man？
A
letter
posted
this
morning
will
probably
reach
her
tomorrow.
没有一定的时间性：
I
don't
like
to
see
letters
written
in
pencil.
作定语时的位置
单个分词作定语，常置于被说明的词之前，不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征：
The
cold
wind
was
blowing
through
a
broken
window.
单个分词作定语，有时放在被说明的词之后，用来强调动作：
We
have
had
good
harvests
for
many
years
running.
（我们连续多年获得丰收。）
分词短语作定语时，通常位于被说明的词之后
分词作状语
分词及分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末，一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件；放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。
现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。
作时间状语，相当子when等引起的从句：
Seeing
those
pictures（＝When
he
saw
those
pictures），he
couldn’t
help
thinking
of
those
memorable
days
in
his
hometown.
Having
done
their
homework（＝After
they
had
done／did
their
homework），they
went
swimming
in
the
lake．
如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，也常用when或while加分词这种结构：
When
leaving
the
station，they
waved
again
and
again
to
us．
He
got
to
know
them
while
attending
a
meeting
in
London.
作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：
Being
so
poor
in
those
days（
＝As
they
were
so
poor），they
couldn't
afford
to
send
the
children
to
school.
Not
having
received
an
answer（＝As
she
hadn’t
received
an
answer），she
wrote
another
1etter
to
her
parents.
必须注意：being短语作状语时，通常表示原因，意为“由于某某是…”，不能理解为“当…的时候”。
作结果状语：
They
opened
fire，killing
one
of
our
villagers．
过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。
作时间状语，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：
Seen
from
the
hill
（＝When
it
is
seen
from
the
hill），our
town
looks
1ike
a
beautiful
garden.
作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：
Born
into
a
poor
family（＝As
he
was
born
in
a
poor
family），he
got
only
two
years
of
school
education.
说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况：
Built
in
1891，
the
building
is
over
100
years
Old
.
分词作宾语补足语
see／hear／watch／notice√smell／feel／observe／listen
to／look
at＋宾语＋现在分词：
We
watched
the
girl
going
through
some
of
the
movements
they
had
just
leaned.
At
this
moment
he
noticed
the
teacher
coming
in.
catch／find＋宾语＋现在分词：
I
caught
Tom
reading
my
diary
and
he
made
an
apology
to
me
for
it.
We
found
a
tree
lying
across
the
road.
have／get／keep／leave＋宾语＋现在分词：
I'll
have
the
car
waiting
at
the
gate.
Will
that
be
all
right？
Do
you
think
you
can
get
the
radio
working？
have＋宾语＋过去分词：其中have有三个不同的含义：
“使…被完成”（常可用get代替have）：
I'd
like
to
have
（get）
my
radio
repaired
“遭受”、
“经历”（不能用get代替）：
He
had
his
watch
stolen
yesterday.
“有、拥有”：
He
felt
in
his
pocket
to
see
if
he
had
any
money
left.
make
＋
oneself
＋
known／understood／heard等过去分词：
He
repeated
explanations，but
he
couldn't
make
himself
understood.
with＋介词宾语＋现在分词或过去分词：
They
sat
in
the
room
with
the
curtains
drawn.
With
the
tree
growing
tall，we
get
more
and
more
shade.
like／want／wish／order/＋宾语＋过去分词
He
won't
like
such
questions
discussed
in
his
house.
find或think、feel等＋宾语＋changed／lost／gone／broken／come等过去分词（说明宾语所处的状态）：
We
found
him
greatly
changed.
When
they
entered
the
hall，
they
found
the
guests
gone.
以上有些结构可变为被动语态，其补语形式依然不变，起主语补语的作用。
现在分词的完成式
其形式为：having
done（主动形式），表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前：
Having
arrived
at
a
decision,
they
immediately
set
to
work.
现在分词的被动式
其形式为：（以do为例）being
done（一般式），having
been
done（完成式）。
在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的，常用现在分词的被动式。这种形式可以用来：
作定语：
This
is
one
of
the
experiments
being
carried
(=
which
are
being
carried)
on
in
our
lab.
作状语：
Being
asked
to
sing
a
song，he
couldn't
very
well
refuse.
间或用完成被动式：
The
decision
having
been
made，the
next
problem
was
how
to
put
it
into
practice.
(分词本身带逻辑主语the
decision而构成独立主格结构充当状语)
作宾语补足语：
You'll
find
the
news
being
talked
about
everywhere.
不及物动词的过去分词
不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，而是表示主动的完成的意义：
Gone
are
the
days
when
we
use
foreign
oil.
（此句是倒装句结构，gone作表语，表示己“一去不复返了”。）
You
can
see
some
fallen
leaves
at
the
corner.
这类过去分词常见的有：fallen，come，gone,
risen,
grown
up，returned等.
容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
象interesting和interested一类的“使役动词”的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：
一部分表示“情感”，“心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人/使人…的”意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征：
The
president
made
an
inspiring
speech
at
the
meeting
yesterday.
它们的过去分词有“感到／觉得
…”的意思，用来指人的感觉：
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有：encouraging
—
encouraged；
exciting—
excited；interesting
—
interested；astonishing
—
astonished；disappointing
—
disappointed；inspiring
—
inspired；puzzling
—
puzzled；surprising
—
surprised；shocking
—
shocked；discouraging
—
discouraged；pleasing
—
pleased；tiring
－
tired；worrying
—
worried；satisfying
—
satisfied；moving
—
moved；
巩固训练
You
could
see
from
the
________
look
on
his
face
that
he
had
not
expected
that.
A.
surprise
B.
surprising
C.
surprised
D.
being
surprised
The
trees
________
last
spring
grow
well
now.
A.
planted
B.
planting
C.
being
planted
D.
having
been
planted
________
to
100 C,
water
will
from
steam
and
become
a
gas.
A.
Heating
B.
Being
heated
C.
Having
heated
D.
Heated
At
9pm.
all
the
prisoners
remained
________
in.
A.
locking
B.
locked
C.
to
lock
D.
to
be
locked
She
said
she
had
heard
the
door
________
a
moment
before.
A.
opening
B.
opened
C.
to
opened
D.
have
been
opened
A
group
of
children
were
seen
________
around
the
lake.
A.
running
B.
run
C.
ran
D.
be
running
________
his
homework,
the
boy
went
out
for
a
walking.
A.
Finished
B.To
finish
C.
Having
finished
D.
Having
been
finished
While
________
in
New
York,
he
made
a
lot
fr4iends.
A.
live
B.
to
live
C.
lived
D.
living
________
another
good
chance,
he
will
do
it
much
better.
A.
Having
given
B.
Given
C.
Giving
D.
Being
given
________,
we
were
taken
to
see
the
library.
A.
showing
the
lab
B.
Having
shown
the
lab
C.
Having
been
shown
the
lab
D.
Being
shown
the
lab
I
can’t
remember
some
of
the
English
words
________last
week.
A.
learning
B.
having
learned
C.
having
been
learned
D.
learned
I
could
not
make
myself
________
though
I
tried
to
explain
myself
a
lot.
A.
understand
B.
understanding
C.
understood
D.
be
understood
The
physicist
sat
at
the
desk,
________
into
the
new
book.
A.
dipped
B.
dipping
C.
to
be
dipped
D.
having
dipped
A
cold
rain
was
falling
________
with
snow.
A.
mixed
B.
mixing
C.
having
mixed
D.
to
be
mixed
Even
if
________,
I
won’t
go.
A.
been
invited
B.
being
invited
C.
to
be
invited
D.
invited
KEY:
CADBB
ACDBC
DCBAD
非谓语动词用法比较
不定式与动名词作主语时的比较
不定式和动名词在作主语时常常可以互换：
Crying／To
cry
will
not
help
you
out
of
difficulty
但是要注意以下的几点：
动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式做主语通常表示具体动作。试比较：
Living
in
Beijing
must
be
wonderful.（泛指行为）
He
realized
that
to
live
with
her
any
longer
was
wrong
（具体行为）
当主语被否定时，通常用不定式：
Not
to
have
hope
is
the
poorest
of
all
conditions
在It
is
important／necessary…的结构中，主语只能用不定式，不用动名词：
It
is
important
to
grasp
the
spirit
of
a
foreign
language
in
order
to
use
it
feely．
It
became
necessary
to
build
new
factories
for
products
never
before
produced
在It
takes＋时间等＋。¨的结构中，主语常用不定式：
How
much
cloth
will
it
take
to
make
a
shirt？
在There
is
no
…
和It
is
no
good
…结构中，通常用动名词
不定式与动名词作表语时的比较
不定式和动名词在作表语时常常可以互换：
His
job
is
bringing／to
bring
milk
every
day
但是，当不定式作主语时，表语用不定式；动名词作主语时，表语也用动名词。
To
see
is
to
believe.
Seeing
is
believing.
此外，还应注意以下两点：
主语是it，this，that等指示代词时，表语通常用动名词：
That
was
playing
with
fire.
主语是名词时，表语较短时通常用动名词，表语较长时通常用不定式：
My
favorite
sport
is
swimming.
What
I
like
is
to
swim
in
the
sea
and
then
to
lie
on
the
sand
不定式与动名词作宾语时的比较
接不定式或动名词作宾语意义区别不大的动词常见的有：begin，start，continue，love，
like，propose等：
Almost
all
the
boys
like
to
play／playing
football
.
但以上的动词中有一部分在下列情况下通常用不定式作宾语：
在would
like／love／hate等的后面：
I'd
like（love）to
have
a
drink．
当这部分动词是进行时态时：
I'm
starting
to
talk
about
it.
当begin后接某些感觉或状态动词时：
She
began
to
see
what
he
meant.
接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义不同的动词或词组常见的有：
remember／forget／regret＋doing或to
do
sth
I
must
remember
to
ask
him
（指记住要做的事）
I
shall
always
remember
seeing
the
famous
scientist
（指记住己经发生过的事）
Don’t
forget
to
bring
your
dictionary．（不要忘记要做的事）
I
will
never
forget
meeting
you
here
（不会忘记曾发生过的事）
I
regret
telling
you
so
much
（懊悔己经作过的事＝I'm
sorry
told
you
so
much。）
I
regret
to
tell
you
that
you
have
failed
your
exam（regret发生在to
tell之前，＝I’m
sorry
to
tell
you…）
可见，上述用法中，动名词指己经发生的事，不定式指发生在renumber,
forget或regret以后的事。要注意：可以用动名词的完成式替代一般式；通常不用
I
forgot
doing
it
而说：I
forgot
that
I
had
done
it
或I
forgot
about
doing
it.
stop／go
on／leave
of＋doing或to
do
sth.
They
stopped
smoking
（停止吸烟）
They
stopped
to
smoke
（停下所做的事，开始吸烟）
He
went
on
reading
（继续读）
He
went
on
to
read．（放下原来做的事，转而读书）
He
left
off
playing
tennis
（停止打网球）
They
left
off
to
play
tennis
（离开某处去打网球）
以上stop，leave
off或go
on后面的不定式都不是其宾语，而是作目的状语。
try＋to
do或doing
sth.
He'll
try
to
finish
the
work
as
soon
as
possible.
Please
try
putting
some
more
salt－
that
might
make
it
taste
a
bit
better.
try
to
do
sth.中，try是不及物动词，意思是“没法、努力、尽力”，to
do
sth作目的状语；try
doing
sth中，try是及物动词，意思是“尝试、试一试”，看会发生什么情况，动名词作宾语。
mean＋to
do／doing
sth.
接不定式时，意思是“有…的意图、打算。
I
meant
to
telephone
you
last
Friday
but
I
didn’t
have
time
to.
接动名词时，意为“意味着”，“就是…
This
kind
of
illness
means
going
to
hospital.
need／want／require＋doing（＝to
be
done）。
接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，此处也能用不定式的被动形式代换，但用动名词较为常见：
The
room
wants
repairing
（
＝
to
be
repaired）
The
radio
needs
fixing
（
＝
to
be
fixed）
be
afraid＋to
do
sth。或of
doing
sth.
接带to的不定式时，意为“不敢”做某事，“害怕”做某事：
She
was
afraid
to
see
you
again.
接“of＋动名词”时，意为“担心”或“害怕”发生某种情况：
I'm
afraid
of
making
mistakes
when
I
speak
English.
be
interested＋to
do
sth。／in
doing
sth。
My
sister
is
interested
in
becoming
a
doctor．
(指她想当医生，动名词表示将要发生的事。)
My
sister
is
interested
to
be
a
doctor。
(指她当医生后感到有意思，不定式表示已经发生的事。)
除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按动名词作宾语的动词外，还有一部分动词后面只能接不定式作宾语；另有一部分动词和成语后只能接动名词作宾语。关于这两点可以参看前面讲到的不定式和动名词条款。
to
be
done，being
done或done（作定语）
不定式被动式、现在分词一般被动式与过去分词作定语时，存在时间关系上的区别。例如：
The
power
station
to
be
built
next
year
will
be
of
great
benefit
to
the
industry
and
agriculture
of
our
Province.（to
be
built指将来
＝which
will
be
bui1t）
The
power
station
being
built
now
will
be
one
of
the
largest
in
Asia.（being
built＝which
is
being
built.
The
power
station
built
on
the
river
last
year
has
been
left
to
our
management.(built
on
the
river指己完成
＝
which
was
bui1t
on
the
river
）
不定式和分词作宾语补足语时的比较
在see，hear，find等一类表示感觉的动词后：
不带to不定式作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，并强调动作发生的全过程或事实：
We
saw
the
computer
operate
well
现在分词作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调正在进行：
We
saw
the
computer
operating
very
well
过去分词则往往表示动作完成的状态：
We
found
the
work
of
the
computer
done
表示心理状态的动词：consider，declare，
find，prove，think，know，believe，discover，
imagine，judge，suppose，understand的宾语补足语一般，用
to
be：
We
found
him
to
be
cruel.
You
surely
can’t
consider
him
to
be
selfish
man.
巩固训练
Generally
speaking,
it’s
no
good
________
this
kind
of
game.
A.
to
play
B.
playing
C.
play
D.
played
It
is
important
________the
work.
A.
for
us
to
do
B.
for
us
doing
C.
us
doing
D.
our
doing
How
long
did
it
take
________
there.
A.
you
to
get
B.
for
you
getting
C.
your
to
get
D.
you
get
there
What
he
said
requires________.
`A.
considering
B.
to
consider
C.
being
considered
D.
of
considering
We
decided
________
a
new
bridge
across
the
river.
A.
build
B.
building
C.
to
build
D.
about
building
Please
________
the
letter
for
me,
for
I
forgot
________
the
letter
this
morning.
A.
posting;
posting
B.
post;
posting
C.
posting;
to
post
D.
post;
to
post
I
don’t
know
how
to
get
to
the
railway
station,
so
I
stopped
________a
policeman.
A.
asking
B.
fro
asking
C.
to
asking
D.
to
ask
The
best
way
to
learn
a
foreign
language
is
to
practice________
it
as
often
as
possible.
A.
speak
B.
to
speak
C.
speaking
D.
having
spoken
The
problem
of
________
away
all
the
difficulties
puzzled
many
people.
A.
how
smooth
B.
how
smoothing
C.
how
to
smooth
D.
that
we
should
smooth
I
advise________
off
the
meeting
still
some
other
time.
A.
put
B.
to
put
C.
putting
D.
having
putting
We
are
considering
________
him
our
football
captain.
A.
elect
B.
electing
C.
to
elect
D.
to
select
He
pretended________
me.
A.
not
to
know
B.
to
not
know
C.
not
knowing
D.
no
knowing
I
can’t
help
________anxious
about
his
health
because
I
haven’t
heard
from
him
for
a
long
time.
A.
to
feel
B.
feeling
C.
felt
D.
to
be
felt
If
you
can’t
open
the
door,
why
not
try
________
the
key
the
other
way
A.
turn
B.
turning
C.
to
turn
D.
turned
New
ideas
have
to
wait
for
years
before________.
A.
being
fully
accepting
B.
fully
accepting
C.
having
fully
accepted
D.
being
fully
accepted
KEY:
BAAAC
CDDCC
BABBD
历届高考非谓语动词试题
Last
summer
I
took
a
course
on
________.
A.
how
to
make
dresses
B.
how
dresses
be
made
C.
how
to
be
made
dresses
D.
how
dresses
to
be
made
Tom
kept
quiet
about
the
accident
________
lost
his
job.
A.
so
not
as
to
B.
so
as
not
to
c.
so
as
to
not
D.
not
so
as
to
Most
of
the
artists________
to
the
party
were
from
South
Africa.
A.
invited
B.
to
invited
C.
being
invited
D.
had
been
invited
________more
attention,
the
trees
could
have
grown
better.
A.
Given
B.
to
give
C.
Giving
D.
Having
given
She
reached
the
top
of
the
hill
and
stopped
________
on
a
big
rock
by
the
side
of
the
path.
A.
to
have
rested
B.
resting
C.
to
rest
D.
rest
The
murderer
was
brought
in,
with
his
hands________
behind
his
back.
A.
being
tied
B.
having
tied
C.
to
be
tied
D.
tied
—We
haven’t
heard
from
Jane
for
a
long
time.
—What
do
you
suppose
________to
her
A.
was
happening
B.
to
happen
C.
had
happened
D.
having
happened
Mrs.
Smith
warned
her
daughter
________after
drinking.
A.
never
to
drive
B.
to
never
drive
C.
never
driving
D.
never
driving
On
Saturday
afternoon,
Mrs.
Green
went
to
the
market,
____some
bananas
and
visited
her
cousin.
A.
bought
B.
buying
C.
to
buy
D.
buy
The
secretary
worked
late
into
the
night,
________
a
long
speech
for
the
president.
A.
to
prepare
B
preparing
C
prepare
D.
was
prepare
—
The
light
in
the
office
is
still
on.
—
Oh,
I
forgot________.
A.
turning
it
off
B.
turn
it
off
C.
to
turn
it
off
D.
having
turned
it
off
John
was
made
________the
truck
for
a
week
as
a
punishment.
A.
to
wash
B.
washing
C.
wash
D.
to
be
washing
Little
Jim
should
love
________to
the
theater
this
evening.
A.
to
be
taken
B.
to
take
C.
being
taken
D.
taking
—
I
usually
go
there
by
train.
—
Why
not
________
by
boat
for
a
change
A.
to
try
going
B.
trying
to
go
C.
to
try
and
go
D.
try
going
I
would
appreciate
________back
this
afternoon.
A.
you
to
call
B.
you
call
C.
your
calling
D.
you’re
calling
John
was
so
sleepy
that
he
could
hardly
keep
his
eyes
________.
A.
open
B.
to
be
opened
C.
to
open
D.
opening
________a
reply,
he
decided
to
write
again.
A.
Not
receiving
B.
Receiving
not
C.
Not
having
received
D.
having
not
received
“Can’t
you
read ”
Mary
said________
to
the
notice.
A.
angrily
pointing
B.
and
point
angrily
C.
angrily
pointed
D.
and
angrily
pointing
How
about
the
two
of
us
________a
walk
down
the
garden
A.
to
take
B.
take
C.
taking
D.
to
be
taking
________down
the
radio—the
baby’s
asleep
in
the
next
room.
A.
Turning
B.
To
turn
C.
Turned
D.
Turn
The
computer
center,
________last
year,
is
very
poplar
among
the
students
in
this
school.
A.
open
B.
opening
c.
having
opened
D.
opened
Charles
Babbage
is
generally
considered
________the
first
computer.
A.
to
invent
B.
inventing
C.
to
have
invented
D.
having
invented
She
set
out
soon
after
dark
________
home
and
hour
later.
A.
arriving
B.
to
arrive
C.
having
arrived
D.
and
arrived
—I
must
apologize
for
________ahead
of
time.
—That’s
all
right.
A.
letting
you
not
know
B.
not
letting
you
know
C.
letting
you
know
not
D.
letting
not
you
know
Rather
than
________
on
a
crowded
bus,
he
always
prefers
________a
bicycle.
A.
ride;
ride
B.
riding;
ride
C.
ride;
to
ride
D.
to
ride;
riding
The
missing
boys
were
last
seen
________
near
the
river.
A.
playing
B.
to
be
playing
C.
play
D.
to
play
The
visiting
Minister
expressed
his
satisfaction
with
the
talks,
________that
he
had
enjoyed
his
stay
here.
A.
having
added
B.
to
add
C.
adding
D.
added
The
first
textbooks
________for
teaching
English
as
a
foreign
language
came
out
in
the
16th
century.
A.
having
written
B.
to
be
written
c.
being
written
D.
written
We
agreed
________
here
but
so
far
she
hasn’t
turned
up
yet.
A.
having
met
B.
meeting
C.
to
meet
D.
to
have
met
—You
were
brave
enough
to
raise
objection
at
the
meeting.
—Well,
now
I
regret________
that.
A.
to
do
B.
to
be
doing
C.
to
have
done
D.
having
done
The
boy
wanted
to
ride
his
bicycle
in
the
street,
but
his
mother
told
him________.
A.
not
to
B.
not
to
do
c.
not
do
it
D.
do
not
to
The
patient
was
warned
________oily
food
after
the
operation.
A.
to
eat
not
B.
eating
not
C.
not
to
eat
D.
not
eating
________
in
thought,
he
almost
ran
into
the
car
in
front
of
him.
A.
Losing
B.
Having
lost
C.
Lost
D.
To
lose
I
would
love
________
to
the
p-arty
last
night
but
I
had
to
work
extra
hours
to
finish
a
report.
A.
to
go
B.
to
have
gone
C.
going
D.
having
gone
The
Olympic
Games,
________in
776
B.C.,
did
not
include
women
players
until
1921.
A.
first
playing
B.
to
be
first
played
C.
first
played
D.
to
be
first
playing
________
it
with
me
and
I’ll
see
what
I
can
do.
A.
To
leave
B.
To
have
left
C.
Leaving
D.
Leave
European
football
is
played
in
80
countries,
________
it
the
most
popular
sport
in
the
world.
A.
making
B.
makes
C.
made
D.
to
make
Robert
is
said________
abroad,
but
I
don’t’
know
what
country
he
studied
in.
A.
to
have
studied
B.
to
study
C.
to
be
studying
D.
to
have
been
studying
The
purpose
of
new
technologies
is
to
make
life
easier,
________it
more
difficult.
A.
not
make
B.
not
to
make
C.
not
making
D.
to
carry
out
My
cousin
came
to
see
me
from
the
country,
me
a
full
basket
of
fresh
fruits．
A．brought
B．bringing
C．to
bring
D．had
brought
The
manager
discussed
the
plan
that
they
would
like
to
see
________
the
next
year.
A.
carried
out
B.
carrying
out
C.
carry
out
D.
to
carry
out
________such
heavy
pollution
already,
it
may
now
be
too
late
to
clean
up
the
river.
A.
Having
suffered
B.
Suffering
C.
To
suffer
D.
Sufferer
一I
was
wondering
if
we
could
go
skating
on
the
weekend.
一_________good.
A.
Sound
B.
Sounded
C.
Sounding
D.
Sounds
The
research
is
so
designed
that
once
________nothing
can
be
done
to
change
it.
A.
begins
B.
having
begun
C.
beginning
D.
begun
A
cook
will
be
immediately
fired
if
he
is
found
________
in
the
kitchen.
A.
smoke
B.
smoking
D.
to
smoke
D.
smoked
KEY:
1—10.
ABAAC
DCAAB
11—20.
CAADC
ACACD
21—30.
DCBBC
ACDC(DC)
31—40.
ACCBC
DAABB
41—45.
AAADB